51
|
Huang H, Jiang Y, Xu X, Cao X. In vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matters from three different functional areas of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:546-554. [PMID: 28822338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility and human health risks of heavy metals in PM2.5 and PM10 samples from three functional areas of Shanghai, China including a commercial area (CA), a residential area (RA), and an industrial area (IA), were investigated. Gamble's solution and physiologically based extraction test were employed to simulate human respiratory and digestive system, respectively. Both PM2.5 and PM10 concentration in the three areas exceeded the guideline of WHO, and followed the order of IA>CA≈RA. Zinc and Pb were the most abundant metals with a concentration range of 0.19-0.44 and 0.05-0.42μgm-3, respectively. In respiratory system, heavy metal bioaccessibility for PM2.5 and PM10 varied within the range of 5.3%-71.4% and 4.8%-51.5%, respectively. Heavy metals in RA showed higher bioaccessibility than those in CA and IA in the respiratory system. In digestive system, heavy metal bioaccessibility for PM2.5 and PM10 reached 24.6%-90.9% and 28.5%-88.9% in the gastric phase and was reduced to 8.7%-85.5% and 8.5%-81.8% in the intestinal phase, respectively. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals in CA was highest among three areas in the digestive system. Based on the bioaccessibility analysis, the hazard quotient values of heavy metals in PMs via inhalation exposure were far below 1, the safe level, for both adults and children. However, potential risks via ingestion exposure resulted from Pb existed for children of three areas and for adults of RA as their hazard quotient values could reach up to 11. The obtained results indicated that the air quality in Shanghai need to be improved and the health risks to humans via ingestion exposure to atmospheric Pb must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wang J, Li S, Li H, Qian X, Li X, Liu X, Lu H, Wang C, Sun Y. Trace metals and magnetic particles in PM 2.5: Magnetic identification and its implications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9865. [PMID: 28851943 PMCID: PMC5574900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic measurement was combined with geochemical analysis to investigate the trace metal pollution of PM2.5. The study was carried out in Nanjing, China, where the average PM2.5 concentrations in summer and winter in 2013–2014 were 66.37 and 96.92 μg/m3, respectively. The dominant magnetic mineral in PM2.5 had a low-coercivity pseudo-single domain and consisted of magnetite and hematite. Iron-oxide magnetic particles comprised spherical as well as angular particles. Stable Pb isotopic ratio determinations showed that Pb in summer samples derived from coal emissions while the main sources of winter samples were smelting industry and coal emissions. The magnetic properties of the particles correlated strongly with trace metals derived from anthropogenic activities, such as industrial emission, coal combustion, and traffic vehicle activities, but poorly with those derived from natural sources. In the multiple linear regression analysis, Cr and Fe had higher correlation coefficients (training R > 0.7) in contrast to the low training R of As, Cd, Ni, Sr, and Ti (<0.5) determined using the PM2.5 concentrations and magnetic parameter values as the decision variables. Our results support the use of environmental magnetism determinations as a simple and fast method to assess trace metals in urban particulate matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.,School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Li H, Wang J, Wang Q, Tian C, Qian X, Leng X. Magnetic Properties as a Proxy for Predicting Fine-Particle-Bound Heavy Metals in a Support Vector Machine Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6927-6935. [PMID: 28581714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a reasonable statistical method of predicting the concentrations of fine-particle-bound heavy metals remains challenging. In this study, daily PM2.5 samples were collected within four different seasons from a Chinese mega-city. The annual average PM2.5 concentrations determined in industrial, city center, and suburban areas were 90, 81, and 85 μg m-3, respectively. Environmental magnetic measurements, including magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, isothermal remanent magnetization, hysteresis loops, and thermomagnetism, indicated that the main magnetic mineral of PM2.5 is low-coercivity pseudosingle domain (PSD) magnetite. Using a support vector machine (SVM), both the volume- and mass-related concentrations of heavy metals were predicted by the PM2.5 mass concentrations and meteorological factors, with or without magnetic properties as input variables. The inclusion of magnetic variables significantly improved the prediction results for most heavy metals. Predictions based on models that included the magnetic properties of the metals Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti were promising, with R values of >0.8 in both the training and the test stages as well as relatively low errors. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of environmental magnetism in a SVM approach aids in the effective monitoring and assessment of airborne heavy-metal contamination in cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chunhui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiang'zi Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Li Y, Zhang H, Shao LM, He PJ. Tracing source and migration of Pb during waste incineration using stable Pb isotopes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:28-34. [PMID: 28033495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission of Pb is a significant environmental concern during solid waste incineration. To target Pb emission control strategies effectively, the major sources of Pb in the waste incineration byproducts must be traced and quantified. However, identifying the migration of Pb in each waste component is difficult because of the heterogeneity of the waste. This study used a laboratory-scale incinerator to simulate the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). The Pb isotope ratios of the major waste components (207Pb/206Pb=0.8550-0.8627 and 208Pb/206Pb=2.0957-2.1131) and their incineration byproducts were measured to trace sources and quantify the Pb contribution of each component to incineration byproducts. As the proportions of food waste (FW), newspaper (NP), and polyethylene bag (PE) in the artificial MSW changed, the contribution ratios of FW and PE to Pb in fly ash changed accordingly, ranging from 31.2% to 50.6% and from 35.0% to 41.8%, respectively. The replacement of PE by PVC significantly increased the partitioning and migration ratio of Pb. The use of Pb isotope ratios as a quantitative tool for tracing Pb from raw waste to incineration byproducts is a feasible means for improving Pb pollution control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Xu H, Sonke JE, Guinot B, Fu X, Sun R, Lanzanova A, Candaudap F, Shen Z, Cao J. Seasonal and Annual Variations in Atmospheric Hg and Pb Isotopes in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3759-3766. [PMID: 28253613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a 3-year time series of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) concentrations and isotope signatures in total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and as total gaseous Hg (TGM) in Xi'an, Northwestern China. Mean concentrations of TSP (299 ± 120 μg m-3), PbTSP (0.33 ± 0.15 μg m-3) and HgTSP (0.64 ± 0.54 ng m-3), and TGM (5.7 ± 2.7 ng m-3) were elevated. We find that atmospheric Pb levels in winter in Xi'an have decreased by 4.6% per year since 2003, yet remain elevated relative to air quality guidelines and therefore a major health concern. δ202HgTSP and Δ199HgTSP averaged -0.80 ± 0.30‰ (1σ) and -0.02 ± 0.10‰ (1σ) and δ202HgTGM and Δ199HgTGM averaged -0.08 ± 0.41‰ (1σ) and 0.00 ± 0.04‰ (1σ). Relative to raw coal from Shaanxi and surrounding provinces, δ202HgTSP is enriched in the light Hg isotopes, whereas δ202HgTGM is enriched in the heavy isotopes. TSP and TGM Δ199Hg signatures are indistinguishable from raw coal, indicating little photochemical mass independent fractionation of atmospheric Hg in the near-field urban-industrial environment. δ202HgTGM correlates significantly with TGM levels (r2 = 0.3, p < 0.01) and likely reflects binary mixing of local industrial TGM emissions with global background TGM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | - Xuewu Fu
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Aurélie Lanzanova
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Candaudap
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université de Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Marinho Reis AP, Shepherd T, Nowell G, Cachada A, Duarte AC, Cave M, Wragg J, Patinha C, Dias A, Rocha F, da Silva EF, Sousa AJ, Prazeres C, Batista MJ. Source and pathway analysis of lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lisbon urban soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:324-336. [PMID: 27570200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One hundred soil samples were collected from urban spaces, in Lisbon, Portugal, in two surveys that were carried out in consecutive years, to assess the potential adverse human health effects following exposure to potentially toxic elements and organic compounds in the urban soils. The study hereby described follows on from the earlier work of the authors and aims at performing a source-pathway-fate analysis of lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban soils in order to increase current knowledge on factors influencing exposure of the population. Various techniques were combined to achieve the proposed goal. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources were apportioned by means of Pb isotope mixing models. Isotope data was further coupled with geographic information system mapping to assess local mixed sources of Pb and PAHs. Unleaded vehicle exhaust and cement production show the largest relative contribution to the total soil-Pb, but their respective importance depends on factors such as location and urban landscape. The primary sources of PAHs to the urban soils are probably air and land traffic. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate which soil properties could influence mobility and fate of the contaminants. Whilst principal components analysis indicates carbonates and other calcium phases as probable factors controlling the dispersion of Pb in the urban soils, the linear models obtained from stepwise multiple regression analysis show that soil phosphorous (P) and manganese (Mn) are good predictors of the total soil Pb content. No robust model was obtained for the PAHs, impeding identifying environmental factors most likely to influence their dispersion in the urban soils. The solid-phase distribution study provided critical information to untangle the, at a first glance, contradictory results obtained by the multivariate analysis. Carbonates and other calcium phases, having these a probable anthropogenic origin, are soil components containing major fractions of Pb, P, and Mn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Paula Marinho Reis
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Thomas Shepherd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, CESAM, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, CESAM, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cachada
- Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando Costa Duarte
- Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Patinha
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Dias
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira da Silva
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Cátia Prazeres
- LNEG, Estrada da Portela, Zambujal, 2720-866 Amadora, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Deng W, Li X, An Z, Yang L. Lead Contamination and Source Characterization in Soils Around a Lead-Zinc Smelting Plant in a Near-Urban Environment in Baoji, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:500-508. [PMID: 27663602 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Economic reforms in China since 1978 have promoted nationwide socioeconomic advancement but led to a considerable amount of environmental pollution. The distribution and sources of Pb in a typical peri-urban industrial part of Baoji, China, were assessed by determining the Pb contents and isotopic compositions in 52 topsoil samples from the study area. The topsoil samples were polluted averagely with 40.88 mg Pb kg-1, was 1.86 times higher than the Pb content of local background soil (22.04 mg kg-1). Pb isotopic compositions were determined by analyzing samples prepared using total digestion and acid extraction methods. Radiogenic isotopes contributed more to the Pb concentrations in the acid extracts than in the total digests. This was shown by the 207/206Pb and 208/206Pb ratios, which were 0.845-0.88 and 2.088-2.128, respectively, in the acid extracts and 0.841-0.875 and 2.086-2.125, respectively, in the total digests. This indicates that anthropogenic sources of Pb could be identified more sensitively in acid extracts than in total digests. The Pb isotope ratios showed that burning coal and smelting ore are the predominant anthropogenic sources of Pb in the study area, i.e., a lead-zinc smelter and a coking plant are major sources of Pb in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Deng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhisheng An
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Li SW, Li HB, Luo J, Li HM, Qian X, Liu MM, Bi J, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Influence of pollution control on lead inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5: A case study of 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:69-75. [PMID: 27209002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution controls were implemented to improve the air quality for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in Nanjing. To investigate the influence of pollution control on Pb inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5, samples were collected before, during, and after YOG. The objectives were to identify Pb sources in PM2.5 using stable isotope fingerprinting technique and compare Pb inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5 using two simulated lung fluids. While artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) simulates interstitial fluid at pH 7.4, Gamble's solution simulates fluid in alveolar macrophages at pH 4.5. The Pb concentration in PM2.5 samples during YOG (88.2ngm(-3)) was 44-48% lower than that in non-YOG samples. Based on stable Pb isotope ratios, Pb in YOG samples was mainly from coal combustion while Pb in non-YOG samples was from coal combustion and smelting activities. While Pb bioaccessibility in YOG samples was lower than those in non-YOG samples (59-79% vs. 55-87%) by ALF, it was higher than those in non-YOG samples (11-29% vs. 5.3-21%) based on Gamble's solution, attributing to the lower pH and organic acids in ALF. Different Pb bioaccessibility in PM2.5 between samples resulted from changes in Pb species due to pollution control. PbSO4 was the main Pb species in PM2.5 from coal combustion, which was less soluble in ALF than PbO from smelting activities, but more soluble in Gamble's solution. This study showed it is important to consider Pb bioaccessibility during pollution control as source control not only reduced Pb contamination in PM2.5 but also influenced Pb bioaccessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Yu Y, Li Y, Li B, Shen Z, Stenstrom MK. Metal enrichment and lead isotope analysis for source apportionment in the urban dust and rural surface soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:764-772. [PMID: 27376990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the metal accumulation in the environment and identify its sources, 29 different metal contents and lead (Pb) isotope ratios were determined for 40 urban dust samples, 36 surface soil samples, and one river sediment sample collected in the municipality of Beijing, China. Results showed that cadmium, copper (Cu), mercury, Pb, antimony (Sb), and zinc demonstrated to be the typical urban contaminants and mostly influenced by the adjacent human activities with higher content to background ratios and SD values. Among the 29 metal elements investigated, Cu and Sb were found to be the most distinct elements that were highly affected by the developing level and congestion status of the cities with much higher contents in dust in more developed and congested cities. There was a relatively wider range of Pb isotope ratios of country surface soil than those of urban dust. The results of source identification based on Pb isotope ratios showed that coal combustion was the first largest Pb source and vehicle exhaust was the second largest source. The sum of them accounted for 74.6% mass proportion of overall Pb pollution on average. The surface soil sample collected at an iron mine had the highest (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios indicating ore had much higher ratios than other sources. The fine particle subsamples had higher (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios than the coarse particle subsamples indicating more anthropogenic sources of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust for fine particles and more background influence for coarse particles. These results help with pinpointing the major Pb sources and applying suitable measures for the target sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Michael K Stenstrom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Effects of CO/CO2/NO on elemental lead adsorption on carbonaceous surfaces. J Mol Model 2016; 22:166. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
61
|
Wang J, Li S, Cui X, Li H, Qian X, Wang C, Sun Y. Bioaccessibility, sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing, Southeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:161-70. [PMID: 26938154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn total concentrations and bioaccessibilities in 15 urban park dust samples were determined. The oral bioaccessibility measured by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) decreased in the order of Pb>Cd>Zn>Mn>Cu>Co>V>Ni>As>Cr. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) were calculated to evaluate the pollution extent to which the samples were contaminated. Sources were identified using principal component analysis and Pb isotope compositions. Most elements except Co and V were considered to mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to humans through urban park dust exposure were assessed using the oral bioaccessibilities of the elements. Ingestion was the main pathway for non-carcinogenic risk. The hazard quotients were below the safe level (=1) for all elements, however, Pb (0.154) and As (0.184) posed potential higher risks to children than adults. The carcinogenic effects occurring were below the acceptable level (10(-4)) for As and <10(-6) for Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nangjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nangjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li HB, Zhao D, Li J, Li SW, Wang N, Juhasz AL, Zhu YG, Ma LQ. Using the SBRC Assay to Predict Lead Relative Bioavailability in Urban Soils: Contaminant Source and Correlation Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4989-4996. [PMID: 27093348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using in vitro bioaccessibility assays to predict Pb relative bioavailability (RBA) in contaminated soils has been demonstrated, however, limited research was performed on urban soils having lower Pb levels. In this study, 162 soils from urban parks in 27 capital cities in China were measured for Pb bioaccessibility using the SBRC assay, with Pb-RBA in 38 subsamples being measured using a mouse-kidney assay. Total Pb concentrations in soils were 9.3-1198 mg kg(-1), with 92% of the soils having Pb concentrations <100 mg kg(-1). Lead bioaccessibility in soils was 20-94%, increasing with Pb concentration up to 100 mg kg(-1) (r = 0.44), however, limited variability in Pb bioaccessibility (60-80%) was observed for soils with Pb > 100 mg kg(-1). On the basis of a stable isotope fingerprinting technique, coal combustion ash was identified as the major Pb source, contributing to the increased Pb bioaccessibility with increasing soil Pb concentration. Lead-RBA in soils was 17-87%, showing a strong linear correlation with Pb bioaccessibility (r(2) = 0.61), with cross validation of the correlation based on random subsampling and leave-one-out approaches yielding low prediction errors. On the basis of the large sample size of 38 soils, this study demonstrated that the Pb-RBA predictive capability of the SBRC assay can be extended from mining/smelting impacted soils to urban soils with lower Pb levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Shen H, Peters TM, Casuccio GS, Lersch TL, West RR, Kumar A, Kumar N, Ault AP. Elevated Concentrations of Lead in Particulate Matter on the Neighborhood-Scale in Delhi, India As Determined by Single Particle Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4961-70. [PMID: 27077697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High mass concentrations of atmospheric lead particles are frequently observed in the Delhi, India metropolitan area, although the sources of lead particles are poorly understood. In this study, particles sampled across Delhi (August - December 2008) were analyzed by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX) to improve our understanding of the spatial and physicochemical variability of lead-rich particles (>90% lead). The mean mass concentration of lead-rich particles smaller than 10 μm (PM10) was 0.7 μg/m(3) (1.5 μg/m(3) std. dev.) with high variability (range: 0-6.2 μg/m(3)). Four samples (16% of 25 samples) with PM10 lead-rich particle concentrations >1.4 μg/m(3) were defined as lead events and studied further. The temporal characteristics, heterogeneous spatial distribution, and wind patterns of events, excluded regional monsoon conditions or common anthropogenic sources from being the major causes of the lead events. Individual particle composition, size, and morphology analysis indicate informal recycling operations of used lead-acid batteries as the likely source of the lead events. This source is not typically included in emission inventories, and the observed isolated hotspots with high lead concentrations could represent an elevated exposure risk in certain neighborhoods of Delhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gary S Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Traci L Lersch
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Roger R West
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Society for Environmental Health, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Zhang R, Guan M, Shu Y, Shen L, Chen X, Zhang F, Li T. Historical record of lead accumulation and source in the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea: Insights from lead isotopes. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:383-387. [PMID: 26947927 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the historical records of lead contamination and source in coastal region of Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea, a sediment core was collected from tidal flat, dated by (210)Pb and (137)Cs. Lead and its stable isotopic ratios were determined. The profiles of enrichment factor (EF) and Pb isotope ratios showed increasing trend upward throughout the core, correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment. According to Pb isotopic ratios, coal combustion emission mainly contributed to the Pb burden in sediments. Based on end-member model, coal combustion emission dominated anthropogenic Pb sources in recent decades contributing from 48% to 67% in sediment. And the contribution of leaded gasoline was lower than 20%. A stable increase of coal combustion source was found in sediment core, while the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined recently, with the phase-out of leaded gasoline in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Shu
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Shen
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Chen
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhang R, Guan M, Shu Y, Shen L, Chen X, Zhang F, Li T, Jiang T. Reconstruction of historical lead contamination and sources in Lake Hailing, Eastern China: a Pb isotope study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9183-9191. [PMID: 26832874 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The history records of lead and its stable isotopic ratios were determined in a sediment core to receive anthropogenic impacts on the Lake Hailing in eastern China. The sediment core was dated based on (210)Pb, (137)Cs, and (239+240)Pu. The historical changes of Pb/Al and Pb isotope ratios showed increasing trend upward throughout the core, suggesting changes in energy usage and correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment, Linyi City, in eastern China. Based on the mixing end member model of Pb isotope ratios, coal combustion emission dominated anthropogenic Pb sources in the half part of the century contributing 13 to 43 % of total Pb in sediment. Moreover, contributions of chemical and organic fertilizer were 1-13 and 5-14 %, respectively. In contrast, the contribution of leaded gasoline was low than 8 %. The results indicated that historical records of Pb contamination predominantly sourced from coal combustion and chemical and organic fertilizer in the catchment. In addition, an increase of coal combustion source and fertilizers was found throughout the sediment core, whereas the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined after 2000s, which is attributed to the phaseout of leaded gasoline in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yujie Shu
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liya Shen
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Tingchen Jiang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Jiangsu Coastal Zone Enviroment, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Han L, Gao B, Wei X, Xu D, Gao L. Spatial distribution, health risk assessment, and isotopic composition of lead contamination of street dusts in different functional areas of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3247-3255. [PMID: 26490894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Street dusts from heavy density traffic area (HDTA), tourism area (TA), residential area (RA), and educational area (EA) in Beijing were collected to explore the distribution, health risk assessment, and source of lead (Pb). The average concentration of Pb in TA was the highest among the four areas. Compared with other cities, Pb concentrations in Beijing were generally at moderate or low levels. The average value (14.05) of ecological risk index (RI) indicated that Pb was at "low pollution risk" status. According to the calculation on hazard index (HI), the ingestion of dust particles of children and adults was the major route of exposure to street dusts in four studied areas, followed by dermal contact. The lower values of HI than 1 further suggested that non-carcinogenic risks of Pb in the street dusts were in the low range. Comparing (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb ratios of street dusts with other environmental samples, it was found that atmospheric deposition of coal combustion dust might be the main pathway for anthropogenic Pb input to the street dusts in four functional areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Han L, Gao B, Wei X, Gao L, Xu D, Sun K. The characteristic of Pb isotopic compositions in different chemical fractions in sediments from Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:627-635. [PMID: 26319507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore the distribution and sources of Pb within the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), Pb concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in sediment cores collected from one mainstream and three tributaries. The results showed that sediments contained an average of 43.54 mg kg(-1) of Pb, roughly 1.6 times higher than the geochemical background concentration. Mainstream sediments showed higher average Pb concentrations but slightly less (206)Pb/(207)Pb and more radiogenic (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratios than all tributaries. Most Pb occurred in reducible phases, with much less in exchangeable and oxidizable fractions; thus, Fe-Mn oxides may be the major sink of anthropogenic Pb. Bi-plots of (206)Pb/(207)Pb versus Pb content, and of (206)Pb/(207)Pb versus (207)Pb/(208)Pb, indicated that coal combustion was the predominant anthropogenic Pb source for exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable fractions, while residual Pb mainly occurred naturally. The average percentage of coal consumption contribution was 61.1% for the Pb contamination in sediments in the lower reaches in the TGR region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Christensen JN, Weiss-Penzias P, Fine R, McDade CE, Trzepla K, Brown ST, Gustin MS. Unraveling the sources of ground level ozone in the Intermountain Western United States using Pb isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:519-525. [PMID: 25934382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone as an atmospheric pollutant is largely produced by anthropogenic precursors and can significantly impact human and ecosystem health, and climate. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently proposed lowering the ozone standard from 75 ppbv (MDA8 = Maximum Daily 8-Hour Average) to between 65 and 70 ppbv. This will result in remote areas of the Intermountain West that includes many U.S. National Parks being out of compliance, despite a lack of significant local sources. We used Pb isotope fingerprinting and back-trajectory analysis to distinguish sources of imported ozone to Great Basin National Park in eastern Nevada. During discrete Chinese Pb events (> 1.1 ng/m(3) & > 80% Asian Pb) trans-Pacific transported ozone was 5 ± 5.5 ppbv above 19 year averages for those dates. In contrast, concentrations during regional transport from the Los Angeles and Las Vegas areas were 15 ± 2 ppbv above the long-term averages, and those characterized by high-altitude transport 3 days prior to sampling were 19 ± 4ppbv above. However, over the study period the contribution of trans-Pacific transported ozone increased at a rate of 0.8 ± 0.3 ppbv/year, suggesting that Asian inputs will exceed regional and high altitude sources by 2015-2020. All of these sources will impact regulatory compliance with a new ozone standard, given increasing global background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles E McDade
- University of California at Davis, Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Krystyna Trzepla
- University of California at Davis, Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shaun T Brown
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Bao L, Zhang G, Lei Q, Li Y, Li X, Hwu Y, Yi J. Microstructure of atmospheric particles revealed by TXM and a new mode of influenza virus transmission. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION B, BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2015; 359:167-172. [PMID: 32287576 PMCID: PMC7103340 DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For control of influenza, firstly it is important to find the real virus transmission media. Atmospheric aerosol particles are presumably one of the media. In this study, three typical atmospheric inhaled particles in Shanghai were studied by the synchrotron based transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM). Three dimensional microstructure of the particles reveals that there are many pores contained in, particularly the coal combustion fly particles which may be possible virus carrier. The particles can transport over long distance and cause long-range infections due to its light weight. We suggest a mode which is droplet combining with aerosol mode. By this mode the transmission of global and pandemic influenzas and infection between inland avian far from population and poultry or human living in cities along coast may be explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - G.L. Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Q.T. Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Y. Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - X.L. Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Y.K. Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - J.M. Yi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Rodríguez-Seijo A, Arenas-Lago D, Andrade ML, Vega FA. Identifying sources of Pb pollution in urban soils by means of MC-ICP-MS and TOF-SIMS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7859-72. [PMID: 25583263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lead pollution was evaluated in 17 urban soils from parks and gardens in the city of Vigo (NW Spain). The Pb isotope ratios ((207)Pb/(206)Pb, (208)Pb/(204)Pb, (206)Pb/(204)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) were determined after being measured by MC-ICP-MS. The association of the isotopes ((204)Pb, (206)Pb, (207)Pb and (208)Pb) with the different components of the soil was studied using TOF-SIMS. The isotopic ranges obtained for the samples were between 1.116 and 1.203 ((206)Pb/(207)Pb), 2.044-2.143 ((208)Pb/(206)Pb), 37.206-38.608 ((208)Pb/(204)Pb), 15.5482-15.6569 ((207)Pb/(204)Pb) and 17.357-18.826 ((206)Pb/(204)Pb). The application of the three-end-member model indicates that the Pb derived from petrol is the main source of Pb in the soils (43.51% on average), followed by natural or geogenic Pb (39.12%) and industrial emissions (17.37%). The emissions derived from coal combustion do not appear to influence the content of Pb in the soil. TOF-SIMS images show that the Pb mainly interacts with organic matter. This technique contributes to the understanding of the association of anthropogenic Pb with the components of the soil, as well as the particle size of these associations, thus allowing the possible sources of Pb to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rodríguez-Seijo
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cao S, Duan X, Zhao X, Wang B, Ma J, Fan D, Sun C, He B, Wei F, Jiang G. Levels and source apportionment of children's lead exposure: could urinary lead be used to identify the levels and sources of children's lead pollution? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:18-25. [PMID: 25617855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a highly toxic heavy metal, the pollution and exposure risks of lead are of widespread concern for human health. However, the collection of blood samples for use as an indicator of lead pollution is not always feasible in most cohort or longitudinal studies, especially those involving children health. To evaluate the potential use of urinary lead as an indicator of exposure levels and source apportionment, accompanying with environmental media samples, lead concentrations and isotopic measurements (expressed as (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (204)Pb/(206)Pb) were investigated and compared between blood and urine from children living in the vicinities of a typical coking plant and lead-acid battery factory. The results showed urinary lead might not be a preferable proxy for estimating blood lead levels. Fortunately, urinary lead isotopic measurements could be used as an alternative for identifying the sources of children's lead exposure, which coincided well with the blood lead isotope ratio analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Delong Fan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Cao S, Duan X, Zhao X, Wang B, Ma J, Fan D, Sun C, He B, Wei F, Jiang G. Isotopic ratio based source apportionment of children's blood lead around coking plant area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:158-166. [PMID: 25124751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure in the environment is a major hazard affecting human health, particularly for children. The blood lead levels in the local children living around the largest coking area in China were measured, and the source of blood lead and the main pathways of lead exposure were investigated based on lead isotopic ratios ((207)Pb/(206)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) in blood and in a variety of media, including food, airborne particulate matter, soil, dust and drinking water. The children's blood lead level was 5.25 (1.59 to 34.36 as range) μg dL(-1), lower than the threshold in the current criteria of China defined by the US Centers for Disease Control (10 μg dL(-1)). The isotopic ratios in the blood were 2.111±0.018 for (208)Pb/(206)Pb and 0.864±0.005 for (207)Pb/(206)Pb, similar to those of vegetables, wheat, drinking water, airborne particulate matter, but different from those of vehicle emission and soil/dust, suggesting that the formers were the main pathway of lead exposure among the children. The exposure pathway analysis based on the isotopic ratios and the human health risk assessment showed that dietary intake of food and drinking water contributed 93.67% of total exposed lead. The study further indicated that the coal used in the coking plant is the dominant pollution source of lead in children's blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Delong Fan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Tang L, Chen J, Zeng G, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xie X, Yang G, Zhang S. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon and Thiolated Polyaniline Modified Electrode for Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
74
|
Liu E, Yan T, Birch G, Zhu Y. Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:522-31. [PMID: 24496025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variations in concentrations of a suite of potentially toxic metals (Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and Ca in road dusts (n=99) from urban trunk roads (TR) in Nanjing, a mega-city in China, were established. Metal pollution levels, sources and human health risk (non-carcinogenic) were studied. In contrast to previous studies, we labeled the indicative metals relating to non-exhaust traffic emissions by comparing metal pollution between crossroad and park road dusts, and then anthropogenic sources of metals in TR dusts were assessed combining their spatial pollution patterns, principal component analysis and Pb isotopic compositions. Results showed that the metals were enriched in TR dusts compared to background soil concentrations with mean enrichment factors (EFs) of 2.2-23, indicating considerable anthropogenic influence. The degrees of metal pollution ranged from minimal to extremely high and ranked by Ca>Cu>Pb≈Zn>Cr≈Fe>Ni≈Ba>Mn on average. Pollution of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in TR dusts resulted primarily from industrial emissions (e.g., coal combustion and smelting) and high pollution levels were found close to suburb industrial complexes, whereas pollution of Ba and Ca was mainly related to construction/demolition sources and was generally distributed homogeneously. The relatively minor contribution of non-exhaust traffic emissions to metal pollution in TR dusts was considered to be due to overwhelming industrial and construction/demolition contributions, as well as to the dilution effect of natural soil particles. Ingestion appears to be the major route of exposure for road dust for both adults and children, followed by dermal contact. The non-carcinogenic health risk resulting from exposure to the potentially toxic metals in TR dusts was within the safe level based on the Hazard Index (HI), except in pollution hotspots where exposure to Pb, Cr, and Cu may be hazardous to children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gavin Birch
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Hu X, Sun Y, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Lian H, Wang T. Lead contamination and transfer in urban environmental compartments analyzed by lead levels and isotopic compositions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 187:42-48. [PMID: 24440437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead levels and isotopic compositions in atmospheric particles (TSP and PM2.5), street dust and surface soil collected from Nanjing, a mega city in China, were analyzed to investigate the contamination and the transfer of lead in urban environmental compartments. The lead contents in TSP and PM2.5 are significantly higher than them in the surface soil and street dust (p < 0.05). The enrichment factor using the mass ratio of lead to the major crustal elements (Al, Sr, Ti and Fe) indicates significant lead enrichment in atmospheric particles. The plots of (206)Pb/(207)Pb vs.(208)Pb/(206)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb vs. 1/Pb imply that the street dust and atmospheric particles (TSP and PM2.5) have very similar lead sources. Coal emissions and smelting activities may be the important lead sources for street dust and atmospheric particles (TSP and PM2.5), while the deposition of airborne lead is an important lead source for urban surface soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Center of Material Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21 0093, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhuhong Ding
- School of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongzhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Center of Material Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21 0093, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Sakata K, Sakaguchi A, Tanimizu M, Takaku Y, Yokoyama Y, Takahashi Y. Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:343-352. [PMID: 25076525 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima (Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.
Collapse
|
77
|
Bory AJM, Abouchami W, Galer SJG, Svensson A, Christensen JN, Biscaye PE. A Chinese imprint in insoluble pollutants recently deposited in central Greenland as indicated by lead isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1451-1457. [PMID: 24377320 DOI: 10.1021/es4035655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A unique ∼ 10 year record of the lead isotopic composition of airborne insoluble particulate matter deposited in central Greenland was extracted from recent snow layers at NorthGRIP (75.1°N, 042.3°W; elevation 2,959 m), spanning the years 1989-2001. Comparison with lead isotopic signatures of both natural and anthropogenic northern hemisphere (NH) aerosol sources shows that human activities must have accounted for most of the insoluble lead deposited on Greenland during the late 1990 s, exceeding by far the natural contribution from large Asian mineral dust inputs. Lead isotopes imply predominance with time of European/Canadian sources over U.S.-derived lead, with an admixed signature typical of Chinese anthropogenic lead sources. The relative contribution of the latter shows a marked seasonal increase during spring. Our record also suggests that China's weight in the overall supply of insoluble pollutants deposited on Greenland was growing over the past decade of the 20th century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aloys J-M Bory
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Bi X, Liang S, Li X. A novel in situ method for sampling urban soil dust: particle size distribution, trace metal concentrations, and stable lead isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 177:48-57. [PMID: 23466731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel in situ sampling method was utilized to investigate the concentrations of trace metals and Pb isotope compositions among different particle size fractions in soil dust, bulk surface soil, and corresponding road dust samples collected within an urban environment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of using soil dust samples to determine trace metal contamination and potential risks in urban areas in comparison with related bulk surface soil and road dust. The results of total metal loadings and Pb isotope ratios revealed that soil dust is more sensitive than bulk surface soil to anthropogenic contamination in urban areas. The new in situ method is effective at collecting different particle size fractions of soil dust from the surface of urban soils, and that soil dust is a critical indicator of anthropogenic contamination and potential human exposure in urban settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Li HB, Yu S, Li GL, Deng H, Xu B, Ding J, Gao JB, Hong YW, Wong MH. Spatial distribution and historical records of mercury sedimentation in urban lakes under urbanization impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:117-125. [PMID: 23327992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
China is assumed one of the largest contributors to the world's total mercury (Hg) emissions, with a rapid increase in anthropogenic Hg emissions. However, little is known about Hg fate and transport in urban areas of China. In this study, total Hg contents in surface (0-5 cm) sediments from lakes in 14 parks (3 in the central urban core (CUC) area, 5 in the developed urban (DDU) area, 2 in the developing urban (DIU) area, and 4 in the suburban (SU) area) and (210)Pb-dated sediment cores from lakes in 5 parks (3 in the CUC and 2 in the DDU) in Shanghai were assessed to compare current patterns (urbanization effect) with the historical records of Hg emissions over the past century. Total Hg content in surface sediments showed a clear urbanization pattern. Dated sediment cores revealed a 2-3 fold increase in total Hg content, while Hg fluxes exponentially increased from ~1900 to present and accelerated since 1990 when China's economy and urbanization booms started. Anthropogenic Hg fluxes in post-2000 ranged from 253 to 1452 μg m(-2) yr(-1), 2-7 times greater than preindustrial (pre-1900) Hg fluxes. Total Hg and Pb contents in both surface sediments and sediment cores were highly correlated and Hg flux in sediment cores also significantly correlated with annual coal consumption in the period 1949-2008. The significant correlations suggest that coal combustion is a major source of Hg emission in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Li HB, Yu S, Li GL, Liu Y, Yu GB, Deng H, Wu SC, Wong MH. Urbanization increased metal levels in lake surface sediment and catchment topsoil of waterscape parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:202-209. [PMID: 22732164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lake surface sediment is mainly derived from topsoil in its catchment. We hypothesized that distribution of anthropogenic metals would be homogenous in lake surface sediment and the lake's catchment topsoil. Anthropogenic metal distributions (cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in fourteen waterscape parks were investigated in surface sediments and catchment topsoils and possible source homogeneity was tested using stable Pb isotopic ratio analysis. The parks were located along an urbanization gradient consisting of suburban (SU), developing urban (DIU), developed urban (DDU), and central urban core (CUC) areas in Shanghai, China. Results indicated that surface lake sediments and catchment topsoils in the CUC parks were highly contaminated by the investigated anthropogenic metals. Total metal contents in surface sediment and topsoil gradually increased along the urbanization gradient from the SU to CUC areas. Generally, the surface sediments had greater total metal contents than their catchment topsoils. These results suggest that urbanization drives the anthropogenic metal enrichment in both surface sediment and its catchment topsoil in the waterscape parks. Soil fine particles (<63 μm) and surface sediments had similar enrichment ratios of metals, suggesting that surface runoff might act as a carrier for metals transporting from catchment to lake. Stable Pb isotope ratio analysis revealed that the major anthropogenic Pb source in surface sediment was coal combustion as in the catchment topsoil. Urbanization also correlated with chemical fractionation of metals in both surface sediment and catchment topsoil. From the SU to the CUC parks, amounts of labile metal fractions increased while the residual fraction of those metals remained rather constant. In short, urbanization in Shanghai drives anthropogenic metal distribution in environmental matrices and the sources were homogenous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Li HB, Yu S, Li GL, Deng H. Lead contamination and source in Shanghai in the past century using dated sediment cores from urban park lakes. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1161-1169. [PMID: 22537888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead contamination becomes of importance to urban resident health worldwide, especially for child health and growth. Undisturbed lake sediment cores are increasingly employed as a useful tool to backdate environmental contamination history. Five intact sediment cores collected from lakes in five urban parks were dated using (210)Pb and analyzed for total Pb content and isotope ratio to reconstruct the Pb contamination history over the last century in Shanghai, China. Total Pb content in the sediment cores increased by about 2- to 3-fold since 1900s. The profile of Pb flux in each sediment core revealed a remarkable increase of Pb contamination in Shanghai over the past century, especially in the latest three decades when China was experiencing a rapid economic and industrial development. Significant correlations were found between Pb fluxes in sediment cores and Pb emission from coal combustion in Shanghai. Coal combustion emission dominated anthropogenic Pb sources during the past century contributing from 52% to 69% of total Pb in cores, estimated by a three-end member model of Pb isotope ratios. Leaded gasoline emission generally contributed <30% of total Pb, which was banned by 1997 in the Shanghai region. Our results implicate that coal combustion-based energy consumption should be replaced, or at least partially replaced, to reduce health risks of Pb contamination in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
A binderless, covalently bulk modified electrochemical sensor: Application to simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium at trace level. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 728:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
83
|
Lee K, Hur SD, Hou S, Burn-Nunes LJ, Hong S, Barbante C, Boutron CF, Rosman KJR. Isotopic signatures for natural versus anthropogenic Pb in high-altitude Mt. Everest ice cores during the past 800 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 412-413:194-202. [PMID: 22047738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A long-term record, extending back 800 years (1205 to 2002 AD), of the Pb isotopic composition ((206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb) as well as Pb concentrations from high altitude Mt. Everest ice cores has the potential to identify sources and source regions affecting natural and anthropogenic Pb deposition in central Asia. The results show that the regional natural background Pb isotope signature (~1.20 for (206)Pb/(207)Pb and ~2.50 for (208)Pb/(207)Pb) in the central Himalayas was dominated by mineral dust over the last ~750 years from 1205 to 1960s, mostly originating from local sources with occasional contributions of long-range transported dust probably from Sahara desert and northwestern India. Since the 1970s, the Pb isotope ratios are characterized by a continuous decline toward less radiogenic ratios with the least mean ratios of 1.178 for (206)Pb/(207)Pb and 2.471 for (208)Pb/(207)Pb in the period 1990-1996. The depression of the (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb values during the corresponding periods is most likely due to an increasing influence of less radiogenic Pb of anthropogenic origin mainly from leaded gasoline used in South Asia (India as well as possibly Bangladesh and Nepal). From 1997 to 2002, isotopic composition tends to show a shift to slightly more radiogenic signature. This is likely attributed to reducing Pb emissions from leaded gasoline in source regions, coinciding with the nationwide reduction of Pb in gasoline and subsequent phase-out of leaded gasoline in South Asia since 1997. An interesting feature is the relatively high levels of Pb concentrations and enrichment factors (EF) between 1997 and 2002. Although the reason for this feature remains uncertain, it would be probably linked with an increasing influence of anthropogenic Pb emitted from other sources such as fossil fuel combustion and non-ferrous metal production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanghyun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Songdo Techno Park, 7-50, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Chemically functionalized glassy carbon spheres: a new covalent bulk modified composite electrode for the simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
85
|
Gallon C, Ranville MA, Conaway CH, Landing WM, Buck CS, Morton PL, Flegal AR. Asian industrial lead inputs to the North Pacific evidenced by lead concentrations and isotopic compositions in surface waters and aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9874-9882. [PMID: 22007971 DOI: 10.1021/es2020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends of atmospheric lead deposition to the North Pacific were investigated with analyses of lead in aerosols and surface waters collected on the fourth Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Contaminant Baseline Survey from May to June, 2002. Lead concentrations of the aerosols varied by 2 orders of magnitude (0.1-26.4 pmol/m(3)) due in part to variations in dust deposition during the cruise. The ranges in lead aerosol enrichment factors relative to iron (1-119) and aluminum (3-168) were similar, evidencing the transport of Asian industrial lead aerosols across the North Pacific. The oceanic deposition of some of those aerosols was substantiated by the gradient of lead concentrations of North Pacific waters, which varied 3-fold (32.7-103.5 pmol/kg), were highest along with the Asian margin of the basin, and decreased eastward. The hypothesized predominance of Asian industrial lead inputs to the North Pacific was further corroborated by the lead isotopic composition of ocean surface waters ((206)Pb/(207)Pb = 1.157-1.169; (208)Pb/(206)Pb = 2.093-2.118), which fell within the range of isotopic ratios reported in Asian aerosols that are primarily attributed to Chinese industrial lead emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gallon
- Institute of Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Li HB, Yu S, Li GL, Deng H, Luo XS. Contamination and source differentiation of Pb in park soils along an urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3536-3544. [PMID: 21871699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Urban soil Pb contamination is a great human health risk. Lead distribution and source in topsoils from 14 parks in Shanghai, China were investigated along an urban-rural gradient. Topsoils were contaminated averagely with 65 mg Pb kg(-1), 2.5 times higher than local soil background concentrations. HCl-extracts contained more anthropogenic Pb signatures than total sample digests as revealed by the higher (207/206)Pb and (208/206)Pb ratios in extracts (0.8613 ± 0.0094 and 2.1085 ± 0.0121 versus total digests 0.8575 ± 0.0098 and 2.0959 ± 0.0116). This suggests a higher sensitivity of HCl-extraction than total digestion in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources. Coal combustion emission was identified as the major anthropogenic Pb source (averagely 47%) while leaded gasoline emission contributed 12% overall. Urbanization effects were observed by total Pb content and anthropogenic Pb contribution. This study suggests that to reduce Pb contamination, Shanghai might have to change its energy composition to clean energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hu X, Wang C, Zou L. Characteristics of heavy metals and Pb isotopic signatures in sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes in Nanjing, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 92:742-748. [PMID: 21050655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the contamination levels and sources for heavy metals that have occurred during the development of cities, sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes (Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake) in Nanjing, China were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and for Pb stable isotopic ratios. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of Cu, Ni and Cd among sediment layers from Xuanwu or in the levels of Cr and Ni among sediment layers from Mochou. However, there were significant differences among the layers in the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb in Xuanwu and Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Mochou. Based on geoaccumulation indexes and enrichment factors, Cd was the primary pollutant at all depths in the sediment cores. The ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb differ significantly among sediment layers in Xuanwu. No significant differences were found on the ratios of (208)Pb/(206)Pb in Mochou, but the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb differ significantly among some of the sediment layers in Mochou. The range of (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios was found to be 2.098-2.106 and 1.170-1.176, respectively, for sediment cores from Mochou Lake and 2.091-2.104 and 1.168-1.183, respectively, for cores from Xuanwu Lake. The differences in heavy metal concentrations and the Pb isotopic ratios with depth for the cores from Xuanwu and Mochou confirmed that the contamination sources changed during the formation of the different sediment layers. Furthermore, the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb demonstrated that gasoline and vehicular Pb were not the primary sources of Pb contamination at different depths in the sediment cores in Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Center of Material Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Ewing SA, Christensen JN, Brown ST, Vancuren RA, Cliff SS, Depaolo DJ. Pb isotopes as an indicator of the Asian contribution to particulate air pollution in urban California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8911-8916. [PMID: 21033735 DOI: 10.1021/es101450t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, expanding industrial activity in east Asia has led to increased production of airborne pollutants that can be transported to North America. Previous efforts to detect this trans-Pacific pollution have relied upon remote sensing and remote sample locations. We tested whether Pb isotope ratios in airborne particles can be used to directly evaluate the Asian contribution to airborne particles of anthropogenic origin in western North America, using a time series of samples from a pair of sites upwind and downwind of the San Francisco Bay Area. Our results for airborne Pb at these sites indicate a median value of 29% Asian origin, based on mixing relations between distinct regional sample groups. This trans-Pacific Pb is present in small quantities but serves as a tracer for airborne particles within the growing Asian industrial plume. We then applied this analysis to archived samples from urban sites in central California. Taken together, our results suggest that the analysis of Pb isotopes can reveal the distribution of airborne particles affected by Asian industrial pollution at urban sites in northern California. Under suitable circumstances, this analysis can improve understanding of the global transport of pollution, independent of transport models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ewing
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Liang F, Zhang G, Tan M, Yan C, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shan Z. Lead in children's blood is mainly caused by coal-fired ash after phasing out of leaded gasoline in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4760-4765. [PMID: 20536267 DOI: 10.1021/es9039665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic element to the human body. After phasing out of leaded gasoline we find that the blood lead level of children strongly correlates with the lead concentration in atmospheric particles, and the latter correlates with the coal consumption instead of leaded gasoline. Combined with the (207)Pb/(206)Pb ratio measurements, we find that the coal consumption fly ash is a dominate source of Pb exposure to children in Shanghai, rather than vehicle exhaust, metallurgic dust, paint dust, and drinking water. Those particles are absorbed to children's blood via breathing and digesting their deposition on ground by hand-to-mouth activities. Probably the same situation occurs in other large cities of developing countries where the structure of energy supply is mainly based on coal-combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Swarbrick JC, Skyllberg U, Karlsson T, Glatzel P. High energy resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy of environmentally relevant lead(II) compounds. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:10748-56. [PMID: 19839575 DOI: 10.1021/ic9015299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the chemical environment of Pb in natural samples is a challenge of great importance in environmental and health physics. We report a high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) study at the Pb L(3) and L(1) absorption edges to determine the chemical environment of Pb in a series of model and environmentally relevant compounds. HERFD spectroscopy can reveal increased spectral detail due to an apparent reduction in the core hole lifetime broadening. HERFD spectra of model Pb(II) compounds were compared to FEFF 8.4 multiple scattering calculations with reduced peak broadening parameters, and density of state (DOS) simulations, to determine the origins of the spectral features. A pre-edge in the L(3) XANES is revealed which is shown to arise from hybridization between the Pb p and d states. HERFD spectra of Pb(II)-containing environmentally relevant solutions were compared to model spectra and calculations. The results presented in this paper show that the chemical environment of Pb can be identified from spectral features resolved in HERFD spectroscopy at the Pb L(3) edge. The technique provides information that is complementary to conventional extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine C Swarbrick
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), BP 220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Waheed A, Zhang Y, Bao L, Cao Q, Zhang G, Li Y, Li X. Study of seasonal variation and source characteristic of PM10 of Shanghai urban atmosphere using PIXE. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
92
|
Li X, Zhang G, Li Y. A method for source apportionment of lead in fine particulate matter based on individual particle analysis using a synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:180-184. [PMID: 19215647 DOI: 10.1366/000370209787391941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A source apportionment method based on individual particle analysis carried out using a synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe was developed for source apportionment of lead in fine particulate matter. Mass contributions of every emission source were obtained by intensity ratios of the characteristic X-ray spectrum of lead in individual airborne particles. The validity of the method was evaluated. The uncertainty of the source apportionment was estimated, which was within 10% in this work. The method was applied to the apportionment of lead in fine airborne particles of Shanghai, indicating that the method has a finer performance for source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen H, Yang X, Chen J, Allen JO. Source apportionment of lead-containing aerosol particles in Shanghai using single particle mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:501-507. [PMID: 19027137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in individual aerosol particles was measured using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) in the summer of 2007 in Shanghai, China. Pb was found in 3% of particles with diameters in the range 0.1-2.0 microm. Single particle data were analyzed focusing on the particles with high Pb content which were mostly submicron. Using the ART-2a neural network algorithm, these fine Pb-rich particles were classified into eight main classes by their mass spectral patterns. Based on the size distribution, temporal variation of number density, chemical composition and the correlation between different chemical species for each class, three major emission sources were identified. About 45% of the Pb-rich particles contained organic or elemental carbon and were attributed to the emission from coal combustion; particles with good correlation between Cl and Pb content were mostly attributed to waste incineration. One unique class of particles was identified by strong phosphate and Pb signals, which were assigned to emissions from phosphate industry. Other Pb-rich particles included aged sea salt and particles from metallurgical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Li X, Zhang Y, Tan M, Liu J, Bao L, Zhang G, Li Y, Iida A. Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:1118-1124. [PMID: 19862926 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites (6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites), and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range (213-176 ng/m3) in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spatial variation of Pb concentrations and strong seasonal variation of higher Pb concentration in winter than that in summer were detected. The size distribution of Pb in particulate matter has a unimodal mode that peaks at approximately 0.154-1.59 microm particle diameter, indicating that Pb is mainly concentrated in fine fraction. Lead in the fine fraction is enriched by a factor of 10(3)-10(4) relative to Pb abundance in crust. Eight categories of Pb pollution sources were identified in the PM2.5 in the winter of 2007 in Shanghai. The important emission sources among them are vehicle exhaust derived from combustion of unleaded gasoline, metallurgic industry emission, and coal combustion emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Chen J, Tan M, Li Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Shan Z, Zhang G, Li Y. Characteristics of trace elements and lead isotope ratios in PM(2.5) from four sites in Shanghai. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 156:36-43. [PMID: 18226445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PM(2.5) samples were collected in Shanghai at four sites with different typical land-uses. The sampling was done concurrently once per month from April 2004 to April 2005, and the ambient mass concentration, the elemental composition and the stable lead isotope ratios in these PM(2.5) samples were determined. The annual average concentrations of PM(2.5) samples at each site were 84+/-30, 65+/-20, 55+/-18, and 41+/-10 microg m(-3), respectively, indicating there were severe air pollution levels in Shanghai. The enrichment factor was calculated for each element and the comparison and discussion of elements with significant anthropogenic contributions between Shanghai and Tokyo suggested that the major source of PM(2.5) in Shanghai was not traffic-derived emissions, but the stationary industrial contribution emitted from coal use. Moreover, the analysis of stable lead isotope ratios revealed only a slight difference within the samples at the four sites which fell well within the scope of coal composition difference, further confirming that the contribution from stationary industrial emissions to atmospheric lead pollution of PM(2.5) was very substantial in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Ramesha G, Sampath S. Exfoliated Graphite Oxide Modified Electrode for the Selective Determination of Picomolar Concentration of Lead. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|