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Ototoxicity of Divalent Metals. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:268-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shah KM, Wilkinson JM, Gartland A. Cobalt and chromium exposure affects osteoblast function and impairs the mineralization of prosthesis surfaces in vitro. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1663-70. [PMID: 25929464 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions and nanoparticles equivalent to those released through tribo-corrosion of prosthetic metal-on-metal (MOM) bearings and taper junctions are detrimental to osteoblast activity and function in vitro when examined as individual species. Here we examined the effects of Co(2+):Cr(3+) and Co(2+):Cr(6+) combinations on osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cellular activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization to better reflect clinical exposure conditions in vivo. We also assessed the effect of Co(2+):Cr(3+) combinations and Co:Cr nanoparticles on SaOS-2 cell osteogenic responses on grit-blasted, plasma-sprayed titanium-coated, and hydroxyapatite-coated prosthesis surfaces. Cellular activity and ALP activity were reduced to a greater extent with combination treatments compared to individual ions. Co(2+) and Cr(3+) interacted additively and synergistically to reduce cellular activity and ALP activity, respectively, while the Co(2+) with Cr(6+) combination was dominated by the effect of Cr(6+) alone. Mineralization by osteoblasts was greater on hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces compared to grit-blasted and plasma-sprayed titanium-coated surfaces. Treatments with Co(2+):Cr(3+) ions and Co:Cr nanoparticles reduced the percentage mineralization on all surfaces, with hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces having the least reduction. In conclusion, our data suggests that previous studies investigating individual metal ions underestimate their potential clinical effects on osteoblast activity. Furthermore, the data suggests that hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces may modulate osteoblast responses to metal debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan M Shah
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Fedorovych D, Boretsky Y, Bobak Y, Prokopiv T, Sybirny A. Putative ferroxidases in the Flavinogenic yeast Pichia guilliermondii are regulated by iron acquisition. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452715050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on transition metals. All transition metal cations are toxic-those that are essential for Escherichia coli and belong to the first transition period of the periodic system of the element and also the "toxic-only" metals with higher atomic numbers. Common themes are visible in the metabolism of these ions. First, there is transport. High-rate but low-affinity uptake systems provide a variety of cations and anions to the cells. Control of the respective systems seems to be mainly through regulation of transport activity (flux control), with control of gene expression playing only a minor role. If these systems do not provide sufficient amounts of a needed ion to the cell, genes for ATP-hydrolyzing high-affinity but low-rate uptake systems are induced, e.g., ABC transport systems or P-type ATPases. On the other hand, if the amount of an ion is in surplus, genes for efflux systems are induced. By combining different kinds of uptake and efflux systems with regulation at the levels of gene expression and transport activity, the concentration of a single ion in the cytoplasm and the composition of the cellular ion "bouquet" can be rapidly adjusted and carefully controlled. The toxicity threshold of an ion is defined by its ability to produce radicals (copper, iron, chromate), to bind to sulfide and thiol groups (copper, zinc, all cations of the second and third transition period), or to interfere with the metabolism of other ions. Iron poses an exceptional metabolic problem due its metabolic importance and the low solubility of Fe(III) compounds, combined with the ability to cause dangerous Fenton reactions. This dilemma for the cells led to the evolution of sophisticated multi-channel iron uptake and storage pathways to prevent the occurrence of unbound iron in the cytoplasm. Toxic metals like Cd2+ bind to thiols and sulfide, preventing assembly of iron complexes and releasing the metal from iron-sulfur clusters. In the unique case of mercury, the cation can be reduced to the volatile metallic form. Interference of nickel and cobalt with iron is prevented by the low abundance of these metals in the cytoplasm and their sequestration by metal chaperones, in the case of nickel, or by B12 and its derivatives, in the case of cobalt. The most dangerous metal, copper, catalyzes Fenton-like reactions, binds to thiol groups, and interferes with iron metabolism. E. coli solves this problem probably by preventing copper uptake, combined with rapid efflux if the metal happens to enter the cytoplasm.
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Rodríguez-Yáñez Y, Bahena-Uribe D, Chávez-Munguía B, López-Marure R, González-Monroy S, Cisneros B, Albores A. Commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes effects in fibrinolysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1201-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Spigoni V, Cito M, Alinovi R, Pinelli S, Passeri G, Zavaroni I, Goldoni M, Campanini M, Aliatis I, Mutti A, Bonadonna RC, Dei Cas A. Effects of TiO₂ and Co₃O₄ nanoparticles on circulating angiogenic cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119310. [PMID: 25803285 PMCID: PMC4372399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Sparse evidence suggests a possible link between exposure to airborne nanoparticles (NPs) and cardiovascular (CV) risk, perhaps through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammation. We assessed the effects of TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs in human circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), which take part in vascular endothelium repair/replacement. Methods CACs were isolated from healthy donors’ buffy coats after culturing lymphomonocytes on fibronectin-coated dishes in endothelial medium for 7 days. CACs were pre-incubated with increasing concentration of TiO2 and Co3O4 (from 1 to 100 μg/ml) to test the effects of NP – characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy – on CAC viability, apoptosis (caspase 3/7 activation), function (fibronectin adhesion assay), oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Results Neither oxidative stress nor cell death were associated with exposure to TiO2 NP (except at the highest concentration tested), which, however, induced a higher pro-inflammatory effect compared to Co3O4 NPs (p<0.01). Exposure to Co3O4 NPs significantly reduced cell viability (p<0.01) and increased caspase activity (p<0.01), lipid peroxidation end-products (p<0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression (p<0.05 or lower). Notably, CAC functional activity was impaired after exposure to both TiO2 (p<0.05 or lower) and Co3O4 (p<0.01) NPs. Conclusions In vitro exposure to TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs exerts detrimental effects on CAC viability and function, possibly mediated by accelerated apoptosis, increased oxidant stress (Co3O4 NPs only) and enhancement of inflammatory pathways (both TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs). Such adverse effects may be relevant for a potential role of exposure to TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs in enhancing CV risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spigoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monia Cito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Alinovi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Andrology, Metabolic Bone Diseases and Endocrinology. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ivana Zavaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Diabetes and prevention of associated diseases. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Goldoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Campanini
- IMEM-CNR (Istituto Materiale per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) Institute, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Aliatis
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Mutti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo C. Bonadonna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dei Cas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Moche H, Chevalier D, Vezin H, Claude N, Lorge E, Nesslany F. Genotoxicity of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) nanoparticles in vitro: mechanisms-of-action studies. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 779:15-22. [PMID: 25813722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) nanoparticles (NP) can be used as a nanoparticulate positive control in some in vitro mammalian genotoxicity assays. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of action involved in WC-Co NP genotoxicity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells and primary human lymphocytes, in vitro. Data from the micronucleus assay coupled with centromere staining and from the chromosome-aberration assay show the involvement of both clastogenic and aneugenic events. Experiments with the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay showed a slight (non-significant) increase in FPG-sensitive sites in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells but not in the human lymphocytes. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping results showed the presence of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in WC-Co NP suspensions, with or without cells, but with time-dependent production in the presence of cells. However, a significant difference in •OH production was observed between human lymphocytes from two different donors. Using H2O2, we showed that WC-Co NP can participate in Fenton-like reactions. Thus, •OH might be produced either via intrinsic generation by WC-Co NP or through a Fenton-like reaction in the presence of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Moche
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Servier Group, 45520 Gidy, France; EA 4483, Université Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; EA 4483, Université Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France.
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Evidence against implant-derived cobalt toxicity: Case report and retrospective study of serum cobalt concentrations in an orthopedic implant population. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:130-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Harris RM, Williams TD, Waring RH, Hodges NJ. Molecular basis of carcinogenicity of tungsten alloy particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:223-33. [PMID: 25620057 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tungsten alloy of 91% tungsten, 6% nickel and 3% cobalt (WNC 91-6-3) induces rhabdomyosarcoma when implanted into a rat thigh muscle. To investigate whether this effect is species-specific human HSkMc primary muscle cells were exposed to WNC 91-6-3 particles and responses were compared with those from a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6-C11). Toxicity was assessed by the adenylate kinase assay and microscopy, DNA damage by the Comet assay. Caspase 3 enzyme activity was measured and oligonucleotide microarrays were used for transcriptional profiling. WNC 91-6-3 particles caused toxicity in cells adjacent to the particles and also increased DNA strand breaks. Inhibition of caspase 3 by WNC 91-6-3 occurred in rat but not in human cells. In both rat and human cells, the transcriptional response to WNC 91-6-3 showed repression of transcripts encoding muscle-specific proteins with induction of glycolysis, hypoxia, stress responses and transcripts associated with DNA damage and cell death. In human cells, genes encoding metallothioneins were also induced, together with genes related to angiogenesis, dysregulation of apoptosis and proliferation consistent with pre-neoplastic changes. An alloy containing iron, WNF 97-2-1, which is non-carcinogenic in vivo in rats, did not show these transcriptional changes in vitro in either species while the corresponding cobalt-containing alloy, WNC 97-2-1 elicited similar responses to WNC 91-6-3. Tungsten alloys containing both nickel and cobalt therefore have the potential to be carcinogenic in man and in vitro assays coupled with transcriptomics can be used to identify alloys, which may lead to tumour formation, by dysregulation of biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harris
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim D Williams
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rosemary H Waring
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Yu L, Wang J, Guo D, You W, Liu M, Zhang L, Li C. The kinetics and mechanism of photo-assisted Ag(i)-catalysed water oxidation with S2O82−. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:710-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that visible light (λ ≥ 400 nm) can improve Ag(i)-catalyzed water oxidation into O2 with S2O82− remarkably. The photo-assistant results from the absorbance of the AgO+ species at 375 nm, promoting the rate-determining step (AgO+ + H2O → Ag+ + H2O2). A reasonable mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yu
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Jidan Wang
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Guo
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Wansheng You
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Meiying Liu
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials
- Liaoning Normal University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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Dąbrowski JM, Pucelik B, Pereira MM, Arnaut LG, Macyk W, Stochel G. New hybrid materials based on halogenated metalloporphyrins for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19742b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impregnation of TiO2 with functionalized halogenated (metallo)porphyrins leads to novel materials with a superior photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 31-060 Kraków
- Poland
| | | | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Departament
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Wojciech Macyk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 31-060 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 31-060 Kraków
- Poland
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Tang N, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Li C. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using oxygen and a vanadophosphate catalyst for ultra-deep desulfurization of diesels. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dong J, Song L, Yin JJ, He W, Wu Y, Gu N, Zhang Y. Co₃O₄ nanoparticles with multi-enzyme activities and their application in immunohistochemical assay. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1959-1970. [PMID: 24387092 DOI: 10.1021/am405009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Co3O4 nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs), synthesized by the coprecipitation method, showed intrinsic catalase-like, peroxidase-like, and SOD-like activity. The catalytic activity of Co3O4 NPs was much higher than analogous Fe3O4 NPs. Co3O4's mechanisms of catalytic activity were analyzed in detail using the electron spin resonance (ESR) method, which confirmed that Co3O4 NPs don't follow the classical Fenton reactions with hydrogen peroxide the way Fe3O4 NPs do. The high redox potential of Co(3+)/Co(2+) was supposed to be the leading cause of the differences in both activity and mechanism with Fe3O4. Based on the high, peroxidase-like activity, a new immunohistochemical assay was designed in which the avastin antibody was conjugated onto the surface of Co3O4 NPs. The conjugates obtained were used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that was overexpressed in tumor tissue. When the experimental and control groups were stained, there were clear distinctions between them. This study showed that there are many opportunities to improve the enzyme-like activities of nanomaterials and also to improve their potential applications for biocatalysis and bioassays, especially in relatively harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
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Bailey DM, Rimoldi SF, Allemann Y, Sartori C, Scherrer U. Response. Chest 2014; 145:423-4. [PMID: 24493533 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Li WN, Lin F, Li XX, Zhang LC, You WS, Jiang ZX. Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of crystalline catalysts based on 3-D Ln3+–pdc2− frameworks and [BW12O40]5− and their heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of thiophene. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.816418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ning Li
- a Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , P.R. China
| | - Feng Lin
- b Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Li
- a Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , P.R. China
| | - Lan-Cui Zhang
- a Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , P.R. China
| | - Wan-Sheng You
- a Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , P.R. China
| | - Zong-Xuan Jiang
- b Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , P.R. China
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Serrano-Sierra A, Torres-Jardón R, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Smith D, Delgado-Chávez R, Cross JV, Medina-Cortina H, Kavanaugh M, Guilarte TR. The impact of environmental metals in young urbanites' brains. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2013; 65:503-11. [PMID: 22436577 PMCID: PMC3383886 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposures are linked to cognitive and olfaction deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration including frontal hyperphosphorylated tau and diffuse amyloid plaques in Mexico City children and young adults. Mexico City residents are chronically exposed to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations (containing toxic combustion and industrial metals) above the annual standard (15 μg/m(3)) and to contaminated water and soil. Here, we sought to address the brain-region-specific effects of metals and key neuroinflammatory and DNA repair responses in two air pollution targets: frontal lobe and olfactory bulb from 12 controls vs. 47 Mexico City children and young adults average age 33.06±4.8 SE years. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (metal analysis) and real time PCR (for COX2, IL1β and DNA repair genes) in target tissues. Mexico City residents had higher concentrations of metals associated with PM: manganese (p=0.003), nickel and chromium (p=0.02) along with higher frontal COX2 mRNA (p=0.008) and IL1β (p=0.0002) and COX2 (p=0.005) olfactory bulb indicating neuroinflammation. Frontal metals correlated with olfactory bulb DNA repair genes and with frontal and hippocampal inflammatory genes. Frontal manganese, cobalt and selenium increased with age in exposed subjects. Together, these findings suggest PM-metal neurotoxicity causes brain damage in young urbanites, the olfactory bulb is a target of air pollution and participates in the neuroinflammatory response and since metal concentrations vary significantly in Mexico City urban sub-areas, place of residency has to be integrated with the risk for CNS detrimental effects particularly in children.
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Belviso BD, Italiano F, Caliandro R, Carrozzini B, Costanza A, Trotta M. Cobalt binding in the photosynthetic bacterium R. sphaeroides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Biometals 2013; 26:693-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Paustenbach DJ, Tvermoes BE, Unice KM, Finley BL, Kerger BD. A review of the health hazards posed by cobalt. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:316-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.779633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Schimler SD, Hall DJ, Debbert SL. Anticancer (hexacarbonyldicobalt)propargyl aryl ethers: Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, apoptosis induction, and effect on cellular oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lee JC, Son YO, Pratheeshkumar P, Shi X. Oxidative stress and metal carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:742-57. [PMID: 22705365 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to metals are closely associated with an increased risk of various cancers. Although carcinogenesis caused by metals has been intensively investigated, the exact mechanisms of action are still unclear. Accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by metals play important roles in the etiology of degenerative and chronic diseases. This review covers recent advances in (1) metal-induced generation of ROS and the related mechanisms; (2) the relationship between metal-mediated ROS generation and carcinogenesis; and (3) the signaling proteins involved in metal-induced carcinogenesis, especially intracellular reduction-oxidation-sensitive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Chae Lee
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Genome-wide screen reveals novel mechanisms for regulating cobalt uptake and detoxification in fission yeast. Mol Genet Genomics 2012; 287:651-62. [PMID: 22806344 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-012-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt is an essential micronutrient but is toxic when present in excess. To study cobalt homeostasis we performed a genome-wide screen for deletion strains that show sensitivity or resistance to CoCl(2). Among 54 cobalt-sensitive strains, 18 are supersensitive strains, which are involved in histidine biosynthetic process, ubiquitination, mitochondria function, membrane trafficking, transporter and a variety of other known functions or still unknown functions. Furthermore, we identified 56 cobalt-resistant deletion strains, which are mainly involved in mitochondria function, signal transduction, ubiquitination, and gene expression and chromatin remodeling. Notably, deletion of the zhf1(+) gene, encoding a zinc ion transporter, confers supersensitivity to cobalt and overexpression of the zhf1(+) gene confers marked tolerance to cobalt, indicating that Zhf1 play key roles in cobalt detoxification. Interestingly, all the histidine-auxotrophic mutants displayed cobalt sensitivity and deletion of cationic amino acid transporter Cat1, which was shown to be involved in histidine uptake, suppressed the CoCl(2)-sensitive growth defect of the his2 mutants, suggesting that CoCl(2) may be transported into the cell together with histidine via histidine transporters including Cat1. In addition, we obtained results suggesting that the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Rhp6 and Sty1 stress MAP kinase pathway are involved in the regulation of cobalt homeostasis. Altogether, our genome-wide study demonstrates for the first time the mechanisms of cobalt homeostasis, particularly its uptake and detoxification in fission yeast.
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72
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Erturk FA, Ay H, Nardemir G, Agar G. Molecular determination of genotoxic effects of cobalt and nickel on maize (Zea mays L.) by RAPD and protein analyses. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:662-71. [PMID: 22499271 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of DNA damages stemming from toxic chemicals is an important issue in terms of genotoxicology. In this study, maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings were used for screening the genotoxic effects of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) treatments at various concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 40 mM). For this purpose, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to genomic DNA extracted from metal-exposed and unexposed plant materials. Besides, changes in total protein contents were screened by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. For RAPD analysis, 16 RAPD primers were found to produce unique polymorphic band profiles on different concentrations of Co-/Ni-treated maize seedlings. Increased polymorphism resulting from the appearance of new bands or disappearance of normal bands was observed with increasing concentration of Co and Ni treatments. Genomic template stability, a qualitative measurement of changes in RAPD patterns of genomic DNA, decreased with increasing metal concentration. In SDS-PAGE analysis, it was observed that the total soluble protein content decreased by Co treatment, while it increased by Ni treatment. The results obtained from this study revealed that RAPD profiles and total soluble protein levels can be applied to detect genotoxicity, and these analyses can offer useful biomarker assays for the evaluation of genotoxic effects on Co- and Ni-polluted plants.
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73
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Chang H, Tomoda S, Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Grootveld M. 1H NMR investigations of the molecular nature of cobalt(II) ions in human saliva. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 520:51-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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74
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Yin JJ, Fu PP, Lutterodt H, Zhou YT, Antholine WE, Wamer W. Dual role of selected antioxidants found in dietary supplements: crossover between anti- and pro-oxidant activities in the presence of copper. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2554-61. [PMID: 22339379 PMCID: PMC3971523 DOI: 10.1021/jf204724w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo can result in damage associated with many aging-associated diseases. Defenses against ROS that have evolved include antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, peroxidases, and catalases, which can scavenge ROS. In addition, endogenous and dietary antioxidants play an important role in moderating damage associated with ROS. In this study, we use four common dietary antioxidants to demonstrate that, in the presence of copper (cupric sulfate and cupric gluconate) and physiologically relevant levels of hydrogen peroxide, these antioxidants can also act as pro-oxidants by producing hydroxyl radicals. Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping techniques, we demonstrate that the level of hydroxyl radical formation is a function of the pH of the medium and the relative amounts of antioxidant and copper. On the basis of the level of hydroxyl radical formation, the relative pro-oxidant potential of these antioxidants is cysteine > ascorbate > EGCG > GSH. It has been reported that copper sequestered by protein ligands, as happens in vivo, loses its redox activity (diminishing/abolishing the formation of free radicals). However, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, cysteine and GSH efficiently react with cupric sulfate sequestered with bovine serum albumin to generate hydroxyl radicals. Overall, the results demonstrate that in the presence of copper, endogenous and dietary antioxidants can also exhibit pro-oxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
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75
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Silva TFS, Martins LMDRS, Guedes da Silva MFC, Fernandes AR, Silva A, Borralho PM, Santos S, Rodrigues CMP, Pombeiro AJL. Cobalt complexes bearing scorpionate ligands: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and DNA cleavage. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:12888-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11577h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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76
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Patel E, Lynch C, Ruff V, Reynolds M. Co-exposure to nickel and cobalt chloride enhances cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:367-75. [PMID: 22172632 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nickel and cobalt are heavy metals found in land, water, and air that can enter the body primarily through the respiratory tract and accumulate to toxic levels. Nickel compounds are known to be carcinogenic to humans and animals, while cobalt compounds produce tumors in animals and are probably carcinogenic to humans. People working in industrial and manufacturing settings have an increased risk of exposure to these metals. The cytotoxicity of nickel and cobalt has individually been demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanisms of co-exposure to these heavy metals have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of exposure of H460 human lung epithelial cells to nickel and cobalt, both alone and in combination, on cell survival, apoptotic mechanisms, and the generation of reactive oxygen species and double strand breaks. For simultaneous exposure, cells were exposed to a constant dose of 150 μM cobalt or nickel, which was found to be relatively nontoxic in single exposure experiments. We demonstrated that cells exposed simultaneously to cobalt and nickel exhibit a dose-dependent decrease in survival compared to the cells exposed to a single metal. The decrease in survival was the result of enhanced caspase 3 and 7 activation and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Co-exposure increased the production of ROS and the formation of double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine alleviated the toxic responses. Collectively, this study demonstrates that co-exposure to cobalt and nickel is significantly more toxic than single exposure and that toxicity is related to the formation of ROS and DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan Patel
- Department of Biology, Washington College, 300 Washington Ave., Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
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77
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Bleackley MR, Macgillivray RTA. Transition metal homeostasis: from yeast to human disease. Biometals 2011; 24:785-809. [PMID: 21479832 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are essential nutrients to all forms of life. Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt and nickel all have unique chemical and physical properties that make them attractive molecules for use in biological systems. Many of these same properties that allow these metals to provide essential biochemical activities and structural motifs to a multitude of proteins including enzymes and other cellular constituents also lead to a potential for cytotoxicity. Organisms have been required to evolve a number of systems for the efficient uptake, intracellular transport, protein loading and storage of metal ions to ensure that the needs of the cells can be met while minimizing the associated toxic effects. Disruptions in the cellular systems for handling transition metals are observed as a number of diseases ranging from hemochromatosis and anemias to neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved useful as a model organism for the investigation of these processes and many of the genes and biological systems that function in yeast metal homeostasis are conserved throughout eukaryotes to humans. This review focuses on the biological roles of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel and cobalt, the homeostatic mechanisms that function in S. cerevisiae and the human diseases in which these metals have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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78
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Jomova K, Valko M. Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 2011; 283:65-87. [PMID: 21414382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2162] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Detailed studies in the past two decades have shown that redox active metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and other metals undergo redox cycling reactions and possess the ability to produce reactive radicals such as superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide in biological systems. Disruption of metal ion homeostasis may lead to oxidative stress, a state where increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms body antioxidant protection and subsequently induces DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification and other effects, all symptomatic for numerous diseases, involving cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), chronic inflammation and others. The underlying mechanism of action for all these metals involves formation of the superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical (mainly via Fenton reaction) and other ROS, finally producing mutagenic and carcinogenic malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and other exocyclic DNA adducts. On the other hand, the redox inactive metals, such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) show their toxic effects via bonding to sulphydryl groups of proteins and depletion of glutathione. Interestingly, for arsenic an alternative mechanism of action based on the formation of hydrogen peroxide under physiological conditions has been proposed. A special position among metals is occupied by the redox inert metal zinc (Zn). Zn is an essential component of numerous proteins involved in the defense against oxidative stress. It has been shown, that depletion of Zn may enhance DNA damage via impairments of DNA repair mechanisms. In addition, Zn has an impact on the immune system and possesses neuroprotective properties. The mechanism of metal-induced formation of free radicals is tightly influenced by the action of cellular antioxidants. Many low-molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic acid (vitamin C), alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, flavonoids, and other antioxidants) are capable of chelating metal ions reducing thus their catalytic activity to form ROS. A novel therapeutic approach to suppress oxidative stress is based on the development of dual function antioxidants comprising not only chelating, but also scavenging components. Parodoxically, two major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase contain as an integral part of their active sites metal ions to battle against toxic effects of metal-induced free radicals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of redox and non-redox metal-induced formation of free radicals and the role of oxidative stress in toxic action of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine The Philosopher University, SK-949 74 Nitra, Slovakia.
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79
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Fantino JR, Py B, Fontecave M, Barras F. A genetic analysis of the response of Escherichia coli to cobalt stress. Environ Microbiol 2011; 12:2846-57. [PMID: 20545747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt can be toxic and the way cells adapt to its presence is largely unknown. Here we carried out a transcriptomic analysis of Escherichia coli exposed to cobalt. A limited number of genes were either up- or downregulated. Upregulated genes include the isc and the nfuA genes encoding Fe/S biogenesis assisting factors, and the rcnA gene encoding a cobalt efflux system. Downregulated genes are implicated in anaerobic metabolism (narK, nirB, hybO, grcA), metal transport (feoB, nikA), sulfate/thiosulfate import (cysP), and one is of unknown function (yeeE). Cobalt regulation of isc, nfuA, hybO, cysP and yeeE genes was found to involve IscR, a Fe/S transcriptional regulator. Previously, the Suf Fe/S biogenesis machinery was found to be important for cobalt stress adaptation, but suf genes did not show up in the microarray analysis. Therefore, we used qRT-PCR analysis and found that cobalt induced the suf operon expression. Moreover, kinetic analysis of the cobalt-mediated induction of the suf operon expression allowed us to propose that cobalt toxicity is caused first by impaired Fe/S biogenesis, followed by decreased iron bioavailability and eventually oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Raphaël Fantino
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS UPR-9043, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
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80
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Barras F, Fontecave M. Cobalt stress in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica: molecular bases for toxicity and resistance. Metallomics 2011; 3:1130-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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81
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Oturan N, Zhou M, Oturan MA. Metomyl Degradation by Electro-Fenton and Electro-Fenton-Like Processes: A Kinetics Study of the Effect of the Nature and Concentration of Some Transition Metal Ions As Catalyst. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10605-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Oturan
- Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France, and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France, and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mehmet A. Oturan
- Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France, and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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82
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Losurdo L, Italiano F, Trotta M, Gallerani R, Luigi RC, Leo FD. Assessment of an internal reference gene in Rhodobacter sphaeroides grown under cobalt exposure. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50:302-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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83
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Bhagawati M, Ghosh S, Reichel A, Froehner K, Surrey T, Piehler J. Organization of Motor Proteins into Functional Micropatterns Fabricated by a Photoinduced Fenton Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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84
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Bhagawati M, Ghosh S, Reichel A, Froehner K, Surrey T, Piehler J. Organization of Motor Proteins into Functional Micropatterns Fabricated by a Photoinduced Fenton Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9188-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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85
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Flora SJS. Structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants for strategies against metal and metalloid exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2009; 2:191-206. [PMID: 20716905 PMCID: PMC2763257 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.4.9112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of exposure to heavy metals/metalloid. Beneficial renal effects of some medications, such as chelation therapy depend at least partially on the ability to alleviate oxidative stress. The administration of various natural or synthetic antioxidants has been shown to be of benefit in the prevention and attenuation of metal induced biochemical alterations. These include vitamins, N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, melatonin, dietary flavonoids and many others. Human studies are limited in this regard. Under certain conditions, surprisingly, the antioxidant supplements may exhibit pro-oxidant properties and even worsen metal induced toxic damage. To date, the evidence is insufficient to recommend antioxidant supplements in subject with exposure to metals. Prospective, controlled clinical trials on safety and effectiveness of different therapeutic antioxidant strategies either individually or in combination with chelating agent are indispensable. The present review focuses on structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants particularly related to their chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India.
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86
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Silwood CJL, Chikanza IC, Tanner KE, Shelton JC, Bowsher JG, Grootveld M. Investigation of the Molecular Nature of Low-molecular-mass Cobalt(II) Ions in Isolated Osteoarthritic Knee-joint Synovial Fluid. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:561-71. [PMID: 15346647 DOI: 10.1080/10715760410001684630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High field 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that addition of Co(II) ions to osteoarthritic knee-joint synovial fluid (SF) resulted in its complexation by a range of biomolecules, the relative efficacies of these complexants/chelators being citrate >> histidine - threonine >> glycine - glutamate - glutamine - phenylalanine tyrosine > formate > lactate >> alanine > valine > acetate > pyruvate > creatinine, this order reflecting the ability of these ligands to compete for the available Co(II) in terms of (1) thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the formation of their complexes and (2) their SF concentrations. Since many of these SF Co(II) complexants (e.g. histidinate) serve as powerful *OH scavengers, the results acquired indicate that any of this radical generated from the Co(II) source in such complexes via Fenton or pseudo-Fenton reaction systems will be "site-specifically" scavenged. The significance of these observations with regard to cobalt toxicity and the in vivo corrosion of cobalt-containing metal alloy joint prostheses (e.g. CoCr alloys) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J L Silwood
- Department of Applied Science, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
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87
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Verstraeten SV, Lucangioli S, Galleano M. ESR characterization of thallium(III)-mediated nitrones oxidation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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88
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Li Q, Ke Q, Costa M. Alterations of histone modifications by cobalt compounds. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1243-51. [PMID: 19376846 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of CoCl(2) on multiple histone modifications at the global level. We found that in both human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells, exposure to CoCl(2) (>/=200 muM) for 24 h increased H3K4me3, H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K36me3, uH2A and uH2B but decreased acetylation at histone H4 (AcH4). Further investigation demonstrated that in A549 cells, the increase in H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 by cobalt ions exposure was probably through enhancing histone methylation processes, as methionine-deficient medium blocked the induction of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 by cobalt ions, whereas cobalt ions increased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 by directly inhibiting JMJD2A demethylase activity in vitro, which was probably due to the competition of cobalt ions with iron for binding to the active site of JMJD2A. Furthermore, in vitro ubiquitination and deubiquitination assays revealed that the cobalt-induced histone H2A and H2B ubiquitination is the result of inhibition of deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Microarray data showed that exposed to 200 microM of CoCl(2) for 24 h, A549 cells not only increased but also decreased expression of hundreds of genes involved in different cellular functions, including tumorigenesis. This study is the first to demonstrate that cobalt ions altered epigenetic homeostasis in cells. It also sheds light on the possible mechanisms involved in cobalt-induced alteration of histone modifications, which may lead to altered programs of gene expression and carcinogenesis since cobalt at higher concentrations is a known carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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89
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Yang S, Meyskens FL. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1(APE/Ref-1): a unique target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:639-50. [PMID: 18715151 PMCID: PMC2933576 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Management of melanoma is a growing and challenging public health issue requiring novel and multidisciplinary approaches to achieve more efficient prevention and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this article is to show the critical role of APE/Ref-1 on melanomagenesis and progression. APE/Ref-1 serves as a redox-sensitive node of convergence of various signals as well as a DNA-repair enzyme, and its activation protects melanocytes and melanoma cells from chronic oxidative stress and promotes cell survival via mediation of downstream pathways. APE/Ref-1 is a strong candidate as a potential drug-treatable target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Lead compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on APE/Ref-1 are also reviewed. We anticipate potential clinical benefit in the future through inhibition of APE/Ref-1 and/or Ref-1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
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90
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Pisani F, Italiano F, de Leo F, Gallerani R, Rinalducci S, Zolla L, Agostiano A, Ceci L, Trotta M. Soluble proteome investigation of cobalt effect on the carotenoidless mutant ofRhodobacter sphaeroides. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:338-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Ingavale SS, Chang YC, Lee H, McClelland CM, Leong ML, Kwon-Chung KJ. Importance of mitochondria in survival of Cryptococcus neoformans under low oxygen conditions and tolerance to cobalt chloride. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000155. [PMID: 18802457 PMCID: PMC2528940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungal pathogen that requires atmospheric levels of oxygen for optimal growth. For the fungus to be able to establish an infection, it must adapt to the low oxygen concentrations in the host environment compared to its natural habitat. In order to investigate the oxygen sensing mechanism in C. neoformans, we screened T-DNA insertional mutants for hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-sensitive mutants. All the CoCl2-sensitive mutants had a growth defect under low oxygen conditions at 37°C. The majority of mutants are compromised in their mitochondrial function, which is reflected by their reduced rate of respiration. Some of the mutants are also defective in mitochondrial membrane permeability, suggesting the importance of an intact respiratory system for survival under both high concentrations of CoCl2 as well as low oxygen conditions. In addition, the mutants tend to accumulate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and all mutants show sensitivity to various ROS generating chemicals. Gene expression analysis revealed the involvement of several pathways in response to cobalt chloride. Our findings indicate cobalt chloride sensitivity and/or sensitivity to low oxygen conditions are linked to mitochondrial function, sterol and iron homeostasis, ubiquitination, and the ability of cells to respond to ROS. These findings imply that multiple pathways are involved in oxygen sensing in C. neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans is an obligate aerobic fungus that requires atmospheric levels of oxygen (21%) for optimal growth. However, the fungus is able to cause life-threatening brain infections in humans, where the oxygen tension is significantly lower than 21%. To understand the pathobiology of Cryptococcus neoformans, it is important to explore the molecular mechanisms adopted by the fungus to survive under low oxygen conditions. By using cobalt chloride, a hypoxia-mimicking agent, we isolated a number of mutants that are unable to grow in the presence of 0.7 mM CoCl2 as well as at low oxygen conditions. In this study, we show that mitochondria play an important role for C. neoformans to survive in low oxygen conditions. We demonstrate that mutants harboring mutations in the genes related to mitochondrial functions have mitochondrial membrane permeability defect and lowered respiration rate and are more sensitive to stress generating chemicals, in addition to their inability to survive at low oxygen conditions. Finally, we also show that when wild-type cells are exposed to hypoxia-mimicking cobalt chloride, expression of genes involved in respiration and iron and sterol homeostasis, as well as ubiquitination, changes significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susham S. Ingavale
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun C. Chang
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyeseung Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carol M. McClelland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Madeline L. Leong
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyung J. Kwon-Chung
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Peters K, Unger RE, Stumpf S, Schäfer J, Tsaryk R, Hoffmann B, Eisenbarth E, Breme J, Ziegler G, Kirkpatrick CJ. Cell type-specific aspects in biocompatibility testing: the intercellular contact in vitro as an indicator for endothelial cell compatibility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:1637-44. [PMID: 17914634 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells cover the inner surface of blood vessels and form the interface between the blood and the tissues. Endothelial cells are involved in regulating barrier function, which is maintained by the interendothelial cell contacts. These interendothelial cell contacts are established by the interaction of different molecules. The maintenance of the barrier requires an appropriate signalling between these molecules. Thus, a number of different signalling pathways are integrated within interendothelial contacts. Since endothelial cells are important in tissue-implant interactions (especially for stent materials) this study examines the expression pattern of different interendothelial contact molecules to determine the usefulness in the analysis of biocompatibility in vitro. The effects of different pro-inflammatory and toxic stimuli and contact of human microvascular endothelial cells to metallic surfaces were examined for their impact on the pattern of interendothelial contact molecules. Striking modifications in the arrangement of these molecules were induced and the mode of modification was dependent on the tested compound. Thus, examining the pattern of expression of specific interendothelial contact molecules in vitro may be useful for testing the endothelial cell compatibility of biomaterials and their corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Peters
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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93
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Jańczyk A, Wolnicka-Głubisz A, Urbanska K, Kisch H, Stochel G, Macyk W. Photodynamic activity of platinum(IV) chloride surface-modified TiO2 irradiated with visible light. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1120-30. [PMID: 18194674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The visible light-induced phototoxicity of titanium dioxide modified with platinum(IV) chloride complexes, [TiO2/PtCl4], was tested. In vitro experiments with the mouse melanoma cells (S-91) have demonstrated phototoxicity of the [TiO2/PtCl4] material. Detection of efficiently generated various reactive oxygen species (.OH, O2. -, H2O2, 1O2) and also reactive chlorine species has proven the photodynamic activity of the tested material, induced by visible light (lambda>455 nm). The cellular death (recognized as a necrosis) is a result of the cell membrane peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jańczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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94
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Peters K, Unger RE, Gatti AM, Sabbioni E, Tsaryk R, Kirkpatrick CJ. Metallic nanoparticles exhibit paradoxical effects on oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells in vitro. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 20:685-95. [PMID: 18179741 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter is associated with different human diseases affecting organs such as the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Very small particles (nanoparticles) have been shown to be rapidly internalized into the body. Since the sites of internalization and the location of the detected particles are often far apart, a distribution via the blood stream must have occurred. Thus, endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, must have had direct contact with the particles. In this study we tested the effects of metallic nanoparticles (Co and Ni) on oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response in human endothelial cells in vitro. Exposure to both nanoparticle types led to a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect. However, the effects on oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response differed dramatically. Due to the nanoparticle-induced effects, a comparison between metallic nanoparticle- and metal ion-treatment with the corresponding ions was made. Again, divergent effects of nanoparticles compared with the ions were observed, thus indicating differences in the signaling pathways induced by these compounds. These paradoxical responses to different metallic nanoparticles and ions demonstrate the complexity of nanoparticle-induced effects and suggest the need to design new strategies for nanoparticle toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Peters
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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95
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Boretsky YR, Protchenko OV, Prokopiv TM, Mukalov IO, Fedorovych DV, Sibirny AA. Mutations and environmental factors affecting regulation of riboflavin synthesis and iron assimilation also cause oxidative stress in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 47:371-7. [PMID: 17910100 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency causes oversynthesis of riboflavin in several yeast species, known as flavinogenic yeasts. However, the mechanisms of such regulation are not known. We found that mutations causing riboflavin overproduction and iron hyperaccumulation (rib80, rib81 and hit1), as well as cobalt excess or iron deficiency all provoke oxidative stress in the Pichia guilliermondii yeast. Iron content in the cells, production both of riboflavin and malondialdehyde by P. guilliermondii wild type and hit1 mutant strains depend on a type of carbon source used in cultivation media. The data suggest that the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and iron assimilation in P. guilliermondii are linked with cellular oxidative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy R Boretsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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96
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Jain S, Reiser O. Immobilization of cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes on polystyrene resin and a study of their catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. CHEMSUSCHEM 2008; 1:534-541. [PMID: 18702152 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the Staudinger ligation are readily applicable and highly efficient for the immobilization of cobalt Schiff base complexes onto polystyrene resins. Stepwise synthesis of polymer-bound Schiff bases followed by their subsequent complexation with metal ions were successfully carried out. Direct covalent attachment of preformed homogeneous cobalt Schiff base complexes to the resins was also possible. The catalytic efficiency of the so-prepared polystyrene-bound cobalt Schiff bases was studied for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds using molecular oxygen as oxidant. The immobilized complexes were highly efficient and even more reactive than the corresponding homogenous analogues, thus affording better yields of oxidized products within shorter reaction times. The supported catalysts could easily be recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused for subsequent experiments with consistent catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, Germany
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97
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Thorgersen MP, Downs DM. Cobalt targets multiple metabolic processes in Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7774-81. [PMID: 17720790 PMCID: PMC2168735 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00962-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt is essential for growth of Salmonella enterica and other organisms, yet this metal can be toxic when present in excess. Wild-type Salmonella exhibits several metabolic defects when grown in the presence of cobalt, some of which generate visible growth consequences. Work herein identifies sulfur assimilation, iron homeostasis, and Fe-S cluster metabolism as targets for cobalt toxicity. In each case it is proposed that cobalt exerts its effect by one of two mechanisms: direct competition with iron or indirectly through a mechanism that involves the status of reduced thiols in the cell. Cobalt toxicity results in decreased siroheme production, increased expression of the Fur regulon, and decreased activity of Fe-S cluster proteins. The consequences of reduced sulfite reductase activity in particular are exacerbated by the need for glutathione in cobalt resistance. Significantly, independent metabolic perturbations could be detected at cobalt concentrations below those required to generate a detectable growth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Thorgersen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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98
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Ahn BH, Park MH, Lee YH, Kwon TK, Min DS. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia is mediated by phospholipase D isozymes in human astroglioma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1721-31. [PMID: 17640750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an isoform of prostaglandin H synthase induced by hypoxia and has been implicated in the growth and progression of a variety of human cancers. In the present study, we investigated the role of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes in cobalt chloride (CoCl(2))-induced hypoxia-driven COX-2 expression in U87 MG human astroglioma cells. CoCl(2) stimulated PLD activity and synthesis of COX-2 protein in a dose and time-dependent manner. Moreover, elevated expression of PLD1 and PLD2 increased hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) production. Pretreatment of cells with 1-butanol, but not 3-butanol, suppressed CoCl(2)-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) formation. In addition, evidence that PLD activity was involved in the stimulation of COX-2 expression was provided by the observations that overexpression of wild type PLD isozymes, but not catalytically inactive PLD isozymes, stimulated CoCl(2)-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production. PLD1 enhanced COX-2 expression by CoCl(2) via reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38 MAPK kinase, PKC-delta, and PKA, but not ERK, whereas PLD2 enhanced CoCl(2)-induced COX-2 expression via ROS and p38 MAPK, but not ERK, PKC-delta, and PKA. Differential regulation of COX-2 expression mediated through PLD isozymes was comparable with that of CoCl(2)-induced PLD activity in these two PLD isozymes. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that PLD1 and PLD2 isozymes enhance CoCl(2)-induced COX-2 expression through differential signaling pathways in astroglioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Hyun Ahn
- Cardiovascular Branch National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH Bldg 10/CRC 5-3288 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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99
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Lewinska A, Bartosz G. Protection of yeast lacking the Ure2 protein against the toxicity of heavy metals and hydroperoxides by antioxidants. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:580-90. [PMID: 17454141 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701209904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the protection of the yeast lacking the "antioxidant-like" prion precursor protein (Ure2p), by antioxidants and to elucidate how modification of redox homeostasis affects toxicity of agents inducing oxidative stress in the Deltaure2 cells. We found a diverse ability of a range of antioxidants to ameliorate the hypersensitivity of the Deltaure2 disruptant to oxidants and heavy metal ions. Glutathione and then ascorbate were the most effective antioxidants; Tempol, Trolox and melatonin were much less effective or even hampered the growth of the Deltaure2 cells exposed to tested agents. The intracellular level of ROS was augmented in the Deltaure2 mutant under normal growth conditions (1.7-fold), and after treatment with H(2)O(2) (2.3-fold) and Cd(II) (2.8-fold), with respect to its wild-type counterpart. Glutathione was unable to prevent the increase in ROS production caused by CdCl(2). The Deltaure2 disruptant was also hypersensitive to heat shock, like mutants lacking glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.
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100
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Ciafrè SA, Niola F, Giorda E, Farace MG, Caporossi D. CoCl(2)-simulated hypoxia in skeletal muscle cell lines: Role of free radicals in gene up-regulation and induction of apoptosis. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:391-401. [PMID: 17454121 DOI: 10.1080/10715760601096799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since it was suggested that cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) could mimic the O(2) sensing role of mitochondria by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during normoxia, we studied the correlation between CoCl(2)-generation of free radicals and the induction of a hypoxic cellular response in myogenic cell lines. In both L6C5 and C2C12 cell lines, exposure to CoCl(2) induced an increase of intracellular oxidants, the accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or iNOS genes. On the other hand, only ascorbic acid, but not trolox, was effective in lowering the CoCl(2) gene up-regulation. Neither the cytotoxicity nor the apoptosis induced by CoCl(2) in skeletal muscle cells were modified by culture supplementation with either ascorbic acid or trolox. Thus, CoCl(2) treatment of myogenic cell lines may represent a useful and convenient in vitro model to study gene modulation induced by hypoxia in skeletal muscle, although cellular loss induced by this metal may involve mechanisms other than HIF-1alpha stabilization. It is unlikely, however, that ROS would represent the main mediators of CoCl(2) effects on muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Anna Ciafrè
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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