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Farr Zuend C, Tobin NH, Vera T, Kotyrba L, Noël-Romas L, Birse K, Mutch S, Li F, Lee D, McCorrister S, Westmacott G, Aldrovandi GM, Burgener AD. Pregnancy associates with alterations to the host and microbial proteome in vaginal mucosa. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13235. [PMID: 32196803 PMCID: PMC7317380 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Problem Pregnant women are at increased risk of HIV acquisition, but the biological mechanisms contributing to this observation are not well understood. Method of Study Here, we assessed host immune and microbiome differences in the vaginal mucosa of healthy pregnant and non‐pregnant women using a metaproteomics approach. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples were collected from 23 pregnant and 25 non‐pregnant women. Results Mass spectrometry analysis of CVL identified 550 human proteins and 376 bacterial proteins from 11 genera. Host proteome analysis indicated 56 human proteins (10%) were differentially abundant (P < .05) between pregnant and non‐pregnant women, including proteins involved in angiogenesis (P = 3.36E‐3), cell movement of phagocytes (P = 1.34E‐6), and permeability of blood vessels (P = 1.27E‐4). The major bacterial genera identified were Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Atopobium. Pregnant women had higher levels of Lactobacillus species (P = .017) compared with non‐pregnant women. Functional pathway analysis indicated that pregnancy associated with changes to bacterial metabolic pathway involved in energy metabolism, which were increased in pregnant women (P = .035). Conclusion Overall, pregnant women showed differences in the cervicovaginal proteome and microbiome that may be important for HIV infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Farr Zuend
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Trisha Vera
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lani Kotyrba
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Noël-Romas
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kenzie Birse
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sarah Mutch
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stuart McCorrister
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Garrett Westmacott
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Burgener
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eid RS, Lieblich SE, Duarte-Guterman P, Chaiton JA, Mah AG, Wong SJ, Wen Y, Galea LAM. Selective activation of estrogen receptors α and β: Implications for depressive-like phenotypes in female mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104651. [PMID: 31790664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol influences depressive-like behaviour have primarily been investigated acutely and not within an animal model of depression. Therefore, the current study aimed to dissect the contribution of ERα and ERβ to the effects of 17β-estradiol under non-stress and chronic stress conditions. Ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated mice were treated chronically (47 days) with 17β-estradiol (E2), the ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), the ERα agonist propylpyrazole-triol (PPT), or vehicle. On day 15 of treatment, mice from each group were assigned to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS; 28 days) or non-CUS conditions. Mice were assessed for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Cytokine and chemokine levels, and postsynaptic density protein 95 were measured in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed. Overall, the effects of CUS were more robust that those of estrogenic treatments, as seen by increased immobility in the tail suspension test (TST), reduced PSD-95 expression, reduced neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus, and HPA axis negative feedback dysregulation. However, we also observe CUS-dependent and -independent effects of ovarian status and estrogenic treatments. The effects of CUS on PSD-95 expression, the cytokine milieu, and in TST were largely driven by PPT and DPN, indicating that these treatments were not protective. Independent of CUS, estradiol increased neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus, blunted the corticosterone response to an acute stressor, and increased anxiety-like behaviour. These findings provide insights into the complexities of estrogen signaling in modulating depressive-like phenotypes under non-stress and chronic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand S Eid
- Graduate program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica A Chaiton
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda G Mah
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yanhua Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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53
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Meyer N, Zenclussen AC. Immune Cells in the Uterine Remodeling: Are They the Target of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals? Front Immunol 2020; 11:246. [PMID: 32140155 PMCID: PMC7043066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient uterine remodeling is essential for fetal survival and development. Pathologies related to poor remodeling have a negative impact on maternal and fetal health even years after birth. Research of the last decades yielded excellent studies demonstrating the key role of immune cells in the remodeling processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the relevance of immune cells for uterine remodeling during pregnancy and further discusses immunomodulatory effects of man-made endocrine disrupting chemicals on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Meyer
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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54
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Tifrea DF, Pal S, de la Maza LM. A Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP Vaccine Elicits Cross-serogroup Protection in Mice Against Vaginal Shedding and Infertility. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:191-200. [PMID: 31504647 PMCID: PMC6935996 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide. Here, we determined the ability of a C. trachomatis recombinant major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) vaccine to elicit cross-serogroup protection. METHODS Female C3H/HeN mice were vaccinated by mucosal and systemic routes with C. trachomatis serovar D (UW-3/Cx) rMOMP and challenged in the ovarian bursa with serovars D (UW-3/Cx), D (UCI-96/Cx), E (IOL-43), or F (N.I.1). CpG-1826 and Montanide ISA 720 were used as adjuvants. RESULTS Immune responses following vaccination were more robust against the most closely related serovars. Following a genital challenge (as determined by number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures, number of inclusion forming units recovered, and number of days with positive cultures) mice challenged with C. trachomatis serovars of the same complex were protected but not those challenged with serovar F (N.I.1) from a different subcomplex. Females were caged with male mice. Based on fertility rates, number of embryos, and hydrosalpinx formation, vaccinated mice were protected against challenges with serovars D (UW-3/Cx), D (UCI-96/Cx), and E (IOL-43) but not F (N.I.1). CONCLUSIONS This is the first subunit vaccine shown to protect mice against infection, pathology, and infertility caused by different C. trachomatis serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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55
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Finch CL, Zhang A, Kosikova M, Kawano T, Pasetti MF, Ye Z, Ascher JR, Xie H. Pregnancy level of estradiol attenuated virus-specific humoral immune response in H5N1-infected female mice despite inducing anti-inflammatory protection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1146-1156. [PMID: 31364945 PMCID: PMC6711175 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1648184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, a major female steroid produced during pregnancy, has been reported to protect ovariectomized animals against H1N1 influenza infections via its anti-inflammatory effects. However, it remains unclear why pregnant women with high gestational estradiol levels are highly susceptible to influenza infections. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of pregnancy level of estradiol on female immunity against H5N1 infection in Balb/c mice. A sex-dependent susceptibility to H5N1 infection (higher morbidity and higher mortality) was observed in both pregnant and non-pregnant female mice as compared to male mice. Subcutaneous implantation of estradiol pellets increased serum estradiol concentrations of non-pregnant female mice to the pregnancy level. These mice were protected from H5N1 infection through downregulation of pulmonary pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the production of virus-specific antibodies after infection was significantly delayed in estradiol-implanted mice when compared to placebos. Virus-specific IgG-secreting and IL-4-secreting cells were also reduced in estradiol-implanted mice. Similarly, lower antibody titers to seasonal vaccine antigens were found in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant females without hormone usage. Our results indicate that estradiol levels equivalent to those found during pregnancy have divergent effects on female immunity against influenza, highlighting the importance of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent severe influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Finch
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Anding Zhang
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Martina Kosikova
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Toshiaki Kawano
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- b Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Zhiping Ye
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Jill R Ascher
- c Division of Veterinary Services, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Hang Xie
- a Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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56
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Eid RS, Lieblich SE, Wong SJ, Galea LAM. Ovarian status dictates the neuroinflammatory and behavioral consequences of sub-chronic stress exposure in middle-aged female mice. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 12:100199. [PMID: 31871960 PMCID: PMC6909340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian hormones influence the outcomes of stress exposure and are implicated in stress-related disorders including depression, yet their roles are often complex and seemingly contradictory. Importantly, depression and stress exposure are associated with immune dysregulation, and ovarian hormones have immunomodulatory properties. However, how ovarian hormones can influence the inflammatory outcomes of stress exposure is poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of long-term ovariectomy on the behavioral and neuroinflammatory outcomes of sub-chronic stress exposure in middle-aged mice. Briefly, sham-operated and ovariectomized mice were assigned to non-stress groups or exposed to 6 days of variable stress. Mice were assessed on a battery of behavioral tests, and cytokine concentrations were quantified in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In the frontal cortex, postsynaptic density protein-95 expression was examined as an index of excitatory synapse number and/or stability, and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured to explore potential cell signaling pathways elicited by stress exposure and/or ovarian hormones. Long-term ovariectomy modified the central cytokine profile by robustly reducing cytokine concentrations in the frontal cortex and modestly increasing concentrations in the hippocampus. Under non-stress conditions, long-term ovariectomy also reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphoprotein expression in the frontal cortex and increased some measures of depressive-like behavior. The effects of sub-chronic stress exposure were however more pronounced in sham-operated mice. Notably, in sham-operated mice only, sub-chronic stress exposure increased IL-1β and IL-6:IL-10 ratio in the frontal cortex and hippocampus and reduced pERK1/2 expression in the frontal cortex. Further, although sub-chronic stress exposure increased anhedonia-like behavior regardless of ovarian status, it increased passive-coping behavior in sham-operated mice only. These data indicate that long-term ovariectomy has potent effects on the central cytokine milieu and dictates the neuroinflammatory and behavioral effects of sub-chronic stress exposure in middle-aged mice. These findings therefore suggest that the immunomodulatory properties of ovarian hormones are of relevance in the context of stress and possibly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand S Eid
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Pregnancy, a challenging physiological state, requires shuffling of conventional immune work-sets. Strategies to tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus in normal human pregnancy are multivariate with perfect modulation of the immune cells. Pregnancy is marked by B cell lymphocytopenia accompanied by reduced responsiveness to infectious agents. Besides this old age concept, plenty of research confirms that B cells have other crucial roles in pregnancy and undergo a wide range of modifications in terms of its proliferation, switching between its subtypes, variation in antibody productions, shifting the tides of cytokines as well as regulating other immune cells. B cells establish tolerant environment in pregnancy by producing protective antibodies to encounter the foreign paternal antigens. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have adopted anti-inflammatory characteristics to sustain normal pregnancy. Moreover, the colossal physiological alterations during human pregnancy also include synchronized changes in the cross-talks between the pregnancy hormones and B cells. These aspects of pregnancy from the view point of B cell functions have so far appeared individually in discrete reports. This review finds its novelty in concisely presenting every facet of association of B cell with human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
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Wang S, Cowley LA, Liu XS. Sex Differences in Cancer Immunotherapy Efficacy, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Strategy. Molecules 2019; 24:E3214. [PMID: 31487832 PMCID: PMC6767080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in innate and adaptive immune responses are known, and women generally mount a stronger immune response than men. Cancer immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, and sex differences in cancer immunotherapy are just starting to be revealed. Here, we summarize recent research progress concerning sex differences in cancer immunotherapy efficacy. On their own, ICIs tend to be more effective in male cancer patients compared with female patients, while ICIs combined with chemotherapy tend to be more effective in female patients than male patients. Male tumors are usually more antigenic than female tumors, and this is reflected by their increased number of tumor mutations and cancer germline antigens. The biomarker tumor mutational burden (TMB), which reflects tumor antigenicity, is more effective at predicting immunotherapy response for female lung cancer patients than for male patients. In this review, we propose different therapeutic strategies for the different sexes: For male cancer patients, the immune environment should be enhanced, whereas for female cancer patients, tumor antigenicity should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Li An Cowley
- St Hugh's College, The University of Oxford, Oxford 01865, UK
| | - Xue-Song Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Effect of progesterone on the vaccination and immune response against Chlamydia abortus in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109887. [PMID: 31307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus produces ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Symptoms are not observed until the organism colonises the placenta, eventually causing abortion. Infected animals become carriers and will shed the organism in the following oestruses. This process suggests that sex hormones might play an important role in the physiopathology of OEA, affecting the success of chlamydial clearance and also jeopardising the effectiveness of vaccination. However, the mechanisms through which sex hormones are involved in chlamydial pathogenicity remain unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of progesterone on the immune response against C. abortus and on the protection conferred by an experimental inactivated vaccine in sheep. Eighteen sheep were ovariectomised and divided into four groups: vaccinated and progesterone-treated (V-PG), vaccinated and non-treated (V-NT), non-vaccinated and non-treated (NV-NT) and non-vaccinated and progesterone-treated sheep (NV-PG). Animals from both PG groups were treated with commercial medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated intravaginal sponges before and during the vaccination (V-PG) or just before challenge (NV-PG). The animals from both V groups were subcutaneously immunised with an experimental inactivated vaccine, which was seen to confer high protection in previous studies. All sheep were challenged intratracheally with C. abortus strain AB7 and were sacrificed on day 8 post-infection. Morbidity was measured as the variation in rectal temperature and samples of sera were collected for antibody and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-10) analysis by commercial ELISA. In addition, lung and lymph node samples were collected for chlamydial detection by qPCR and for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Sheep from the V-PG group showed less severe or no lesions and lower morbidity than the other groups. They also had the highest abundance of regulatory T-cells. The sheep from V-NT also manifested high antibody levels against C. abortus and less severe lesions than those observed in non-vaccinated sheep, which showed high morbidity, low antibody levels and severe lesions, especially in NV-NT. These results confirm the effectiveness of the experimental vaccine employed and suggest that progesterone could enhance the effect.
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Pan Q, Chen X, Liao S, Chen X, Zhao C, Xu YZ, Liu HF. Updated advances of linking psychosocial factors and sex hormones with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility and development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7179. [PMID: 31275761 PMCID: PMC6598654 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects women, especially those of reproductive age. Genetics, environment, and gene-environment interactions play key roles in the development of SLE. Despite the numerous susceptibility genes of SLE identified to date, gene therapy is far from a clinical reality. Thus, more attention should be paid to the risk factors and underlying mechanisms of SLE. Currently, it is reported that psychosocial factors and sex hormones play vital roles in patients with SLE, which still need further investigated. The purpose of this review is to update the roles and mechanisms of psychosocial factors and sex hormones in the susceptibility and development of SLE. Based on review articles and reports in reputable peer-reviewed journals and government websites, this paper summarized psychosocial factors (e.g., alexithymia, depression, anxiety, negative emotions, and perceived stress) and sex hormones (e.g., estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and prolactin) involved in SLE. We further explore the mechanisms linking these factors with SLE susceptibility and development, which can guide the establishment of practical measures to benefit SLE patients and offer new ideas for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Menopausal status is associated with a high risk for residual disease after cervical conization with positive margins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217562. [PMID: 31163055 PMCID: PMC6548378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine demographic and clinicopathological predictors for residual disease in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3) with endocervical cone margin involvement. METHODS AND FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was conducted. The eligible patients were women who underwent hysterectomy as a treatment option after having a positive endocervical margin for CIN 2/3 in cervix conization specimens from 2000 to 2015. The patients were divided into two groups based on the persistence of CIN 2/3 and absence of CIN 2/3 in hysterectomy specimens. Demographic, clinical and histology information were collected in both groups. A total of 80 patients were eligible for the study; 37 (46.3%) had no persistence of CIN 2/3 and 43 (53.7%) had persistence of CIN 2/3 in the hysterectomy specimens. Demographic, clinical, and cone specimen characteristics, and a visible squamocolumnar junction and type of conization were analyzed as possible risk factors for the presence of residual lesions at hysterectomy, and none of these variables were associated with residual disease. Menopausal status was strongly associated with a high risk of persistent residual disease 81.2% (OR 4.9, CI 1.27-18.9), P = 0.014. In the multivariate analysis, only a menopausal status (P = 0.04) was associated with a high risk of persistent lesions. CONCLUSION This analysis found that menopausal status exhibited an important association with persistent residual disease. Menopausal women with endocervical margin involvement exhibit a greater than 80% risk of persistent lesions.
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Berry A, Hall JV. The complexity of interactions between female sex hormones and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:67-75. [PMID: 31890462 PMCID: PMC6936955 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses specifically on the mechanisms by which female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, affect Chlamydia trachomatis infections in vivo and in vitro. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data support previous work indicating that estrogen enhances chlamydial development via multiple mechanisms. Progesterone negatively impacts Chlamydia infections also through multiple mechanisms, particularly by altering the immune response. Conflicting data exist regarding the effect of synthetic hormones, such as those found in hormonal contraceptives, on chlamydial infections. SUMMARY Numerous studies over the years have indicated that female sex hormones affect C. trachomatis infection. However, we still do not have a clear understanding of how these hormones alter Chlamydia disease transmission and progression. The studies reviewed here indicate that there are many variables that determine the outcome of Chlamydia/hormone interactions, including: 1) the specific hormone, 2) hormone concentration, 3) cell type or area of the genital tract, 4) hormone responsiveness of cell lines, and 5) animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Berry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
- Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Jennifer V. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
- Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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Duma N, Abdel-Ghani A, Yadav S, Hoversten KP, Reed CT, Sitek AN, Enninga EAL, Paludo J, Aguilera JV, Leventakos K, Lou Y, Kottschade LA, Dong H, Mansfield AS, Manochakian R, Adjei AA, Dronca RS. Sex Differences in Tolerability to Anti-Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Are We All Equal? Oncologist 2019; 24:e1148-e1155. [PMID: 31036771 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have emerged as a serious clinical issue in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Risk factors for irAEs remain controversial. Therefore, we studied sex differences in irAEs in patients treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients with metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with anti-PD-1 therapy at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Florida from 2015 to 2018 were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test was used for time-to-event analysis. RESULTS In 245 patients with metastatic melanoma, premenopausal women were more likely to experience irAEs (all grades) compared with postmenopausal women and men (67% vs. 60% vs. 46%), primarily because of an increase in endocrinopathies (33% vs. 12% vs. 10%, respectively). In patients with NSCLC (231 patients), women (all ages) were also more likely to develop irAEs of all grades (48% vs. 31%). Women with NSCLC were more likely to develop pneumonitis (11% vs. 4%) and endocrinopathies (14% vs. 5%). No differences in grade ≥3 toxicities were seen across sexes in both cohorts, but women were more likely to receive systemic steroids for the treatment of irAEs compared with men. Better progression-free-survival was observed in women with NSCLC and irAEs (10 months vs. 3.3 months) compared with women without irAEs. CONCLUSION Women with metastatic melanoma and NSCLC are more likely to experience irAEs compared with men. We also observed differences between sexes in the frequency of certain irAEs. Larger studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The results of this study suggest that women may be at a higher risk for immune-related adverse events (irAEs) compared with men when treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy. In addition, women were more likely to develop certain irAEs, including endocrinopathies and pneumonitis. Close follow-up of women undergoing treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors will allow clinicians to diagnose these treatment-related complications early, potentially reducing their associated morbidity and mortality. In addition, a possible association between irAEs and response to therapy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjust Duma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Azzouqa Abdel-Ghani
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Siddhartha Yadav
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Clay T Reed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrea N Sitek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jonas Paludo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa A Kottschade
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron S Mansfield
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rami Manochakian
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roxana S Dronca
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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64
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Antifertility effectiveness of a novel polymer matrix composite and its influence on the endometrium in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Contraception 2019; 100:132-136. [PMID: 30980831 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To explored the antifertility effectiveness and influence on the endometrium of a micro-copper/low-density polyethylene/methyl vinyl silicone rubber (Cu/LDPE/MVQ) composite in rhesus macaques. STUDY DESIGN Healthy reproductive aged female rhesus macaques underwent abdominal hysterotomy for surgical placement of either the experimental Cu/LDPE/MVQ composite (Cu/LDPE/MVQ, n=5), bare copper wire (Cu, n=5), or hysterotomy only sham-operation group [(SOI, n=4), (SOII, n=6)]. Females in the Cu/LPDE/MVQ, Cu, and SOI groups were housed with fertile males for approximately three menstrual cycles. We assessed pregnancy by hysterectomy. Females in the Cu/LDPE/MVQ, Cu, and SOII groups underwent hysterectomy at about 4 months post-insertion for histologic assessment of morphologic changes of the endometrium, evaluation of materials using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and evaluation of the inflammatory markers, including substance P receptor (SPR), associated with endometrial bleeding using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS All of the SOI group females became pregnant (4/4, 100%). In contrast, no pregnancies occurred in either the Cu/LDPE/MVQ (0/5, 0%) or Cu (0/5, 0%) groups. We observed histologic features consistent with chronic endometrial inflammation in all females of the Cu group, but none of the SOII or Cu/LDPE/MVQ animals. Levels of inflammatory markers were significantly increased in the Cu group, compared with SOII or Cu/LDPE/MVQ groups (p<.05). SEM showed evidence of corrosion in the Cu wire not seen in the Cu/LDPE/MVQ group. CONCLUSION(S) Cu/LDPE/MVQ material provided a contraceptive effect similar to Cu in macaques, with a lower impact on inflammation and inflammatory markers of the endometrium. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates the possibility of a Cu/LDPE/MVQ composite as an alternative to conventional copper device materials.
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Abdi F, Alimoradi Z, Alidost F. Pregnancy outcomes and effects of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-positive pregnant women: a systematic review. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Despite the clear morbidity, mortality and vertical transmission rates in women infected with HIV, there is still controversy surrounding the relationship between maternal infection and adverse neonatal outcomes. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy is considered the main and most effective method for reducing the vertical transmission of infection. However, there is no consensus over potential associations between antiretroviral therapy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This systematic review focuses on the effects of antiretroviral drugs on pregnancy outcomes in HIV-positive women. Methods: After searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the ISI Web of Sciences and EMBASE, 570 potentially eligible papers were identified. Only 32 papers were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Results: The most prevalent adverse pregnancy outcomes were low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth. Conclusion: Considering the higher prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected women, HIV screening methods should be administered in all pregnant women. Appropriate treatment modalities should also be selected to minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdi
- Student Research Committee, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zainab Alimoradi
- Department of Midwifery, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farzane Alidost
- Department of Reproductive Health, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Metformin inhibits estradiol and progesterone-induced decidualization of endometrial stromal cells by regulating expression of progesterone receptor, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1578-1585. [PMID: 30551411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a serious threat for reproductive-aged women. Metformin has been used for the treatment of PCOS. However, its molecular mechanism in decidualization process of PCOS has not been well featured. METHODS RT-qPCR analysis was used to detect expression patterns of progesterone receptor (PGR), estradiol receptor alpha (ERα), Cytokeratin 8 and Vimentin in endometrial tissues of PCOS and non-PCOS patients. RT-qPCR assay was also employed to determine mRNA expression of prolactin, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Cytokine secretion were measured by matching ELISA kits. Protein expression of p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p-p38 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and PGR (PGRA and PGRB) was tested by western blot assay. RESULTS PGR expression was upregulated in PCOS patients. Metformin alleviated estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) (EP)-induced decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Abnormal cytokine secretion was observed in EP-stimulated endometrial stromal cells in the absence or presence of metfromin. Metformin suppressed EP-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 upregulation. Metformin alleviated EP-triggered p38 MAPK inactivation and PGR (PGRA and PGRB) expression. Metfromin had no effect on ERK1/2 signaling in EP-stimulated endometrial stromal cells. CONCLUSION Metformin alleviated EP-induced decidualization of endometrial stromal cells by modulating secretion of multiple cytokines, inhibiting expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, activating p38-MAPK signaling and reducing PGR expression, providing a deep insight into the molecular basis of metfromin therapy for PCOS patients.
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67
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Švajger U, Rožman P. Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by Endogenous Biomolecules: An Update. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2482. [PMID: 30416505 PMCID: PMC6212600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of microenvironment on dendritic cell (DC) function and development has been strongly established during the last two decades. Although DCs with general tolerogenic characteristics have been isolated and defined as a particular sub-population, it is predominantly their unequivocal biological plasticity, which allows for unparalleled responsiveness to environmental ques and shaping of their tolerogenic characteristics when interacting with tolerance-inducing biomolecules. Dendritic cells carry receptors for a great number of endogenous factors, which, after ligation, can importantly influence the development of their activation state. For this there is ample evidence merely by observation of DC characteristics isolated from various anatomical niches, e.g., the greater immunosuppressive potential of DCs isolated from intestine compared to conventional blood DCs. Endogenous biomolecules present in these environments most likely play a major role as a determinant of their phenotype and function. In this review, we will concisely summarize in what way various, tolerance-inducing endogenous factors influence DC biology, the development of their particular tolerogenic state and their subsequent actions in context of immune response inhibition and induction of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Švajger
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Rožman
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Canet LM, Sánchez-Maldonado JM, Cáliz R, Rodríguez-Ramos A, Lupiañez CB, Canhão H, Martínez-Bueno M, Escudero A, Segura-Catena J, Sorensen SB, Hetland ML, Soto-Pino MJ, Ferrer MA, García A, Glintborg B, Filipescu I, Pérez-Pampin E, González-Utrilla A, Nevot MÁL, Conesa-Zamora P, Broeder AD, De Vita S, Jacobsen SEH, Collantes-Estevez E, Quartuccio L, Canzian F, Fonseca JE, Coenen MJH, Andersen V, Sainz J. Polymorphisms at phase I-metabolizing enzyme and hormone receptor loci influence the response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 19:83-96. [PMID: 30287909 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate whether 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in steroid hormone-related genes are associated with the risk of RA and anti-TNF drug response. We conducted a case-control study in 3 European populations including 2936 RA patients and 2197 healthy controls. Of those, a total of 1985 RA patients were treated with anti-TNF blockers. The association of potentially interesting markers in the discovery population was validated through meta-analysis with data from DREAM and DANBIO registries. Although none of the selected variants had a relevant role in modulating RA risk, the meta-analysis of the linear regression data with those from the DREAM and DANBIO registries showed a significant correlation of the CYP3A4rs11773597 and CYP2C9rs1799853 variants with changes in DAS28 after the administration of anti-TNF drugs (P = 0.00074 and P = 0.006, respectively). An overall haplotype analysis also showed that the ESR2GGG haplotype significantly associated with a reduced chance of having poor response to anti-TNF drugs (P = 0.0009). Finally, a ROC curve analysis confirmed that a model built with eight steroid hormone-related variants significantly improved the ability to predict drug response compared with the reference model including demographic and clinical variables (AUC = 0.633 vs. AUC = 0.556; PLR_test = 1.52 × 10-6). These data together with those reporting that the CYP3A4 and ESR2 SNPs correlate with the expression of TRIM4 and ESR2 mRNAs in PBMCs (ranging from P = 1.98 × 10-6 to P = 2.0 × 10-35), and that the CYP2C9rs1799853 SNP modulates the efficiency of multiple drugs, suggest that steroid hormone-related genes may have a role in determining the response to anti-TNF drugs.KEY POINTS• Polymorphisms within the CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 loci correlate with changes in DAS28 after treatment with anti-TNF drugs.• A haplotype including eQTL SNPs within the ESR2 gene associates with better response to anti-TNF drugs.• A genetic model built with eight steroid hormone-related variants significantly improved the ability to predict drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Canet
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose M Sánchez-Maldonado
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Cáliz
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Ramos
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen B Lupiañez
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Helena Canhão
- CEDOC, EpiDoC Unit, NOVA Medical School and National School of Public Health, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Area of Genomic Medicine, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escudero
- Rheumatology Department, Reina Sofía Hospital/IMIBIC/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juana Segura-Catena
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Signe B Sorensen
- The Danish Rheumatologic Biobank, the DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete L Hetland
- The Danish Rheumatologic Biobank, the DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - María José Soto-Pino
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ferrer
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio García
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Bente Glintborg
- The Danish Rheumatologic Biobank, the DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ileana Filipescu
- Rheumatology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eva Pérez-Pampin
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Clinical Analysis Department, Santa Lucía University Hospital, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alfons den Broeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore De Vita
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Clinic of Rheumatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sven Erik Hobe Jacobsen
- The Danish Rheumatologic Biobank, the DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Luca Quartuccio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Clinic of Rheumatology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - João E Fonseca
- Rheumatology and Metabolic Bone Diseases Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon Academic Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marieke J H Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, IRS-Center Sonderjylland, Hospital of Southern Jutland, DK-6200, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Juan Sainz
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.
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Taneja V. Sex Hormones Determine Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1931. [PMID: 30210492 PMCID: PMC6119719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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70
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Adal M, Howe R, Kassa D, Aseffa A, Petros B. Associations of gender and serum total cholesterol with CD4+ T cell count and HIV RNA load in antiretroviral-naïve individuals in Addis Ababa. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:943. [PMID: 30064395 PMCID: PMC6069861 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Males are more susceptible than females to infections due to the differences in endocrine-immune interactions. Furthermore, it is reported that lowering cell cholesterol impairs viral replication and infection in vitro. However, the production of oxysterols in vivo by oxidation of cholesterol may result in inhibition of HIV replication. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the associations of gender and serum total cholesterol with CD4+ T cell counts and/or WHO clinical stages, and HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) load in antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive study population with known sero-positive time of stay in Addis Ababa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to August 2013 on 594 HIV-1 infected ART-naïve adult study participants in four hospitals Addis Ababa. CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA load, hemoglobin and fasting serum total cholesterol were determined. Socio-demographic characteristics, WHO clinical stages, and height and weight were collected from patients’ chart and triangulated by structured questionnaire. Pearson chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation and univariate and multivariate linear/logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine associations. Results Mean HIV RNA load was found to be lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). CD4+ T cell count and serum total cholesterol were found to be significantly correlated with HIV RNA load (p < 0.01). Women were at lower risk of having higher HIV RNA load in comparison to men. In addition, having lower concentrations of serum total cholesterol was found to be independent predictor of higher HIV RNA load in comparison to those with higher concentrations of cholesterol in serum (p < 0.05). The multivariate binomial logistic regression also showed that the immune status was better in women than men, and in the presence of higher serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Conclusion Gender and serum total cholesterol were found to be associated and independent predictors of HIV RNA load, and CD4+ cell count and/or WHO clinical stages. There is a significant lower HIV RNA load and better CD4+ T cell count in women and those study participants with higher serum total cholesterol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5852-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaku Adal
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Kassa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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71
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Xu C, Liu J, Liu L, Bi Y, Xu B, Chen J, Xu B, Chen T, Hu Y, Zhou YH. Comparison of hepatitis B viral loads and viral antigen levels in child-bearing age women with and without pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:292. [PMID: 29980185 PMCID: PMC6035447 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a unique physiological condition with the cellular immune functions compromised at some extents to allow the mature of growing fetus. Whether pregnancy may influence the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is less studied. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of pregnancy on the replication of HBV and expression of viral antigens by comparing the levels of HBV DNA and viral antigens in pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS A total of 727 HBsAg-positive serum samples, collected from 214 pregnant women and 513 non-pregnant women of childbearing age, were included. Based on the pregnancy status, subjects were divided into four groups: nulliparous (n = 158), pregnant (n = 214), 7-12 months postpartum (n = 170), and 2-5 years postpartum (n = 185). The levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were quantitatively measured with microparticle enzyme immunoassay. HBV DNA levels were detected by fluorescent real-time PCR. RESULTS The median ages of four groups were 25.0, 25.3, 26.2 and 29.3 years, respectively (p < 0.01). HBeAg-positive proportions were 34.2, 33.6, 35.3 and 29.2%, respectively (p = 0.624). HBV DNA levels in HBeAg-positive women were higher than those in HBeAg-negative women (7.88 vs 2.62 log IU/ml, p < 0.001). HBV DNA levels in the four groups with positive HBeAg were 7.8, 7.7, 8.0 and 8.0 log IU/ml, respectively (p = 0.057), while HBsAg titers were 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.8 log IU/ml (p = 0.086) and HBeAg titers were 3.1, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.0 log S/CO (p = 0.198). In the four groups with negative HBeAg, HBV DNA levels were 2.3, 2.6, 2.5 and 2.8 log IU/ml, respectively (p = 0.085), while HBsAg titers were 3.1, 3.3, 3.3 and 3.0 log IU/ml (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of HBV DNA and viral antigens showed no significant changes in nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum women, regardless of the HBeAg status. The results indicate that pregnancy has little influence on the replication of HBV and the expression of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhenjiang Fourth People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingli Liu
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanhua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongchun Bi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biyun Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhenjiang Fourth People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhou
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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72
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Hartmann C, Gerner W, Walter I, Saalmüller A, Aurich C. Influences of intrauterine semen administration on regulatory T lymphocytes in the oestrous mare (Equus caballus). Theriogenology 2018; 118:119-125. [PMID: 29890428 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the mare, early pregnancy loss is common, but involvement of the maternal immune system in the pathogenesis of this condition has not been investigated in detail so far. In the present study, we assessed effects of exposure of the endometrium to semen or seminal plasma in oestrous mares on the response of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) in the peripheral circulation as well as in the endometrium. Raw semen, seminal plasma or PBS (control) were introduced into the uterus of oestrous mares (n = 12). Blood was collected immediately before insemination or PBS infusion (time 0), and 12, 24 and 48 h thereafter. Endometrial biopsies were collected at 24 h. In peripheral blood, Treg (CD4+Foxp3+) cells were determined by flow cytometry. In endometrial biopsies, Tregs were assessed as cells staining positive for Foxp3 by immunohistochemistry. The percentage of Tregs in blood decreased (p < 0.05) at 12 h after exposure to seminal plasma, tended to decrease in response to raw semen (p = 0.095) but not to PBS. Leukocyte and PMN counts were not affected. In the endometrium, numbers of Foxp3 positive cells at 24 h after insemination or PBS infusion were not changed by treatment. Results of the present study provide only little evidence that maternal tolerance of pregnancy in the horse is modulated already by exposure of the oestrous endometrium to seminal plasma at mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Hartmann
- Platform Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Platform Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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73
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Teasdale CA, Abrams EJ, Chiasson MA, Justman J, Blanchard K, Jones HE. Incidence of sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197696. [PMID: 29795625 PMCID: PMC5967814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) is high among pregnant women in certain settings. We estimated STI incidence and compared STI risk in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Data came from the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) study conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe 2003-2006. Women aged 18-50 years with at least one follow-up visit within 6 months of enrollment were included. Follow-up visits included laboratory testing for pregnancy, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and HIV, as well as self-report of hormonal contraceptive (HC) use, sexual behaviors and intravaginal practices. All visits were classified according to pregnancy status. Incidence of each STI was calculated using follow-up time. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted using pregnancy as a time-varying exposure and sexual behaviors and intravaginal practices as time-varying covariates. Among 4,549 women, 766 (16.8%) had a positive pregnancy test. Median follow-up time was 18 months [IQR: 12-24]. The overall incidence rate of chlamydia was 6.7 per 100 person years (py) and 9.9/100py during pregnancy; gonorrhea incidence was 2.7/100py and 4.9/100py during pregnancy; trichomoniasis incidence was 7.1/100py overall and 9.2/100py during pregnancy. Overall HIV incidence was 3.9/100py and 3.8/100py during pregnancy. In crude models, pregnancy increased risk for chlamydia (hazard ratio (HR) 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-1.2), however there was no increased risk of any measured STI in adjusted models. STI Incidence was high during pregnancy however pregnancy did not increase STI risk after adjustment for sexual behaviors. Greater efforts are needed to help pregnant women avoid STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Teasdale
- ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Chiasson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jessica Justman
- ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kelly Blanchard
- Ibis Reproductive Health, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Heidi E. Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America
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74
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Delyea C, Bozorgmehr N, Koleva P, Dunsmore G, Shahbaz S, Huang V, Elahi S. CD71 + Erythroid Suppressor Cells Promote Fetomaternal Tolerance through Arginase-2 and PDL-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:4044-4058. [PMID: 29735482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Survival of the allogeneic pregnancy depends on the maintenance of immune tolerance to paternal alloantigens at the fetomaternal interface. Multiple localized mechanisms contribute to the fetal evasion from the mother's immune rejection as the fetus is exposed to a wide range of stimulatory substances such as maternal alloantigens, microbes and amniotic fluids. In this article, we demonstrate that CD71+ erythroid cells are expanded at the fetomaternal interface and in the periphery during pregnancy in both humans and mice. These cells exhibit immunosuppressive properties, and their abundance is associated with a Th2 skewed immune response, as their depletion results in a proinflammatory immune response at the fetomaternal interface. In addition to their function in suppressing proinflammatory responses in vitro, maternal CD71+ erythroid cells inhibit an aggressive allogeneic response directed against the fetus such as reduction in TNF-α and IFN-γ production through arginase-2 activity and PD-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PDL-1) interactions. Their depletion leads to the failure of gestation due to the immunological rejection of the fetus. Similarly, fetal liver CD71+ erythroid cells exhibit immunosuppressive activity. Therefore, immunosuppression mediated by CD71+ erythroid cells on both sides (mother/fetus) is crucial for fetomaternal tolerance. Thus, our results reveal a previously unappreciated role for CD71+ erythroid cells in pregnancy and indicate that these cells mediate homeostatic immunosuppressive/immunoregulatory responses during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Delyea
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Najmeh Bozorgmehr
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Petya Koleva
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Garett Dunsmore
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Shima Shahbaz
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Vivian Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada; and.,Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, M5G 1X5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada; .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
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75
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Zhou N, Yue Y, Xiong S. Sex Hormone Contributes to Sexually Dimorphic Susceptibility in CVB3-Induced Viral Myocarditis via Modulating IFN-γ + NK Cell Production. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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76
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Habib P, Dreymueller D, Rösing B, Botung H, Slowik A, Zendedel A, Habib S, Hoffmann S, Beyer C. Estrogen serum concentration affects blood immune cell composition and polarization in human females under controlled ovarian stimulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:340-347. [PMID: 29448043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens modulate the immune system and possess anti-inflammatory properties. In line, immune cells express a variety of estrogen receptors (ER) including ER-alpha and -beta. In the present study, we examined the influence of 17beta-estradiol (E2) serum concentrations on blood leukocyte composition and their ex vivo polarization/activation status by FACS analysis in sub-fertile human females under controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). Using a set of cell-type and polarization-specific markers, we demonstrate that increased 17ß-estradiol (E2) serum concentrations yield an overall increase in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes but decreased lymphocytes. There was a clear ratio shift towards an increase in M2 monocytes with a protective quality and an increase in T-helper cells compared to a decrease in cytotoxic T-cells. These data support experimental findings and clinical trials, i.e. related to multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune-related diseases, that have shown a down-regulation of CD8(+) T cells and up-regulation of T-regulatory cells. Further studies have to pinpoint to which extent the immune system/-responsiveness of otherwise healthy female patients is affected by medium-term systemic E2 variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rösing
- Clinic for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Clinics, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannes Botung
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shahin Habib
- Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Casanova-Nakayama A, Wernicke von Siebenthal E, Kropf C, Oldenberg E, Segner H. Immune-Specific Expression and Estrogenic Regulation of the Four Estrogen Receptor Isoforms in Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040932. [PMID: 29561790 PMCID: PMC5979597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic actions of estrogens in vertebrates are exerted via two intracellular estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, which show cell- and tissue-specific expression profiles. Mammalian immune cells express ERs and are responsive to estrogens. More recently, evidence became available that ERs are also present in the immune organs and cells of teleost fish, suggesting that the immunomodulatory function of estrogens has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. For a better understanding of the sensitivity and the responsiveness of the fish immune system to estrogens, more insight is needed on the abundance of ERs in the fish immune system, the cellular ratios of the ER subtypes, and their autoregulation by estrogens. Consequently, the aims of the present study were (i) to determine the absolute mRNA copy numbers of the four ER isoforms in the immune organs and cells of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and to compare them to the hepatic ER numbers; (ii) to analyse the ER mRNA isoform ratios in the immune system; and, (iii) finally, to examine the alterations of immune ER mRNA expression levels in sexually immature trout exposed to 17β-estradiol (E2), as well as the alterations of immune ER mRNA expression levels in sexually mature trout during the reproductive cycle. All four ER isoforms were present in immune organs—head kidney, spleen-and immune cells from head kidney and blood of rainbow trout, but their mRNA levels were substantially lower than in the liver. The ER isoform ratios were tissue- and cell-specific, both within the immune system, but also between the immune system and the liver. Short-term administration of E2 to juvenile female trout altered the ER mRNA levels in the liver, but the ERs of the immune organs and cells were not responsive. Changes of ER gene transcript numbers in immune organs and cells occurred during the reproductive cycle of mature female trout, but the changes in the immune ER profiles differed from those in the liver and gonads. The correlation between ER gene transcript numbers and serum E2 concentrations was only moderate to low. In conclusion, the low mRNA numbers of nuclear ER in the trout immune system, together with their limited estrogen-responsiveness, suggest that the known estrogen actions on trout immunity may be not primarily mediated through genomic actions, but may involve other mechanisms, such as non-genomic pathways or indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Casanova-Nakayama
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Elena Wernicke von Siebenthal
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Elisabeth Oldenberg
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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78
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Cheng BW, Lo FS, Wang AM, Hung CM, Huang CY, Ting WH, Yang MO, Lin CH, Chen CC, Lin CL, Wu YL, Lee YJ. Autoantibodies against islet cell antigens in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16275-16283. [PMID: 29662644 PMCID: PMC5893239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibody (IA2A), and insulin autoantibody (IAA) in 750 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) living in Taiwan. GADA, IA2A, and IAA were measured by radioimmunoassay. The data were assessed by χ2 test, binary logistic regression, and Spearman rank correlation. Of the 750 T1D patients, 66.3% had GADA, 65.3% IA2A, 35.7% IAA, and 17.2% no autoantibodies. The prevalence of GADA and IA2A significantly decreased along T1D duration. The positivity of either GADA or IA2A was 89.4% within the first year of disease and decreased to 36.7% after 9 years (P = 1.22 × 10–20). Female patients had significantly higher prevalence of GADA compared with male patients (72.3% vs. 59.7%, P = 0.00027). The patients diagnosed before 12 years of age had a positive rate of 92.2% for either GADA or IA2A. Patients diagnosed at age 12 or above had a significantly lower positive rate of 81.6% (P = 0.011). GADA and IA2A significantly correlated with each other (rs = 0.245, P = 1.09 × 10–11). We concluded that autoantibodies were detectable in 89.4% of T1D patients within one year after diagnosis. Their prevalence declined with disease duration. GADA was more prevalent in female patients. GADA and IA2A weakly correlated with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Wen Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital HsinChu Branch, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Sung Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - An-Mei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,MacKay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Mei Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Huang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,MacKay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Ting
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,MacKay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ore Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital HsinChu Branch, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lei Wu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chuanghua Christian Children's Hospital, Chuanghua, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jinn Lee
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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79
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Khan KN, Fujishita A, Hiraki K, Kitajima M, Nakashima M, Fushiki S, Kitawaki J. Bacterial contamination hypothesis: a new concept in endometriosis. Reprod Med Biol 2018; 17:125-133. [PMID: 29692669 PMCID: PMC5902457 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease that mainly affects women of reproductive age. The exact pathogenesis of this disease is still debatable. The role of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in endometriosis were investigated and the possible source of endotoxin in the pelvic environment was examined. Methods The limulus amoebocyte lysate test was used to measure the endotoxin levels in the menstrual fluid and peritoneal fluid and their potential role in the growth of endometriosis was investigated. Menstrual blood and endometrial samples were cultured for the presence of microbes. The effect of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment on intrauterine microbial colonization (IUMC) and the occurrence of endometritis was investigated. Main findings Results Lipopolysaccharide regulates the pro-inflammatory response in the pelvis and growth of endometriosis via the LPS/TLR4 cascade. The menstrual blood was highly contaminated with Escherichea coli and the endometrial samples were colonized with other microbes. A cross-talk between inflammation and ovarian steroids or the stress reaction also was observed in the pelvis. Treatment with GnRHa further worsens intrauterine microbial colonization, with the consequent occurrence of endometritis in women with endometriosis. Conclusion For the first time, a new concept called the "bacterial contamination hypothesis" is proposed in endometriosis. This study's findings of IUMC in women with endometriosis could hold new therapeutic potential in addition to the conventional estrogen-suppressing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleque N Khan
- Graduate School of Medical Science Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Akira Fujishita
- Department of Gynecology Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital Nagasaki Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraki
- Department of Gynecology Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital Nagasaki Japan
| | - Michio Kitajima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology Atomic Bomb Disease Institute Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- Center for Quality Assurance in Research and Development Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Graduate School of Medical Science Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
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80
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Takada L, Barbero MMD, Oliveira HN, de Camargo GMF, Fernandes Júnior GA, Aspilcueta-Borquis RR, Souza FRP, Boligon AA, Melo TP, Regatieri IC, Feitosa FLB, Fonseca LFS, Magalhães AFB, Costa RB, Albuquerque LG. Genomic association for sexual precocity in beef heifers using pre-selection of genes and haplotype reconstruction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190197. [PMID: 29293544 PMCID: PMC5749767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive traits are of the utmost importance for any livestock farming, but are difficult to measure and to interpret since they are influenced by various factors. The objective of this study was to detect associations between known polymorphisms in candidate genes related to sexual precocity in Nellore heifers, which could be used in breeding programs. Records of 1,689 precocious and non-precocious heifers from farms participating in the Conexão Delta G breeding program were analyzed. A subset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in the region of the candidate genes at a distance of up to 5 kb from the boundaries of each gene, were selected from the panel of 777,000 SNPs of the High-Density Bovine SNP BeadChip. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analysis of early heifer pregnancy, relating the trait with isolated SNPs or with haplotype groups. The model included the contemporary group (year and month of birth) as fixed effect and parent of the animal (sire effect) as random effect. The fastPHASE® and GenomeStudio® were used for reconstruction of the haplotypes and for analysis of linkage disequilibrium based on r2 statistics. A total of 125 candidate genes and 2,024 SNPs forming haplotypes were analyzed. Statistical analysis after Bonferroni correction showed that nine haplotypes exerted a significant effect (p<0.05) on sexual precocity. Four of these haplotypes were located in the Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 gene (PAPP-A2), two in the Estrogen-related receptor gamma gene (ESRRG), and one each in the Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A gene (PAPP-A), Kell blood group complex subunit-related family (XKR4) and mannose-binding lectin genes (MBL-1) genes. Although the present results indicate that the PAPP-A2, PAPP-A, XKR4, MBL-1 and ESRRG genes influence sexual precocity in Nellore heifers, further studies are needed to evaluate their possible use in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Takada
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M D Barbero
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique N Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio R P Souza
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arione A Boligon
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaise P Melo
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inaê C Regatieri
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabieli L B Feitosa
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa F S Fonseca
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana F B Magalhães
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael B Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia G Albuquerque
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yao Y, Li H, Ding J, Xia Y, Wang L. Progesterone impairs antigen-non-specific immune protection by CD8 T memory cells via interferon-γ gene hypermethylation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006736. [PMID: 29155896 PMCID: PMC5714395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women and animals have increased susceptibility to a variety of intracellular pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes (LM), which has been associated with significantly increased level of sex hormones such as progesterone. CD8 T memory(Tm) cell-mediated antigen-non-specific IFN-γ responses are critically required in the host defense against LM. However, whether and how increased progesterone during pregnancy modulates CD8 Tm cell-mediated antigen-non-specific IFN-γ production and immune protection against LM remain poorly understood. Here we show in pregnant women that increased serum progesterone levels are associated with DNA hypermethylation of IFN-γ gene promoter region and decreased IFN-γ production in CD8 Tm cells upon antigen-non-specific stimulation ex vivo. Moreover, IFN-γ gene hypermethylation and significantly reduced IFN-γ production post LM infection in antigen-non-specific CD8 Tm cells are also observed in pregnant mice or progesterone treated non-pregnant female mice, which is a reversible phenotype following demethylation treatment. Importantly, antigen-non-specific CD8 Tm cells from progesterone treated mice have impaired anti-LM protection when adoptive transferred in either pregnant wild type mice or IFN-γ-deficient mice, and demethylation treatment rescues the adoptive protection of such CD8 Tm cells. These data demonstrate that increased progesterone impairs immune protective functions of antigen-non-specific CD8 Tm cells via inducing IFN-γ gene hypermethylation. Our findings thus provide insights into a new mechanism through which increased female sex hormone regulate CD8 Tm cell functions during pregnancy. Increased female sex hormones during pregnancy generate a temporary immune suppression status in the pregnant that protect the developing fetus from maternal rejection but renders the pregnant highly susceptible to various pathogens. However, molecular mechanisms underlying such an increased maternal susceptibility to pathogens during pregnancy remain to be further understood. Here we show in pregnant women that increased progesterone levels are associated with IFN-γ gene hypermethylation and reduced IFN-γ production in peripheral CD8 Tm cells. By using murine models of LM infection, for the first time we show a causal relationship between increased level of progesterone, a characteristic female sex hormone of pregnancy, and increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular bacterium that endangers both the pregnant and the fetus. Such an impact on anti-listeria host defense is mediated through progesterone-induced IFN-γ gene hypermethylation in CD8 Tm cells, resulting in impaired IFN-γ production and reduced immune protection by antigen-non-specific CD8 Tm cells. This study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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82
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Suzuki A, Barnhart H, Gu J, Bonkovsky HL, Tillmann HL, Fontana RJ, Kleiner DE. Associations of gender and a proxy of female menopausal status with histological features of drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2017; 37:1723-1730. [PMID: 28161910 PMCID: PMC5545077 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Gender and menopause may contribute to type and severity of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by influencing host responses to injury. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of gender and female age 50 [a proxy of menopause] with histological features of liver injury in 212 adults enrolled in the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) registry. METHODS All participants had a causality score of at least 'probable', a liver biopsy within 30 days of DILI onset, and no prior chronic liver disease. Biochemical and histological injury types were classified as hepatocellular or cholestatic/mixed injury. The cohort was divided into three gender/age categories: men (41.0%), women <50 years (27.4%) and women ≥50 years of age (31.6%). Interaction of gender and age category (≥50 or not) was assessed. RESULTS Hepatocellular injury was more prevalent in women <50 years vs. others (P=.002). After adjusting for biochemical injury types, black race and possible ageing effects, more severe interface hepatitis was noted in biopsies of women <50 years compared to those of men and women ≥50 years (P=.009 and P=.055 respectively). Compared to those of men, biopsies of women showed greater plasma cell infiltration, hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatocyte rosettes and lobular disarray but less iron-positive hepatocytes and histological cholestasis (P<.05). These associations persisted after excluding cases of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, anabolic steroids or nitrofurantoin DILI which showed gender-specific distributions. CONCLUSION Gender and a proxy of menopause were associated with various features of inflammation and injury in DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiezhun Gu
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hans L. Tillmann
- Gastroenterology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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83
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Esser ES, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Kalluri H, McAllister D, Vassilieva EV, Littauer EQ, Lelutiu N, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW, Skountzou I. Microneedle patch delivery of influenza vaccine during pregnancy enhances maternal immune responses promoting survival and long-lasting passive immunity to offspring. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5705. [PMID: 28720851 PMCID: PMC5515933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes life-threatening infections in pregnant women and their newborns. Immunization during pregnancy is the most effective means of preventing maternal and infant mortality/morbidity; however, influenza vaccination rates of pregnant women remain under 50%. Furthermore, the availability of vaccines in low-resource populations is limited. Skin immunization with microneedle patches (MN) is a novel and safe vaccination platform featuring thermostable vaccine formulations. Cold-chain independence and the potential for self-administration can expand influenza vaccination coverage in developing countries. In this study of pregnant BALB/c mice immunized with subunit H1N1 influenza vaccine, we demonstrate the advantage of skin vaccination over intramuscular delivery of a two-fold higher vaccine dose. MN vaccine induced superior humoral immune responses and conferred protective immunity against a lethal challenge dose of homologous influenza virus. Importantly, MN vaccination of mice at mid-gestation resulted in enhanced and long-lasting passive immunity of the offspring, measured by neutralizing antibody titers and survival rates after virus challenge. We conclude that skin vaccination using MN is a superior immunization approach with the potential to overcome immune tolerance observed in pregnancy, and lower vaccination costs through antigen dose-sparing, which is especially relevant in underserved countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haripriya Kalluri
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Devin McAllister
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Elena V Vassilieva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nadia Lelutiu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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84
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Coronel-Restrepo N, Posso-Osorio I, Naranjo-Escobar J, Tobón GJ. Autoimmune diseases and their relation with immunological, neurological and endocrinological axes. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:684-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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85
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Han P, Han J, Fan J, Zhang M, Ma E, Li S, Fan R, Zhang J. 20-Hydroxyecdysone activates PGRP-SA mediated immune response in Locusta migratoria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:128-139. [PMID: 28254619 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been implicated in regulating the immune response in insects. Conflicting conclusions on 20E regulating immunity have been reported in model holometabolous species. However, in hemimetabolous insects, the role of 20E as an immune-suppressor or activator and the mechanism remains unclear. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria is a representative member of hemimetabolous insects. Here, digital gene expression (DGE) profiles of Locusta migratoria treated with 20E were analyzed. Pattern recognition receptors [peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA), PGRP-LE, and gram-negative binding protein (GNBP3)] and antimicrobial peptides (defensin, diptericin, and i-type lysozyme) were significantly induced by 20E in fat body. These immune-related genes significantly increased their mRNA levels during the high-20E stage. Antibacterial activities in plasma were enhanced after 20E injection and during the high-20E developmental stage. Conversely, when 20E signal was suppressed by RNAi of EcR (ecdysone receptor), the expression levels of these genes and antibacterial activities failed to be increased by 20E injection and during the high-20E developmental stage, and the mortality increased after being infected by entomogenous fungus. The knockdown of PGRP-SA inhibited the expression level of defensin, diptericin and i-type lysozyme in fat body and reduced antibacterial activities in plasma. 20E injection could not significantly induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides after RNAi of PGRP-SA. These results demonstrated that 20E enhanced the immune response by activating PGRP-SA in L. migratoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China.
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86
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Gamble JA, Boldsen JL, Hoppa RD. Stressing out in medieval Denmark: An investigation of dental enamel defects and age at death in two medieval Danish cemeteries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2017; 17:52-66. [PMID: 28521912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of early life stress on later life experiences has become a major focus of research in medicine and more recently in bioarchaeology. Dental enamel, which preserves a record of childhood stress events, represents an important resource for this investigation when paired with the information from adult skeletal remains, such as age at death. The purpose of this research was to use a life history approach to the exploration of sex differences in the relationship between childhood stress and adult longevity by examining accentuated striae of Retzius (AS). A medieval Danish sample (n=70) drawn from the rural cemetery of Sejet and the urban cemetery of Ole Wormsgade was considered for AS and age at death. The results suggest sex differences in survivorship, with more stress being associated with reduced survivorship in males and increased survivorship in females. A consideration of AS formation time also suggests a difference in the impact of developmental timing between males and females. These results are interpreted in terms of differential frailty and selective mortality, drawing in both biomedical and cultural perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Gamble
- University of Manitoba, Department of Anthropology, 15 Chancellor Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Jesper L Boldsen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Forensic Medicine - ADBOU, Lucernemarken 20, DK-5260, Odense S, Denmark.
| | - Robert D Hoppa
- University of Manitoba, Department of Anthropology, 15 Chancellor Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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87
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17-α Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate for the Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Birth: One Size May Not Fit All. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 128:899-903. [PMID: 27607880 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm birth is a syndrome with many causes and thus unresponsive to a single intervention. It logically follows that patients with a prior spontaneous preterm birth are a heterogeneous group unlikely to respond equally to a single preventive intervention such as 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Further confounding this issue is our fundamental lack of knowledge about the mechanism(s) by which 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate reduces preterm birth. Recently, studies demonstrating that responders and nonresponders can be identified based on obstetric history, genotype, physical characteristics, and behavioral factors have begun to provide clues into both 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate's mechanism and the pathophysiology of recurrent preterm birth and may allow for more targeted therapy. These studies lend support to speculation that inflammation or nitric oxide metabolism may be common threads between 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate's mechanism and preterm birth prevention. It will remain critically important to avoid the temptation to regard prior spontaneous preterm birth as a single disease entity amenable to a single treatment.
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88
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Nicolls MR, Voelkel NF. The Roles of Immunity in the Prevention and Evolution of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1292-1299. [PMID: 27786553 PMCID: PMC5443903 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1630pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto/Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Magri A, Barbaglia MN, Foglia CZ, Boccato E, Burlone ME, Cole S, Giarda P, Grossini E, Patel AH, Minisini R, Pirisi M. 17,β-estradiol inhibits hepatitis C virus mainly by interference with the release phase of its life cycle. Liver Int 2017; 37:669-677. [PMID: 27885811 PMCID: PMC5448036 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oestrogen and oestrogen-mediated signalling protect from hepatitis C virus through incompletely understood mechanisms. We aimed to ascertain which phase(s) of hepatitis C virus life cycle is/are affected by oestrogens. METHODS Huh7 cells infected with the JFH1 virus (genotype 2a) were exposed to dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, progesterone and 17β-estradiol (tested with/without its receptor antagonist fulvestrant). Dose-response curves were established to calculate half maximal inhibitory concentration values. To dissect how 17β-estradiol interferes with phases of hepatitis C virus life cycle, its effects were measured on the hepatitis C virus pseudo-particle system (viral entry), the subgenomic replicon N17/JFH1 and the replicon cell line Huh7-J17 (viral replication). Finally, in a dual-step infection model, infectious supernatants, collected from infected cells exposed to hormones, were used to infect naïve cells. RESULTS Progesterone and testosterone showed no inhibitory effect on hepatitis C virus; dehydroepiandrosterone was only mildly inhibitory. In contrast, 17β-estradiol inhibited infection by 64%-67% (IC50 values 140-160 nmol/L). Fulvestrant reverted the inhibition by 17β-estradiol in a dose-dependent manner. 17β-estradiol exerted only a slight inhibition (<20%) on hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles, and had no effect on cells either transiently or stably (Huh7-J17 cells) expressing the N17/JFH1 replicon. In the dual-step infection model, a significant half maximal inhibitory concentration decline occurred between primary (134 nmol/L) and secondary (100 nmol/L) infections (P=.02), with extracellular hepatitis C virus RNA and infectivity being reduced to a higher degree in comparison to its intracellular counterpart. CONCLUSIONS 17β-estradiol inhibits hepatitis C virus acting through its intracellular receptors, mainly interfering with late phases (assembly/release) of the hepatitis C virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magri
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly,MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Matteo N. Barbaglia
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Chiara Z. Foglia
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Elisa Boccato
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Michela E. Burlone
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly,CRRF Mons. Luigi NovareseMoncrivelloVercelliItaly
| | - Sarah Cole
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Paola Giarda
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Elena Grossini
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
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90
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Packhäuser KRH, Roman-Sosa G, Ehrhardt J, Krüger D, Zygmunt M, Muzzio DO. A Kinetic Study of CD83 Reveals an Upregulation and Higher Production of sCD83 in Lymphocytes from Pregnant Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:486. [PMID: 28491062 PMCID: PMC5405069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For the normal development of pregnancy, a balance between immune tolerance and defense is crucial. However, the mechanisms mediating such a balance are not fully understood. CD83 is a transmembrane protein whose expression has been linked to anti-inflammatory functions of T and B cells. The soluble form of CD83, released by cleavage of the membrane-bound protein, has strong anti-inflammatory properties and was successfully tested in different mouse models. It is assumed that this molecule contributes to the establishment of immune tolerance. Therefore, we postulated that the expression of CD83 is crucial for immune tolerance during pregnancy in mice. Here, we demonstrated that the membrane-bound form of CD83 was upregulated in T and B cells during allogeneic murine pregnancies. An upregulation was also evident in the main splenic B cell subtypes: marginal zone, follicular zone, and transitional B cells. We also showed that there was an augmentation in the number of CD83+ cells toward the end of pregnancy within splenic B and CD4+ T cells, while CD83+ dendritic cells were reduced in spleen and inguinal lymph nodes of pregnant mice. Additionally, B lymphocytes in late-pregnancy presented a markedly higher sensitivity to LPS in terms of CD83 expression and sCD83 release. Progesterone induced a dosis-dependent upregulation of CD83 on T cells. Our data suggest that the regulation of CD83 expression represents a novel pathway of fetal tolerance and protection against inflammatory threats during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jens Ehrhardt
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Krüger
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Damián Oscar Muzzio
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Banday MZ, Balkhi HM, Sameer AS, Chowdri NA, Haq E. Strong association of interleukin-6 −174G/C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer in ethnic Kashmiri population: A case control study. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695940. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of development of various cancers, including colorectal cancer. Interleukin-6 has been described as a key regulator of colorectal cancer development and is important in the process of colorectal tumorigenesis largely through the regulation of tumor-promoting inflammation. Several studies have reported the association of various polymorphisms in human interleukin-6 gene including IL-6 −174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism with various cancers, including colorectal cancer, but the results are mixed and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of IL-6 −174G/C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism with colorectal cancer risk and also to evaluate the modifying effects of possible IL-6 −174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes on different risk factors of colorectal cancer or the reciprocal effect in ethnic Kashmiri population through a case control setup. The genotype frequencies of IL-6 −174G/C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism were compared between 142 colorectal cancer patients and 184 individually matched healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The association between the IL-6 −174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk was examined through conditional logistic regression models adjusted for multiple possible confounding (third) variables. The possible effect measure modification of the association between the relevant single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes and colorectal cancer risk by various colorectal cancer risk factors including age, gender, and smoking status was also evaluated. Furthermore, the associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and various clinicopathological parameters, demographic variables, and environmental factors within the case group subjects with regard to colorectal cancer risk were also analyzed. The overall association between the IL-6 −174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism and the modulation of colorectal cancer risk was found to be highly significant (p = 0.001). The variant genotype (CC) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 0.15 (95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.54); p = 0.004). Furthermore, the less common IL-6-174C allele was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 0.49 (95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.73); p = 0.0006). The combined variant genotype (GC + CC) was also significantly associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.89); p = 0.015). This study demonstrates that there is a strong and highly significant association between the IL-6 −174G/C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer in ethnic Kashmiri population. However, in order to substantiate our findings, this study needs to be replicated with larger sample size and with other ethnically defined populations with comparable colorectal cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nissar A Chowdri
- Department of Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Fernstrand AM, Bury D, Garssen J, Verster JC. Dietary intake of fibers: differential effects in men and women on perceived general health and immune functioning. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1297053. [PMID: 28469542 PMCID: PMC5404421 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1297053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported previously that dietary fiber intake provides health benefits. Nevertheless, only a limited number of human studies have investigated whether gender differences exist in the relationship between fiber intake and perceived health and immune status. Objective: To investigate potential gender differences in the effects of dietary fiber intake on perceived health and immune status of healthy young adults. Design: A survey was conducted among university students in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data were collected on perceived general health status and perceived immune functioning. Dietary intake of fibers was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Perceived general health status and immune functioning were associated with daily intake of fibers using nonparametric (Spearman) correlations. Statistical analyses were conducted for the group as a whole, and for men and women separately. Results: N = 509 subjects completed the survey. Mean (SD) age was 20.8 (2.6) years old. 71.9% of the samples were females. Mean daily dietary fiber intake was 15.5 (6.9) g. Daily dietary fiber intake correlated significantly with general health rate (r = 0.171, p = 0.0001) and perceived immune functioning (r = 0.124, p = 0.008). After controlling for total caloric intake, the partial correlation between fiber intake and general health remained significant (r = 0.151, p = 0.002). In men, dietary fiber intake correlated significantly with perceived general health status (r = 0.320, p = 0.0001) and immune functioning (r = 0.281, p = 0.002). After controlling for caloric intake, the association between dietary fiber intake and perceived general health (r = 0.261, p = 0.005) remained significant. Remarkably, no significant correlations were observed in women. Conclusion: A significant association between daily dietary fiber intake and perceived general health status and immune rate was found in men, but not in women. Future studies should further address the nature and causes of the observed gender differences, including validated biomarkers for immune responsiveness. Abbreviations: FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; NCDs: Non-communicable diseases; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didi Bury
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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93
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Nair RR, Verma P, Singh K. Immune-endocrine crosstalk during pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:18-23. [PMID: 26965955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The success of pregnancy depends mostly on a synchronized immune-endocrine crosstalk at the maternal-fetal interface. Hormones are important in terms of maintaining the suitable environment and sufficient nutrition for the developing fetus. They also play a major role during the process of parturition and lactation. Maternal immunomodulation is important for the tolerance of semiallogeneic fetus. This is achieved in concert with a variety of endocrine stimulation. Estrogen, progesterone, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin play a major role in immune modulation during pregnancy. Hormones modulate B cells, dendritic cells, uterine natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils to adopt fetal friendly immune phenotypes. Recently the use of hormones in assisted reproductive technology has been found to improve the pregnancy outcome. The present review focuses on the pregnancy-related hormones, their role in immunomodulation for successful pregnancy outcome. This also shed light on the immune-endocrine crosstalk at maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini R Nair
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele University and Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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94
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Roved J, Westerdahl H, Hasselquist D. Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Horm Behav 2017; 88:95-105. [PMID: 27956226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as important modulators of immune responses; the male sex hormone testosterone is generally immunosuppressive while the female sex hormone estrogen tends to be immunoenhancing. Different sets of T-helper cells (Th) have important roles in adaptive immunity, e.g. Th1 cells trigger type 1 responses which are primarily cell-mediated, and Th2 cells trigger type 2 responses which are primarily humoral responses. In our review of the literature, we find that estrogen and progesterone enhance type 2 and suppress type 1 responses in females, whereas testosterone suppresses type 2 responses and shows an inconsistent pattern for type 1 responses in males. When we combine these patterns of generally immunosuppressive and immunoenhancing effects of the sex hormones, our results imply that the sex differences in immune responses should be particularly strong in immune functions associated with type 2 responses, and less pronounced with type 1 responses. In general the hormone-mediated sex differences in immune responses may lead to genetic sexual conflicts on immunity. Thus, we propose the novel hypothesis that sexually antagonistic selection may act on immune genes shared by the sexes, and that the strength of this sexually antagonistic selection should be stronger for type 2- as compared with type 1-associated immune genes. Finally, we put the consequences of sex hormone-induced effects on immune responses into behavioral and ecological contexts, considering social mating system, sexual selection, geographical distribution of hosts, and parasite abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Roved
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennis Hasselquist
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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95
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Rathod KS, Kapil V, Velmurugan S, Khambata RS, Siddique U, Khan S, Van Eijl S, Gee LC, Bansal J, Pitrola K, Shaw C, D’Acquisto F, Colas RA, Marelli-Berg F, Dalli J, Ahluwalia A. Accelerated resolution of inflammation underlies sex differences in inflammatory responses in humans. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:169-182. [PMID: 27893465 PMCID: PMC5199722 DOI: 10.1172/jci89429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease occurs at lower incidence in premenopausal females compared with age-matched males. This variation may be linked to sex differences in inflammation. We prospectively investigated whether inflammation and components of the inflammatory response are altered in females compared with males. METHODS We performed 2 clinical studies in healthy volunteers. In 12 men and 12 women, we assessed systemic inflammatory markers and vascular function using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). In a further 8 volunteers of each sex, we assessed FMD response to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) at baseline and at 8 hours and 32 hours after typhoid vaccine. In a separate study in 16 men and 16 women, we measured inflammatory exudate mediators and cellular recruitment in cantharidin-induced skin blisters at 24 and 72 hours. RESULTS Typhoid vaccine induced mild systemic inflammation at 8 hours, reflected by increased white cell count in both sexes. Although neutrophil numbers at baseline and 8 hours were greater in females, the neutrophils were less activated. Systemic inflammation caused a decrease in FMD in males, but an increase in females, at 8 hours. In contrast, GTN response was not altered in either sex after vaccine. At 24 hours, cantharidin formed blisters of similar volume in both sexes; however, at 72 hours, blisters had only resolved in females. Monocyte and leukocyte counts were reduced, and the activation state of all major leukocytes was lower, in blisters of females. This was associated with enhanced levels of the resolving lipids, particularly D-resolvin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that female sex protects against systemic inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction. This effect is likely due to accelerated resolution of inflammation compared with males, specifically via neutrophils, mediated by an elevation of the D-resolvin pathway. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01582321 and NRES: City Road and Hampstead Ethics Committee: 11/LO/2038. FUNDING The authors were funded by multiple sources, including the National Institute for Health Research, the British Heart Foundation, and the European Research Council.
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96
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Segner H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. The immunomodulatory role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Proximate mechanism for reproduction-immune trade offs? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:43-60. [PMID: 27404794 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and the immune system of vertebrates, attempting to situate the HPG-immune interaction into the context of life history trade-offs between reproductive and immune functions. More specifically, (i) we review molecular and cellular interactions between hormones of the HPG axis, and, as far as known, the involved mechanisms on immune functions, (ii) we evaluate whether the HPG-immune crosstalk serves as proximate mechanism mediating reproductive-immune trade-offs, and (iii) we ask whether the nature of the HPG-immune interaction is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, despite the changes in immune functions, reproductive modes, and life histories. In all vertebrate classes studied so far, HPG hormones have immunomodulatory functions, and indications exist that they contribute to reproduction-immunity resource trade-offs, although the very limited information available for most non-mammalian vertebrates makes it difficult to judge how comparable or different the interactions are. There is good evidence that the HPG-immune crosstalk is part of the proximate mechanisms underlying the reproductive-immune trade-offs of vertebrates, but it is only one factor in a complex network of factors and processes. The fact that the HPG-immune interaction is flexible and can adapt to the functional and physiological requirements of specific life histories. Moreover, the assumption of a relatively fixed pattern of HPG influence on immune functions, with, for example, androgens always leading to immunosuppression and estrogens always being immunoprotective, is probably oversimplified, but the HPG-immune interaction can vary depending on the physiological and envoironmental context. Finally, the HPG-immune interaction is not only driven by resource trade-offs, but additional factors such as, for instance, the evolution of viviparity shape this neuroendocrine-immune relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P.O. Box, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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97
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Sheldon IM, Owens SE, Turner ML. Innate immunity and the sensing of infection, damage and danger in the female genital tract. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:67-73. [PMID: 27498991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis in the female genital tract is challenged by infection, damage, and even physiological events during reproductive cycles. We propose that the evolutionarily ancient system of innate immunity is sufficient to sense and respond to danger in the non-pregnant female genital tract. Innate immunity produces a rapidly inducible, non-specific response when cells sense danger. Here we provide a primer on innate immunity and discuss what is known about how danger signals are sensed in the endometrium and ovary, the impact of inflammatory responses on reproduction, and how endocrinology and innate immunity are integrated. Endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, and ovarian granulosa cells express pattern recognition receptors, similar to cells of the innate immune system. These pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like receptors, bind pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns. Activation of pattern recognition receptors leads to inflammation, recruitment of immune cells from the peripheral circulation, and phagocytosis. Although the inflammatory response helps maintain or restore endometrial health, there may also be negative consequences for fertility, including perturbation of oocyte competence. The intensity of the inflammatory response reflects the balance between the level of danger and the systems that regulate innate immunity, including the endocrine environment. Understanding innate immunity is important because disease and inappropriate inflammatory responses in the endometrium or ovary cause infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Siân-Eleri Owens
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Matthew Lloyd Turner
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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98
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Li Y, Lian D, Deng S, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li W, Bai H, Wang Z, Wu H, Fu J, Han H, Feng J, Liu G, Lian L, Lian Z. Efficient production of pronuclear embryos in breeding and nonbreeding season for generating transgenic sheep overexpressing TLR4. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:38. [PMID: 27408716 PMCID: PMC4940989 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella is a zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that causes abortion and infertility in ruminants and humans. TLR4 is the receptor for LPS which can recognize Brucella and initiate antigen-presenting cell activities that affect both innate and adaptive immunity. Consequently, transgenic sheep over-expressing TLR4 are an suitable model to investigate the effects of TLR4 on preventing Brucellosis. In this study, we generated transgenic sheep overexpressing TLR4 and aimed to evaluate the effects of different seasons (breeding and non-breeding season) on superovulation and the imported exogenous gene on growth. RESULTS In total of 43 donor ewes and 166 recipient ewes in breeding season, 37 donor ewes and 144 recipient ewes in non-breeding season were selected for super-ovulation and injected embryo transfer to generate transgenic sheep. Our results indicated the no. of embryos recovered of donors and the rate of pronuclear embryos did not show any significant difference between breeding and non-breeding seasons (P > 0.05). The positive rate of exogenous TLR4 tested were 21.21 % and 22.58 % in breeding and non-breeding season by Southern blot. The expression level of TLR4 in the transgenic sheep was 1.5 times higher than in the non-transgenic group (P < 0.05). The lambs overexpressing TLR4 had similar growth performance with non-transgenic lambs, and the blood physiological parameters of transgenic and non-transgenic were both in the normal range and did not show any difference. CONCLUSIONS Here we establish an efficient platform for the production of transgenic sheep by the microinjection of pronuclear embryos during the whole year. The over-expression of TLR4 had no adverse effect on the growth of the sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Di Lian
- Department of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL 60532 USA
| | - Shoulong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | | | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Juncai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jianzhong Feng
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ling Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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99
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Thurman AR, Chandra N, Yousefieh N, Zalenskaya I, Kimble T, Asin S, Rollenhagen C, Anderson SM, Herold B, Mesquita PM, Richardson-Harman N, Cunningham T, Schwartz JL, Doncel GF. Comparison of Follicular and Luteal Phase Mucosal Markers of HIV Susceptibility in Healthy Women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:547-60. [PMID: 26750085 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in vaginal immune cell populations, vaginal tissue gene expression, antimicrobial activity of the cervicovaginal (CV) lavage (CVL), vaginal flora, and p24 antigen production from CV tissues after ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection between follicular (FOL) and luteal (LUT) phases of the menstrual cycle. CV tissue biopsies, CV secretions, and blood samples were obtained as part of two longitudinal clinical trials of healthy women (CONRAD D11-119 and A12-124 studies). Participants (n = 39) were HIV-seronegative women not using exogenous hormone supplementation, with normal menstrual cycles, who were screened to exclude sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were significantly higher in the LUT versus the FOL phase of the menstrual cycle. Controlling for race, reported contraceptive use/sexual practices, and clinical trial, we found no differences in vaginal tissue immune cell populations and activation status, transcriptomes, inhibition of HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 and Escherichia coli by the CVL, vaginal pH or Nugent score, or production of p24 antigen after ex vivo infection by HIV-1BaL between CV samples obtained in the FOL phase versus the LUT phase of the menstrual cycle. There were no significant correlations between serum estradiol and progesterone levels and CV endpoints. The hypothesis that the LUT phase of the menstrual cycle represents a more vulnerable stage for mucosal infection with HIV was not supported by data from samples obtained from the lower genital tract (ectocervix and vagina) from these two clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Kimble
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Susana Asin
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction VT and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth, New Hampshire
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction VT and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth, New Hampshire
| | | | - Betsy Herold
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Tina Cunningham
- School of Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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100
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Khalaj AJ, Hasselmann J, Augello C, Moore S, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. Nudging oligodendrocyte intrinsic signaling to remyelinate and repair: Estrogen receptor ligand effects. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:43-52. [PMID: 26776441 PMCID: PMC5233753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to significant, progressive axonal and neuronal degeneration. Currently existing immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies alleviate MS symptoms and slow, but fail to prevent or reverse, disease progression. Restoration of damaged myelin sheath by replenishment of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) should not only restore saltatory axon conduction, but also provide a major boost to axon survival. Our previous work has shown that therapeutic treatment with the modestly selective generic estrogen receptor (ER) β agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) confers functional neuroprotection in a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS by stimulating endogenous remyelination. Recently, we found that the more potent, selective ERβ agonist indazole-chloride (Ind-Cl) improves clinical disease and motor performance. Importantly, electrophysiological measures revealed improved corpus callosal conduction and reduced axon refractoriness. This Ind-Cl treatment-induced functional remyelination was attributable to increased OL progenitor cell (OPC) and mature OL numbers. At the intracellular signaling level, transition of early to late OPCs requires ERK1/2 signaling, and transition of immature to mature OLs requires mTOR signaling; thus, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays a major role in the late stages of OL differentiation and myelination. Indeed, therapeutic treatment of EAE mice with various ERβ agonists results in increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated (p) Akt and p-mTOR levels. It is notable that while DPN's neuroprotective effects occur in the presence of peripheral and central inflammation, Ind-Cl is directly neuroprotective, as demonstrated by remyelination effects in the cuprizone-induced demyelination model, as well as immunomodulatory. Elucidating the mechanisms by which ER agonists and other directly remyelinating agents modulate endogenous OPC and OL regulatory signaling is critical to the development of effective remyelinating drugs. The discovery of signaling targets to induce functional remyelination will valuably contribute to the treatment of demyelinating neurological diseases, including MS, stroke, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Khalaj
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Jonathan Hasselmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Catherine Augello
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Spencer Moore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Seema K Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, United States.
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