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Leptin/adiponectin ratio correlates with hepatic steatosis but not arterial stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese population. Cytokine 2019; 126:154927. [PMID: 31756645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of leptin-to-adiponectin (L/A) ratio with hepatic steatosis and arterial stiffness in NAFLD. METHODS The subjects were 871 Japanese adults who participated in a health survey. Dietary intake, body composition, lipid profile, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin were analyzed. NAFLD was defined as fatty liver on ultrasonography in the absence of other causes of steatosis. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS The subjects with NAFLD had a greater body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP); a higher intake of daily energy (kcal) and carbohydrates; and a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The subjects with NAFLD had higher serum leptin and lower serum adiponectin concentrations and a higher L/A ratio than subjects without NAFLD. The L/A ratio increased with increasing severity of steatosis. The L/A ratio showed positive correlations with BMI and BFP, and a negative correlation with age. Women had higher L/A ratio and BFP levels than men regardless of the presence or absence of NAFLD. There was a weak positive correlation between baPWV and severity of steatosis. BaPWV was strongly correlated with age, while no relation was found between baPWV and L/A ratio. IL-6 level was correlated with baPVW and age, while the correlation between Il and 6 level and L/A ratio was very weak. The L/A ratio was correlated with triglycerides and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. CONCLUSION L/A ratio and arterial stiffness were associated with the severity of steatosis, whereas there was no correlation between L/A ratio and arterial stiffness in NAFLD. These findings suggest that not only leptin and adiponectin but also other factors might be involved in the pathogenesis for atherosclerosis in NAFLD.
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T MM, T A, P BK, Fathima A, Khanum F. In-silico therapeutic investigations of arjunic acid and arjungenin as an FXR agonist and validation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 84:107163. [PMID: 31767507 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to illustrate the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid towards farnesoid X receptor protein (FXR).The pharmacokinetic properties like molecular interactions, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) of the ligands were checked through in-silico studies. Protein-ligand docking was carried out using autodock software. Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding energy and interaction of arjungenin and arjunic acid with the target protein and the ADMET profiles identified for both compounds were promising.Further in vitro studies were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocyte to verify the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid. Oil red O staining was done to check differentiation induction. Adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were quantified. The mRNA expression of FXR, Cyp7a1, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were quantified using fluorescent real-time PCR. Cytotoxicity assay was confirmed that up to 150 μM concentration there is no significant cell death on treatment with arjunic acid and arjungenin. Treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid confirms increased differentiation of the cells with significant (P < 0.05) increase in adiponectin (118.07% and 132.92%) and leptin (133.52% and 149.74%) protein levels compared to the negative control group. After treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes the mRNA expression of FXR, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were significantly (P < 0.01) increased and cyp7a1 was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased when compared with the negative control group. Overall, our results suggest that arjungenin and arjunic acid acts as an FXR agonist and may be useful for rational therapeutic strategies as a novel drug to treat cholesterol mediated metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Manu T
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Anand T
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India.
| | - Bhuvanesh Kumar P
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Asra Fathima
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru, 570011, India
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Guo Y, Tan J, Xiong W, Chen S, Fan L, Li Y. Notch3 promotes 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes differentiation by up-regulating the expression of LARS to activate the mTOR pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1116-1127. [PMID: 31755192 PMCID: PMC6933334 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes constitute a major component of the tumour microenvironment. Numerous studies have shown that adipocytes promote aggressiveness and invasion by stimulating cancer cells proliferation and modulating their metabolism. Herein, we reported that Notch3 promotes mouse 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation by performing the integrative transcriptome and TMT‐based proteomic analyses. The results revealed that aminoacyl‐tRNA_biosynthesis pathway was significantly influenced with Nocth3 change during 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation, and the expression of LARS in this pathway was positively correlated with Notch3. Published studies have shown that LARS is a sensor of leucine that regulates the mTOR pathway activity, and the latter involves in adipogenesis. We therefore supposed that Notch3 might promote 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation by up‐regulating LARS expression and activating mTOR pathway. CHIP and luciferase activity assay uncovered that Notch3 could transcriptionally regulate the expression of LARS gene. Oil Red staining identified a positive correlation between Notch3 expression and adipocytic differentiation. The activation of mTOR pathway caused by Notch3 overexpression could be attenuated by knocking down LARS expression. Altogether, our study revealed that Notch3 promotes adipocytic differentiation of 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes cells by up‐regulating LARS expression and activating the mTOR pathway, which might be an emerging target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Guo
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
| | - Junyu Tan
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuzhao Chen
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
| | - Liping Fan
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- The Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical Cancer Hospital College, Shantou, China
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Shikama Y, Kurosawa M, Furukawa M, Ishimaru N, Matsushita K. Involvement of adiponectin in age-related increases in tear production in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8329-8346. [PMID: 31596727 PMCID: PMC6814586 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Common age-related changes in the human eye contribute to the development of dry eye, including decreases in aqueous tear production. Although the infiltration of lymphocytes into the lacrimal glands occurs with age, age-related increases in tear production have also been observed in mice; however, the mechanisms underlying this increase remain unclear. We herein demonstrated that increases in tear production were not dependent on body weight gain or systemic conditions, such as insulin resistance, using aged mice and high-fat diet-fed mice. The results obtained also showed that senescence-associated T (SA-T) cells accumulated in the lacrimal glands of aged mice, particularly females. Expression levels of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in whole lacrimal glands and epithelial cells isolated from lacrimal glands were significantly higher in aged mice than in young mice. The expression levels of adiponectin and one of its receptors, AdipoR2, also increased in the lacrimal glands of aged mice, but not in those of high-fat diet-fed mice. Collectively, the present results indicate that PPARγ and adiponectin-mediated signaling contribute to age-related increases in tear production in mice and have potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of dry eye in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Mie Kurosawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
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Yuzbashian E, Asghari G, Aghayan M, Hedayati M, Zarkesh M, Mirmiran P, Khalaj A. Dietary glycemic index and dietary glycemic load is associated with apelin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:68. [PMID: 31548844 PMCID: PMC6751847 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apelin, as an adipokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine whether the quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrates were associated with apelin gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 102 adults who underwent minor abdominal surgery were selected. Approximately 100 mg of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were collected during the surgery to measure apelin gene expression. Anthropometric measurment, blood samples, and dietary intakes were collected before surgery. The dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) were determined. Results The average apelin concentration was 269.6 ± 98.5(pg/mL), and 16.3% of participants were insulin resistant. There was a correlation between insulin (p-value = 0.043), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)(p-value = 0.045) and apelin gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. There was a positive association of apelin gene expression with dietary GI and GL after adjustment for age, sex, and waist circumference in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues(p < 0.05). Apelin gene expression in visceral(p = 0.002) and subcutaneous(p = 0.003) adipose tissues was directly associated with foods with a higher GI. There was no association between total carbohydrate intake and apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Conclusions Dietary GI and GL, not total carbohydrate intake, were positively associated with apelin gene expression in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Future studies are warranted to illustrate the chronic and acute effect of carbohydrate quality on apelin homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0389-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yuzbashian
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19816-19573, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aghayan
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- 3Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarkesh
- 3Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19816-19573, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khalaj
- 4Tehran Obesity Treatment Center, Department of Surgery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Efficiently Anti-Obesity Effects of Unsaturated Alginate Oligosaccharides (UAOS) in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090540. [PMID: 31533255 PMCID: PMC6780860 DOI: 10.3390/md17090540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related complications have become one of the leading problems affecting human health. However, current anti-obesity treatments are limited by high cost and numerous adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the use of a non-toxic green food additive, known as unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (UAOS) from the enzymatic degradation of Laminaria japonicais, which showed effective anti-obesity effects in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Compared with acid hydrolyzed saturated alginate oligosaccharides (SAOS), UAOS significantly reduced body weight, serum lipid, including triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA), liver weight, liver TG and TC, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, adipose mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and accumulation induced in HFD mice. Moreover, the structural differences in β-d-mannuronate (M) and its C5 epimer α-l-guluronate (G) did not cause significant functional differences. Meanwhile, UAOS significantly increased both AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in adipocytes, which indicated that UAOS had an anti-obesity effect mainly through AMPK signaling. Our results indicate that UAOS has the potential for further development as an adjuvant treatment for many metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, and possibly diabetes.
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Skonieczna M, Hudy D, Hejmo T, Buldak RJ, Adamiec M, Kukla M. The adipokine vaspin reduces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-3B) cells, associated with lower levels of NO and superoxide anion. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:58. [PMID: 31511067 PMCID: PMC6737690 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among adipose-derived factors, adipocytokines play roles as hormones and signaling mediators for apoptotic pathway. Among of them, vaspin, regulates the metabolism of adipose tissue itself as an endocrine organ, and stimulates adipocytes to maturation, differentiation, etc. Damaged adipocytes, present in obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) respond with over-production of inflammatory cytokines. Such pro-inflammatory stimulation remains under adipokine control. Pro-inflammatory pathways are connected to oxidative stress and apoptosis, reported as co-existing with an elevated level of some adipokines in cancer cell lines. However, some hormones, such as vaspin, reduce apoptosis, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative roles in cancer cell lines. METHODS Hep-3B cells were cytometrically evaluated under vaspin treatment for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosiss induction. The statistical significant changes to the untreated controls was calculated by T-tests (indicated at value p < 0.05). RESULTS Here we studied the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in cells of HCC line Hep-3B after vaspin treatment. A decreased level of nitric oxide and superoxide anion 24 h after vaspin addition at 5 ng/ml was correlated with restricted, to the physiological level, apoptosis. A protective role of vaspin was displayed as enhanced cell viability and proliferation, which could be a poor prognostic in liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis was suppressed after vaspin treatment, together with low levels of nitric oxide and superoxide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Skonieczna
- Systems Engineering Group, Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Systems Engineering Group, Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hejmo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Rafal J. Buldak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Adamiec
- Systems Engineering Group, Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michal Kukla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Tok A, Ozer A, Kanat-Pektas M, Aral M, Sakalli H, Aydogdu S, Yutan-Kaya E, Sager H. The role of omentin in early pregnancy losses. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 40:107-110. [PMID: 31495295 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1606179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This prospective case-control study aimed to investigate the role of omentin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine in early pregnancy losses. The study comprised 47 women with spontaneous miscarriage at a gestational age of 8-12 weeks and 36 healthy pregnant women, matched for age, body mass index and gestational age, gravdity and parity. A significant negative correlation was determined between plasma omentin concentrations and body weight (r= -0.242, p = .027) and gestational age (r= -0.249, p = .023). Although not statistically, the women with spontaneous miscarriage had higher plasma concentrations of omentin compared to those with healthy pregnancies (7.798 ± 3.453 ng/ml vs. 7.200 ± 3.442 ng/ml, p = .435). This finding might support the hypothesis that increased inflammation plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of early pregnancy losses. These results revealed the potential use of omentin to predict unhealthy pregnancies.Impact statementWhat is already known on the subject of the paper? The exact mechanism of early pregnancy loss with euploid foetal karyotype has not been elucidated yet. An alteration in the physiological inflammatory response of pregnancy might be one of the mechanisms responsible for miscarriage.What does this study add? To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of omentin in early pregnancy loss. The results obtained from this current study could be used to clarify the relationship between inflammatory processes and miscarriage.What are the implications for clinical practice and/or further research? Identification of the role of omentin in the process of early pregnancy losses would be helpful in order to design further studies to determine the feasibility of using omentin as a serum marker to predict the risk of miscarriage in early pregnancies. Additionally, understanding of the etiopathogenesis of early pregnancy losses with euploid karyotype will give a lead to further researches which could focus on exploring new interventions to detect and treat altered inflammation in early pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Tok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Alev Ozer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Mine Kanat-Pektas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Murat Aral
- Department of Microbiology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hilal Sakalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Sakir Aydogdu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Esra Yutan-Kaya
- Department of Microbiology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hatice Sager
- Department of Biochemistry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Bitarafan V, Esteghamati A, Azam K, Yosaee S, Djafarian K. Comparing serum concentration of spexin among patients with metabolic syndrome, healthy overweight/obese, and normal-weight individuals. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:93. [PMID: 31696087 PMCID: PMC6825375 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are many factors related to etiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) including obesity. Spexin, a peptide hormone released from adipose tissue, is the most down-regulated gene in obese, compared to non-obese adipose tissue. Hence, it potentially contributes to the progression and development of metabolic diseases. This study was designed to evaluate serum concentration of spexin in patients with MetS compared to weight-matched and normal-weight controls. Methods: In this case-control study, 153 participants (51 per group) were collected from October 2014 to June 2016. The study groups were all matched for age and sex and included overweight/obese individuals with MetS and 2 control groups without MetS (including weight-matched and normal-weight participants). Body composition and serum concentration of spexin and leptin were measured. Results: Serum leptin and spexin levels were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in normal-weight compared to overweight/obese groups with/without MetS (p< 0.02). No significant difference was observed in serum leptin and spexin concentrations between the overweight/obese groups with/without MetS (p≥ 0.05). Also, spexin, with cutoff value of 4.6, had 78% sensitivity and 82% specificity for diagnosing overweight/obese from normal-weight participants. Spexin had 78% sensitivity and specificity, with cutoff value of 4.35, in diagnosing MetS participants from normal-weight group. Conclusion: This study found no correlation between the circulating level of spexin and MetS development. Higher serum concentration of spexin in normal-weight adults compared to the obese participants illustrated the potential role of this novel peptide in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Bitarafan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Azam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Yosaee
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, Emam Reza Teaching Hospital, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Adipokine Network in Rheumatic Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174091. [PMID: 31443349 PMCID: PMC6747092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases encompass a diverse group of chronic disorders that commonly affect musculoskeletal structures. Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the two most common, leading to considerable functional limitations and irreversible disability when patients are unsuccessfully treated. Although the specific causes of many rheumatic conditions remain unknown, it is generally accepted that immune mechanisms and/or uncontrolled inflammatory responses are involved in their etiology and symptomatology. In this regard, the bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune system has been demonstrated to provide a homeostatic network that is involved in several pathological conditions. Adipokines represent a wide variety of bioactive, immune and inflammatory mediators mainly released by adipocytes that act as signal molecules in the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Adipokines can also be synthesized by synoviocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and inflammatory cells in the joint microenvironment, showing potent modulatory properties on different effector cells in OA and RA pathogenesis. Effects of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin on local and systemic inflammation are broadly described. However, more recently, other adipokines, such as progranulin, chemerin, lipocalin-2, vaspin, omentin-1 and nesfatin, have been recognized to display immunomodulatory actions in rheumatic diseases. This review highlights the latest relevant findings on the role of the adipokine network in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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Miggitsch C, Meryk A, Naismith E, Pangrazzi L, Ejaz A, Jenewein B, Wagner S, Nägele F, Fenkart G, Trieb K, Zwerschke W, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Human bone marrow adipocytes display distinct immune regulatory properties. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:387-398. [PMID: 31327694 PMCID: PMC6711052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bone marrow (BM) is a major reservoir of resting memory T cells and long-lived plasma cells, capable of providing protection against recurrent infections. Whether the age-related accumulation of adipose tissue in the BM affects the functionality and maintenance of memory cells is not well understood. Methods For the first time, we compare human femur marrow adipose tissue (fMAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue of the thigh (tsWAT) obtained from the same donors. Therefore, we used microarrays for comparative global gene expression analysis, and employed assays to analyse parameters of adipocyte biology, inflammation and oxidative stress. Findings We show that fMAT adipocytes differ significantly from tsWAT adipocytes regarding specific gene expression profiles including inflammatory responses and adipogenesis/adipocyte phenotype. Concomitant with considerably lower levels of CD36, a membrane-associated protein important for long-chain fatty acid uptake that is used as maturation marker, fMAT adipocytes are smaller and contain less triglycerides. fMAT adipocytes secrete similar levels of adiponectin and leptin as tsWAT adipocytes, and express increased levels of pro-inflammatory molecules concomitant with an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired function of plasma cells in the BM. Interpretation Our findings suggest that fMAT is a unique type of adipose tissue containing small adipocytes with lower CD36 protein and triglyceride levels than tsWAT but high adipokine secretion. Moreover, fMAT adipocytes secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to inflammation and impairment of plasma cell function in the BM, suggesting that fMAT has more immune regulatory functions than tsWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Miggitsch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street 6B Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Brigitte Jenewein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Sonja Wagner
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Fabiana Nägele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Gabriella Fenkart
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Department for Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Wels, Grieskirchner Str. 42, Wels, Upper Austria 4600, Austria; Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstr. 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
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Kamble PG, Pereira MJ, Almby K, Eriksson JW. Estrogen interacts with glucocorticoids in the regulation of lipocalin 2 expression in human adipose tissue. Reciprocal roles of estrogen receptor α and β in insulin resistance? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 490:28-36. [PMID: 30953748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is linked to insulin resistance. Its expression in human adipose tissue (AT) can be regulated in a sex-specific manner by a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, suggesting an underlying role of sex steroids. We show that 17-β-estradiol (E2) dose-dependently increased LCN2 gene expression in subcutaneous AT from postmenopausal women. This was also seen in the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) α antagonist alone but not with ERβ antagonist, suggesting that E2 effects on LCN2 are mediated via ERβ pathway. Dexamethasone alone or E2+dexamethasone had no significant effect on LCN2. However, E2+dexamethasone increased LCN2 expression with ERα-blockade. Dexamethasone reduced ERα but increased ERβ expression. Dexamethasone can regulate LCN2 expression via inhibition of ERα and stimulation of ERβ and may contribute to the development of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in human AT. In conclusion, ERβ and ERα pathways have opposite effects on LCN2 expression and they interact with glucocorticoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cortese L, Terrazzano G, Pelagalli A. Leptin and Immunological Profile in Obesity and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2392. [PMID: 31091785 PMCID: PMC6566566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing scientific evidence has unveiled increased incidences of obesity in domestic animals and its influence on a plethora of associated disorders. Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues. High levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers suggest an association between inflammatory state and obesity in dogs, highlighting the parallelism with humans. Canine obesity is a relevant disease always accompanied with several health conditions such as inflammation, immune-dysregulation, insulin resistance, pancreatitis, orthopaedic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. However, leptin involvement in many disease processes in veterinary medicine is poorly understood. Moreover, hyperleptinemia as well as leptin resistance occur with cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of altered cardiac mitochondrial metabolism in obese dogs. Similarly, leptin dysregulation seems to be involved in the pancreatitis pathophysiology. This review aims to examine literature concerning leptin and immunological status in obese dogs, in particular for the aspects related to obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Impact of Intensive Lifestyle Modification on Levels of Adipokines and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Metabolically Healthy Obese Women. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4165260. [PMID: 31093012 PMCID: PMC6481026 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4165260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) subjects, it is unclear whether weight loss provides cardiometabolic benefits. Our objective was to evaluate whether changes in adipokine and inflammatory biomarker levels were related to lifestyle modification (with Mediterranean diet and physical exercise program). Methods 115 women (35-55 years) with BMI of 30-40 kg/m2 and ≤1 metabolic syndrome criteria were included. After a 2-year intervention, participants were classified by percent weight loss: Group 1, <5%; Group 2, ≥5%-<10%; and Group 3, ≥10%. Anthropometric data, inflammatory biomarker (IL-6, TNFa, and hsCRP) and adipokine levels (adiponectin and resistin), and lifestyle program adherence at baseline and 2 years were analyzed. Results The final sample comprised 67 women. 23 (38.3%) lost <5%, 22 (36.7%) lost ≥5%-<10%, and 22 (36.7%) lost ≥10% of baseline weight. After 2 years, in Group 1, adiponectin, hsCRP, IL-6, and TNFa decreased (-1.2 ng/ml, p = 0.003; -2.1 mg/l, p = 0.003; -2.4 pg/ml, p < 0.001; and -2.4 pg/ml, p = 0.001, respectively) and resistin increased (+2.4 ng/ml, p < 0.001). In Group 2, hsCRP and IL-6 decreased (-2.0 mg/l, p = 0.009 and -2.6 pg/ml, p = 0.001) but TNFa increased (+0.2 pg/ml, p = 0.02). In Group 3, resistin increased (+3.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001) but hsCRP, IL-6, and TNFa decreased (-2.0 mg/l, p = 0.009; -2.5 pg/ml, p < 0.001; and -4.1 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Adiponectin, hsCRP, and physical exercise correlated significantly to subjects' dietary adherence. Conclusion Weight loss reduces inflammatory biomarkers in the MHO but induces a deterioration in the adipokine profile, which does not improve with diet and exercise intervention. These findings allow us to clarify mechanisms behind inflammation and metabolic disorder genesis so as to prevent development of obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Kang MC, Ding Y, Kim HS, Jeon YJ, Lee SH. Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) through AMPK Activation in Adipocytes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010044. [PMID: 30634617 PMCID: PMC6356311 DOI: 10.3390/md17010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiobesity effect and the mechanism of action of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae in 3T3-L1 cells. The antiobesity effects were examined by evaluating intracellular fat accumulation in Oil Red O-stained adipocytes. Based on the results, DPHC dose-dependently inhibited the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DPHC significantly inhibited adipocyte-specific proteins such as SREBP-1c, PPARγ, C/EBP α, and adiponectin, as well as adipogenic enzymes, including perilipin, FAS, FABP4, and leptin in adipocytes. These results indicated that DPHC primarily acts by regulating adipogenic-specific proteins through inhibiting fat accumulation and fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes. DPHC treatment significantly increased both AMPK and ACC phosphorylation in adipocytes. These results indicate that DPHC inhibits the fat accumulation by activating AMPK and ACC in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DPHC can be used as a potential therapeutic agent against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cheol Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-Ro Iseo-Myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do 55365, Korea.
| | - Yuling Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea.
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Abstract
Immune cells are present in the adipose tissue (AT) and regulate its function. Under lean conditions, immune cells predominantly of type 2 immunity, including eosinophils, M2-like anti-inflammatory macrophages and innate lymphoid cells 2, contribute to the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis within the AT. In the course of obesity, pro-inflammatory immune cells, such as M1-like macrophages, prevail in the AT. Inflammation in the obese AT is associated with the development of metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Thus, the immune cell-adipocyte crosstalk in the AT is an important regulator of AT function and systemic metabolism. We discuss herein this crosstalk with a special focus on the role of innate immune cells in AT inflammation and metabolic homeostasis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marina Nati
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Song JH, Kang HB, Kim JH, Kwak S, Sung GJ, Park SH, Jeong JH, Kim H, Lee J, Jun W, Kim Y, Choi KC. Antiobesity and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Dendropanax morbifera Water Extracts in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells. J Med Food 2018; 21:793-800. [PMID: 30048215 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most common metabolic disease in developed countries and has become a global epidemic in recent years. Obesity is associated with various metabolic abnormalities, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Leaves from the plant Dendropanax morbiferus are beneficial to health as they contain high levels of vitamin C and tannin. There have been seminal studies on the anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetes, and antihyperglycemic effects of treatments with D. morbiferus trees. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of D. morbiferus water (DLW) extracts in vitro, and demonstrated no toxicity at 5-500 μg/mL in 24-72-h experiments with 3T3-L1 cells. The DLW increased cell viability at 48 h and inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by reducing intracellular triglyceride levels and glucose uptake. In addition, mRNA and protein expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes were lowered by DLW, suggesting antiobesity effects in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Because few studies have demonstrated cholesterol-lowering effects of D. morbiferus, we investigated the activities of adipogenic transcriptional factors following treatments of 3T3-L1 cells with D. morbiferus and observed increased CEBPα, CEBPβ, PPARγ, and SREBP1 activities in the cells, indicating that DLW extracts inhibit adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Song
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungmin Kwak
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Jun Sung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Jeong
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- 3 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- 4 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yongjae Kim
- 5 HBJbiofarm Research Institute , Cheomdan-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Guariglia DA, Pedro RE, Deminice R, Rosa FT, Peres SB, Franzói De Moraes SM. Effect of combined training on body composition and metabolic variables in people living with HIV: A randomized clinical trial. Cytokine 2018; 111:505-510. [PMID: 29903591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized clinical trial to assess the effects of 16 weeks of combined training on body composition, lipid profile, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leptin levels in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). METHODS Fifty-eight HIV-infected individuals were randomized into a training group (T) or a control group (C). Combined training consisted of aerobic and resistance exercises performed at the same training session, applied at a frequency of three times a week for a total of 16 weeks. Waist circumference, body mass, body fat percentage (%fat), fat mass, lipid profile, adiponectin, CRP, and leptin levels were measured pre- and post-training in both groups. RESULTS Sixteen weeks of combined training decreased (P < 0.05) body fat in different body segments in PLWHA. Lipodystrophic PLWHA experienced greater reduction in body fat in the android region than non-lipodystrophic PLWHA after combined training. Lipid profile and circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, and CRP remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Sixteen weeks of combined training was effective to reduce body fat in different body segments, without altering plasma lipid and cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Evangelista Pedro
- Adipose Tissue Study Group - Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
| | | | - Sidney Barnabé Peres
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
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Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang S, Yu Q, Xiong F, Huang K, Wang CY, Yang P. HMGB1, an innate alarmin, plays a critical role in chronic inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:103-111. [PMID: 28619625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as an imminent global public health concern over the past several decades. It has now become evident that obesity is characterized by the persistent and low-grade inflammation in the adipose tissue, and serves as an independent risk factor for many metabolic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Particularly, adipocytes originated from obese mice and humans likely predominate necrosis upon stressful insults, leading to passive release of cellular contents including the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) into the extracellular milieu. Extracellular HMGB1 acts as an innate alarmin to stimulate the activation of resident immune cells in the adipose tissue. Upon activation, those resident immune cells actively secrete additional HMGB1, which in turn activates/recruits additional immune cells, and induces adipocyte death. This review summarizes those novel discoveries in terms of HMGB1 in the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory state in adipose tissue in obesity, and discusses its potential application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Nel S, Strijdom H, Genis A, Everson F, Van Wijk R, Kotzé S. A histomorphometric study on the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) combined with a high-calorie diet (HCD) on aortic perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Acta Histochem 2017; 119:555-562. [PMID: 28606728 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), surrounding arteries is metabolically active. Obesity and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may cause pathophysiological conditions in the aortic wall and surrounding PVAT. The aim of the study was to determine the histological effects on the aortic wall, aortic PVAT adipocyte morphology and leptin staining intensity in obese rats treated with ART. Wistar rats (N=36) were divided into four groups; a lean control (C/ART-), ART control (C/ART+), high-calorie diet (HCD) untreated (HCD/ART-) and HCD and ART experimental (HCD/ART+). The aorta and surrounding PVAT were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and anti-leptin antibodies for immunohistochemistry (IHC). The C/ART+ group had a thinner tunica media compared to the HCD/ART- group. The tunica adventitia was thicker in the ART groups (C/ART+ and HCD/ART+) compared to the lean control group. White adipocytes in the HCD/ART- group was larger in size compared to the other three groups. The high-calorie diet groups (HCD/ART- and HCD/ART+) had increased adipocyte sizes, for both brown and differentiating adipocytes, compared to the control groups (C/ART- and C/ART+). The unilocular and differentiating adipocytes in the C/ART+ group showed intense leptin staining. Unilocular and differentiating adipocytes in the HCD/ART- and HCD/ART+ groups showed weak to no leptin staining intensity. The present study indicated that ART and a HCD, separately and combined, altered both the tunica media and adventitia of the aortic wall, whereas the HCD alone caused adipocytes to increase in size. The leptin staining intensity suggested that ART alone may lead to increased leptin expression, whereas ART combined with a HCD may cause leptin deficiency. Changes seen with ART in a rat model suggest that aortic wall thickness and PVAT adipocyte morphology alterations should be considered by clinicians in obese individuals receiving ART.
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72
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2017; 8:761-773. [PMID: 28382138 PMCID: PMC5381164 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, consisting of three stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors are encircled by extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, and the physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely connected to every step of tumorigenesis. Evidence suggests that the vital components of the TME are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, adipose cells, immune and inflammatory cells, the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and ECM. This manuscript, based on the current studies of the TME, offers a more comprehensive overview of the primary functions of each component of the TME in cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. The manuscript also includes primary therapeutic targeting markers for each player, which may be helpful in treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yingfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Lago F, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:100-109. [PMID: 28053336 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the most relevant factors secreted by adipose tissue and the forerunner of a class of molecules collectively called adipokines. Initially discovered in 1994, its crucial role as a central regulator in energy homeostasis has been largely described during the past 20 years. Once secreted into the circulation, leptin reaches the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts by binding and activating the long form of leptin receptor (LEPR), regulating appetite and food intake, bone mass, basal metabolism, reproductive function and insulin secretion, among other processes. Research on the regulation of different adipose tissues has provided important insights into the intricate network that links nutrition, metabolism and immune homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bi-directionally through common ligands and receptors during stress responses and inflammation, and control cellular immune responses in several pathological situations including immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This Review discusses the latest findings regarding the role of leptin in the immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effect on autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, CIBERCV (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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75
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Hyung JH, Ahn CB, Je JY. Ark shell protein hydrolysates inhibit adipogenesis in mouse mesenchymal stem cells through the down-regulation of transcriptional factors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-adipogenic peptides were generated from ark shell protein by enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Hyung
- Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science
- Pukyong National University
- Busan 48547
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Ahn
- Division of Food and Nutrition
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science
- Pukyong National University
- Busan 48547
- Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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77
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A new leptin-mediated mechanism for stimulating fatty acid oxidation: a pivotal role for sarcolemmal FAT/CD36. Biochem J 2016; 474:149-162. [PMID: 27827305 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation in muscle and heart; but, the mechanism by which these tissues provide additional intracellular fatty acids for their oxidation remains unknown. We examined, in isolated muscle and cardiac myocytes, whether leptin, via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, stimulated fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36)-mediated fatty acid uptake to enhance fatty acid oxidation. In both mouse skeletal muscle and rat cardiomyocytes, leptin increased fatty acid oxidation, an effect that was blocked when AMPK phosphorylation was inhibited by adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside or Compound C. In wild-type mice, leptin induced the translocation of FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane and increased fatty acid uptake into giant sarcolemmal vesicles and into cardiomyocytes. In muscles of FAT/CD36-KO mice, and in cardiomyocytes in which cell surface FAT/CD36 action was blocked by sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, the leptin-stimulated influx of fatty acids was inhibited; concomitantly, the normal leptin-stimulated increase in fatty acid oxidation was also prevented, despite the normal leptin-induced increase in AMPK phosphorylation. Conversely, in muscle of AMPK kinase-dead mice, leptin failed to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36, along with a failure to stimulate fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Similarly, when siRNA was used to reduce AMPK in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, leptin failed to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36. Our studies have revealed a novel mechanism of leptin-induced fatty acid oxidation in muscle tissue; namely, this process is dependent on the activation of AMPK to induce the translocation of FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane, thereby stimulating fatty acid uptake. Without increasing this leptin-stimulated, FAT/CD36-dependent fatty acid uptake process, leptin-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation does not enhance fatty acid oxidation.
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78
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Zehsaz F, Farhangi N, Ghahramani M. The response of circulating omentin-1 concentration to 16-week exercise training in male children with obesity. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:355-361. [PMID: 27737602 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1248223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the 16-week exercise training program on serum omentin-1 in relation to change in insulin resistance in obese male children. METHODS Thirty-two obese male children, aged 9-12 years, were randomly assigned into Exercise Group (ExG; n = 16) and Control Group (CG; n = 16). ExG participated in a 16-week exercise training program which combined various forms of aerobic activities and resistance training. Body composition, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), blood lipids and serum omentin-1 were assessed before and after 16 weeks of training. RESULTS Exercise training significantly decreased body mass (7.5%), BMI (7.6%), WC (4.3%), body fat % (15%), fasting insulin (18.5%), total cholesterol (TC) (5.4%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (17%) and triglyceride (TG) (7.4%) compared to CG. Between-groups comparison showed a considerable exercise-induced upregulation in omentin-1 (ES = 89; P < 0.05) levels. Furthermore, in ExG serum omentin-1 levels were significantly increased from 24.5 ± 8.4 to 35.9 ± 9.3 ng/ml (45%; P < 0.001) after the training program, which was accompanied with significantly decreased fasting insulin (P < 0.001). The changes in omentin-1 concentrations correlated with the changes in BMI (r = -0.67, P < 0.001), WC (r = -0.62, P = 0.002), body fat % (r = -0.50, P = 0.004), insulin (r = -0.65, P = 0.001), HOMA2-IR (r = -0.60, P = 0.004), TC (r = -0.53, P = 0.004) and LDL-C (r = -0.51, P = 0.004) in ExG. BMI (β = -0.50, P = 0.009) and fasting insulin (β = -0.54, P = 0.006) changes were found to be independent predictors of omentin-1 increment in multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION Exercise training resulted in a significant increase in serum omentin-1 concentrations in children with obesity. The findings suggest that exercise-induced changes in omentin-1 may be associated with the beneficial effects of exercise on reduced insulin and weight lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Zehsaz
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Negin Farhangi
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mehri Ghahramani
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran
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Neville CE, Patterson CC, Linden GJ, Love K, McKinley MC, Kee F, Blankenberg S, Evans A, Yarnell J, Woodside JV. The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:24-30. [PMID: 27500548 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological evidence suggests that adipokines may be associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, but the evidence to date is limited and inconclusive. This study examined the association between adiponectin and leptin and the subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a UK population based cohort of non-diabetic middle-aged men. METHODS Baseline serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured in 1839 non-diabetic men aged 50-60years who were participating in the prospective population-based PRIME study. Over a mean follow-up of 14.7years, new cases of type 2 diabetes were determined from self-reported clinical information with subsequent validation by general practitioners. RESULTS 151 Participants developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. In Cox regression models adjusted for age, men in the top third of the leptin distribution were at increased risk (hazard ratio (HR) 4.27, 95% CI 2.67-6.83) and men in the top third of the adiponectin distribution at reduced risk (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14-0.42) relative to men in the bottom third. However, significance was lost for leptin after additional adjustment for BMI, waist to hip ratio, lifestyle factors and biological risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP). Further adjustment for HOMA-IR also resulted in loss of significance for adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that adipokines are associated with men's future type 2 diabetes risk but not independently of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Neville
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher C Patterson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gerard J Linden
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Love
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle C McKinley
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Medicine II, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Alun Evans
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - John Yarnell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom.
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Montagnana M, Fava C, Targher G, Franchini M, Danese E, Bonafini S, De Cata A, Salvagno GL, Ruzzenente O, Guidi GC, Lippi G. Plasma Leptin in Patients at Intermediate to High Cardiovascular Risk With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27470535 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that leptin concentrations are related to the metabolic disturbances that constitute the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to diabetes mellitus (DM). AIM To investigate possible determinants of leptin concentrations in a sample of patients at high cardiovascular (CV) risk carrying two or more features of the MetS and to investigate if any difference exist between at risk patients with or without DM. METHODS Serum leptin concentrations were measured in 60 consecutive male patients affected by at least two CV risk factors which belong to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) definition of MetS: 30 patients affected by type 2 DM (T2DM) and 30 nondiabetic patients (non-T2DM). Nineteen healthy subjects were included in the study as a control group (HC). RESULTS Leptin was significantly higher in patients carrying two or more features of the MetS compared with HC (P = 0.02). Stratifying MetS patients for DM, we found that leptin level was higher in non-T2DM patients (7.8 ng/ml), intermediate in T2DM (6.2 ng/ml), and lower in HC (4.6 ng/ml). In MetS patients, a positive correlation was found between leptin and waist, triglycerides, and number of MetS criteria. After stratification for T2DM, the correlations were still significant in the non-T2DM but not in the T2DM group. CONCLUSIONS In our sample of moderate-to-high-risk patients, leptin level is positively associated with waist circumference and triglycerides but only in non-T2DM patients. Our data suggest that diabetic subjects could modulate leptin production in a different way compared with patients carrying other MetS-related anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montagnana
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Fava
- Internal Medicine Section C, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Bonafini
- Internal Medicine Section C, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela De Cata
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Salvagno
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Orazio Ruzzenente
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Guidi
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Clinical Biochemistry Section, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Kumar S, Hossain J, Nader N, Aguirre R, Sriram S, Balagopal PB. Decreased Circulating Levels of Spexin in Obese Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2931-6. [PMID: 27218269 PMCID: PMC4929838 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Spexin is a novel peptide that is implicated in obesity and related energy homeostasis in animals and adult humans. Little is known about its role in children. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to determine the potential role of Spexin in obese children and explore its relationships with various cardiometabolic risk factors. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS This was a cross-sectional study composed of 69 children (51 obese and 18 normal weight; age 15.3 ± 0.26 y). OUTCOME MEASURES Spexin was measured using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Leptin, total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, glucose, and insulin were also measured. Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson and Spearman rank correlations, logistic regression, and cluster analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of the data. RESULTS Spexin levels were significantly lower in obese vs normal-weight children, median(IQR) (0.33 ng/mL [0.27-0.44] vs 0.42 ng/mL [0.33-0.55]; P = .024), but did not correlate with other adipokines and/or insulin and glucose levels. Ordinal categorical variables of Spexin showed a strictly reverse association of obesity with the level of Spexin. Cluster analysis of Spexin and body mass index z score resulted in splitting the participants into normal-weight and obese-weight groups with high accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Lower circulating levels of Spexin in obese children compared with their normal-weight counterparts and the ability to discriminate obese and normal-weight groups based on Spexin concentration enabled us to suggest a potential role for this novel peptide in childhood obesity. The clinical significance of these findings needs additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
| | - Jobayer Hossain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
| | - Nicole Nader
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
| | - Roxana Aguirre
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
| | - Swetha Sriram
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
| | - P Babu Balagopal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (S.K., S.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Biostatistics Core (J.H.), Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, Delaware 19803; Park Nicollet Health Services (N.N.), St Louis, Minnesota 55416; University of Illinois (R.A.), College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61603; and Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Division of Biomedical Research (P.B.B.), Jacksonville, Florida; and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32207
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Abstract
The mechanisms or causes of pancreatic β-cell death as well as impaired insulin secretion, which are the principal events of diabetic etiopathology, are largely unknown. Diabetic complications are known to be associated with abnormal plasma lipid profile, mainly elevated level of cholesterol and free fatty acids. However, in recent years, elevated plasma cholesterol has been implicated as a primary modulator of pancreatic β-cell functions as well as death. High-cholesterol diet in animal models or excess cholesterol in pancreatic β-cell causes transporter desensitization and results in morphometric changes in insulin granules. Moreover, cholesterol is also held responsible to cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of proapoptotic markers leading to β-cell death. The present review focuses on the pathways and molecularevents that occur in the β-cell under the influence of excess cholesterol that hampers the basal physiology of the cell leading to the progression of diabetes.
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83
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Kim JH, Kim OK, Yoon HG, Park J, You Y, Kim K, Lee YH, Choi KC, Lee J, Jun W. Anti-obesity effect of extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. through regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30428. [PMID: 26822962 PMCID: PMC4731425 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though Curcuma longa L. possesses various biological activities, it has strong flavor and taste, which decrease consumer palatability and limit industrial applications in food. Objective The present study investigates the effects of C. longa L. fermented with Aspergillus oryzae supplementation in 60% high-fat diet-induced obese rats measured by the activation of adipogenesis and lipolysis. Design Rats were divided into four groups (n=6 per group) after 1 week of acclimatization: a normal diet group comprised rats fed the AIN76A rodent diet; a high-fat diet-induced obese group with rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; a Garcinia cambogia treated group (positive control) with rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with G. cambogia 500 g/kg body weight (b.w.)/day; and an fermented C. longa L. 50% ethanolic extract treated group (FCE50) with rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. Each group received the appropriate vehicle or sample daily by gastric intubation for 12 weeks. Results We found that FCE50 administration suppressed b.w. gain and reduced white adipose tissue weight, serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. These results can be associated with the suppression of adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis with a decrease in the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, adipocyte protein 2, and lipoprotein lipase induced by FCE50 administration. In addition, FCE50 increased lipolysis and β-oxidation by up-regulating the expression of lipases such as adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, adiponectin, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Conclusions These results suggest that FCE50 can be a candidate for the prevention of obesity via suppressing adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghee You
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmi Kim
- Department of Biofood Analysis, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Nonsan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Suwon, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; .,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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84
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Solis-Paredes M, Espino y Sosa S, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Nava-Salazar S, Ortega-Castillo V, Rodriguez-Bosch M, Bravo-Flores E, Espejel-Nuñez A, Tolentino-Dolores M, Gaona-Estudillo R, Martinez-Bautista N, Perichart-Perera O. Maternal and Fetal Lipid and Adipokine Profiles and Their Association with Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:7015626. [PMID: 27190514 PMCID: PMC4844894 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7015626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Maternal metabolic changes impact fetal metabolism resulting in a higher risk for developing chronic diseases later in life. The aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal and fetal adipokine and lipid profiles, as well as the influence of maternal weight on this association. Methods. Healthy pregnant women at term who delivered by C-section were enrolled. Maternal and fetal glucose, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels were analyzed by obesity and maternal weight gain. Statistics included descriptives, correlations, and mean differences (SPSS v20.0). Results. Adiponectin and resistin concentrations were higher in fetal blood, while leptin was lower (p < 0.05). A significant inverse association between maternal resistin and fetal LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = -0.327; p = 0.022) was observed. A positive correlation was found between maternal and fetal resistin (r = 0.358; p = 0.013). Women with excessive weight gain had higher leptin levels and their fetuses showed higher LDL-C levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Maternal resistin showed an inverse association with fetal LDL-C, suggesting that maternal adiposity status may play an active role in the regulation of fetal lipid profile and consequently, in fetal programming. Excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy may exert an effect over metabolic mediators in both mother and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Solis-Paredes
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimico-Biologicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 11340 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Salvador Espino y Sosa
- Direction of Education, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, 14610 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez
- Biomedical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Sonia Nava-Salazar
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Veronica Ortega-Castillo
- Department of Obstetrics, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Mario Rodriguez-Bosch
- Department of Obstetrics, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Eyerahi Bravo-Flores
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Aurora Espejel-Nuñez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Maricruz Tolentino-Dolores
- Department of Nutrition and Bioprogramming, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Rubí Gaona-Estudillo
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Nancy Martinez-Bautista
- Immunology Department, Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 02990 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Otilia Perichart-Perera
- Department of Nutrition and Bioprogramming, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, 11000 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
- *Otilia Perichart-Perera:
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85
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Mellendijk L, Wiesmann M, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of Nutrition on Cerebral Circulation and Cognition in the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2015; 7:9416-39. [PMID: 26580647 PMCID: PMC4663605 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), defined as the clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, appears to be driving the global epidemics cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutrition has a major impact on MetS and plays an important role in the prevention, development, and treatment of its features. Structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, associated with MetS, might form the link between MetS and the increased risk of developing CVD and T2DM. Not only does the peripheral vasculature seem to be affected, but the syndrome has a profound impact on the cerebral circulation and thence brain structure as well. Furthermore, strong associations are shown with stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. In this review the impact of nutrition on the individual components of MetS, the effects of MetS on peripheral and cerebral vasculature, and its consequences for brain structure and function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mellendijk
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy & Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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86
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Lesná J, Tichá A, Hyšpler R, Musil F, Bláha V, Sobotka L, Zadák Z, Šmahelová A. Omentin-1 plasma levels and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 1: impact of weight reduction. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e183. [PMID: 26524638 PMCID: PMC4631935 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Omentin-1 is an anti-inflammatory adipokine produced preferentially by visceral adipose tissue. Plasma levels of omentin-1 are decreased in obesity and other insulin-resistant states. Insulin resistance contributes to the changes of cholesterol synthesis and absorption as well. The aim of this study was to characterise omentin-1 plasma levels in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 during weight reduction, and to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and omentin-1. Methods: Plasma levels of omentin-1 were measured in obese type 1 diabetics (n=14, body mass index >30 kg m−2, age 29–62 years) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BioVendor). Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (Fisons Plc.,) was used to measure squalene and non-cholesterol sterols—markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption (phase I). Measurements were repeated after 1 month (phase II; 1 week of fasting in the hospital setting and 3 weeks on a diet containing 150 g saccharides per day) and after 1 year (phase III) on a diet with 225 g saccharides per day. Results: Omentin-1 plasma levels were stable during phases I and II, but significantly increased (P<0.001) during phase III. Omentin-1 plasma dynamics were significantly associated with plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (P=0.005) and triacylglycerols (P=0.01), as well as with lathosterol (P=0.03). Conclusion: Omentin-1 plasma levels significantly increased during the weight reduction programme. Omentin-1 plasma dynamics suggest a close relationship with cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lesná
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Medical Faculty in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové1, Czech Republic
| | - A Tichá
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - R Hyšpler
- Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic
| | - F Musil
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic
| | - V Bláha
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - L Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Medical Faculty in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové1, Czech Republic
| | - Z Zadák
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Centre for Research and Development, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - A Šmahelová
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové5, Czech Republic.,Medical Faculty in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové1, Czech Republic
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87
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Tanyanskiy DA, Martynikhin IA, Rotar OP, Konradi AO, Sokolian NA, Neznanov NG, Denisenko AD. Association of adipokines with metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia: Results of comparative study with mental healthy cohort. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:163-167. [PMID: 25952038 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The role of adipose tissue hormones, adipokines, in formation of metabolic disorders in schizophrenia is not fully understood. The aim was to investigate the association of leptin and adiponectin plasma levels with metabolic parameters in antipsychotic treated patients with schizophrenia and in the group of age, gender and body mass index matched mental healthy persons. METHODS One hundred patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, who took antipsychotic medication, and equal number of control subjects, were enrolled for cross-sectional evaluation. Fasting blood plasma levels of glucose, lipids, insulin, adiponectin, leptin concentrations and insulin resistance HOMA index were determined. RESULTS In both groups plasma leptin concentration positively correlated with body mass index, insulin plasma level and HOMA index, while adiponectin level had negative correlations with adiposity measures and positive associations with high density lipoprotein cholesterol content. At the same time, in schizophrenia group, but not in control subjects, leptin level positively associated with cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations and adiponectin negatively correlated with plasma insulin content, HOMA index and triglycerides levels. After controlling for confounders significant correlations remained for leptin concentration with HOMA index and plasma triglycerides level in schizophrenic patients and for adiponectin concentration with plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in both studied groups. CONCLUSIONS Both adipokines associate with metabolic parameters in antipsychotic treated patients with schizophrenia. Leptin can play more specific role in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic persons than in mental healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Tanyanskiy
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Martynikhin
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oxana P Rotar
- Federal Almazov Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Nina A Sokolian
- St. Petersburg V.M. Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay G Neznanov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg V.M. Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander D Denisenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg, Russia
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88
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Liu X, Chan HC, Ding G, Cai J, Song Y, Wang T, Zhang D, Chen H, Yu MK, Wu Y, Qu F, Liu Y, Lu Y, Adashi EY, Sheng J, Huang H. FSH regulates fat accumulation and redistribution in aging through the Gαi/Ca(2+)/CREB pathway. Aging Cell 2015; 14:409-20. [PMID: 25754247 PMCID: PMC4406670 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fat mass and fat redistribution are commonly observed in aging populations worldwide. Although decreased circulating levels of sex hormones, androgens and oestrogens have been observed, the exact mechanism of fat accumulation and redistribution during aging remains obscure. In this study, the receptor of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotropin that increases sharply and persistently with aging in both males and females, is functionally expressed in human and mouse fat tissues and adipocytes. Follicle-stimulating hormone was found to promote lipid biosynthesis and lipid droplet formation; FSH could also alter the secretion of leptin and adiponectin, but not hyperplasia, in vitro and in vivo. The effects of FSH are mediated by FSH receptors coupled to the Gαi protein; as a result, Ca2+ influx is stimulated, cAMP-response-element-binding protein is phosphorylated, and an array of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis is activated. The present findings depict the potential of FSH receptor-mediated lipodystrophy of adipose tissues in aging. Our results also reveal the mechanism of fat accumulation and redistribution during aging of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Mei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology School of Medicine Zhejiang University Zhejiang China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Guo‐Lian Ding
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Jie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
- Ningbo Maternal and Child Health Hospital Zhejiang China
| | - Yang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Ting‐Ting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Dan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Yan‐Ting Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University – The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Human Reproduction and Related Diseases Shanghai China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Fan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Ye Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology School of Medicine Zhejiang University Zhejiang China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Yong‐Chao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
| | - Eli Y. Adashi
- The Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University Providence RI USA
| | - Jian‐Zhong Sheng
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology School of Medicine Zhejiang University Zhejiang China
| | - He‐Feng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics Ministry of Education Hangzhou China
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89
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Bae HK, Choi HS, Sohn S, Shin HJ, Nam JH, Hong YM. Cardiovascular screening in asymptomatic adolescents with metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015; 23:10-9. [PMID: 25883751 PMCID: PMC4398779 DOI: 10.4250/jcu.2015.23.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent days, the prevalence of childhood metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased substantially due to the increasing rate of childhood obesity on a global scale. The aims of this study were to detect the important parameters and provide the screening system to prevent cardiovascular disease in adolescents with MS. Methods Ninety one male adolescents were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of MS. Anthropometric measurement and laboratory study were studied. Intimal medial thickness and pulse wave velocity were estimated. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), ejection fraction, myocardial velocity, strain and strain rate were measured by tissue Doppler imaging and strain rate imaging. Results The prevalence of MS was 7.7%. Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triglyceride and LVMI were significantly increased in the MS group. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), peak early diastolic myocardial velocity (e'), systolic myocardial velocity (s') and global longitudinal strain were significantly lower in the MS group. In univariant analysis, LVMI was significantly correlated with BMI, WC, fat %, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. e' was significantly correlated with BMI, fat %, fat mass, and HDL-C. Global circumferential strain had significant correlation with glucose and TC. Basal anterolateral strain rate was significantly correlated with weight, BMI, WC, fat %, and fat mass. Conclusion LVMI, strain and strain rate are practical and accurate parameters for assessment of left ventricular function in adolescents with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Seul Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejung Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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90
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Yildirim O, Canan F, Tosun M, Kayka N, Tuman TC, Alhan C, Alcelik A. Plasma omentin levels in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 69:159-64. [PMID: 24852382 DOI: 10.1159/000360736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate plasma omentin concentrations in non-obese, drug-free patients with schizophrenia in comparison with healthy volunteers. METHOD Thirty-two patients with schizophrenia and 33 control subjects were recruited. Plasma omentin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma levels of omentin (ng/ml) were found to be markedly lower in patients with schizophrenia (median = 7.7, 25th percentile = 6.3, 75th percentile = 604.9) than in controls (median = 486, 25th percentile = 326, 75th percentile = 794.2, p < 0.01). No significant difference was found between drug-free (n = 23) and drug-naive (n = 9) patients with respect to plasma omentin levels. Omentin concentrations correlated negatively with severity of illness, suggesting that patients with more severe pathology had lower fasting levels of omentin (n = 32; r = -0.387; p = 0.029). CONCLUSION The present results suggest that plasma omentin levels are decreased in physically healthy, non-obese, antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia when compared with physically and mentally healthy individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated the association between omentin and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Yildirim
- Department of Psychiatry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, School of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
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91
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Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are closely related to the inflammatory environment created by expanded adipose tissue. Several mechanisms trigger inflammation in adipose tissue, including excess fatty acids, hypoxia, and activation of the inflammasome. Inflammation is characterized by the abundance of immune cells, particularly M1 macrophages and T lymphocytes, which have increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that act to perpetuate systemic inflammation and induce insulin resistance. The gut microbiota is also involved in obesity-induced inflammation via LPS-related endotoxemia that induces cytokine secretion and insulin resistance. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells, regulatory T cells, and interleukine (IL)-10 counteract the inflammation and insulin resistance, establishing classical or metabolically healthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange S Pereira
- Department Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Department Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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92
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Li Y, Qin G, Liu J, Mao L, Zhang Z, Shang J. Adipose tissue regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism via adiponectin. Life Sci 2014; 118:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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93
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Marciniak C, Marechal X, Montaigne D, Neviere R, Lancel S. Cardiac contractile function and mitochondrial respiration in diabetes-related mouse models. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:118. [PMID: 25142225 PMCID: PMC4243842 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiological processes underlying diabetic-related cardiomyopathies are complex. Mitochondria dysfunction is often described as a cause of cardiac impairment but its extent may depend on the type of experimental diabetes. Here we proposed to compare drug- or diet-induced models of diabetes in terms of metabolic features, cardiac and mitochondrial functions. METHODS Mice were fed with regular chow or fat-enriched diet. After three weeks, they received either citrate or streptozotocin injections for five consecutive days. Metabolic parameters, myocardial contractile function and mitochondrial respiration were measured after three more weeks. Fat mass volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, triglyceride and adipocytokine quantification were evaluated to establish metabolic profiles. Cardiac function was assessed ex vivo onto a Langendorff column. Isolated cardiac mitochondria respiration was obtained using high-resolution oxygraphy. RESULTS Mice fed with the fat-enriched regimen presented abdominal obesity, increased blood glucose, elevated leptin level, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Mice treated with streptozotocin, independently of the regimen, lost their capacity to release insulin in response to glucose ingestion. Mice fed with regular chow diet and injected with streptozotocin developed cardiac dysfunction without mitochondrial respiration defect. However, both groups of high-fat diet fed mice developed cardiac alterations associated with reduction in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, despite an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis signalling. CONCLUSIONS We explored three animal models mimicking type 1 and 2 diabetes. While cardiac dysfunction was present in the three groups of mice, mitochondrial respiration impairment was only obvious in models reproducing features of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steve Lancel
- EA 4484 - Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Lille 2 University, 1, place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France.
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94
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Allergic contact dermatitis is associated with significant oxidative stress. Dermatol Res Pract 2014; 2014:415638. [PMID: 25183967 PMCID: PMC4144152 DOI: 10.1155/2014/415638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Research has confirmed the involvement of oxidative stress (OxS) in allergic contact dermatitis whilst other inflammation-related biomarkers have been less studied. Objective. To evaluate systemic levels of selected inflammatory markers, OxS indices and adipokines as well as their associations in allergic contact dermatitis. Methods. In 40 patients, interleukin- (IL-) 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), and IL-10 levels were measured in sera with the Evidence Investigator Cytokine & Growth factors High-Sensitivity Array, total peroxide concentration (TPX) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by means of spectrophotometry, and the plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin by the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Results. TNF-α level (P < 0.01) and TPX (P < 0.0001) were increased whilst IL-10 (P < 0.05) and TAC (P < 0.0001) were decreased in the patients as compared to controls. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis identified both, TPX and TAC (inversely), as possible independent markers for evaluating allergic contact dermatitis. Adiponectin level in patients was increased (P < 0.0001), but neither adiponectin nor leptin correlated significantly with the biomarkers of inflammation or OxS. Conclusion. OxS parameters, especially TPX and OSI, reflect the degree of systemic inflammation associated with allergic contact dermatitis in the best way. The relation between OxS and adiponectin level warrants further studies.
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95
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Walewski JL, Ge F, Lobdell H, Levin N, Schwartz GJ, Vasselli JR, Pomp A, Dakin G, Berk PD. Spexin is a novel human peptide that reduces adipocyte uptake of long chain fatty acids and causes weight loss in rodents with diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1643-52. [PMID: 24550067 PMCID: PMC4077920 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microarray studies identified Ch12:orf39 (Spexin) as the most down-regulated gene in obese human fat. Therefore, we examined its role in obesity pathogenesis. METHODS Spexin effects on food intake, meal patterns, body weight, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and locomotor activity were monitored electronically in C57BL/6J mice or Wistar rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Its effects on adipocyte [(3)H]-oleate uptake were determined. RESULTS In humans, Spexin gene expression was down-regulated 14.9-fold in obese omental and subcutaneous fat. Circulating Spexin changed in parallel, correlating (r = -0.797) with Leptin. In rats, Spexin (35 µg/kg/day SC) reduced caloric intake ∼32% with corresponding weight loss. Meal patterns were unaffected. In mice, Spexin (25 µg/kg/day IP) significantly reduced the RER at night, and increased locomotion. Spexin incubation in vitro significantly inhibited facilitated fatty acid (FA) uptake into DIO mouse adipocytes. Conditioned taste aversion testing (70 µg/kg/day IP) demonstrated no aversive Spexin effects. CONCLUSIONS Spexin gene expression is markedly down-regulated in obese human fat. The peptide produces weight loss in DIO rodents. Its effects on appetite and energy regulation are presumably central; those on adipocyte FA uptake appear direct and peripheral. Spexin is a novel hormone involved in weight regulation, with potential for obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Walewski
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
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96
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Heiker JT. Vaspin (serpinA12) in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:299-306. [PMID: 24596079 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While genome-wide association studies as well as candidate gene studies have revealed a great deal of insight into the contribution of genetics to obesity development and susceptibility, advances in adipose tissue research have substantially changed the understanding of adipose tissue function. Its perception has changed from passive lipid storage tissue to active endocrine organ regulating and modulating whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolism and inflammatory and immune responses by secreting a multitude of bioactive molecules, termed adipokines. The expression of human vaspin (serpinA12) is positively correlated to body mass index and insulin sensitivity and increases glucose tolerance in vivo, suggesting a compensatory role in response to diminished insulin signaling in obesity. Recently, considerable insight has been gained into vaspin structure, function, and specific target tissue-dependent effects, and several lines of evidence suggest vaspin as a promising candidate for drug development for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and inflammation. These will be summarized in this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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97
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Lappas M. Effect of pre-existing maternal obesity, gestational diabetes and adipokines on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. Metabolism 2014; 63:250-62. [PMID: 24262292 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adipokines on the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, transport, synthesis and metabolism. MATERIALS/METHODS Human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues were obtained from lean, overweight and obese normal glucose tolerant (NGT) women and women with GDM. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the level of expression. Adipose tissue explants were performed to determine the effect of the adipokines TNFα, IL-1β and leptin on adipose tissue gene expression. RESULTS Pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM are associated with decreased expression in genes involved in fatty acid uptake and intracellular transport (LPL, FATP2, FATP6, FABPpm and ASCL1), triacylglyceride (TAG) biosynthesis (MGAT1,7 MGAT2 and DGAT1), lipogenesis (FASN) and lipolysis (PNPLA2, HSL and MGLL). Decreased gene expression was also observed for the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism (LXRα, PPARα, PPARδ, PPARγ, RXRα and SREBP1c). On the other hand, the gene expression of the adipokines TNFα, IL-1β and or leptin was increased in adipose tissue from obese and GDM women. Functional in vitro studies revealed that these adipokines decreased the gene expression of LPL, FATP2, FATP6, ASCL1, PNPLA2, PPARδ, PPARγ and RXRα. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancies complicated by pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM are associated with abnormal adipose tissue lipid metabolism, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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98
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Gender differences in fat distribution and inflammatory markers among Arabs. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:497324. [PMID: 24227909 PMCID: PMC3818915 DOI: 10.1155/2013/497324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from the Gulf region suggest that compared to men, women have a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MeS). Objective. To investigate gender differences in body composition, adipokines, inflammatory markers, and aerobic fitness in a cohort of healthy Qatari adults. Participants. Healthy Qatari (n = 58) were matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Methods. Body composition and regional fat distribution were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography. Laboratory assessments included serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile analysis, adipokines, and inflammatory markers. Subjects were also evaluated for aerobic fitness. Results. Women had more adipose tissue in the total abdominal (P = 0.04) and abdominal subcutaneous (P = 0.07) regions compared to men. Waist circumference and indices of insulin sensitivity were similar; however, women had a more favourable lipid profile than men. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were significantly higher in women, whereas inflammatory profiles were not different between men and women. Aerobic fitness was lower in women and was associated with abdominal fat accumulation. Conclusion. In premenopausal women, higher levels of adiponectin may support maintenance of insulin sensitivity and normolipidemia despite greater adiposity. However, poor aerobic fitness combined with abdominal fat accumulation may explain their greater future risk of MeS compared with men.
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99
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Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Frühbeck G. Adipose tissue immunity and cancer. Front Physiol 2013; 4:275. [PMID: 24106481 PMCID: PMC3788329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and altered immune response are important components of obesity and contribute greatly to the promotion of obesity-related metabolic complications, especially cancer development. Adipose tissue expansion is associated with increased infiltration of various types of immune cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Thus, adipocytes and infiltrating immune cells secrete pro-inflammatory adipokines and cytokines providing a microenvironment favorable for tumor growth. Accumulation of B and T cells in adipose tissue precedes macrophage infiltration causing a chronic low-grade inflammation. Phenotypic switching toward M1 macrophages and Th1 T cells constitutes an important mechanism described in the obese state correlating with increased tumor growth risk. Other possible synergic mechanisms causing a dysfunctional adipose tissue include fatty acid-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and hypoxia. Recent investigations have started to unravel the intricacy of the cross-talk between tumor cell/immune cell/adipocyte. In this sense, future therapies should take into account the combination of anti-inflammatory approaches that target the tumor microenvironment with more sophisticated and selective anti-tumoral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Pamplona, Spain
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100
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013. [PMID: 23843680 DOI: 10.1115/2013/136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic alterations that include the presence of arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by abnormal adipokine production, and the activation of proinflammatory signalling pathways resulting in the induction of several biological markers of inflammation. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Adiponectin can either act directly on macrophages to shift polarization and/or prime human monocytes into alternative M2-macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is regulated by a series of transcription factors, mainly PPARs and C/EBPs, that in conjunction regulate the expression of hundreds of proteins that participate in the metabolism and storage of lipids and, as such, the secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, the management of the metabolic syndrome requires the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to alter the main genetic pathways involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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