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Forbes S, Morgan N, Humphreys GJ, Amézquita A, Mistry H, McBain AJ. Loss of Function in Escherichia coli Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Benzalkonium Chloride. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02417-18. [PMID: 30530708 PMCID: PMC6365820 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02417-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the risk of resistance associated with biocide exposure commonly involves exposing microorganisms to biocides at concentrations close to the MIC. With the aim of representing exposure to environmental biocide residues, Escherichia coli MG1655 was grown for 20 passages in the presence or absence of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) at 100 ng/liter and 1,000 ng/liter (0.0002% and 0.002% of the MIC, respectively). BAC susceptibility, planktonic growth rates, motility, and biofilm formation were assessed, and differentially expressed genes were determined via transcriptome sequencing. Planktonic growth rate and biofilm formation were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) following BAC adaptation, while BAC minimum bactericidal concentration increased 2-fold. Transcriptomic analysis identified 289 upregulated and 391 downregulated genes after long-term BAC adaptation compared with the respective control organism passaged in BAC-free medium. When the BAC-adapted bacterium was grown in BAC-free medium, 1,052 genes were upregulated and 753 were downregulated. Repeated passage solely in biocide-free medium resulted in 460 upregulated and 476 downregulated genes compared with unexposed bacteria. Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant BAC concentrations increased the expression of genes associated with efflux and reduced the expression of genes associated with outer-membrane porins, motility, and chemotaxis. This was manifested phenotypically through the loss of function (motility). Repeated passage in a BAC-free environment resulted in the upregulation of multiple respiration-associated genes, which was reflected by increased growth rate. In summary, repeated exposure of E. coli to BAC residues resulted in significant alterations in global gene expression that were associated with minor decreases in biocide susceptibility, reductions in growth rate and biofilm formation, and loss of motility.IMPORTANCE Exposure to very low concentrations of biocides in the environment is a poorly understood risk factor for antimicrobial resistance. Repeated exposure to trace levels of the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) resulted in loss of function (motility) and a general reduction in bacterial fitness but relatively minor decreases in susceptibility. These changes were accompanied by widespread changes in the Escherichia coli transcriptome. These results demonstrate the importance of including phenotypic characterization in studies designed to assess the risks of biocide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Morgan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Humphreys
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Amézquita
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Mistry
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Palmer M, Hatley H. The role of surfactants in wastewater treatment: Impact, removal and future techniques: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:60-72. [PMID: 30300782 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment has an important responsibility to react to changing consumer and industrial produced wastes that pose environmental challenges. Surfactants are one of these emerging contaminants. They are of interest because of their increasingly ubiquitous domestic and industrial use and the difficulty their presence causes traditional treatment. In response to this developing area, this critical review considers research from a variety of technical backgrounds to provide an up to date overview of the impact of surfactants on the environment, health and their removal. This found major concerns about surfactants on the environment and on health being corroborated in the past five years. Current research into removal focuses on existing biological and chemical wastewater treatment optimisation. Despite improvements being found to traditional biological methods using chemical pre-treatments there is a clear lack of consensus regarding the ideal strategy. Drawbacks and potential solutions for a range of these technologies, including Fenton reaction and aerobic degradation, are discussed. In this field the authors recommend an improved diversity in surfactants used for the research and addressing of significant knowledge gaps. Novel methods, such as Carbon Nanotube (CNT) use are also discussed. These methods, while showing promising results, will require continual research effort to resolve present issues such as variable performance and environmental concerns. Larger scale work is also needed to validate the initial work done. Potential uses of surfactants to optimise wastewater treatment, such as Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs), are also discussed. This review finds that surfactant removal from wastewater is a promising and challenging field that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Palmer
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Hazel Hatley
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Dai X, Wang C, Lam JCW, Yamashita N, Yamazaki E, Horii Y, Chen W, Li X. Accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds as emerging contaminants in sediments collected from the Pearl River Estuary, China and Tokyo Bay, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:276-281. [PMID: 30509808 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the distribution of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in two dated sediment cores, collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Tokyo Bay (TB), were investigated to understand the historical input of QACs and their diagenetic behavior in urban estuarine environments. The vertical variation profiles of QAC concentrations showed that benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) and dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMACs) were widely used during 1970s and 1980s both in China and Japan. The declining environmental concentrations of QACs suggested a compositional change of commodities and the effectiveness of emission control strategies. For the individual QAC homologues, BAC homologues decreased significantly over time, while DADMAC compositions remained relatively stable. The differences in concentration and composition profiles of BACs and DADMACs in the sediment cores provided useful information on the patterns of use of QACs in China and Japan, as well as their diagenetic behaviors in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China.
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Östman M, Fick J, Tysklind M. Detailed mass flows and removal efficiencies for biocides and antibiotics in Swedish sewage treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:327-336. [PMID: 29860006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds, such as biocides and antibiotics, are widely used in society with significant quantities of these chemicals ending up in sewage treatment plants (STPs). In this study, mass flows and removal efficiency in different treatment steps at three Swedish STPs were evaluated for eleven different biocides and antibiotics. Mass flows were calculated at eight different locations (incoming wastewater, water after the first sedimentation step, treated effluent, primary sludge, surplus sludge, digested sludge, dewatered digested sludge and reject water). Samples were collected for a total of nine days over three weeks. The STPs were able to remove 53->99% of the antimicrobial compounds and 0-64% were biodegraded on average in the three STPs. Quaternary ammonium compounds were removed from the wastewater >99%, partly through biodegradation, but 38-96% remained in the digested sludge. Chlorhexidine was not biodegraded but was efficiently removed from the wastewater to the sludge. The biological treatment step was the most important step for the degradation of the studied compounds, but also removed several compounds through the surplus sludge. Compounds that were inefficiently removed included benzotriazoles, trimethoprim and fluconazole. The study provides mass flows and removal efficiencies for several compounds that have been seldom studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Li X, Doherty AC, Brownawell B, Lara-Martin PA. Distribution and diagenetic fate of synthetic surfactants and their metabolites in sewage-impacted estuarine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:209-218. [PMID: 29980039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Surfactants are high production volume chemicals used in numerous domestic and industrial applications and, after use, the most abundant organic contaminants in wastewater. Their discharge might jeopardize the receiving aquatic ecosystems, including sediments, where they tend to accumulate. This is the first comprehensive study on their distribution and fate in this environmental compartment as we performed simultaneous analysis of the three main classes of surfactants (anionic: LAS; nonionic: NPEO and AEO; cationic: DTDMAC, DADMAC, BAC, and ATMAC) and some of their transformation products (SPC, NP, NPEC, and PEG). To account for spatial and time trends, surface sediments and dated cores were collected from Jamaica Bay, a heavily sewage-impacted estuary in New York City. The concentrations of surfactants in surface sediments were between 18 and > 200 μg g-1 and showed slight variation (<10%) over different sampling years (1998, 2003 and 2008). Cationic surfactants were found at the highest concentrations, with DTDMAC accounting for between 52 and 90% of the total sum of target compounds. Vertical concentration profiles in dated cores from the most contaminated station, in the vicinity of the biggest local sewage treatment plant (STP), indicated two sub-surface surfactant peaks in the mid-1960s (469 μg g-1) and late 1980s (572 μg g-1) coinciding with known STP upgrades. This trend was observed for most target compounds, except for DADMAC, C22ATMAC, and PEG, which showed a continuous increase towards the top of the cores. In-situ degradation was studied by comparing sediment core samples taken 12 years apart (1996 and 2008) and revealed a net decrease in PEG and specific surfactants (BAC, ATMAC, NPEO, and AEO) accompanied by growing concentrations of metabolites (SPC, NP, and NPEC). DTDMAC, DADMAC, and LAS, however, remained stable over this period, suggesting recalcitrant behavior under the anaerobic conditions in Jamaica Bay sediments. MAIN FINDING Chronology of major synthetic surfactants are illustrated in the dated sediment cores, as well as their different diagenetic fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, 361005, China.
| | - Anne Cooper Doherty
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, United States
| | - Bruce Brownawell
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, CEI-MAR, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain
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56
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Zhu FJ, Ma WL, Xu TF, Ding Y, Zhao X, Li WL, Liu LY, Song WW, Li YF, Zhang ZF. Removal characteristic of surfactants in typical industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants in Northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:84-90. [PMID: 29407743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are widely used in household and industrial products for cleaning and/or solubilization in our daily life. Therefore, they are finally discharged into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which may be the major point pollution source for environment if they were not completely removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, two typical industrial and domestic WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies were considered for the topic. Totally, two types of surfactants were analyzed in 24 h influent and each processing unit effluent. Four linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) with the alkyl chain from C10 to C13, and two benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) with the alkyl chain of C12 and C14 were selected as target compounds. The total concentrations of LASs in influent varied from 19.2 to 1889 μg/L and LAS-C11 and LAS-C12 were the predominant compounds with the concentration from 6.01 to 641 μg/L and 8.02-674 μg/L, respectively. The total concentrations of BACs were much lower than those of LASs, with the concentration ranging from 0.00935 to 1.85 μg/L. Significant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of LASs and BACs in influent, indicating their same and/or similar sources. Compared with the concentration of influent, the concentration of effluent was much lower, indicating the high removal efficiency by the two wastewater treatment processes. Biological treatment unit and cyclic activated sludge system were the main treatment units for the removing of surfactants, which suggested that these two types of surfactants can be easily degraded under aerobic condition. Seasonal variation indicated that the removal efficiencies of surfactants in autumn were a little higher than those in winter. The results of this study provided new insights into the environmental fate of surfactants in wastewater treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tie-Fu Xu
- Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yi Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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57
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Degradation of cationic surfactants using immobilized bacteria: Its effect on adsorption to activated sludge. J Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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58
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Douziech M, van Zelm R, Oldenkamp R, Franco A, Hendriks AJ, King H, Huijbregts MAJ. Estimation of chemical emissions from down-the-drain consumer products using consumer survey data at a country and wastewater treatment plant level. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:32-41. [PMID: 29126063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Deriving reliable estimates of chemical emissions to the environment is a key challenge for impact and risk assessment methods and typically the associated uncertainty is not characterised. We have developed an approach to spatially quantify annual chemical emission loads to the aquatic environment together with their associated uncertainty using consumer survey data and publicly accessible and non-confidential data sources. The approach is applicable for chemicals widely used across a product sector. Product usage data from consumer survey studies in France, the Netherlands, South Korea and the USA were combined with information on typical product formulations, wastewater removal rates, and the spatial distribution of populations and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the four countries. Results are presented for three chemicals common to three types of personal care products (shampoo, conditioner, and bodywash) at WWTP and national levels. Uncertainty in WWTP-specific emission estimates was characterised with a 95% confidence interval and ranged up to a factor of 4.8 around the mean, mainly due to uncertainty associated with removal efficiency. Estimates of whole country product usage were comparable to total market estimates derived from sectorial market sales data with differences ranging from a factor 0.8 (for the Netherlands) to 5 (for the USA). The proposed approach is suitable where measured data on chemical emissions is missing and is applicable for use in risk assessments and chemical footprinting methods when applied to specific product categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Douziech
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Oldenkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Franco
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Serra-Mora P, Muñoz-Ortuño M, Gallego-Prieto P, Verdú-Andrés J, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Cotton swabs supported in-situ assay for quaternary ammonium compounds residues in effluents and surfaces. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amos GCA, Ploumakis S, Zhang L, Hawkey PM, Gaze WH, Wellington EMH. The widespread dissemination of integrons throughout bacterial communities in a riverine system. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:681-691. [PMID: 29374269 PMCID: PMC5864220 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic inputs increase levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment, however, it is unknown how these inputs create this observed increase, and if anthropogenic sources impact AMR in environmental bacteria. The aim of this study was to characterise the role of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in the dissemination of class 1 integrons (CL1s) in the riverine environment. Using sample sites from upstream and downstream of a WWTP, we demonstrate through isolation and culture-independent analysis that WWTP effluent significantly increases both CL1 abundance and antibiotic resistance in the riverine environment. Characterisation of CL1-bearing isolates revealed that CL1s were distributed across a diverse range of bacteria, with identical complex genetic resistance determinants isolated from both human-associated and common environmental bacteria across connected sites. Over half of sequenced CL1s lacked the 3′-conserved sequence ('atypical’ CL1s); surprisingly, bacteria carrying atypical CL1s were on average resistant to more antibiotics than bacteria carrying 3′-CS CL1s. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were observed across 75% of sequenced CL1 gene cassette arrays. Chemical data analysis indicated high levels of boron (a detergent marker) downstream of the WWTP. Subsequent phenotypic screening of CL1-bearing isolates demonstrated that ~90% were resistant to QAC detergents, with in vitro experiments demonstrating that QACs could solely select for the transfer of clinical antibiotic resistance genes to a naive Escherichia coli recipient. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant impact of WWTPs on environmental AMR, and demonstrates the widespread carriage of clinically important resistance determinants by environmentally associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
| | | | - William H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
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Khan AH, Libby M, Winnick D, Palmer J, Sumarah M, Ray MB, Macfie SM. Uptake and phytotoxic effect of benzalkonium chlorides in Lepidium sativum and Lactuca sativa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 206:490-497. [PMID: 29127920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are used extensively as biocides in hospitals, food processing industries, and personal care products. BACs have the potential to reach the rooting zone of crop plants and BACs might thereby enter the food chain. The two most commonly used BACs, benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) and benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA), were tested in a hydroponic system to assess the uptake by and phytotoxicity to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Individually and in mixture, BACs at concentrations up to 100 mg L-1 did not affect germination; however, emergent seedlings were sensitive at 1 mg L-1 for lettuce and 5 mg L-1 for garden cress. After 12 d exposure to 0.25 mg L-1 BACs, plant dry weight was reduced by 68% for lettuce and 75% for garden cress, and symptoms of toxicity (necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, etc.) were visible. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of BACs in the roots and shoots of both plant species. Although no conclusive relationship was established between the concentrations of six macro- or six micro-nutrients, growth inhibition or BAC uptake, N and Mg concentrations in BAC-treated lettuce were 50% lower than that of control, indicating that BACs might induce nutrient deficiency. Although bioavailability of a compound in hydroponics is significantly higher than that in soil, these results confirm the potential of BACs to harm vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Mark Libby
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniel Winnick
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sheila M Macfie
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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62
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Wang X, Wang J, Li K, Zhang H, Yang M. Molecular characterization of effluent organic matter in secondary effluent and reclaimed water: Comparison to natural organic matter in source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 63:140-146. [PMID: 29406098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of EfOM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) method and compared to that of natural organic matter (NOM) in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of EfOM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in EfOM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kuixiao Li
- Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Kilgallon J, Franco A, Price OR, Hodges JEN. Application of a spatially resolved model to contextualise monitoring data for risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals over large scales. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:954-962. [PMID: 28753898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many regulatory screening level exposure assessments are based on simple large scale conceptual scenarios. However, exposure, and therefore risks associated with chemicals, are characterised by high spatial variability. The Scenario assembly tool (ScenAT) is a global screening level model to enable spatially resolved local predictions of environmental concentrations of home and personal care chemicals. It uses the European Union Technical Guidance Document (TGD) equation to predict local scale freshwater concentrations (predicted environmental concentrations - PECs) of chemicals discharged via wastewater. ScenAT uses Geographic Information System (GIS) layers for the underlying socio-economic (population) and environmental parameters (per capita water use, sewage treatment plant connectivity, dilution factor). Using a probabilistic approach, we incorporate sources of uncertainty in the input data (tonnage estimation, removal in sewage treatment plants and seasonal variability in dilution factors) for two case-study chemicals: the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) and the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS). We then compare model estimates of wastewater and freshwater concentrations of TCS and LAS to UK monitoring data. Comparison showed that modeled PECs were on average higher than mean measured data for TCS and LAS by a factor 1.8 and 1.4, respectively. Considering the uncertainty associated with both model and monitoring data, the use of a probabilistic approach using the ScenAT model for screening assessment is reasonable. The combination of modelled and monitoring data enables the contextualisation of monitoring data. Spatial PECs can be used to identify areas of elevated concentration for further refined assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kilgallon
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever. Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Antonio Franco
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever. Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Oliver R Price
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever. Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Juliet E N Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever. Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
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64
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Bergé A, Buleté A, Fildier A, Vulliet E. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry as a Tool To Evaluate the Sample Preparation of Sludge. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9685-9694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bergé
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences
Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la
Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Buleté
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences
Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la
Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences
Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la
Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences
Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la
Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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65
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Toxicity reduction and improved biodegradability of benzalkonium chlorides by ozone/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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66
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Di Nica V, Gallet J, Villa S, Mezzanotte V. Toxicity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) as single compounds and mixtures to aquatic non-target microorganisms: Experimental data and predictive models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:567-577. [PMID: 28494277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of five Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) that are widely used as active ingredients in personal care products were assessed using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri) (Microtox® test system). The experimental results showed a relevant toxicity for almost all of the single QACs, with IC50 values lower than 1mgL-1. Analysis of the mode of action through the application of the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models indicated an a-specific reactivity for most of the QACs toward A. fischeri. Only hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC-16) behaved as a polar-narcotic, with a low reactivity toward the bacterial cell membrane. The concentration response curves of the different binary and multicomponent mixtures of QACs were also evaluated with respect to the predictions from the Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models. For almost all of the binary and multicomponent mixtures (7 out of 11 mixtures tested), an agreement between the experimental and predicted ICx was observed and confirmed via application of the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). In four cases, some deviations from the expected behaviour were observed (potential antagonistic and synergistic interactions) at concentrations on the order of hundreds of µgL-1, which could be of environmental concern, especially in the case of synergistic effects. The analysis of aquatic ecotoxicity data and the few available values of the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) from the literature for wastewaters and receiving waterbodies suggest that a potential risk toward aquatic life cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Nica
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - J Gallet
- Unités de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex 73376, France
| | - S Villa
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - V Mezzanotte
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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67
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Khan AH, Macfie SM, Ray MB. Sorption and leaching of benzalkonium chlorides in agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 196:26-35. [PMID: 28284135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and leaching characteristics of two commonly used benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) and benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA) using three agricultural soils with varied proportions of silt, sand, clay, and organic matter were determined. BACs are cationic surfactants used in large quantities for sanitary and personal care products and are abundant in environmental samples. Adsorption isotherm data (aqueous concentration in the range of 25-150 mg L-1) fitted the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. BDTA with a longer alkyl chain adsorbed more to soil compared to BDDA, and the soil with the highest percentage of clay adsorbed the most. Column tests conducted using soils amended with lime stabilised biosolids and artificial rain water at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1 indicate very low leaching of BACs. Less than 1% of the available BDDA leached through sandy loam soil column with a depth of 9 cm. Therefore, the possibility of BACs to become bioavailable through leaching is very low at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sheila M Macfie
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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68
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Liang C, Peng X. Mobilization of arsenic from contaminated sediment by anionic and nonionic surfactants. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:281-289. [PMID: 28571865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing manufacture of surfactants and their wide application in industry, agriculture and household detergents have resulted in large amounts of surfactant residuals being discharged into water and distributed into sediment. Surfactants have the potential to enhance arsenic mobility, leading to risks to the environment and even human beings. In this study, batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate arsenic mobilization from contaminated sediment by the commercial anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laureth sulfate (AES) and nonionic surfactants phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X-100) and polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80). The ability of surfactants to mobilize arsenic followed the order AES>SDBS>SDS≈Triton X-100>Tween 80. Arsenic mobilization by AES and Triton X-100 increased greatly with the increase of surfactant concentration and pH, while arsenic release by SDBS, SDS and Tween-80 slightly increased. The divalent ion Ca2+ caused greater reduction of arsenic mobilization than Na+. Sequential extraction experiments showed that the main fraction of arsenic mobilized was the specifically adsorbed fraction. Solid phase extraction showed that arsenate (As(V)) was the main species mobilized by surfactants, accounting for 65.05%-77.68% of the total mobilized arsenic. The mobilization of arsenic was positively correlated with the mobilization of iron species. The main fraction of mobilized arsenic was the dissolved fraction, accounting for 70% of total mobilized arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xianjia Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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69
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Distribution and Removal of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Nonylphenol from Textile Wastewater—A Comparison of a Cotton and a Synthetic Fiber Factory in Vietnam. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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70
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Östman M, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Björn E, Tysklind M. Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:318-328. [PMID: 28288311 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Incoming sewage water, treated effluent and digested sludge were collected from 11 Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs) on 3 different days. Analytical protocols were established for a large number of compounds (47) with antimicrobial properties and the collected samples were then screened for the presence of these selected substances. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to analyse the samples. Thirty organic compounds and 10 metals were detected above their respective detection limit. Quaternary ammonium compounds were the most abundant substances in the particulate phases with levels up to 370 μg/g and benzotriazoles were the most common in the aqueous phases with levels up to 24 μg/L. Several compounds with no, or very limited, previously reported data were detected in this study, including chlorhexidine, hexadecylpyridinium chloride and 10-benzalkonium chloride. Some of these were both frequently detected (>60% detection frequency) and found in high levels (up to 19 μg/g d.w. sludge). This study gives a comprehensive overview of the presence in Swedish STPs of a number of antimicrobial substances, providing crucial information in designing relevant studies on potential microbial co- and cross resistance development between antibiotics, biocides, and metals in the sewage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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71
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Shiu RF, Lee CL. Effects of anthropogenic surfactants on the conversion of marine dissolved organic carbon and microgels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:156-160. [PMID: 28162250 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The possible impact of three types of anthropogenic surfactants on the ability of marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to form self-assembled microgels was evaluated. The behavior of existing native microgels was also examined in the presence of surfactants. These results reveal that the release of surfactants even at low concentrations into the aquatic environment could effectively hinder the self-assembly of DOC polymers. The extent of the size reduction had the following order: anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. Furthermore, charged surfactants can disrupt existing native microgels, converting large assemblies into smaller particles. One possible mechanisms is that surfactants are able to enhance the stability of DOC polymers and disrupt aggregates due to their surface charges and protein-denaturing activities. These findings suggest that the ecological system is altered by anthropogenic surfactants, and provide useful information for ecological assessments of different types of surfactants and raise warnings about surfactant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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72
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Geerts R, van Ginkel CG, Plugge CM. Read-across of ready biodegradability based on the substrate specificity of N-alkyl polypropylene polyamine-degrading microorganisms. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 28:311-323. [PMID: 28480742 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1316517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of N-alkyl polypropylene polyamines (NAPPs) was studied using pure and mixed cultures to enable read-across of ready biodegradability test results. Two Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from activated sludge with N-oleyl alkyl propylene diamine and N-coco alkyl dipropylene triamine, respectively. Both strains utilized all NAPPs tested as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy for growth. Mineralization of NAPPs was independent of the alkyl chain length and the size of the polyamine moiety. NAPPs degraded in closed bottle tests (CBTs) using both river water and activated sludge. However, ready biodegradability of NAPPs with alkyl chain lengths of 16-18 carbon atoms and polyamine moieties with three and four nitrogen atoms could not be demonstrated. Biodegradation in the CBT was hampered by their limited bioavailability, making assessment of the true ready biodegradability of these highly adsorptive surfactants impossible. All NAPPs are therefore classified as readily biodegradable through read-across. Read-across is justified by the broad substrate specificity of NAPP-degrading microorganisms, their omnipresence and the mineralization of NAPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Geerts
- a Akzo Nobel Chemicals B.V. , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - C G van Ginkel
- a Akzo Nobel Chemicals B.V. , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - C M Plugge
- b Laboratory of Microbiology , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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73
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Loos M, Singer H. Nontargeted homologue series extraction from hyphenated high resolution mass spectrometry data. J Cheminform 2017; 9:12. [PMID: 28286574 PMCID: PMC5323340 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of polar anthropogenic compounds routinely released into the environment comprises homologue series, i.e., sets of chemicals differing in a repeating chemical unit. Using analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), these compounds are readily measurable as signal sets with characteristic differences in mass and typically retention time. However, and despite such distinct characteristics, no computational approach for the direct, simultaneous and untargeted detection of all such signal sets comprising both LC and HRMS information has to date been presented. RESULTS A fast two-staged approach has been developed to extract LC-HRMS signal patterns which can be indicative of homologous analytes. In a first stage, a k-d tree representation of picked LC-HRMS peaks is used to extract all feasible 3-tuples of peaks with restrictions in, e.g., mass defect differences. A second stage then recombines these 3-tuples to larger series tuples while ensuring smooth changes in their retention time characteristics. This unsupervised approach was evaluated for ten effluent samples from Swiss sewage treatment plants (STPs), in both positive and negative electrospray-ionization. CONCLUSIONS Beside recovering all continuous series of previously identified homologues, substantial fractions of nontargeted peaks could subsequently be assigned into very diverse peak series, although assignments were often not unique. The latter ambiguities were resolved by a self-organizing map technique and revealed both distinctive series meshing and rivaling combinatorial solutions in the presence of isobaric or gapped series peaks. When comparing STPs, several ubiquitous yet partially low-frequent series mass differences emerged and may prioritize future identification efforts. The presented algorithm is freely available as part of the R package nontarget and as a user-friendly web-interface at www.envihomolog.eawag.ch.Graphical AbstractSearch for systematic series indicative of homologous compounds is based on a partitioned representation of LC-HRMS signal characteristics. This nontargeted search first extracts series triplets in a nearest-neighbour walk and then recombines them to larger ones. For illustration, the two dimensions involving mass defect characteristics are represented by one only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loos
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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74
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Mailler R, Gasperi J, Patureau D, Vulliet E, Delgenes N, Danel A, Deshayes S, Eudes V, Guerin S, Moilleron R, Chebbo G, Rocher V. Fate of emerging and priority micropollutants during the sewage sludge treatment: Case study of Paris conurbation. Part 1: Contamination of the different types of sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 59:379-393. [PMID: 27847230 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article provides data on the contamination of different kinds of sludge (raw, centrifuged, digested, thermally dried sludge and sludge cake) from Paris conurbation by 71 various pollutants including pharmaceutical products (PHPs), hormones, perfluorinated acids (PFAs), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alkylphenols (APs), phthalates (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Very high contents of LAS (0.1-10g/kg dry matter - DM) compared to other compounds were found in all types of sludge followed by DEHP (10-100mg/kg DM) and fluoroquinolones (1-100mg/kg DM). APs were measured at intermediary contents in Parisian sludge, lying in the 2-20mg/kg DM range. Finally, hormones, PAHs, PCBs, PAEs, PFAs and the remaining PHPs were all found at contents lower than 1mg/kg DM. For most compounds (PHPs, PFOS, DEHP, PAHs), no significant differences in the micropollutant contents were found for similar types of sludge from different WWTP in Paris, highlighting the homogeneity of sludge contamination in downstream Paris catchment. The variability of concentration is rather high (coefficient of variation >100%) for several PHPs, PFAs or PCBs while it is moderate (<100%) or low (<50%) for fluoroquinolones, hormones, PAHs, APs or LAS. In addition, digestion seems to have a buffer effect as variabilities are lower in digested sludge for PHPs, PFAs, APs and PCBs. During sludge treatment (centrifugation, digestion, thermal drying, sludge conditioning+press filtration), the hormones, LAS, APs, PAHs, DEHP and PCBs concentrations increased, while those of PHPs and PFAs decreased. In the case of digestion, the increase of content can be explained by no pollutant removal or a lower removal than DM removal (concentration phenomenon) whereas the decrease underlines that the compound is more removed than the DM. In any case, these concentration variations presuppose the mechanisms of dissipation that could be attributed to volatilization, biotic or abiotic transformation (complete or with metabolites production), bound residues formation. In addition, data on sludge liquors - centrifuged (CW) and condensed (TDW) waters - from respectively centrifugation and thermal drying were collected. Several hormones, PHPs, PFAs, LAS, PAEs, APs, PCBs and PAHs were quantified in CW and TDW, displaying a transfer through the water removal. The concentrations observed are rather comparable to those found in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mailler
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France.
| | - J Gasperi
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), 61 avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | | | - E Vulliet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - A Danel
- LBE, INRA, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - S Deshayes
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), 61 avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; LCPP (UMR 0050, INRA), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - V Eudes
- LCPP (UMR 0050, INRA), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Guerin
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - R Moilleron
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), 61 avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - G Chebbo
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - V Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France.
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75
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Xian Y, Dong H, Wu Y, Guo X, Hou X, Wang B. QuEChERS-based purification method coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) to determine six quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in dairy products. Food Chem 2016; 212:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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76
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Baum G, Kegler P, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Alfiansah YR, Abrar M, Kunzmann A. Metabolic performance of the coral reef fish Siganus guttatus exposed to combinations of water borne diesel, an anionic surfactant and elevated temperature in Indonesia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:735-746. [PMID: 26965092 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Jakarta Bay in Indonesia and its offshore island chain, the Thousand Islands, are facing extreme pollution. Surfactants and diesel-borne compounds from sewage and bilge water discharges are common pollutants. However, knowledge of their effects on reef fish physiology is scarce. This study investigated combined and single effects of a) the water accommodated fraction of diesel (WAF-D, determined by ƩEPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) and b) the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on metabolic performance of the coral reef fish Siganus guttatus. Responses to combinations of each pollutant with elevated temperature (+3°C) were determined. Short-term exposure to WAF-D led to a significant decrease in standard metabolic rates, while LAS led to an increase. During combined exposure, metabolic depression was observed. Effects of pollutants were not amplified by elevated temperature. This study highlights the need to reduce import of these pollutants and to avoid negative long-term effects on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baum
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Bremen GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - P Kegler
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Bremen GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - B M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Y R Alfiansah
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Bremen GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - M Abrar
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur, 14430 Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
| | - A Kunzmann
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) Bremen GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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77
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Wieck S, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Possible underestimations of risks for the environment due to unregulated emissions of biocides from households to wastewater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:695-705. [PMID: 27448707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of household products as possible sources of biocidal active substances in municipal wastewater and their regulation under the Biocidal Products Regulation (EU) 528/2012. In 131 households, we investigated the prevalence of products used to control pests, washing and cleaning agents and select personal care products with high release to wastewater. Inventories of these products were established with the help of barcode scanning. All uses of biocidal active substances were evaluated regarding their assessment under the Biocidal Products Regulation. 2963 products were scanned in total, with 48% being washing and cleaning agents, 43% personal care products and 9% products used to control pests. Biocidal active substances were found in each household. These were observed primarily in washing and cleaning agents and personal care products (90%), while only a small percentage of the observations of biocidal active substances was in biocidal products. 64% of the observations of biocidal active substances were in applications that do not fall under the Biocidal Products Regulation and are thus not subject to its environmental risk assessment. This study shows clearly that risks for the environment are underestimated because unregulated emissions to wastewater occur. It demonstrates that there are gaps in the current chemical legislation that lead to a release of substances into wastewater that were not subject to environmental risk assessment under the Biocidal Products Regulation. This is one example of the limitations of scientific risk assessment of chemicals - its complexity is immense. From our point of view, the results underline the importance of a sustainable use of the substances as this is the only way to decrease yet unidentified risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wieck
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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78
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Nunes B, Miranda MT, Correia AT. Absence of effects of different types of detergents on the cholinesterasic activity and histological markers of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) after a sub-lethal chronic exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14937-14944. [PMID: 27074930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of anthropogenic compounds into the aquatic environment has been a particular concern, since some of these substances exhibit biologic activity of different types in non-target species. Among anthropogenic compounds present in the aquatic compartment, detergents are commonly found and may be responsible for physiological modifications in exposed organisms. The impairment of key physiological functions, such as neurotransmission, and tissue damage in some important organs, has been used to assess the effects of several classes of xenobiotics, including detergents, in aquatic organisms. The present study intended to assess the effect of three types of detersive compounds (sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), benzalkonium chloride (BZC), and Triton X-100 (TX100)) in the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and tissue damage (gills and liver) of Gambusia holbrooki after a chronic exposure to realistic levels of these compounds. SDS, BZC, and TX100 did not cause any significant alteration in AChE. Furthermore, no specific gross morphological changes were also observed in the gills and liver of the exposed individuals. It is possible to conclude that, under ecologically relevant conditions of exposure, both tissue damage and cholinesterasic impairment are not toxicological pathways affected by detergents in G. holbrooki.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M T Miranda
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - A T Correia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR - CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 450-123, Porto, Portugal
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79
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Antunes SC, Nunes B, Rodrigues S, Nunes R, Fernandes J, Correia AT. Effects of chronic exposure to benzalkonium chloride in Oncorhynchus mykiss: cholinergic neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, peroxidative damage and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:115-122. [PMID: 27280532 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is one of the most used conservatives in pharmaceutical preparations. However, its use is limited to a small set of external use formulations, due to its high toxicity. Benzalkonium chloride effects are related to the potential exertion of deleterious effects, mediated via oxidative stress and through interaction with membrane enzymes, leading to cellular damage. To address the ecotoxicity of this specific compound rainbow trouts were chronically exposed to BAC at environmental relevant concentrations (ranging from 0.100 to 1.050mg/L), and the biological response of cholinergic neurotoxicity, modulation of the antioxidant defense, phase II metabolism, lipid peroxidation and genotoxicity was studied. The obtained results showed a dual pattern of antioxidant response, with significant alterations in catalase activity (starting at 0.180mg/L), and lipid peroxidation, for intermediate (0.180 and 0.324mg/L) concentrations. No significant alterations occurred for glutathione-S-transferases activity. An unexpected increased of the acetylcholinesterase activity was also recorded for the individuals exposed to higher concentrations of BAC (starting at 0.180mg/L). Furthermore, exposure to BAC resulted in the establishment of genotoxic alterations, observable (for the specific case of the comet assay results) for all tested BAC concentrations. However, and considering that the oxidative response was not devisable, other mechanisms may be involved in the genotoxic effects reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Antunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - B Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - S Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Fernandes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS/UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - A T Correia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS/UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR-CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 450-123 Porto, Portugal
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80
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Fisher SC, Phillips PJ, Brownawell BJ, Browne JP. Comparison of wastewater-associated contaminants in the bed sediment of Hempstead Bay, New York, before and after Hurricane Sandy. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:499-508. [PMID: 27045048 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in bed sediment chemistry of Hempstead Bay (HB) have been evaluated in the wake of Hurricane Sandy, which resulted in the release of billions of liters of poorly-treated sewage into tributaries and channels throughout the bay. Surficial grab samples (top 5cm) collected before and (or) after Hurricane Sandy from sixteen sites in HB were analyzed for 74 wastewater tracers and steroid hormones, and total organic carbon. Data from pre- and post-storm comparisons of the most frequently detected wastewater tracers and ratios of steroid hormone and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations indicate an increased sewage signal near outfalls and downstream of where raw sewage was discharged. Median concentration of wastewater tracers decreased after the storm at sites further from outfalls. Overall, changes in sediment quality probably resulted from a combination of additional sewage inputs, sediment redistribution, and stormwater runoff in the days to weeks following Hurricane Sandy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Fisher
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2045 Route 112, Building 4, Coram, NY 11727, United States.
| | | | - Bruce J Brownawell
- Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Dana Hall, Room 127, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - James P Browne
- Town of Hempstead Department of Conservation and Waterways, Lido Blvd., Point Lookout, NY 11569, United States
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81
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Gong T, Zhang X, Li Y, Xian Q. Formation and toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts resulting from linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:70-75. [PMID: 26849197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are an important group of organic pollutants in urban wastewater effluents. The practice of using seawater for toilet flushing results in saline wastewater effluents, which contain high levels of bromide ions. Chlorine is most commonly used in wastewater disinfection. During chlorination of freshwater or saline wastewater effluents, some halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from LAS could be formed. In this study, the overall formation of halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS was quantified by total organic halogen (TOX) measurement. Polar halogenated DBPs resulting from LAS were detected with a novel precursor ion scan method. The structures and formation pathways of the major ones were tentatively proposed. The overall toxicity of different scenarios of LAS samples was evaluated with embryos of a marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. The results demonstrate that chlorinated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS without bromide, while brominated DBPs were generated during chlorination of LAS with bromide. The TOX concentrations were relatively low, indicating that LAS were not quite reactive with halogen. The major polar chlorinated and brominated DBPs resulting from LAS were proposed to be 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and 2,6-dibromo-3,5-dihydroxy-4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, which belong to a group of DBPs with similar structures but different halogen atoms, and their formation pathways were tentatively proposed. The results also reveal that the undisinfected LAS sample was the least toxic, followed by the chlorinated LAS sample without bromide, and the chlorinated LAS sample with bromide was the most toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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82
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Mailler R, Gasperi J, Coquet Y, Buleté A, Vulliet E, Deshayes S, Zedek S, Mirande-Bret C, Eudes V, Bressy A, Caupos E, Moilleron R, Chebbo G, Rocher V. Removal of a wide range of emerging pollutants from wastewater treatment plant discharges by micro-grain activated carbon in fluidized bed as tertiary treatment at large pilot scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:983-96. [PMID: 26571333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the solutions to reduce micropollutant discharges into the aquatic environment, activated carbon adsorption is a promising technique and a large scale pilot has been tested at the Seine Centre (240,000 m(3)/d - Paris, France) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). While most of available works studied fixed bed or contact reactors with a separated separation step, this study assesses a new type of tertiary treatment based on a fluidized bed containing a high mass of activated carbon, continuously renewed. For the first time in the literature, micro-grain activated carbon (μGAC) was studied. The aims were (1) to determine the performances of fluidized bed operating with μCAG on both emerging micropollutants and conventional wastewater quality parameters, and (2) to compare its efficiency and applicability to wastewater to former results obtained with PAC. Thus, conventional wastewater quality parameters (n=11), pharmaceuticals and hormones (PPHs; n=62) and other emerging pollutants (n=57) have been monitored in μGAC configuration during 13 campaigns. A significant correlation has been established between dissolved organic carbon (DOC), PPHs and UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254) removals. This confirms that UV-254 could be used as a tertiary treatment performance indicator to monitor the process. This parameter allowed identifying that the removals of UV-254 and DOC reach a plateau from a μGAC retention time (SRT) of 90-100 days. The μGAC configuration substantially improves the overall quality of the WWTP discharges by reducing biological (38-45%) and chemical oxygen demands (21-48%), DOC (13-44%) and UV-254 (22-48%). In addition, total suspended solids (TSS) are retained by the μGAC bed and a biological activity (nitratation) leads to a total elimination of NO2(-). For micropollutants, PPHs have a good affinity for μGAC and high (>60%) or very high (>80%) removals are observed for most of the quantified compounds (n=22/32), i.e. atenolol (92-97%), carbamazepine (80-94%), ciprofloxacin (75-95%), diclofenac (71-97%), oxazepam (74-91%) or sulfamethoxazole (56-83%). In addition, alkylphenols, artificial sweeteners, benzotriazole, bisphenol A, personal care products (triclocarban and parabens) and pesticides have removals lying in the 50 ->90% range. Overall, the fluidized bed of μGAC allows obtaining performances comparable to PAC at the same activated carbon dose. Indeed, the average removal of the 13 PPHs found at a high occurrence (>75%) in WWTP discharges is similar at 20 g/m(3) of μGAC (78-89%) and PAC (85-93%). In addition, this recycled μGAC operation leads to several operational advantages (no FeCl3, reactivable, higher SRT, higher treated flow) and has a stronger impact on the overall wastewater quality compared to PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mailler
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - J Gasperi
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Y Coquet
- SAUR, Direction de la Recherche et du Développement, 1 rue Antoine Lavoisier, 78064 Guyancourt, France
| | - A Buleté
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Université Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Vulliet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Université Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Deshayes
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; LCPP (Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Zedek
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - C Mirande-Bret
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - V Eudes
- LCPP (Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A Bressy
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), École des Ponts ParisTech, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - E Caupos
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - R Moilleron
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - G Chebbo
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), École des Ponts ParisTech, 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - V Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France
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83
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Tao H, Liao X, Wu Q, Xie X, Zhong F, Yi Z, Qin M, Wu Z. Carbon dots as fluorescent probe for "off-on" Detecting sodium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate in aqueous solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 153:268-272. [PMID: 26318701 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an "off-on" approach for the detection of sodium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate (SDBS) using carbon dots (CDs) as fluorescent probe. We firstly demonstrated that the fluorescence of CDs decreased apparently in the presence of ruthenium (Ru), and the system was thus "turn-off". The resulting CDs-Ru system was found to be sensitive to SDBS, SDBS not only serves to shelter the CDs effectively from being quenched, but also to reverse the quenching and restore the fluorescence due to its ability to remove Ru from the surface of CDs (turn-on). An eco-friendly, simple and sensitive platform for the detection of SDBS based on the CDs-Ru probes has been proposed. After the experimental conditions were optimized, the linear range for detection SDBS was 0.10-7.50 μg/mL, with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9988, detection limit was 0.033 μg/mL (3σ). This method is facile, rapid, low cost, environment-friendly, and possesses the potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Tao
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xiufen Liao
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Testing Institute of Product Quality, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiangli Xie
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fuxin Zhong
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhongsheng Yi
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mei Qin
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Testing Institute of Product Quality, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhenli Wu
- Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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84
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Richter E, Roller E, Kunkel U, Ternes TA, Coors A. Phytotoxicity of wastewater-born micropollutants--Characterisation of three antimycotics and a cationic surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:512-22. [PMID: 26552532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge applied to soil may be a valuable fertiliser but can also introduce poorly degradable and highly adsorptive wastewater-born residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) to the soil, posing a potential risk to the receiving environment. Three azole antimycotics (climbazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole), and one quaternary ammonium compound (benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, BDDA) that are frequently detected in municipal sewage sludge and/or treated wastewater were therefore characterised in their toxicity toward terrestrial (Brassica napus) and aquatic (Lemna minor) plants. Fluconazole and climbazole showed the greatest toxicity to B. napus, while toxicity of ketoconazole and BDDA was by one to two orders of magnitude lower. Sludge amendment to soil at an agriculturally realistic rate of 5 t/ha significantly reduced the bioconcentration of BDDA in B. napus shoots compared to tests without sludge amendment, although not significantly reducing phytotoxicity. Ketoconazole, fluconazole and BDDA proved to be very toxic to L. minor with median effective concentrations ranging from 55.7 μg/L to 969 μg/L. In aquatic as well as terrestrial plants, the investigated azoles exhibited growth-retarding symptoms presumably related to an interference with phytohormone synthesis as known for structurally similar fungicides used in agriculture. While all four substances exhibited considerable phytotoxicity, the effective concentrations were at least one order of magnitude higher than concentrations measured in sewage sludge and effluent. Based on preliminary hazard quotients, BDDA and climbazole appeared to be of greater environmental concern than the two pharmaceuticals fluconazole and ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Richter
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim / Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt / Main, Germany.
| | - Elias Roller
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim / Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim / Main, Germany
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85
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Tattevin P, Maillard JY, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Efflux pump induction by quaternary ammonium compounds and fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:81-92. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides, primarily those containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), are heavily used in hospital environments and various industries (e.g., food, water, cosmetic). To date, little attention has been paid to potential implications of QAC use in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in patients and in the environment. QAC-induced overexpression of efflux pumps can lead to: cross resistance with fluoroquinolones mediated by multidrug efflux pumps; stress response facilitating mutation in the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region; and biofilm formation increasing the risk of transfer of mobile genetic elements carrying fluoroquinolone or QAC resistance determinants. By following the European Biocidal Product Regulation, manufacturers of QAC are required to ensure that their QAC-based biocidal products are safe and will not contribute to emerging bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- INSERM U835, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
- Pôle Odontologie, Teaching Hospital, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Pôle Biologie, Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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86
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Liang C, Wang X, Peng X. Arsenic retention and transport behavior in the presence of typical anionic and nonionic surfactants. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 39:249-258. [PMID: 26899663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The massive production and wide use of surfactants have resulted in a large amount of surfactant residuals being discharged into the environment, which could have an impact on arsenic behavior. In the present study, the influence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100) on arsenic behavior was investigated in batch and column tests. The presence of SDBS and Triton X-100 reduced arsenic retention onto ferrihydrite (FH), enhanced arsenic transport through FH coated sand (FH-sand) columns and promoted arsenic release from the FH surface. With coexisting surfactants in solution, the equilibrium adsorbed amount of arsenic on FH decreased by up to 29.7% and the adsorption rate decreased by up to 52.3%. Pre-coating with surfactants caused a decrease in the adsorbed amount and adsorption rate of arsenic by up to 15.1% and 58.3%, respectively. Because of the adsorption attenuation caused by surfactants, breakthrough of As(V) and As(III) with SDBS in columns packed with FH-sand was 23.8% and 14.3% faster than that in those without SDBS, respectively. In columns packed with SDBS-coated FH-sand, transport of arsenic was enhanced to a greater extent. Breakthrough of As(V) and As(III) was 52.4% and 43.8% faster and the cumulative retention amount was 44.5% and 57.3% less than that in pure FH-sand column systems, respectively. Mobilization of arsenic by surfactants increased with the increase of the initial adsorbed amount of arsenic. The cumulative release amount of As(V) and As(III) from the packed column reached 10.8% and 36.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xianjia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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87
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Kegler P, Baum G, Indriana LF, Wild C, Kunzmann A. Physiological Response of the Hard Coral Pocillopora verrucosa from Lombok, Indonesia, to Two Common Pollutants in Combination with High Temperature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142744. [PMID: 26555818 PMCID: PMC4640544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on interactive effects of global (e.g. ocean warming) and local stressors (e.g. pollution) is needed to develop appropriate management strategies for coral reefs. Surfactants and diesel are common coastal pollutants, but knowledge of their effects on hard corals as key reef ecosystem engineers is scarce. This study thus investigated the physiological reaction of Pocillopora verrucosa from Lombok, Indonesia, to exposure with a) the water-soluble fraction of diesel (determined by total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); 0.69 ± 0.14 mg L-1), b) the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS; 0.95 ± 0.02 mg L-1) and c) combinations of each pollutant with high temperature (+3°C). To determine effects on metabolism, respiration, photosynthetic efficiency and coral tissue health were measured. Findings revealed no significant effects of diesel, while LAS resulted in severe coral tissue losses (16-95% after 84 h). High temperature led to an increase in photosynthetic yield of corals after 48 h compared to the control treatment, but no difference was detected thereafter. In combination, diesel and high temperature significantly increased coral dark respiration, whereas LAS and high temperature caused higher tissue losses (81-100% after 84 h) and indicated a severe decline in maximum quantum yield. These results confirm the hypothesized combined effects of high temperature with either of the two investigated pollutants. Our study demonstrates the importance of reducing import of these pollutants in coastal areas in future adaptive reef management, particularly in the context of ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kegler
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gunilla Baum
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa F. Indriana
- Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical Implementation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Pemenang, Indonesia
| | - Christian Wild
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
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88
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Geerts R, van Ginkel CG, Plugge CM. Accurate assessment of the biodegradation of cationic surfactants in activated sludge reactors (OECD TG 303A). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 118:83-89. [PMID: 25913361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The continuous-fed activated sludge test (OECD TG 303A) was used to predict the removal of cationic surfactants from wastewater in activated sludge plants. However, a method to differentiate between adsorption and biodegradation is not provided in these guidelines. Assessment of removal by biodegradation was possible with analysis of the surfactant present in mixed liquid suspended solids in combination with a simple equation. This equation was derived from the mass balance of the activated sludge unit in steady state. The removal by biodegradation of decylamine, tetradecylamine, octadecylamine, dioctadecylmethylamine and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride that have different capacities to adsorb was >99.9%, >99.9%, 98.2%, 94.2%, and 69.0%, respectively. The total removal of all five cationic surfactants from the influent was ≥98.8%. The removal of octadecylamine spiked at different influent concentrations indicated first order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Geerts
- AkzoNobel N.V., P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Caroline M Plugge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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89
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Mesoporous carbonaceous materials for single and simultaneous removal of organic pollutants: Activated carbons vs. carbon nanotubes. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Yu ZG, Zhu MY, Shen LQ. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): a review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:352-62. [PMID: 25770948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely applied in household and industrial products. Most uses of QACs can be expected to lead to their release to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and then dispersed into various environmental compartments through sewage effluent and sludge land application. Although QACs are considered to be aerobically biodegradable, the degradation is affected by its chemical structures, dissolved oxygen concentration, complexing with anionic surfactants, etc. High abundance of QACs has been detected in sediment and sludge samples due to its strong sorption and resistance to biodegradation under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. QACs are toxic to a lot of aquatic organisms including fish, daphnids, algae, rotifer and microorganisms employed in wastewater treatment systems. And antibiotic resistance has emerged in microorganisms due to excessive use of QACs in household and industrial applications. The occurrence of QACs in the environment is correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater discharge from WWTPs or single source polluters, and sludge land application. This article also reviews the analytical methods for determination of QACs in environmental compartments including surface water, wastewater, sewage sludge and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fang Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guang-ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhong-zhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-gang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meng-ying Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liu-qing Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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91
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Barber LB, Loyo-Rosales JE, Rice CP, Minarik TA, Oskouie AK. Endocrine disrupting alkylphenolic chemicals and other contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents, urban streams, and fish in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River Regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 517:195-206. [PMID: 25727675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban streams are an integral part of the municipal water cycle and provide a point of discharge for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, allowing additional attenuation through dilution and transformation processes, as well as a conduit for transporting contaminants to downstream water supplies. Domestic and commercial activities dispose of wastes down-the-drain, resulting in wastewater containing complex chemical mixtures that are only partially removed during treatment. A key issue associated with WWTP effluent discharge into streams is the potential to cause endocrine disruption in fish. This study provides a long-term (1999-2009) evaluation of the occurrence of alkylphenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other contaminants discharged from WWTPs into streams in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River Regions (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio). The Greater Metropolitan Chicago Area Waterways, Illinois, were evaluated to determine contaminant concentrations in the major WWTP effluents and receiving streams, and assess the behavior of EDCs from their sources within the sewer collection system, through the major treatment unit processes at a WWTP, to their persistence and transport in the receiving stream. Water samples were analyzed for alkylphenolic EDCs and other contaminants, including 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-nonylphenolpolyethoxylates (NPEO), 4-nonylphenolethoxycarboxylic acids (NPEC), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-tert-octylphenolpolyethoxylates (OPEO), bisphenol A, triclosan, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and trace elements. All of the compounds were detected in all of the WWTP effluents, with EDTA and NPEC having the greatest concentrations. The compounds also were detected in the WWTP effluent dominated rivers. Multiple fish species were collected from river and lake sites and analyzed for NP, NPEO, NPEC, OP, and OPEO. Whole-body fish tissue analysis indicated widespread occurrence of alkylphenolic compounds, with the highest concentrations occurring in streams with the greatest WWTP effluent content. Biomarkers of endocrine disruption in the fish indicated long-term exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the wastewater impacted urban waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry B Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jorge E Loyo-Rosales
- Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Clifford P Rice
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Environmental Management and Byproducts Utilization Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Thomas A Minarik
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, 6001 West Pershing Road, Cicero, IL 60804, USA
| | - Ali K Oskouie
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, 6001 West Pershing Road, Cicero, IL 60804, USA; Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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92
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Braguglia CM, Coors A, Gallipoli A, Gianico A, Guillon E, Kunkel U, Mascolo G, Richter E, Ternes TA, Tomei MC, Mininni G. Quality assessment of digested sludges produced by advanced stabilization processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7216-7235. [PMID: 24903249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The European Union (EU) Project Routes aimed to discover new routes in sludge stabilization treatments leading to high-quality digested sludge, suitable for land application. In order to investigate the impact of different enhanced sludge stabilization processes such as (a) thermophilic digestion integrated with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (TT), (b) sonication before mesophilic/thermophilic digestion (UMT), and (c) sequential anaerobic/aerobic digestion (AA) on digested sludge quality, a broad class of conventional and emerging organic micropollutants as well as ecotoxicity was analyzed, extending the assessment beyond the parameters typically considered (i.e., stability index and heavy metals). The stability index was improved by adding aerobic posttreatment or by operating dual-stage process but not by pretreatment integration. Filterability was worsened by thermophilic digestion, either alone (TT) or coupled with mesophilic digestion (UMT). The concentrations of heavy metals, present in ranking order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr ~ Ni > Cd > Hg, were always below the current legal requirements for use on land and were not removed during the processes. Removals of conventional and emerging organic pollutants were greatly enhanced by performing double-stage digestion (UMT and AA treatment) compared to a single-stage process as TT; the same trend was found as regards toxicity reduction. Overall, all the digested sludges exhibited toxicity to the soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis at concentrations about factor 100 higher than the usual application rate of sludge to soil in Europe. For earthworms, a safety margin of factor 30 was generally achieved for all the digested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Braguglia
- Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque-CNR, Area della Ricerca RM1, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy,
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93
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Ncibi MC, Gaspard S, Sillanpää M. As-synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the removal of ionic and non-ionic surfactants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:195-203. [PMID: 25585268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This research deals with the application of untreated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in their agglomerates form for the removal of non-ionic (TX-100), cationic (CTAB) and anionic (SDBS) surfactants from aqueous media. In order to optimize the removal process, the influence of several key parameters was investigated including contact time under different solid/liquid ratios, initial solution pH, temperature, along with ultrasonication assistance and desorption assays. Experimentations revealed that pH variation enhanced the removal capacities at optimum values of 6, 2 and 8 for TX-100, SDBS and CTAB, respectively, and that hydrophobic interaction is a major adsorption factor, especially for non-ionic surfactant with possible electrostatic interactions occurring for the ionic ones. As well, removal efficiencies peaked for an optimum temperature range between 35 and 45 °C. As for the ultrasonication assistance, it enhanced the overall removal capacities, especially that of the ionic surfactant, with an enhancement of 52% for the case of SDBS after 1h of treatment. The modeling results revealed that the pseudo-second order model provided the best correlation of the dynamic data and that the process was controlled by intraparticle diffusion phenomena. At equilibrium, and under optimized experimental conditions, untreated MWCNTs showed promising removal capacities with 359, 312 and 156 mg/g for TX-100, SDBS and CTAB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Chaker Ncibi
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Sarra Gaspard
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157 Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
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94
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Carbajo JB, Perdigón-Melón JA, Petre AL, Rosal R, Letón P, García-Calvo E. Personal care product preservatives: risk assessment and mixture toxicities with an industrial wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:174-185. [PMID: 25585550 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic toxicity of eight preservatives frequently used in personal care products (PCPs) (iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, bronopol, diazolidinyl urea, benzalkonium chloride, zinc pyrithione, propylparaben, triclosan and a mixture of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone) was assessed by means of two different approaches: a battery of bioassays composed of single species tests of bacteria (Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida) and protozoa (Tetrahymena thermophila), and a whole biological community resazurin-based assay using activated sludge. The tested preservatives showed considerable toxicity in the studied bioassays, but with a marked difference in potency. In fact, all biocides except propylparaben and diazolidinyl urea had EC50 values lower than 1 mg L(-1) in at least one assay. Risk quotients for zinc pyrithione, benzalkonium chloride, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and triclosan as well as the mixture of the studied preservatives exceeded 1, indicating a potential risk for the process performance and efficiency of municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). These four single biocides explained more than 95% of the preservative mixture risk in all bioassays. Each individual preservative was also tested in combination with an industrial wastewater (IWW) from a cosmetics manufacturing facility. The toxicity assessment was performed on binary mixtures (preservative + IWW) and carried out using the median-effect principle, which is a special case of the concept of Concentration Addition (CA). Almost 70% of all experiments resulted in EC50 values within a factor of 2 of the values predicted by the median-effect principle (CI values between 0.5 and 2). The rest of the mixtures whose toxicity was mispredicted by CA were assessed with the alternative concept of Independent Action (IA), which showed higher predictive power for the biological community assay. Therefore, the concept used to accurately predict the toxicity of mixtures of a preservative with a complex industrial wastewater depends on degree of biological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose B Carbajo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Perdigón-Melón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alice L Petre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Advanced Study Institute of Madrid, IMDEA-Agua, Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Letón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Advanced Study Institute of Madrid, IMDEA-Agua, Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloy García-Calvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Advanced Study Institute of Madrid, IMDEA-Agua, Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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95
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Mailler R, Gasperi J, Coquet Y, Deshayes S, Zedek S, Cren-Olivé C, Cartiser N, Eudes V, Bressy A, Caupos E, Moilleron R, Chebbo G, Rocher V. Study of a large scale powdered activated carbon pilot: Removals of a wide range of emerging and priority micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:315-30. [PMID: 25466636 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a fluidized powdered activated carbon (PAC) pilot (CarboPlus(®)) was studied in both nominal (total nitrification + post denitrification) and degraded (partial nitrification + no denitrification) configuration of the Seine Centre WWTP (Colombes, France). In addition to conventional wastewater parameters 54 pharmaceuticals and hormones (PhPHs) and 59 other emerging pollutants were monitored in influents and effluents of the pilot. Thus, the impacts of the WWTP configuration, the process operation and the physico-chemical properties of the studied compounds were assessed in this article. Among the 26 PhPHs quantified in nominal WWTP configuration influents, 8 have high dissolved concentrations (>100 ng/L), 11 have an intermediary concentration (10-100 ng/L) and 7 are quantified below 10 ng/L. Sulfamethoxazole is predominant (about 30% of the sum of the PhPHs). Overall, 6 PhPHs are poorly to moderately removed (<60%), such as ibuprofen, paracetamol or estrone, while 9 are very well removed (>80%), i.e. beta blockers, carbamazepine or trimethoprim, and 11 are well eliminated (60-80%), i.e. diclofenac, naproxen or sulfamethoxazole. In degraded WWTP configuration, higher levels of organic matter and higher concentrations of most pollutants are observed. Consequently, most PhPHs are substantially less removed in percentages but the removed flux is higher. Thus, the PAC dose required to achieve a given removal percentage is higher in degraded WWTP configuration. For the other micropollutants (34 quantified), artificial sweeteners and phthalates are found at particularly high concentrations in degraded WWTP configuration influents, up to μg/L range. Only pesticides, bisphenol A and parabens are largely eliminated (50-95%), while perfluorinated acids, PAHs, triclosan and sweeteners are not or weakly removed (<50%). The remaining compounds exhibit a very variable fate from campaign to campaign. The fresh PAC dose was identified as the most influencing operation parameter and is strongly correlated to performances. Charge and hydrophobicity of compounds have been recognized as crucial for the micropollutant adsorption on PAC, as well as the molecular weight. Finally, a PAC dose of 10 mg/L allows an average removal of 72-80% of the sum of the PhPHs in nominal WWTP configuration. The comparaison of the results with those from the scarce other studies tends to indicate that an extrapolation of them to different PAC processes and to other WWTPs could be possible and relevant, taking into account the differences of water quality from WWTP to WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mailler
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - J Gasperi
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Y Coquet
- SAUR, Direction de la Recherche et du Développement, 1 rue Antoine Lavoisier, 78064 Guyancourt, France
| | - S Deshayes
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; LCPP (Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Zedek
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - C Cren-Olivé
- ISA (UMR 5280, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS), 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N Cartiser
- ISA (UMR 5280, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS), 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - V Eudes
- LCPP (Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police), 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A Bressy
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - E Caupos
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - R Moilleron
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - G Chebbo
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - V Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France
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96
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Huang B, Li X, Sun W, Ren D, Li X, Li X, Liu Y, Li Q, Pan X. Occurrence, removal, and fate of progestogens, androgens, estrogens, and phenols in six sewage treatment plants around Dianchi Lake in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12898-12908. [PMID: 24974791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sewage treatment plants (STPs), especially estrogens and phenols, have been closely concerned in previous studies. However, the systematical researches about progestogens and androgens were scarce in STPs adopting different treatment technologies. This work investigated the occurrence, removal, and fate of one progestogen, three androgens, four estrogens, and six phenols in six STPs around Dianchi Lake in China, where the influents, effluents of primary treatment, secondary treatment, and advanced treatment, as well as excess sludge samples, were analyzed. All of the above EDCs were detected out in influents of the six STPs. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate, and nonylphenol-diethoxylate were the dominant EDCs detected in those influent samples with the concentrations that varied from 637.6 to 1,684.0 ng/L, 633.8 to 1,540.0 ng/L, and 648.7 to 2,246.0 ng/L, respectively; E1 and dihydrotestosterone were the major steroids with the mean concentration of 126.8 and 277.4 ng/L. For effluents and sludges, phenols showed higher concentration (366.8-1,233.0 ng/L and 1,478.1-6,948.9 ng/g dry weight (dw)) and detection rate (100 %). The total removal rates were more than 80 % for most compounds in wastewater treatment processes, and high removal efficiency (86-100 %) was found for androgens and progestogens compared with estrogens (75-92 %) and phenols (62-85 %). The secondary treatment processes play significant roles on degrading EDCs, whereas the primary sedimentation has little effects. The treatment capacity of anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic membrane bioreactor and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic technologies was superior to the conventional oxidation ditch in the degradation of EDCs. The advanced treatment process, two units of filter (D-type or V-type), and ultraviolet disinfection were adopted and presented effective to remove these compounds. According to fate analysis, it was obvious that biological degradation was the main pathway on the removal of EDCs in STPs compared with adsorption. Risk quotients were calculated to assess ecological risks of those EDCs. Risk quotients of 54 and 61 % were more than 1 in effluents and sludges, respectively, showing potential hazard of effluents and sludges to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
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97
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Kopiec D, Rydlichowski R, Zembrzuska J, Budnik I, Lukaszewski Z. Removal of Non-Ionic Surfactants in an Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Plant. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Non-ionic surfactants (NS) are a major source of synthetic organic carbon discharged into surface water. The aim of this work was the investigation of the influence of different factors on NS removal in an activated sludge sewage treatment plant (STP). Tensammetric analytical tools were used for fast and inexpensive NS determination. The STP in Blonie (Poland) was the subject of research. The STP's reconstruction caused a spectacular lowering of NS concentration in the treated sewage; however, in subsequent years, NS concentration significantly rose, due to a dramatic increase in the NS load. The NS load reduction in the reconstructed STP was relatively high (93.4–97.9%). The presence of exclusively alcohol ethoxylates was confirmed in the raw sewage. The residual NS concentration in treated sewage is dependent on the hydraulic retention time, the NS load and on the sludge volume index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopiec
- The Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Company in Błonie , Poland
| | - Robert Rydlichowski
- Poznan University of Technology , Chemical Technology Faculty, Poznan , Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology , Chemical Technology Faculty, Poznan , Poland
| | - Irena Budnik
- Poznan University of Technology , Chemical Technology Faculty, Poznan , Poland
| | - Zenon Lukaszewski
- Poznan University of Technology , Chemical Technology Faculty, Poznan , Poland
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98
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Brycki B, Waligórska M, Szulc A. The biodegradation of monomeric and dimeric alkylammonium surfactants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:797-815. [PMID: 25244074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are salts known for having antiseptic and disinfectant properties. These compounds are toxic to aquatic organisms and should thus be removed from wastewater before its discharge into surface waters. The biodegradation of QACs takes place in the presence of microorganisms under aerobic conditions. The susceptibility of these compounds to degradation depends on numerous parameters. A number of them, such as the structure-adsorption on solids, and concentration of the QACs, as well as the presence of additional substances, have been reviewed in this article. Moreover, the biodegradability of new dimeric alkylammonium salts, i.e., cationic gemini surfactants, has been discussed and compared with that of anionic and nonionic geminis. The biodegradation study of monomeric and dimeric alkylammonium surfactants show that they are not easily degraded. The degradation process is very complex and strongly depends on the structure of the compound, adsorption-desorption processes on sludge, type of microorganism consortia and the presence of anions. Alkylammonium surfactants with biological motifs, like amide, peptides or carbohydrates, are much better degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Waligórska
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
| | - Adrianna Szulc
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań 60-780, Poland
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99
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Ruan T, Song S, Wang T, Liu R, Lin Y, Jiang G. Identification and composition of emerging quaternary ammonium compounds in municipal sewage sludge in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4289-97. [PMID: 24654682 DOI: 10.1021/es4050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have raised considerable attention due to their wide commercial applications and recent discovery of unknown persistent analogues in aqueous environment. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMAC), benzylakyldimethylethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) homologues were investigated in fifty-two municipal sewage sludge samples. ATMAC C10-18, BAC C8-18 and paired DADMAC C8:8-C18:18 as well as emerging homologues such as ATMAC-20, 22 and mixed DADMAC-16:18 and 14:16 were present. Furthermore, paired DADMAC-20:20 and mixed DADMAC-14:18, 18:20 were identified for the first time by nontarget qualitative strategies. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer quantification method was also initially verified with the aid of laboratory synthesized standards for the analysis of the mixed DADMACs with no certificated commercial standards currently available. The total concentrations of ATMACs, BACs and DADMACs were in the range of 0.38-293, 0.09-191 and 0.64-344 μg/g dry weight, respectively, and particularly, mixed DADMACs constituted 39 ± 7% of total DADMAC concentrations. The concentrations and profiles of individual homologues further suggested different QAC applications and fate in China. Significant correlations were also found among the concentrations of various QAC homologues as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (total organic carbon contents and daily treatment volumes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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100
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Mailler R, Gasperi J, Rocher V, Gilbert-Pawlik S, Geara-Matta D, Moilleron R, Chebbo G. Biofiltration vs conventional activated sludge plants: what about priority and emerging pollutants removal? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:5379-5390. [PMID: 24366825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper compares the removal performances of two complete wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for all priority substances listed in the Water Framework Directive and additional compounds of interest including flame retardants, surfactants, pesticides, and personal care products (PCPs) (n = 104). First, primary treatments such as physicochemical lamellar settling (PCLS) and primary settling (PS) are compared. Similarly, biofiltration (BF) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) are then examined. Finally, the removal efficiency per unit of nitrogen removed of both WWTPs for micropollutants is discussed, as nitrogenous pollution treatment results in a special design of processes and operational conditions. For primary treatments, hydrophobic pollutants (log K ow > 4) are well removed (>70 %) for both systems despite high variations of removal. PCLS allows an obvious gain of about 20 % regarding pollutant removals, as a result of better suspended solids elimination and possible coagulant impact on soluble compounds. For biological treatments, variations of removal are much weaker, and the majority of pollutants are comparably removed within both systems. Hydrophobic and volatile compounds are well (>60 %) or very well removed (>80 %) by sorption and volatilization. Some readily biodegradable molecules are better removed by CAS, indicating a better biodegradation. A better sorption of pollutants on activated sludge could be also expected considering the differences of characteristics between a biofilm and flocs. Finally, comparison of global processes efficiency using removals of micropollutants load normalized to nitrogen shows that PCLS + BF is as efficient as PS + CAS despite a higher compactness and a shorter hydraulic retention time (HRT). Only some groups of pollutants seem better removed by PS + CAS like alkylphenols, flame retardants, or di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), thanks to better biodegradation and sorption resulting from HRT and biomass characteristics. For both processes, and out of the 68 molecules found in raw water, only half of them are still detected in the water discharged, most of the time close to their detection limit. However, some of them are detected at higher concentrations (>1 μg/L and/or lower than environmental quality standards), which is problematic as they represent a threat for aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mailler
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France,
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