51
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Li J, Wu K, Li L, Ma G, Fang L, Zeng S. AcMYB1 Interacts With AcbHLH1 to Regulate Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Aglaonema commutatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:886313. [PMID: 35928704 PMCID: PMC9344012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.886313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aglaonema commutatum is one of the most popular foliage plants with abundant leaf phenotypes; therefore, anthocyanin coloration is a vital economic trait in A. commutatum. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis and its regulation remain unclear. In this study, AcMYB1 and AcbHLH1, transcription factor genes related to an R2R3-myeloblast (MYB) and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), respectively, were isolated from A. commutatum "Red Valentine" and functionally characterized. AcMYB1 and AcbHLH1 were found to interact by Y2H and BiFC assay. AcMYB1 was grouped into the AN2 subgroup and shared high homology with the known regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Gene expression analysis showed that both AcMYB1 and AcbHLH1 have similar expression patterns to anthocyanin structural genes and correlate with anthocyanin distribution in different tissues of A. commutatum. Light strongly promoted anthocyanin accumulation by upregulating the expression of anthocyanin-related genes in A. commutatum leaves. Ectopic expression of AcMYB1 in tobacco remarkably increased anthocyanin accumulation in both vegetative and reproductive tissues at various developmental stages. These results provide insights into the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. commutatum and are useful for breeding new A. commutatum cultivars with enhanced ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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52
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Li S, Cui Y, Liu D, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Liu Z. Transcriptome analysis and characterization of genes associated to leaf tannin content in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:512. [PMID: 35836120 PMCID: PMC9284691 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese chestnut is an economically important tree species whose yield and quality are seriously affected by red spider attack. Tannins is one of the most important class secondary metabolites in plants, and is closely associated with plant defense mechanisms against insect and herbivory. In our previous studies, it was revealed that several low-tannin foxtail millet varieties growing under the Chinese chestnut trees could attract red spiders to feed on their leaves and protect the chestnut trees from the infestation of red spiders, meanwhile, the growth and yield of foxtail millet plants themselves were not greatly affected. Results To identify genes related to leaf tannin content and selection of foxtail millet germplasm resources with low tannin content for interplanting with Chinese chestnut and preventing the red spider attack, the leaves of 4 varieties with different levels of tannin content were harvested for comparative transcriptome analysis. In total, 335 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. For acquisition of gene functions and biological pathways they involved in, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed, and several DEGs were found to possibly participate in the tannins biosynthesis pathway and transport processes of precursors. In addition, according to the PlantTFDB database, some transcription factors were predicted among the DEGs, suggesting their role in regulation of tannins biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Our results provide valuable gene resources for understanding the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of tannins in foxtail millet, and pave the way for speeding up the breeding of low-tannin varieties through marker-assisted selection, which could be utilized for interplanting with Chinese chestnut trees to confer protection against red spider attack. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08746-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Yanjiao Cui
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhengli Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China.
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Transcriptional Analysis on Resistant and Susceptible Kiwifruit Genotypes Activating Different Plant-Immunity Processes against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147643. [PMID: 35886990 PMCID: PMC9322148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a bacterial pathogen, is a severe threat to kiwifruit production. To elucidate the species-specific interaction between Psa and kiwifruit, transcriptomic-profiles analyses were conducted, under Psa-infected treatment and mock-inoculated control, on shoots of resistant Maohua (MH) and susceptible Hongyang (HY) kiwifruit varieties. The plant hormone-signal transduction and plant–pathogen interaction were significantly enriched in HY compared with MH. However, the starch and sucrose metabolism, antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, and galactose metabolism were significantly enriched in MH compared with HY. Interestingly, the MAP2 in the pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity (PTI) was significantly up-regulated in MH. The genes RAR1, SUGT1, and HSP90A in the effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and the NPR1 and TGA genes involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway as regulatory roles of ETI, were significantly up-regulated in HY. Other important genes, such as the CCRs involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were highly expressed in MH, but some genes in the Ca2+ internal flow or involved in the reactive oxygen metabolism were obviously expressed in HY. These results suggested that the PTI and cell walls involved in defense mechanisms were significant in MH against Psa infection, while the ETI was notable in HY against Psa infection. This study will help to understand kiwifruit bacterial canker disease and provide important theoretical support in kiwifruit breeding.
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Alvarez-Rivera G, Sanz A, Cifuentes A, Ibánez E, Paape T, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Flavonoid Accumulation Varies in Medicago truncatula in Response to Mercury Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933209. [PMID: 35874019 PMCID: PMC9301243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination is increasing worldwide in both wild ecosystems and agricultural soils due to natural processes, but mostly to anthropic activities. The molecular mechanisms involved in Hg toxicity and tolerance in plants have been extensively studied; however, the role of flavonoids in response to Hg stress remains to be investigated. We conducted a metabolomic study to analyze the changes induced at the secondary metabolite level in three Hg-tolerant and one Hg-sensitive Medicago truncatula cultivars. A total of 46 flavonoid compounds, classified into five different flavonoid families: anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, pterocarpan flavonoids, and flavanones, along with their respective glycoconjugate derivatives, were identified in leaf and root tissues. The synthesis of free isoflavones, followed by monoglycosylation and further malonylation was shown to be characteristic of root samples, whereas higher glycosylation, followed by further acylation with coumaric and ferulic acid was characteristic of leaf tissues. While minor changes were observed in leaves, significant quantitative changes could be observed in roots upon Hg treatment. Some flavonoids were strongly upregulated in roots, including malonylglucosides of biochanin A, formononetin and medicarpin, and aglycones biochanin, daidzein, and irisolidone. Hg tolerance appeared to be mainly associated to the accumulation of formononetin MalGlc, tricin GlcAGlcA, and afrormosin Glc II in leaves, whereas aglycone accumulation was associated with tolerance to Hg stress in roots. The results evidence the alteration of the flavonoid metabolic profile and their glycosylation processes in response to Hg stress. However, notable differences existed between varieties, both in the basal metabolic profile and in the response to treatment with Hg. Overall, we observed an increase in flavonoid production in response to Hg stress, and Hg tolerance appeared to be associated to a characteristic glycosylation pattern in roots, associated with the accumulation of aglycones and monoglycosylated flavonoids. The findings are discussed in the context of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to provide a better understanding of the role of these secondary metabolites in the response and tolerance to Hg stress in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Sanz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL-CSIC, Institute of Food Science Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ibánez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL-CSIC, Institute of Food Science Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Paape
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | | | - José J. Pueyo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Niu M, Bao C, Chen J, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Su N, Cui J. RsGSTF12 Contributes to Anthocyanin Sequestration in Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870202. [PMID: 35860534 PMCID: PMC9289562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments mainly stored in the plant vacuoles. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multifunctional enzyme family, which can regulate substance metabolism and biological and abiotic stresses in plants. However, few reports were focused on the involvement of GSTs in anthocyanin sequestration in red skin radish. Here, we identified a glutathione S-transferase gene RsGSTF12 that played roles in anthocyanin sequestration in radish. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that RsGSTF12 belonged to the phi (F) class of glutathione S-transferases and showed a high homology with AtGSTF12, followed by AtGSTF11. The subcellular localization assay showed that RsGSTF12 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum and tonoplast. Temporal and spatial gene expression-specific analyses uncovered a strong correlation of RsGSTF12 with anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts. The anthocyanin solubility assay found RsGSTF12 was capable of improving cyanidin water solubility in vitro. Transiently expressing RsGSTF12 in radish cotyledons was able to increase their anthocyanin sequestrations. Furthermore, the functional complementation and overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana tt19 mutant and wild type demonstrated that RsGSTF12 might play an indispensable role in anthocyanin accumulation in radish. Taken together, we provide compelling evidence that RsGSTF12 functions critically in how anthocyanins are sequestrated in radish, which may enrich our understanding of the mechanism of anthocyanin sequestration.
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Buhrman K, Aravena-Calvo J, Ross Zaulich C, Hinz K, Laursen T. Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions: From Biosynthesis to Storage and Possible Applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:913324. [PMID: 35836677 PMCID: PMC9273883 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.913324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of plants to accumulate specific metabolites in concentrations beyond their solubility in both aqueous and lipid environments remains a key question in plant biology. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are mixtures of natural compounds in specific molar ratios, which interact through hydrogen bonding. This results in a viscous liquid that can solubilize high amounts of natural products while maintaining a negligible vapor pressure to prevent release of volatile compounds. While all the components are presents in plant cells, identifying experimental evidence for the occurrence of NADES phases remains a challenging quest. Accumulation of anthocyanin flavonoids in highly concentrated inclusions have been speculated to involve NADES as an inert solvent. The inherent pigment properties of anthocyanins provide an ideal system for studying the formation of NADES in a cellular environment. In this mini-review we discuss the biosynthesis of modified anthocyanins that facilitate their organization in condensates, their transport and storage as a specific type of phase separated inclusions in the vacuole, and the presence of NADES constituents as a natural solution for storing high amounts of flavonoids and other natural products. Finally, we highlight how the knowledge gathered from studying the discussed processes could be used for specific applications within synthetic biology to utilize NADES derived compartments for the production of valuable compounds where the production is challenged by poor solubility, toxic intermediates or unstable and volatile products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Buhrman
- Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Dynamic Metabolons Group, Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javiera Aravena-Calvo
- Dynamic Metabolons Group, Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Ross Zaulich
- Dynamic Metabolons Group, Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Hinz
- Dynamic Metabolons Group, Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Dynamic Metabolons Group, Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tomas Laursen,
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Wang R, Lu N, Liu C, Dixon RA, Wu Q, Mao Y, Yang Y, Zheng X, He L, Zhao B, Zhang F, Yang S, Chen H, Jun JH, Li Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Chen J. MtGSTF7, a TT19-like GST gene, is essential for accumulation of anthocyanins, but not proanthocyanins in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4129-4146. [PMID: 35294003 PMCID: PMC9232208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanins (PAs) are two end products of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. They are believed to be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then sequestered into the vacuole. In Arabidopsis thaliana, TRANSPARENT TESTA 19 (TT19) is necessary for both anthocyanin and PA accumulation. Here, we found that MtGSTF7, a homolog of AtTT19, is essential for anthocyanin accumulation but not required for PA accumulation in Medicago truncatula. MtGSTF7 was induced by the anthocyanin regulator LEGUME ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION 1 (LAP1), and its tissue expression pattern correlated with anthocyanin deposition in M. truncatula. Tnt1-insertional mutants of MtGSTF7 lost anthocyanin accumulation in vegetative organs, and introducing a genomic fragment of MtGSTF7 could complement the mutant phenotypes. Additionally, the accumulation of anthocyanins induced by LAP1 was significantly reduced in mtgstf7 mutants. Yeast-one-hybridization and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that LAP1 could bind to the MtGSTF7 promoter to activate its expression. Ectopic expression of MtGSTF7 in tt19 mutants could rescue their anthocyanin deficiency, but not their PA defect. Furthermore, PA accumulation was not affected in the mtgstf7 mutants. Taken together, our results show that the mechanism of anthocyanin and PA accumulation in M. truncatula is different from that in A. thaliana, and provide a new target gene for engineering anthocyanins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chenggang Liu
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Qing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yating Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Sanjie Institute of Forage, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ji Hyung Jun
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ying Li
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Changning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Zhang X, Li B, Duan R, Han C, Wang L, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Xue H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Sucrose in Anthocyanin Accumulation in 'Kuerle Xiangli' ( Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061064. [PMID: 35741826 PMCID: PMC9222499 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops worldwide, with considerable economic value and significant health benefits. Red-skinned pears have an attractive appearance and relatively high anthocyanin accumulation, and are especially favored by customers. Abnormal weather conditions usually reduce the coloration of red pears. The application of exogenous sucrose obviously promotes anthocyanins accumulation in ‘Kuerle Xiangli’ (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü); however, the underlying molecular mechanism of sucrose-mediated fruit coloration remains largely unknown. In this study, comprehensive transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the essential regulators and pathways associated with anthocyanin accumulation. The differentially expressed genes enriched in Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes items were analyzed. The transcript levels of some anthocyanin biosynthetic regulatory genes and structural genes were significantly induced by sucrose treatment. Sucrose application also stimulated the expression of some sugar transporter genes. Further RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the induction of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Taken together, the results revealed that sucrose promotes pear coloration most likely by regulating sugar metabolism and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the coloration of red-skinned pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Correspondence:
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Xue L, Huang X, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Zhong Q, Zhao Y, Gao Z, Xu C. An Anthocyanin-Related Glutathione S-Transferase, MrGST1, Plays an Essential Role in Fruit Coloration in Chinese Bayberry ( Morella rubra). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903333. [PMID: 35755659 PMCID: PMC9213753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese bayberry (Morella rubra) is a fruit tree economically important in China and accumulates abundant amounts of anthocyanins in fruit as it ripens. Owing to the fact that all anthocyanin containing fruit tissues in Chinese bayberry are edible and anthocyanins can provide various health benefits in human body, the mechanisms underpinning anthocyanin accumulation in this fruit are worthy of investigation. It has been known that in plants anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transported into the vacuole for storage, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been verified to be involved in this process. But the characterization and functionalization of the GST counterpart in Chinese bayberry is not available. The GST anthocyanin transporter MrGST1 was discovered to be related with anthocyanin accumulation in fruit from distinct developmental stages of "Biqi," a staple cultivar that accumulates over 1 mg/g anthocyanins in ripe fruit. The expression of MrGST1 was well associated with anthocyanin accumulation either in fruit collected at six developmental stages or in ripe fruit from 12 cultivars. MrGST1 was found to be responsible for the transport of anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins when the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant was functionally complemented. Transient ectopic expression of MrGST1 in combination with MrMYB1.1 and MrbHLH1 dramatically boosted pigmentation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves in contrast to MrMYB1.1 and MrbHLH1. The promoter of MrGST1 comprised eight MYB binding sites (MBSs) according to cis-element analysis. Data from yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase tests demonstrated that MrMYB1.1 exerted considerable transactivation effect on the MrGST1 promoter by recognizing the MBS4, the fourth MBS from the ATG start site. Our results together provided molecular evidence for the contribution of MrGST1 in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese bayberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehuang Zhang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qihua Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuzhen Zhong
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Dai M, Kang X, Wang Y, Huang S, Guo Y, Wang R, Chao N, Liu L. Functional Characterization of Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase (F3H) and Its Role in Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Mulberry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103341. [PMID: 35630816 PMCID: PMC9144561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp., Moraceae) is an important economic crop plant and is rich in flavonoids and anthocyanidins in ripe fruits. Anthocyanins are glycosides of anthocyanidins. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) catalyzes the conversion of naringenin into dihydroflavonols and is responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanidins. In this study, MazsF3H was cloned and characterized from Morus atropurpurea var. Zhongshen 1. Conserved motif analysis based on alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that MazsF3H belonged to 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and MazsF3H clustered with F3Hs from other plants. MazsF3H was located in both nucleus and cytosol. MazsF3H was expressed in stems, leaves, stigmas and ovaries, except buds. F3H expression levels showed a positive and close relationship with anthocyanin content during the anthocyanin-rich fruit ripening process, while it showed a negative correlation with anthocyanin content in LvShenZi, whose fruits are white and would not experience anthocyanin accumulation during fruit ripening. Significantly different F3H expression levels were also found in different mulberry varieties that have quite different anthocyanin contents in ripe fruits. Overexpression MazsF3H in tobacco showed unexpected results, including decreased anthocyanin content. Down-regulation of F3H expression levels resulted in co-expression of the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and a significant decrease in anthocyanin content, but the change in total flavonoid content was subtle. Our results indicated that F3H may play quite different roles in different varieties that have quite different fruit colors. In addition, possible complex regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis should be further explored in some of the featured plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Dai
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Shuai Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Yangyang Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Rufeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Nan Chao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-511-8561-6638 (L.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-511-8561-6638 (L.L.)
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Halkier BA, Xu D. The ins and outs of transporters at plasma membrane and tonoplast in plant specialized metabolism. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1483-1491. [PMID: 35481602 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Plants are organic chemists par excellence and produce an amazing array of diverse chemical structures. Whereas primary metabolites are essential for all living organisms and highly conserved, the specialized metabolites constitute the taxonomy-specific chemical languages that are key for fitness and survival. Allocation of plants' wide array of specialized metabolites in patterns that are fine-tuned spatiotemporally is essential for adaptation to the ever-changing environment and requires transport processes. Thus advancing our knowledge about transporters is important as also evidenced by the increasing number of transporters that control key quality traits in agriculture. In this review, we will highlight recently identified transporters and new insights related to already known transporters of plant specialized metabolites. Focus will be on the transport mechanism revealed by the biochemical characterization and how that links to its function in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Deyang Xu
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Berger A, Latimer S, Stutts LR, Soubeyrand E, Block AK, Basset GJ. Kaempferol as a precursor for ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) biosynthesis: An atypical node between specialized metabolism and primary metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102165. [PMID: 35026487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) is a vital respiratory cofactor and liposoluble antioxidant. Studies have shown that plants derive approximately a quarter of 4-hydroxybenzoate, which serves as the direct ring precursor of ubiquinone, from the catabolism of kaempferol. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the release of 4-hydroxybenzoate from kaempferol is catalyzed by heme-dependent peroxidases and that 3-O-glycosylations of kaempferol act as a negative regulator of this process. These findings not only represent an atypical instance of primary metabolite being derived from specialized metabolism but also raise the question as to whether ubiquinone contributes to the ROS scavenging and signaling functions already established for flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lauren R Stutts
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Chemistry Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Ichino T, Yazaki K. Modes of secretion of plant lipophilic metabolites via ABCG transporter-dependent transport and vesicle-mediated trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102184. [PMID: 35217474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many lipophilic metabolites produced by terrestrial plants are deposited on plant surfaces to protect them from abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant-derived lipophilic metabolites include apoplastic biopolymers, such as wax, cutin, sporopollenin, suberin, and lignin, as well as low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites. These secreted molecules confer adaptive toughness and robustness on plants. The mechanisms responsible for the secretion of these lipophilic metabolites remain unclear, although two pathways, mediated by transporters and vesicles, have been proposed. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have shown that G-type ATP-binding cassette (ABCG) transporters and membrane trafficking factors are involved in the apoplastic accumulation of lipophilic metabolites in plants. These two distinctive modes of secretion may be either exclusive or collaborative. This review describes these transporter-dependent and vesicle-mediated mechanisms underlying the secretion of lipophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
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Pucker B, Selmar D. Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070963. [PMID: 35406945 PMCID: PMC9002769 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biochemically diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants that are derived from phenylalanine. While the biosynthesis of the flavonoid aglycone is highly conserved across species and well characterized, numerous species-specific decoration steps and their relevance remained largely unexplored. The flavonoid biosynthesis takes place at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), but accumulation of various flavonoids was observed in the central vacuole. A universal explanation for the subcellular transport of flavonoids has eluded researchers for decades. Current knowledge suggests that a glutathione S-transferase-like protein (ligandin) protects anthocyanins and potentially proanthocyanidin precursors during the transport to the central vacuole. ABCC transporters and to a lower extend MATE transporters sequester anthocyanins into the vacuole. Glycosides of specific proanthocyanidin precursors are sequestered through MATE transporters. A P-ATPase in the tonoplast and potentially other proteins generate the proton gradient that is required for the MATE-mediated antiport. Vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids from the ER to the vacuole is considered as an alternative or additional route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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Shao D, Zhu QH, Liang Q, Wang X, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Xue F, Sun J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Induced by Red and Blue Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:788828. [PMID: 35432402 PMCID: PMC9009209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.788828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many factors, including illumination, affect anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in plants. light quality is the key factor affecting the process of photoinduced anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation. We observed that the red color of the Upland cotton accession Huiyuan with the R1 mutation turned to normal green color under light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which inspired us to investigate the effect of red and blue lights on the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins. We found that both red and blue lights elevated accumulation of anthocyanins. Comparative transcriptomic analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and GSEA, revealed that genes differentially expressed under different light conditions were enriched with the pathways of circadian rhythm, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Not surprisingly, all the major structural genes related to biosynthesis of anthocyanins, including the key regulatory MYB transcription factor (GhPAP1D) and anthocyanin transporter (GhGSTF12), were induced by red or blue light treatment. However, LARs and MATEs related to biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins were more significantly up-regulated by red light radiation than by blue light radiation. Vice versa, the accumulation of anthocyanins under red light was not as high as that under blue light. In addition, we demonstrated a potential role of GhHY5, a key regulator in plant circadian rhythms, in regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, which could be achieved via interaction with GhPAP1D. Together, these results indicate different effect of red and blue lights on biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins and a potential module including GhHY5 and GhPAP1D in regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in cotton. These results also suggest that the substrates responsible the synthesis of anthocyanins under blue light is diverted to biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin under red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongnan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qian-hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Qian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Qi X, Liu C, Song L, Dong Y, Chen L, Li M. A Sweet Cherry Glutathione S-Transferase Gene, PavGST1, Plays a Central Role in Fruit Skin Coloration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071170. [PMID: 35406734 PMCID: PMC8997526 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherry, an economically important horticultural crop, has strong antioxidant activity. The fruits contain compounds potentially beneficial to human health—particularly anthocyanins, which are synthesized in cytosol and predominantly accumulated in vacuoles. Although anthocyanin levels differ among dark-red, blush, and yellow sweet cherry cultivars, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin transport and accumulation is not well understood in this species. In this study, we identified 53 glutathione S-transferase genes (PavGSTs) from sweet cherry and found that PavGST1 expression was well correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in cultivars with different fruit skin colors. TRV-mediated virus-induced silencing of PavGST1 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry fruits and downregulated the expressions of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. In addition, transient overexpression of PavGST1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 and PavMYB75 directly bind to different MYB binding sites of the PavGST1 promoter (MBS-1 and MBS-3) to activate PavGST1 transcription. According to our results, PavGST1 plays a central role in sweet cherry fruit anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings provide novel insights into the coordinative regulatory mechanisms of PavGST1 and PavMYBs in anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry.
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Mahoney JD, Wang S, Iorio LA, Wegrzyn JL, Dorris M, Martin D, Bolling BW, Brand MH, Wang H. De novo assembly of a fruit transcriptome set identifies AmMYB10 as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aronia melanocarpa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:143. [PMID: 35337270 PMCID: PMC8951710 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aronia is a group of deciduous fruiting shrubs, of the Rosaceae family, native to eastern North America. Interest in Aronia has increased because of the high levels of dietary antioxidants in Aronia fruits. Using Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome analysis, this study investigates the molecular mechanisms of polyphenol biosynthesis during Aronia fruit development. Six A. melanocarpa (diploid) accessions were collected at four fruit developmental stages. De novo assembly was performed with 341 million clean reads from 24 samples and assembled into 90,008 transcripts with an average length of 801 bp. The transcriptome had 96.1% complete according to Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic processes, pigment biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolic processes, and polysaccharide metabolic processes based on significant Gene Ontology (GO) biological terms. The expression of ten anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed significant up-regulation during fruit development according to the transcriptomic data, which was further confirmed using qRT-PCR expression analyses. Additionally, transcription factor genes were identified among the DEGs. Using a transient expression assay, we confirmed that AmMYB10 induces anthocyanin biosynthesis. The de novo transcriptome data provides a valuable resource for the understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aronia and species of the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Mahoney
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sining Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Liam A Iorio
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Matthew Dorris
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Derek Martin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark H Brand
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Du Z, Lin W, Yu B, Zhu J, Li J. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Flavonoid Accumulation in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus at Different Altitudes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:794137. [PMID: 35211131 PMCID: PMC8860981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus is a medicinal plant containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds with diverse biological functions. C. paliurus is distributed across altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. However, little is known about the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation in C. paliurus. Also, the biosynthetic pathway involved in flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus has not been fully elucidated. In this study, mature leaves of C. paliurus growing at low altitude (280 m) and high altitude (920 m) were sampled and subjected to metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. The flavonoid content and composition were higher in the leaves of C. paliurus collected at high altitude than in those collected at low altitude. Most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis." The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low and high altitudes were mainly enriched in "biological process." The most heavily enriched KEGG pathway was related to the subcategory "Oxidative phosphorylation," indicating that complicated biological processes are involved in the response of C. paliurus to harsh environmental factors. High UV-light might be the main influencing factor among the harsh environmental factors found in high altitudes. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that 31 flavonoids were significantly correlated with 227 DEGs, resulting in 412 related pairs (283 positive and 129 negative) between the DEGs and flavonoids. The possible mechanisms underlying the differentially accumulation of flavonoids at different altitude might be due to variations in transport and relocation of flavonoids in C. paliurus leaves, but not different flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The up-regulation of genes related to energy and protein synthesis might contribute to flavonoid accumulation at high altitudes. This study broadens our understanding of the effect of altitude on metabolite accumulation and biosynthesis in C. paliurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokui Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Weida Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Taizhou, China
| | - Binbin Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jinxing Zhu
- Suichang County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lishui, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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69
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Mahon EL, de Vries L, Jang SK, Middar S, Kim H, Unda F, Ralph J, Mansfield SD. Exogenous chalcone synthase expression in developing poplar xylem incorporates naringenin into lignins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:984-996. [PMID: 34718804 PMCID: PMC8825309 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a polyphenolic polymer, is a major chemical constituent of the cell walls of terrestrial plants. The biosynthesis of lignin is a highly plastic process, as highlighted by an increasing number of noncanonical monomers that have been successfully identified in an array of plants. Here, we engineered hybrid poplar (Populus alba x grandidentata) to express chalcone synthase 3 (MdCHS3) derived from apple (Malus domestica) in lignifying xylem. Transgenic trees displayed an accumulation of the flavonoid naringenin in xylem methanolic extracts not inherently observed in wild-type trees. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed the presence of naringenin in the extract-free, cellulase-treated xylem lignin of MdCHS3-poplar, indicating the incorporation of this flavonoid-derived compound into poplar secondary cell wall lignins. The transgenic trees also displayed lower total cell wall lignin content and increased cell wall carbohydrate content and performed significantly better in limited saccharification assays than their wild-type counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Mahon
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Soo-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandeep Middar
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Author for communication:
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Liu Y, Li G, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang H, Sun R, Li F. Comprehensive Transcriptome–Metabolome Analysis and Evaluation of the Dark_Pur Gene from Brassica juncea That Controls the Differential Regulation of Anthocyanins in Brassica rapa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020283. [PMID: 35205328 PMCID: PMC8871995 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) is a major vegetable crop in China. The accumulation of anthocyanins improves the quality and flavor of Brassica crops and is beneficial for human health. There has been great research interest in breeding purple Chinese cabbage, for which it is necessary to study the key genes and mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation. Through distant hybridization between purple mustard (Brassica. juncea) and green Chinese cabbage (B. rapa), purple Chinese cabbage plants were obtained. Furthermore, the Dark_Pur gene was cloned in the purple Chinese cabbage plants, which came from purple mustard and may be responsible for the purple phenotype in purple Chinese cabbage plants. Through particle bombardment of isolated microspores from Chinese cabbage to transform the Dark_Pur gene, the transformed purple Chinese cabbage plant was obtained, thus verifying the function of the Dark_Pur gene. To further study the Dark_Pur gene regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage, the purple/green Chinese cabbage lines and purple/green mustard lines were subjected to transcriptome–metabolome analysis. Three stages (cotyledon, seedling, and large-leaf stages) of the purple/green Chinese cabbage lines and purple/green mustard lines were selected for analysis. The results indicated that the expression level of the transcription factor genes BraA09g028560.3C, BraA03g019460.3C, and BraA07g035710.3C may be induced by the Dark_Pur gene and they play an important role in purple Chinese cabbage, and BjuB010898 and BjuO006089 may be responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in mustard. Studying the structural genes of the purple Chinese cabbage showed that PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, FLS, DFR, ANS, and UGT were up-regulated in three growth periods. There were 22 and 10 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in seedling and large-leaf stages between purple/green Chinese cabbage, respectively, and 12 and 14 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in seedling and large-leaf stages between purple/green mustard, respectively, which may indicate that the Dark_Pur gene from purple mustard greatly regulates anthocyanin accumulation in purple Chinese cabbage. This study provides a foundation for further elucidating anthocyanin regulation.
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Li B, Zhang X, Duan R, Han C, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Xue H. Genomic Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase Family in Pear ( Pyrus communis) and Functional Identification of PcGST57 in Anthocyanin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020746. [PMID: 35054934 PMCID: PMC8776121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation in vacuoles results in red coloration in pear peels. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins have emerged as important regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. Here, a total of 57 PcGST genes were identified in the European pear ‘Bartlett’ (Pyrus communis) through comprehensive genomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PcGST genes were divided into 10 subfamilies. The gene structure, chromosomal localization, collinearity relationship, cis-elements in the promoter region, and conserved motifs of PcGST genes were analyzed. Further research indicated that glutamic acid (Glu) can significantly improve anthocyanin accumulation in pear peels. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that Glu induced the expression of most PcGST genes, among which PcGST57 was most significantly induced. Further phylogenetic analysis indicated that PcGST57 was closely related to GST genes identified in other species, which were involved in anthocyanin accumulation. Transcript analysis indicated that PcGST57 was expressed in various tissues, other than flesh, and associated with peel coloration at different developmental stages. Silencing of PcGST57 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited the expression of PcGST57 and reduced the anthocyanin content in pear fruit. In contrast, overexpression of PcGST57 improved anthocyanin accumulation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that PcGST57 was involved in anthocyanin accumulation in pear and provided candidate genes for red pear breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yongfei Dong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Laoué J, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Plant Flavonoids in Mediterranean Species: A Focus on Flavonols as Protective Metabolites under Climate Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020172. [PMID: 35050060 PMCID: PMC8781291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds encompass several chemical subgroups such as flavonols which are one the most represented classes. The most studied flavonols are kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin to which research attributes antioxidative properties and a potential role in UV-defense through UV-screening mechanisms making them critical for plant adaptation to climate change. Despite the great interest in flavonol functions in the last decades, some functional aspects remain under debate. This review summarizes the importance of flavonoids in plant defense against climate stressors and as signal molecules with a focus on flavonols in Mediterranean plant species. The review emphasizes the relationship between flavonol location (at the organ, tissue and cellular scales) and their function as defense metabolites against climate-related stresses. It also provides evidence that biosynthesis of flavonols, or flavonoids as a whole, could be a crucial process allowing plants to adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area which is considered as one of the most sensitive regions to climate change over the globe.
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Bag S, Mondal A, Majumder A, Mondal SK, Banik A. Flavonoid mediated selective cross-talk between plants and beneficial soil microbiome. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 21:1739-1760. [PMID: 35221830 PMCID: PMC8860142 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants generate a wide variety of organic components during their different growth phases. The majority of those compounds have been classified as primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are essential in plants' adaptation to new changing environments and in managing several biotic and abiotic stress. It also invests some of its photosynthesized carbon as secondary metabolites to establish a mutual relationship with soil microorganisms in that specific niche. As soil harbors both pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms, it is essential to identify some specific metabolites that can discriminate beneficial and pathogenic ones. Thus, a detailed understanding of metabolite's architectures that interact with beneficial microorganisms could open a new horizon of ecology and agricultural research. Flavonoids are used as classic examples of secondary metabolites in this study to demonstrate recent developments in understanding and realizing how these valuable metabolites can be controlled at different levels. Most of the research was focused on plant flavonoids, which shield the host plant against competitors or predators, as well as having other ecological implications. Thus, in the present review, our goal is to cover a wide range of functional and signalling activities of secondary metabolites especially, flavonoids mediated selective cross-talk between plant and its beneficial soil microbiome. Here, we have summarized recent advances in understanding the interactions between plant species and their rhizosphere microbiomes through root exudates (flavonoids), with a focus on how these exudates facilitate rhizospheric associations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-022-09806-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bag
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Road, DG Block (Newtown), Action Area 1D, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Anupam Mondal
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Road, DG Block (Newtown), Action Area 1D, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Anusha Majumder
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Road, DG Block (Newtown), Action Area 1D, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Sunil Kanti Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal India
| | - Avishek Banik
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Road, DG Block (Newtown), Action Area 1D, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
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Meng X, Luo S, Dawuda MM, Gao X, Wang S, Xie J, Tang Z, Liu Z, Wu Y, Jin L, Lyu J, Yu J. Exogenous silicon enhances the systemic defense of cucumber leaves and roots against CA-induced autotoxicity stress by regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and photosystem II. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112879. [PMID: 34649142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid (CA), one of the main autotoxins secreted by cucumber roots during continuous cropping, inhibits plant growth and reduces yield. Silicon (Si) is an environmentally friendly element that alleviates abiotic stresses in plants, but the mechanism underlying its resistance to autotoxicity remain unclear. Here, we used 0.8 mmol L-1 CA to study the effects of Si application on the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle of cucumber seedlings under CA inducing conditions. Our results indicated that CA significantly induced photoinhibition and overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inhibiting cucumber growth. Treatment with 1.0 mmol L-1 Si improved plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation, and protected the photosynthetic electron transport function of photosystem II in the presence of CA. Similarly, Si application maintained the ROS status by increasing ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) production, as well as the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG in both leaves and roots during CA stress. In addition, Si application in CA-treated seedlings enhanced the activity of key enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and the transcription of several enzyme genes (CsAPX, CsMDHAR and CsGR) from the AsA-GSH cycle. These results suggest that exogenous Si enhances CA tolerance in cucumber seedlings by protecting photosystem II activity, upregulating AsA-GSH pathway, and reducing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Xueqin Gao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuya Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Cui Y, Fan J, Lu C, Ren J, Qi F, Huang H, Dai S. ScGST3 and multiple R2R3-MYB transcription factors function in anthocyanin accumulation in Senecio cruentus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111094. [PMID: 34763879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments involved in the colouring of flowers and fruits. They are synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and transported into the vacuole for storage. Previous reports have suggested that glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in anthocyanin transport. However, due to the limitation of plant materials, most GSTs only participate in the cyanidin or delphinidin transport pathway. Here, an anthocyanin-related GST, ScGST3, was identified from the transcriptome of cineraria. The expression pattern of ScGST3 was highly consistent with anthocyanin accumulation in ray florets. Molecular complementation of Arabidopsis tt19 indicated that the overexpression of ScGST3 restores the anthocyanin-deficient phenotype of the mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ScGST3 in carmine and blue cineraria leaves could inhibit anthocyanin accumulation, further confirming the function of ScGST3 in anthocyanin accumulation. In vitro assays showed that ScGST3 increases the water solubility of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and delphinidin-3-O-glucosid (D3G). In addition, we also identified two anthocyanin-related MYB transcription factors, ScMYB3 and ScMYB6. The expression pattern of these two genes was also highly consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Faded abaxial leaf phenotypes were observed after the silencing of ScMYB3 and ScMYB6, and the expression levels of partial structural genes were repressed. Based on the results from dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid assays, ScMYB3 can activate the promoter of ScGST3. Collectively, the transcription of ScGST3 is regulated by ScMYB3, which plays an important role in the transport of C3G and D3G in cineraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiangshan Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangting Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Romero-Rincón A, Martínez ST, Higuera BL, Coy-Barrera E, Ardila HD. Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112933. [PMID: 34482105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rooted cuttings from two carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars showing contrasting responses to the vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) were inoculated with this phytopathogen, and some of the biochemical responses associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were investigated in the roots. The resistant cultivar ('Golem') showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds at 48-96 h post-inoculation (hpi) (α = 0.05). LC-MS-based analysis indicated that the flavonoids mainly included flavanol-type glycosides, especially quercetin and kaempferol aglycones. Quantification of the mRNA levels of genes encoding CHS (Chalcone Synthase), CHI (Chalcone Isomerase), FLS (Flavonol Synthase), and the transcription factor MYB11 by using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the resistant cultivar exhibited higher expression levels of these genes and, therefore, showed more flavonoid accumulation at 96 hpi. The differences in the temporal regulation of the assessed variables during infection support the idea that the early expression of enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in carnation roots is linked to a resistance response to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Fod race 2. The present experimental approach is the first report describing the molecular mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in carnation roots during their interaction with Fod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Romero-Rincón
- Laboratory Research in Vegetal Metabolic Activities, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia; Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Sixta Tulia Martínez
- Laboratory Research in Vegetal Metabolic Activities, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Blanca Ligia Higuera
- Laboratory Research in Vegetal Metabolic Activities, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Harold Duban Ardila
- Laboratory Research in Vegetal Metabolic Activities, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia.
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Morales-Quintana L, Ramos P. A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312630. [PMID: 34884435 PMCID: PMC8657560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro del Secano, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
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Nogia P, Pati PK. Plant Secondary Metabolite Transporters: Diversity, Functionality, and Their Modulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758202. [PMID: 34777438 PMCID: PMC8580416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in the vital functioning of plants such as growth, development, defense, and survival via their transportation and accumulation at the required site. However, unlike primary metabolites, the transport mechanisms of SMs are not yet well explored. There exists a huge gap between the abundant presence of SM transporters, their identification, and functional characterization. A better understanding of plant SM transporters will surely be a step forward to fulfill the steeply increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the formulation of herbal medicines. Thus, the engineering of transporters by modulating their expression is emerging as the most viable option to achieve the long-term goal of systemic metabolic engineering for enhanced metabolite production at minimum cost. In this review article, we are updating the understanding of recent advancements in the field of plant SM transporters, particularly those discovered in the past two decades. Herein, we provide notable insights about various types of fully or partially characterized transporters from the ABC, MATE, PUP, and NPF families including their diverse functionalities, structural information, potential approaches for their identification and characterization, several regulatory parameters, and their modulation. A novel perspective to the concept of "Transporter Engineering" has also been unveiled by highlighting its potential applications particularly in plant stress (biotic and abiotic) tolerance, SM accumulation, and removal of anti-nutritional compounds, which will be of great value for the crop improvement program. The present study creates a roadmap for easy identification and a better understanding of various transporters, which can be utilized as suitable targets for transporter engineering in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Biała-Leonhard W, Zanin L, Gottardi S, de Brito Francisco R, Venuti S, Valentinuzzi F, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Bassin B, Martinoia E, Pinton R, Jasiński M, Tomasi N. Identification of an Isoflavonoid Transporter Required for the Nodule Establishment of the Rhizobium- Fabaceae Symbiotic Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758213. [PMID: 34745190 PMCID: PMC8570342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) as well as Phosphorus (P) are key nutrients determining crop productivity. Legumes have developed strategies to overcome nutrient limitation by, for example, forming a symbiotic relationship with N-fixing rhizobia and the release of P-mobilizing exudates and are thus able to grow without supply of N or P fertilizers. The legume-rhizobial symbiosis starts with root release of isoflavonoids that act as signaling molecules perceived by compatible bacteria. Subsequently, bacteria release nod factors, which induce signaling cascades allowing the formation of functional N-fixing nodules. We report here the identification and functional characterization of a plasma membrane-localized MATE-type transporter (LaMATE2) involved in the release of genistein from white lupin roots. The LaMATE2 expression in the root is upregulated under N deficiency as well as low phosphate availability, two nutritional deficiencies that induce the release of this isoflavonoid. LaMATE2 silencing reduced genistein efflux and even more the formation of symbiotic nodules, supporting the crucial role of LaMATE2 in isoflavonoid release and nodulation. Furthermore, silencing of LaMATE2 limited the P-solubilization activity of lupin root exudates. Transport assays in yeast vesicles demonstrated that LaMATE2 acts as a proton-driven isoflavonoid transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Biała-Leonhard
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Laura Zanin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Gottardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Venuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Valentinuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Han F, Zhang X, Yang L, Zhuang M, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Fang Z, Ji J, Lv H. Genome-wide characterization and analysis of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in Brassica oleracea. PLANTA 2021; 254:92. [PMID: 34633541 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From Brassica oleracea genome, 88 anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were identified. They expanded via whole-genome or tandem duplication and showed significant expression differentiation. Functional characterization revealed BoMYB113.1 as positive and BoMYBL2.1 as negative regulators responsible for anthocyanin accumulation. Brassica oleracea produces various health-promoting phytochemicals, including glucosinolates, carotenoids, and vitamins. Despite the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana being well characterized, little is known about the genetic basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. oleracea. In this study, we identified 88 B. oleracea anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (BoABGs) representing homologs of 46 Arabidopsis anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (AtABGs). Most anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, having expanded via whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication, retained more than one copy in B. oleracea. Expression analysis revealed diverse expression patterns of BoABGs in different tissues, and BoABG duplications showed significant expression differentiation. Additional expression analysis and functional characterization revealed that the positive regulator BoMYB113.1 and negative regulator BoMYBL2.1 may be key genes responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in red cabbage and ornamental kale by upregulating the expression of structural genes. This study paves the way for a better understanding of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in B. oleracea and should promote breeding for anthocyanin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Han
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Tianjin Kernel Vegetable Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Jinjing Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jialei Ji
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Vale M, Rodrigues J, Badim H, Gerós H, Conde A. Exogenous Application of Non-mature miRNA-Encoded miPEP164c Inhibits Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Stimulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Grape Berry Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:706679. [PMID: 34675946 PMCID: PMC8523857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolic pathways in grape berries are tightly regulated by an array of molecular mechanisms, including microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. As recently discovered, before being processed into mature microRNAs (miRNAs), the primary transcripts of miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) can encode for small miRNA-encoded peptides (micropeptides - miPEPs) that ultimately lead to an accentuated downregulation of the respective miRNA-targeted genes. Although few studies about miPEPs are available, the discovery of miPEPs reveals a new layer of gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level that opens the possibility to regulate plant metabolism without resorting to gene manipulation. Here, we identified a miPEP encoded in non-mature miR164c putatively targeting grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 (miPEP164c/miPEP-MYBPA1), a positive regulator of key genes in the proanthocyanidin (PA)-biosynthetic pathway, a pathway that competes directly for substrate with the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway. Thus, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that the exogenous application of miPEP164c (miPEP-MYBPA1) can modulate the secondary metabolism of grape berry cells by inhibiting PA biosynthetic pathway while simultaneously stimulating anthocyanin synthesis. The exogenous application of miPEP164c to suspension-cultured cells from grape berry (cv. Gamay) enhanced the transcription of its corresponding non-mature miR164c, with a maximum effect at 1 μM and after a period of 10 days, thus leading to a more pronounced post-transcriptional silencing of its target VvMYBPA1. This led to a significant inhibition of the PA pathway, mostly via inhibition of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) enzymatic activities and VvLAR1 downregulation. In parallel, the anthocyanin-biosynthetic route was stimulated. Anthocyanin content was 31% higher in miPEP164c-treated cells, in agreement with the observed upregulation of VvUFGT1 transcripts and UFGT enzyme activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vale
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Badim
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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82
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Panda S, Kazachkova Y, Aharoni A. Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6027-6041. [PMID: 34293097 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the 'growth-defense trade-off'). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites-their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool-allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant's solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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83
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He X, Huang R, Liu L, Li Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. CsUGT78A15 catalyzes the anthocyanidin 3-O-galactoside biosynthesis in tea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:738-749. [PMID: 34217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of natural water-soluble pigments in plants that contribute to the pink-purple color of a range of tissues. Because anthocyanins have various biological activities in human health, there is great research interest in the development of anthocyanin-rich foods and beverages, including purple shoot tea. Anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosides have been identified as one of the main anthocyanin components in purple shoot tea, but the enzyme responsible for their biosynthesis remains unclear. UDP-galactose anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosyltransferase (UA3GalT) is presumed to catalyze the galactosylation of anthocyanidin. Therefore, we assayed the UA3GalT activity in five tea samples with varying degrees of purple color and found that its activity was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.929, p < 0.05) with anthocyanin content. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment suggested that CsUGT78A15 encoded a UA3GalT enzyme. Enzymatic assays indicated that rCsUGT78A15 could catalyze the synthesis of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and delphinidin 3-O-galactoside using UDP-galactose as a sugar donor, and it showed higher catalytic efficiency towards delphinidin than cyanidin. These results indicate that CsUGT78A15 acts as a UA3GalT in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that CsUGT78A15 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nucleus, consistent with the location of anthocyanin synthesis. Transient overexpression of CsUGT78A15 in the fruit of mature 'Granny Smith' apples showed that the upregulation of CsUGT78A15 promoted cyanidin 3-O-galactoside accumulation in apple skins. These results suggested that CsUGT78A15 could catalyze galactosylation of anthocyanidins in planta. Our findings provide insight into the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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84
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Lu Z, Cao H, Pan L, Niu L, Wei B, Cui G, Wang L, Yao JL, Zeng W, Wang Z. Two loss-of-function alleles of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene cause anthocyanin deficiency in flower and fruit skin of peach (Prunus persica). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1320-1331. [PMID: 33964100 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower and fruit colors are important agronomic traits. To date, there is no forward genetic evidence that the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene is responsible for the white flower color in peach (Prunus persica). In this study, genetic analysis indicated that the white-flower trait is monogenetic, is recessive to the non-white allele, and shows pleiotropic effects with non-white-flowered types. The genetic locus underpinning this trait was mapped onto chromosome 3 between 0.421951 and 3.227115 Mb by using bulked segregant analysis in conjunction with whole-genome sequencing, and was further mapped between 0 and 1.178149 Mb by using the backcross 1 (BC1 ) population. Finally, the locus was fine-mapped within 535.974- and 552.027-kb intervals by using 151 F2 individuals and 75 individuals from a BC1 self-pollinated (BC1 S1 ) population, respectively. Pp3G013600, encoding a GST that is known to transport anthocyanin, was identified within the mapping interval. The analysis of genome sequence data showed Pp3G013600 in white flowers has a 2-bp insertion or a 5-bp deletion in the third exon. These variants likely render the GST non-functional because of early stop codons that reduce the protein length from 215 amino acids to 167 and 175 amino acids, respectively. Genetic markers based on these variants validated a complete correlation between the GST loss-of-function alleles and white flower in 128 peach accessions. This correlation was further confirmed by silencing of Pp3G013600 using virus-induced gene silencing technology, which reduced anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit. The new knowledge from this study is useful for designing peach breeding programs to generate cultivars with white flower and fruit skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Lu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Cao
- Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Pan
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Niu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - GuoChao Cui
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wenfang Zeng
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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85
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Singh S, Kumar V, Parihar P, Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Ramamurthy PC, Prasad R, Singh J. Differential regulation of drought stress by biological membrane transporters and channels. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1565-1583. [PMID: 34132878 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress arising due to abiotic factors affects the plant's growth and productivity. Among several existing abiotic stressors like cold, drought, heat, salinity, heavy metal, etc., drought condition tends to affect the plant's growth by inducing two-point effect, i.e., it disturbs the water balance as well as induces toxicity by disturbing the ion homeostasis, thus hindering the growth and productivity of plants, and to survive under this condition, plants have evolved several transportation systems that are involved in regulating the drought stress. The role of membrane transporters has gained interest since genetic engineering came into existence, and they were found to be the important modulators for tolerance, avoidance, ion movements, stomatal movements, etc. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed the role of transporters (ABA, protein, carbohydrates, etc.) and channels that aids in withstanding the drought stress as well as the regulatory role of transporters involved in osmotic adjustments arising due to drought stress. This review also provides a gist of hydraulic conductivity by roots that are involved in regulating the drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 56001, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474009, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211008, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Rachana Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211008, India
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 56001, India.
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
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Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081229. [PMID: 34439477 PMCID: PMC8389005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.
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87
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Valderrama-Soto D, Salazar J, Sepúlveda-González A, Silva-Andrade C, Gardana C, Morales H, Battistoni B, Jiménez-Muñoz P, González M, Peña-Neira Á, Infante R, Pacheco I. Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling the Content of Phenolic Compounds in an Asian Plum ( Prunus salicina L.) F1 Population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679059. [PMID: 34305977 PMCID: PMC8299277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fresh fruit is known to protect against non-communicable diseases due to the fruit's content in compounds with an antioxidant capacity, among them is polyphenols. Asian plums (Prunus salicina L.) accumulate more than 40 phenolic compounds, with a remarkable diversity in their profiles, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Although candidate genes have been indicated to control this trait, the loci controlling its phenotypic variation have not yet been defined in this species. The aim of this work was to identify the quantitative trait Loci (QTL) controlling the phenolic compounds content in the Asian plum skin and flesh. Using UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS, we determined that cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside are the main anthocyanins in Asian plums. Other anthocyanins found to a lesser extent were tentatively identified as cyanidin bound to different sugar and procyanidin moieties. Then we phenotyped fruits of 92 and 80 F1 seedlings from the cross < "98.99" × "Angeleno"> (98 Ang) for two harvest seasons. We used HPLC-DAD to quantify single anthocyanin and spectrophotometric techniques to determine the total content of phenols, flavonoids, procyanidins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). To determine the phenotype-genotype association of phenolic compounds content, phenotypic values (adjusted by linear mixed-effects models), genotypic data and linkage maps were analyzed with the multiple QTL model (MQM) approach. We found a total of 21 significant trait-marker associations: 13 QTLs segregating from "98.99" and 8 QTLs from "Angeleno." From these associations, 8 corresponded to phenolic compound content in the flesh and 13 in the skin. Phenotype variance was explained by the detected loci, ranging from 12.4 to 27.1%. The identified loci are related to the content of cyanidin-3-glucoside (LG4), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (LG4), total flavonoids and procyanidins (LG5 and LG8), and minor anthocyanin compounds (LG3 and LG4). These results will help improve the efficiency of breeding programs for the generation of Asian plum varieties with high phenolic compound content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valderrama-Soto
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Salazar
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Silva-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Biología de Redes, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Gardana
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Héctor Morales
- Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamin Battistoni
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Muñoz
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Peña-Neira
- Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Infante
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Igor Pacheco
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yang X, Wang J, Xia X, Zhang Z, He J, Nong B, Luo T, Feng R, Wu Y, Pan Y, Xiong F, Zeng Y, Chen C, Guo H, Xu Z, Li D, Deng G. OsTTG1, a WD40 repeat gene, regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:198-214. [PMID: 33884679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins play an important role in the growth of plants, and are beneficial to human health. In plants, the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex activates the genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, in rice, the WD40 regulators remain to be conclusively identified. Here, a crucial anthocyanin biosynthesis gene was fine mapped to a 43.4-kb genomic region on chromosome 2, and a WD40 gene OsTTG1 (Oryza sativa TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1) was identified as ideal candidate gene. Subsequently, a homozygous mutant (osttg1) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 showed significantly decreased anthocyanin accumulation in various rice organs. OsTTG1 was highly expressed in various rice tissues after germination, and it was affected by light and temperature. OsTTG1 protein was localized to the nucleus, and can physically interact with Kala4, OsC1, OsDFR and Rc. Furthermore, a total of 59 hub transcription factor genes might affect rice anthocyanin biosynthesis, and LOC_Os01g28680 and LOC_Os02g32430 could have functional redundancy with OsTTG1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that directional selection has driven the evolutionary divergence of the indica and japonica OsTTG1 alleles. Our results suggest that OsTTG1 is a vital regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and an important gene resource for the genetic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Junrui Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Xiuzhong Xia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zongqiong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Jie He
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Baoxuan Nong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Tongping Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yinghua Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Faqian Xiong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Can Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Danting Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
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89
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The Effect of Exogenous Application of Quercetin Derivative Solutions on the Course of Physiological and Biochemical Processes in Wheat Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136882. [PMID: 34206953 PMCID: PMC8269177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, classified as a flavonoid, is a strong antioxidant that plays a significant role in the regulation of physiological processes in plants, which is particularly important in the case of biotic and abiotic stresses. The study investigated the effect of the use of potassium quercetin solutions in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) on the physiological and biochemical properties of wheat seedlings. A pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the most beneficial dose of this flavonoid acting as a bio-stimulant for wheat plants. Spraying with quercetin derivative solutions was performed twice, and physiological measurements (chlorophyll content and fluorescence as well as gas exchange) were carried out on the first and seventh days after each application. The total phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant capacity were also determined. It was shown that the concentrations of potassium quercetin applied have a stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes. In the case of most of the tested physiological parameters (chlorophyll content and fluorescence and gas exchange) and the total antioxidant capacity, no significant differences were observed in their increase as a result of application with concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0%. Therefore, the beneficial effect of quercetin on the analysed parameters is already observed when spraying with a concentration of 3.0%.
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90
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Li S, Liu J, Zhang H, Sun Z, Ying Z, Wu Y, Xu J, Liu Q. Toxoplasma gondii glutathione S-transferase 2 plays an important role in partial secretory protein transport. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21352. [PMID: 33543805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001987rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite, which has three unique secretory organelles: micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules. Almost all the secreted proteins are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi system to function in their respective destination by accurate targeting and packaging. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a supergene family enzyme that has multiple functions, which include regulation of cell proliferation and death signaling pathways, and participation in transportation and metabolism in mammal cells. However, the role of GST in Toxoplasma gondii has not been explained. In this study, we identified three GST proteins in T gondii, of which GST2 acts as a membrane protein that localizes to the Golgi-endosomal system and colocalizes with proteins involved in vesicle transport as well, including synaptobrevin, putative sortilin (VPS10), Rab5 and Rab6, which function as vesicle transport factors. Moreover, the loss of TgGST2 leads to Rab5 and Rab6 distribution of discrete puncta, and incorrect localization and decreased expression of several secretory proteins, and to significantly reduced invasion capacity and virulence to mice. Consistent with its relation to vesicle transport proteins, the distribution of TgGST2 relies on post-Golgi trafficking. Overall, our findings demonstrated that TgGST2 contributes to vesicle trafficking and plays a critical role in parasite lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhepeng Sun
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Ying
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhai Xu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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91
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Forni C, Rossi M, Borromeo I, Feriotto G, Platamone G, Tabolacci C, Mischiati C, Beninati S. Flavonoids: A Myth or a Reality for Cancer Therapy? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123583. [PMID: 34208196 PMCID: PMC8230897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are biologically active molecules present in foods; they can have beneficial effects on health, but they are not available in large enough quantities to perform this function. Plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, are widely diffused in the plant kingdom, where they play fundamental roles in plant development and interactions with the environment. Among these, flavonoids are of particular interest as they have significant effects on human health. In vitro and/or in vivo studies described flavonoids as essential nutrients for preventing several diseases. They display broad and promising bioactivities to fight cancer, inflammation, bacterial infections, as well as to reduce the severity of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. Therefore, it is not surprising that interest in flavonoids has sharply increased in recent years. More than 23,000 scientific publications on flavonoids have described the potential anticancer activity of these natural molecules in the last decade. Studies, in vitro and in vivo, show that flavonoids exhibit anticancer properties, and many epidemiological studies confirm that dietary intake of flavonoids leads to a reduced risk of cancer. This review provides a glimpse of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Forni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (S.B.)
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Borromeo
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giordana Feriotto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giovambattista Platamone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (S.B.)
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (G.P.); (S.B.)
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92
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He Y, Pan L, Yang T, Wang W, Li C, Chen B, Shen Y. Metabolomic and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) Analyses Reveal the Important Function of Flavonoids in Amygdalus pedunculata Pall Leaves With Temporal Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:648277. [PMID: 34093611 PMCID: PMC8170035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.648277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalus pedunculata Pall [Rosaceae, Prunus, Prunus pedunculata (Pall.) Maxim.] belongs to the Rosaceae family and is resistant to cold and drought. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and metabolomics were used to track the changes in bioactive metabolites during several stages of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall growth. A total of 827 different metabolites were detected, including 169 flavonoids, 68 organic acids, 35 terpenoids and 2 tannins. Flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were the main synthetic sources of flavonoids. Quercetin, isoquercitrin, and epicatechin as biomarkers related to growth and development were found. Quercetin connects the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the biosynthesis of flavones and flavonols. The contents of isoquercitrin and epicatechin increased uniformly during the whole growth process from the flowering stage to the fruit ripening stage, indicating that play key roles in the fruit growth and ripening stages of this plant. The tissue location and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in leaves at different stages were performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The flavonoids were mainly distributed in the palisade tissue and spongy tissue, indicating the need for protection of these sensitive tissues in particular. Through comprehensive and systematic analysis, the temporal distribution of flavonoids in the process of their leaves growth was determined. These results clarify the important role of flavonoids in the developmental process of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi’an, China
- Technology Research Center of Amygdalus pedunculata of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yulin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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93
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Yin K, Wu S, Zheng H, Gao L, Liu J, Yang C, Qi LW, Peng J. Lanthanide Metal-Organic Framework-Based Fluorescent Sensor Arrays to Discriminate and Quantify Ingredients of Natural Medicine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5321-5328. [PMID: 33882669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discrimination and quantification of the ingredients from natural medicines are a challenging issue due to their complicated and various structures. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise in sensing applications. Here, we report a fluorescent sensor array for rapid identification of some natural compounds using a sensor array composed of four kinds of lanthanide (Eu3+ and Tb3+) fluorescent MOFs (Ln-MOFs), which have diversified fluorescent responses to 26 active/toxic compounds including 12 saponins, 7 flavonoids, 3 stilbenes, and 4 anthraquinones. The fluorescence of the Ln-MOFs after reaction with the compounds was summarized as datasets and processed by principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods. The corresponding responses of the 4 types of compounds are well separated on 2D/3D PCA score plots and HCA dendrograms. We have also tested typical blind samples by concentration-dependent PCA, and an accuracy of 100% was obtained. In addition, the response mechanisms of the Ln-MOFs to the compounds were also studied. Compared with traditional methods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the developed fluorescent sensor array provides a more efficient and economic strategy to discriminate various active/toxic ingredients in natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Yin
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Chaolong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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94
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Song X, Gao J, Peng H. Transcriptomic dynamics changes related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fleshy roots of carmine radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) characterized using RNA-Seq. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10978. [PMID: 33868802 PMCID: PMC8035900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carmine radish is famous for containing a natural red pigment (red radish pigment). However, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes during the dynamic development stages of the fleshy roots in carmine radish has not been fully investigated. Here, based on HPLC quantification of anthocyanin levels from our previous study, young fleshy roots of the carmine radish “Hongxin 1” obtained at the dynamic development stages of fleshy roots (seedling stage (SS), initial expansion (IE), full expansion (FE), bolting stage (BS), initial flowering stage (IFS), full bloom stage (FBS) and podding stage (PS)) were used for RNA-Seq. Approximately 126 comodulated DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis (common DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish) were identified, from which most DEGs appeared to be likely to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including two transcription factors, RsMYB and RsRZFP. In addition, some related proteins, e.g., RsCHS, RsDFR, RsANS, RsF′3H, RsF3GGT1, Rs3AT1, RsGSTF12, RsUFGT78D2 and RsUDGT-75C1, were found as candidate contributors to the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish. In addition, 11 putative DEGs related to anthocyanin synthesis were evaluated by qRT-PCR via the (2-ΔΔCT) method; the Pearson correlation analysis indicated excellent concordance between the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed that “anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process” and “anthocyanin-containing compound metabolic process” were commonly overrepresented in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots after the initial expansion stage. Moreover, five significantly enriched pathways were identified among the DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish, namely, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, these results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish and the putative candidate genes involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Song
- Research Center for Tourism Agriculture Development, Sichuan Tourism College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Research Center for Tourism Agriculture Development, Sichuan Tourism College, Chengdu, China
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95
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Kaur S, Sharma N, Kapoor P, Chunduri V, Pandey AK, Garg M. Spotlight on the overlapping routes and partners for anthocyanin transport in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:868-881. [PMID: 33639001 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are produced by plants and are classified based on their chemical structure or the biosynthetic routes through which they are synthesized. Among them, flavonoids, including anthocyanins and pro-anthocyanidins (PAs), are abundant in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats in plants. The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport from the synthesis site to the storage site needs attention. Although the major transporters are well defined yet, the redundancy of these transporters for structurally similar or dis-similar anthocyanins motivates additional research. Herein, we reviewed the role of membrane transporters involved in anthocyanin transport, including ATP-binding cassette, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), Bilitranslocase-homolog (BTL), and vesicle-mediated transport. We also highlight the ability of transporters to cater distinct anthocyanins or their chemically-modified forms with overlapping transport mechanisms and sequestration into the vacuoles. Our understanding of the anthocyanin transporters could provide anthocyanin-rich crops and fruits with a benefit on human health at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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96
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Xavier Machado TDO, Portugal IBM, Padilha CVDS, Ferreira Padilha F, Dos Santos Lima M. New trends in the use of enzymes for the recovery of polyphenols in grape byproducts. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13712. [PMID: 33786844 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Residues from wine and juice processing still contain about 70% of the phenolic compounds in grapes. These compounds are valued for having several bioactive properties that are explored in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. This paper aims to summarize the most recent advances in the use of enzymatic techniques for the recovery of bioactive compounds from GP for industrial application. For this, we analyzed scientific articles and patent applications from the last 20 years in the main indexed and patent databases. Among the most used enzymes in the recovery of bioactive compounds in wastes, cellulases, pectinases, tannases, glucoamylases, and proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, are the most important. As a result, extracts are obtained with greater retrieval of compounds such as anthocyanins, gallic acid, catechins, epicatechins, and trans-resveratrol and the improvement of coloring, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and vasoprotective properties. Although the use of enzymes for the recovery of phenolics is an old strategy, the number of studies focusing on the functional characteristics and industrial applicability of the extracts obtained has been recently growing. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Phenolic compounds have acted as anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, anticarcinogens, and antimicrobials, being additives or relevant ingredients for various products in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Although there are several techniques for extracting/recovering phenolics from grape pomace, there is still no agreement on which method is ideal. In recent years, several extractions methods have been applied in seeking optimized conditions to recover phenolics from grape residues. Among them, the use of enzymes has been gaining attention for being considered a green and promising technology. The present study aims to carry out a review that would bring a new perspective to the recovery of bioactive compounds from grape residues by enzymatic techniques, with a view to industrial purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Dos Santos Lima
- Departamento de Tecnologia em Alimentos, Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina, Brazil
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97
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Vilperte V, Boehm R, Debener T. A highly mutable GST is essential for bract colouration in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotsch. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:208. [PMID: 33757424 PMCID: PMC7988969 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation breeding is an extraordinary tool in plant breeding to increase the genetic variability, where mutations in anthocyanin biosynthesis are targets to generate distinctive phenotypes in ornamental species. In poinsettia, ionizing radiation is routinely applied in breeding programs to obtaining a range of colours, with nearly all pink and white varieties being obtained after γ- or X-ray mutagenesis of red varieties. In the present study we performed a thorough characterization of a potential mutagenesis target gene as the main responsible for the ‘white paradox’ in poinsettia. Results We identified a GST gene in poinsettia (Bract1) as an essential factor for the expression of anthocyanin-based red colouration of bracts, which presents a high phylogenetic similarity to known anthocyanin-related GSTs. Red poinsettia varieties and white mutants generated from these varieties by X-ray were analysed for polymorphisms related to the ‘white paradox’ in the species. A 4 bp mutation in a short repeat within the coding region of Bract1 is most likely responsible for the appearance of white phenotypes upon irradiation treatment. The polymorphism between wild-type and mutant alleles co-segregates with the phenotype in progeny from heterozygous red and white parents. Moreover, overexpression of Bract1 wild-type allele in Arabidopsis tt19 mutants restored the anthocyanin phenotype, while the Bract1 mutated allele showed to be non-functional. Conclusions The identified repeat seems to be highly unstable, since mutated plants can be easily detected among fewer than 200 shoots derived from 10 mutated plants. Our data indicate that particular short repeat sequences, similar to microsatellite sequences or so-called dynamic mutations, might be hot spots for genetic variability. Moreover, the identification of the Bract1 mutation fills a gap on the understanding on the molecular mechanism of colour formation in poinsettia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vilperte
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Robert Boehm
- Klemm + Sohn GmbH & Co., 70379, Stuttgart, KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Zhan J, Yang Q, Lin Z, Zheng T, Wang M, Sun W, Bu T, Tang Z, Li C, Han X, Zhao H, Wu Q, Shan Z, Chen H. Enhanced antioxidant capacity and upregulated transporter genes contribute to the UV-B-induced increase in blinin in Conyza blinii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13275-13287. [PMID: 33175358 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conyza blinii (C. blinii) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant mainly grown in Sichuan, China. C. blinii is suitable for studying the mechanism of plant tolerance to UV-B due to its living conditions, characterized by a high altitude and exposure to strong ultraviolet radiation. Our results showed that the growth and photosynthetic activity of C. blinii were improved under a specific intensity of UV-B, rather than being significantly inhibited. Although UV-B increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. blinii, the activities of antioxidative enzymes were elevated, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), which contributed to the elimination of ROS. Additionally, the content of blinin, the characteristic diterpene in C. blinii, was markedly increased by UV-B. Furthermore, RNA sequencing analyses were used to explore the molecular mechanism of UV-B tolerance in C. blinii. According to the results, most of the key enzyme genes in the blinin synthesis pathway were upregulated by UV-B. In addition, 23 upregulated terpene transporter genes were identified, and these genes might participate in blinin transport during the response to UV-B. Taken together, these results implied that enhanced antioxidant capacity and upregulated transporter genes contributed to increased synthesis of blinin in response to UV-B in C. blinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qin Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tianrun Zheng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Maojia Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tongliang Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xueyi Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhi Shan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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99
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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100
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Li Q, Kou M, Li C, Zhang YG. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:508-517. [PMID: 33272792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is an economically important crop for fresh and processed consumption and is widely cultivated worldwide, especially in China. Various sweetpotato cultivars with different storage root colors are presently available. The purple-fleshed sweetpotato obtains its color from anthocyanin accumulation in the storage roots, which is beneficial for both plant and human health. To date, the molecular mechanism of this anthocyanin accumulation has not been studied in detail. In our study, three cDNA libraries generated from 'Xuzi8' with dark-purple flesh, 'Xuzi6' with light-purple flesh, and 'Xu28' with white flesh were sequenced utilizing an Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 platform. Corresponding totals of 28,093,466, 29,239,729 and 27,217,440 raw reads were obtained from the three libraries and assembled into 137,625 unigenes with an average length of 481 bp. Moreover, 79,203 unigenes (57.55%) were found to be annotated in several public databases, and 1285 unigenes were differentially expressed among the Xu28 vs Xuzi8, Xu28 vs Xuzi6, and Xuzi6 vs Xuzi8 libraries. After functional category enrichment analysis of differential expression genes (DEGs), 25 genes were selected as the candidate genes related to anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, the expression patterns of some selected DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between expression levels of relevant genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and anthocyanin content was determined. Taken together, the results compose a transcriptomic analysis to investigate the differences in purple flesh formation in the storage roots among different sweetpotato varieties, with the notable outcome that several key genes can now be closely linked to anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Meng Kou
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Yun-Gang Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
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