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Šauer P, Tumová J, Steinbach C, Golovko O, Komen H, Maillot-Maréchal E, Máchová J, Grabic R, Aït-Aïssa S, Kocour Kroupová H. Chronic simultaneous exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from embryonic to juvenile stage to drospirenone and gestodene at low ng/L level caused intersex. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109912. [PMID: 31706240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins are emerging contaminants of the aquatic environment with endocrine disrupting potential. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the synthetic progestins gestodene, and drospirenone on sex differentiation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by histological analysis. To gain insights into the mechanisms behind the observations from the in vivo experiment on sex differentiation, we analyzed expression of genes involved in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, histology of hepatopancreas, and in vitro bioassays. Carp were continuously exposed to concentrations of 2 ng/L of single progestins (gestodene or drospirenone) or to their mixture at concentration 2 ng/L of each. The exposure started 24 h after fertilization of eggs and concluded 160 days post-hatching. Our results showed that exposure of common carp to a binary mixture of drospirenone and gestodene caused increased incidence of intersex (32%) when compared to clean water and solvent control groups (both 3%). Intersex most probably was induced by a combination of multiple modes of action of the studied substances, namely anti-gonadotropic activity, interference with androgen receptor, and potentially also with HPT axis or estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Tumová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Komen
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Maillot-Maréchal
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jana Máchová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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Willi RA, Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-González N, Furia N, Mastroianni S, Faltermann S, Fent K. Physiological and Transcriptional Effects of Mixtures of Environmental Estrogens, Androgens, Progestins, and Glucocorticoids in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1092-1101. [PMID: 31829580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are exposed to mixtures of different classes of steroids, but ecotoxicological implications are not sufficiently known. Here, we systematically analyze effects of different combinations of steroid mixtures in zebrafish embryos to assess their joint activities on physiology and transcriptional alterations of steroid-specific target genes at 96 and 120 h post fertilization. In binary mixtures of clobetasol propionate (CLO) with estradiol (E2) or androstenedione (A4), each steroid exhibited its own expression profile. This was also the case in mixtures of 5-, 8-, and 13-different classes of steroids in exposure concentrations of 10-10,000 ng/L. The transcriptional expression of most genes in different mixtures was steroid-specific except for genes encoding aromatase (cyp19b), sulfotransferase (sult2st3), and cyp2k22 that were induced by androgens, progestins, and glucocorticoids. Marked alterations occurred for sult2st3 in binary mixtures of CLO + E2 and CLO + A4. Glucocorticoids increased the heart rate and muscle contractions. In mixtures containing estrogens, induction of the cyp19b transcript occurred at 10 ng/L and protc from the anticoagulation system at 100 ng/L. Our study demonstrates that steroids can act independently in mixtures; the sum of individual steroid profiles is expressed. However, some genes, including cyp19b, sult2st3, and cyp2k22, are regulated by several steroids. This joint effect on different pathways may be of concern for fish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Alois Willi
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Nathan Furia
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mastroianni
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Susanne Faltermann
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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53
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Liu SS, Chen J, Zhang JN, Liu YS, Hu LX, Chen XW, Liu S, Xu XR, Ying GG. Microbial transformation of progesterone and dydrogesterone by bacteria from swine wastewater: Degradation kinetics and products identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134930. [PMID: 31726410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic progestogens in livestock environments have become a concern due to the frequent presence and potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Here we investigated the biotransformation of progestogens by wastewater-borne bacteria in the field and laboratory under oxic and anoxic conditions. The results showed that all progestogens dissipated faster under oxic conditions than under anoxic conditions, and natural progesterone transformed faster than synthetic progestogens. Meanwhile, dozens of bacterial strains capable of degrading progestogens were successfully isolated from the swine wastewater, and Bacillus sp. P19 and Bacillus sp. DGT2 were found the best for progesterone and dydrogesterone transformation, respectively. In the degradation experiments using a single bacterial strain, progesterone and dydrogesterone dissipated under oxic conditions with half-lives of 11.6 h and 18.2 h, respectively. The transformation pathways were proposed based on the identified transformation products. The findings from this study showed that progestogens can be biotransformed, but not fully mineralized in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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54
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Marqueño A, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Porte C. Drospirenone induces the accumulation of triacylglycerides in the fish hepatoma cell line, PLHC-1. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:653-659. [PMID: 31539973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drospirenone (DRO) is one of the most commonly used progestins reaching the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plant effluents. It is a progesterone receptor agonist, and as such, can act primarily in the brain and reproductive organs of fish. In order to better understand and predict its effects, this work evaluates the lipidomic changes induced in PLHC-1 cells after exposure to drospirenone at concentrations below the EC10 (1 and 10 μM) by direct injection of the lipid extracts into a ESI(+/-) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A significant accumulation of triacylglycerides, particularly long chain ones with unsaturated fatty acid moieties (TGs 46:2, 56:4-7; 58:5-8) and a concomitant decrease of diacylglycerides (DGs 32:1, 34:1-2, 36:1-2, 38:2-4) was observed after 48 h exposure to 10 μM DRO, which corresponded to an intracellular concentration of 8.3 ng·mg-1 protein. No significant alteration of PLHC-1 cell lipids was observed following exposure to 1 μM DRO. EC50 for the cytotoxicity of DRO ranged from 105 to 119 μM (24 h exposure) to 51-58 μM (48 h exposure). The study evidences a dysregulation of neutral lipid metabolism and increased TG/DG ratio in fish hepatic cells exposed to DRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marqueño
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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55
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Shen X, Chang H, Shao B, Sun F, Wu F. Occurrence and mass balance of sixty-two progestins in a municipal sewage treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114991. [PMID: 31442757 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Progestins (PGs) are a group of steroid hormones known to have endocrine-disrupting effects. These compounds can enter the aquatic environment via the discharge of treated or untreated wastewater and the disposal of sludge from sewage treatment plants (STPs); thus, their removal in STPs are of great importance. The present study simultaneously investigated the occurrences and fates of 62 PGs in a municipal STP in Beijing, China. Progesterone (P) and its metabolites were found to be the predominant compounds, with total dissolved concentrations of 1866 ng/L in the influent. About 11 P metabolites were newly detected, accounting for 25-55% and 75-91% of the total concentrations in wastewater and sludge, respectively. For the other three groups of PGs derived from different parent compounds, P derivatives were first detected in the STP with the highest concentration in the wastewater and sludge, followed by 19-nortestosterone (NT) derivatives and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP) derivatives. The removal efficiencies in the dissolved phase of wastewater were relatively high for P and its metabolites (95-99%) and P derivatives (91-99%). And the relative persistence of NT (68-99%) and 17α-OHP derivatives (79-99%) was observed during the wastewater treatment processes. Mass balance analysis showed that the lost mass proportions were as high as 41-99%, the mass fractions in sludge were in the range of 0-55%, and 0.24-25% of the initial mass loadings was present in the effluent. These results indicated that biodegradation was the major removal mechanism of PGs in the STP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Lab Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Fuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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56
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de Souza GC, Viana MD, Goés LDM, Sanchez-Ortiz BL, Silva GAD, Pinheiro WBDS, Santos CBRD, Carvalho JCT. Reproductive toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowers ofAcmella oleraceaand spilanthol in zebrafish: In vivo and in silico evaluation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:127-146. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119878257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethanolic preparations of Acmella oleracea is used in the north of Brazil as a female aphrodisiac. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the hydroethanolic extract of Acmella oleracea (EHFAo) flowers (21.873 and 44.457 mg/kg) and spilanthol (3 mg/kg) administered orally on reproductive performance and effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish F1 generation. It was observed that in the groups in which males and females received EHFAo and spilanthol, the spawning was interrupted, whereas in the groups in which only the females were treated, spawning occurred during the 21 days. Thus, in the histopathological evaluation of the gonads, it was possible to observe that the percentage of mature cells in the spermatozoa and females was significantly reduced. Only the embryo groups in which parental generation was treated with EHFAo showed lethal and teratogenic effects. On the other hand, the parental groups treated with the spilanthol presented only the lethality. Spilanthol and some metabolites showed good oral availability and important toxicological properties. Thus, it is suggested that the treatment of parental generation of zebrafish with EHFAo and spilanthol caused severe changes in the gonads and on fertility. However, on the embryo, the most striking effects in the development were recorded in the groups in which the parental generation was treated with the EHFAo, while the spilanthol influenced the lethality of the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- GC de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - MD Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - LDM Goés
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - BL Sanchez-Ortiz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - GA da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - WB de Souza Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - CB Rodrigues dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - JC Tavares Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovação Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
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57
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Pflug NC, Patterson EV, Martinović-Weigelt D, Kolodziej EP, Gloer JB, McNeill K, Cwiertny DM, Wammer KH. Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Altrenogest: Confirmation of Product Structure, Theoretical Mechanistic Insight, and Bioactivity Assessment. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11366-11371. [PMID: 31381858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While studying the environmental fate of potent endocrine-active steroid hormones, we observed the formation of an intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition product (2) with a novel hexacyclic ring system following the photolysis of altrenogest (1). The structure and absolute configuration were established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Theoretical computations identified a barrierless two-step cyclization mechanism for the formation of 2 upon photoexcitation. 2 exhibited progesterone, estrogen, androgen, and pregnane X receptor activity, albeit generally with reduced potency relative to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Pflug
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Eric V Patterson
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | | | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington, Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98402 , United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry , University of St. Thomas , St. Paul , Minnesota 55105 , United States
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58
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Cardoso PG, Resende-de-Oliveira R, Rocha E. Combined effects of increased temperature and levonorgestrel exposure on zebrafish female liver, using stereology and immunohistochemistry against catalase, CYP1A, HSP90 and vitellogenin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1059-1067. [PMID: 31252103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and pharmaceuticals contamination constitute two of the most relevant stressors on the aquatic ecosystems, however, there is a huge lack of information regarding the interactive effects of both stressors. For that, a mesocosm experiment was implemented where adult zebrafish were exposed to combined temperature and the progestin levonorgestrel (LNG) for 21 days. Considering that the liver is one of the organs where there is a greater metabolization and accumulation of toxicants, the main objective of this work was to assess the effects of both stressors on the female zebrafish hepatocytes morphology and functioning, through stereological and immunohistochemical techniques. Our results revealed an increase of coefficient of variation of the number distribution of hepatocytes volume (CVN(υ)) for individuals exposed to LNG, which denotes an increase of the hepatocytes size variability and is suggestive of functional impacts. This was corroborated by the signs of increased glycogen content with the exposure to increased LNG concentrations and temperature, indicating modified hepatocyte glycogen metabolism. Such disturbances can be considered indicators that the fish had to deal with impacts caused by the stress factors. Regarding the immunoreactivity, from the four proteins selected (catalase, CYP1A, HSP90 and Vtg), just in two of them (catalase and Vtg) were observed some responses to both stressors. For catalase there was a hormetic response, in which exposure to lower LNG concentrations caused a significant higher positive immunostaining than under higher LNG concentrations. While, for Vtg, significant effects of temperature and LNG existed, in which a decline in Vtg immunostaining was observed with exposure to higher temperature and lower LNG concentrations. These results should be seen as a warning sign about fine impacts of multiple stressors, such as temperature and progestogens, on the structure and functioning of zebrafish liver and potentially in other aquatic organisms, and on their health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Cardoso
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - R Resende-de-Oliveira
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Rocha
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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59
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Steinbach C, Císař P, Šauer P, Klicnarová J, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Golovko O, Kocour Kroupová H. Synthetic progestin etonogestrel negatively affects mating behavior and reproduction in Endler's guppies (Poecilia wingei). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:206-215. [PMID: 30711587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High rates of progestins consumption in the form of active ingredients in women's oral contraceptives and other hormonal preparations may lead to their increased concentrations in aquatic environments and subsequent harmful effect on fish reproduction. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of etonogestrel, a third-generation synthetic progestin, on the reproductive behavior, fertility, gonads histology, and secondary sexual characteristics of male and female Endler's guppies (Poecilia wingei). Fish were subjected for 34 days to two concentrations of etonogestrel, including one possibly environmentally relevant (3.2 ng L-1) and one sublethal (320 ng L-1) concentration. A mating behavior study was subsequently conducted and revealed that the treatment with etonogestrel significantly reduced mating frequency in the exposed fish compared to controls. All the exposed females were unable to reproduce. In addition, female fish exposed to the highest level of etonogestrel were masculinized, as their anal fins and body coloration showed patterns similar to those of male fish. Etonogestrel-exposed females also had fewer developed oocytes. In conclusion, the low etonogestrel concentration (3.2 ng L-1) led to a reduction of mating activity in males without effect on their reproductive success, but it completely inhibited reproduction in females. Exposure to etonogestrel clearly has more severe consequences for females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Steinbach
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Císař
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šauer
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klicnarová
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Hou L, Chen S, Liu J, Guo J, Chen Z, Zhu Q, Zhang W, Xu G, Liang Y, Wu R, Fang X, Zhang C, Xing K. Transcriptomic and physiological changes in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) after exposure to norgestrel. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:579-586. [PMID: 30654292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Norgestrel (NGT) is a synthetic progestin used in human and veterinary medicine. Adult female mosquitofish were exposed to NGT for 42 d at 377 ng L-1. The fin morphology and the liver transcriptome were assessed. NGT exposure increased ray 4:6 length ratio. As compared to the control, NGT treatment affected the expression of 11,772 annotated transcripts in female mosquitofish. Specifically, we found 5780 were repressed while 5992 were significantly induced. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that 53 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways and 158 GO terms were significantly over expressed. Genes showing the largest magnitude of expression changes were related to fin development, androgen biosynthesis, and lipid and fatty acid metabolisms, suggesting the involvement of these biological processes in response to NGT exposure in G. affinis. This first comprehensive study on the transcriptomic alterations by NGT in G. affinis not only provides valuable information on the development of molecular markers but also opens new avenues for studies on the molecular mechanisms of effects of NGT in particular and possibly other progestins in G. affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shanduo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jingwen Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- NanWu Middle School, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Guangzhou Tieyi Middle School, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - GuoLiang Xu
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xuwen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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Hou L, Chen S, Chen H, Ying G, Chen D, Liu J, Liang Y, Wu R, Fang X, Zhang C, Xie L. Rapid masculinization and effects on the liver of female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) by norethindrone. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:94-102. [PMID: 30359922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic progestins in receiving streams can disrupt the normal endocrine systems of fish. Norethindrone (NET) is a widely used synthetic progestin that often appears in wastewater effluents. For this research, adult female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were exposed to NET at three concentrations. The effects of NET on the following biological factors were evaluated: the histology of the ovaries and livers, the anal fin morphology, and transcription of genes related to steroidogenesis signaling pathways in the livers. After 42 d exposure to NET at 33.0 ng L-1 and 347.5 ng L-1, rapid masculinization, an increase in the number of atretic and postovulatory follicles in the ovary, enhanced vascularization, degenerated hepatocytes and irregular nuclei in the livers were observed. Exposure to NET did not affect the expression of the androgenic and estrogenic receptor genes and Cyp19a except for a significant up-regulation of Erα. However, the expression of Vtg A, Vtg B, and Vtg C were markedly inhibited in the females exposed to three concentrations of NET. Compared to the control female, exposure to NET at 33.0 ng L-1 and 347.5 ng L-1 caused a 4.4- and 5.8-fold increase in the expression of Hsd17β3 in the livers, respectively. The results demonstrate that NET can cause rapid masculinization of female G. affinis, hepatopathological alterations and inhibited expressions of Vtg A, Vtg B, and Vtg C. The results imply that G. affinis populations might be threatened in NET-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Shangduo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Innovation Center and Key Laboratory of Waters Safety & Protection in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xuwen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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62
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Hua J, Han J, Guo Y, Zhou B. Endocrine disruption in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after long-term exposure to low environmental concentrations of progestin megestrol acetate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:289-297. [PMID: 30056343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins are widely used pharmaceutical agents that have become common contaminants in the aquatic environment. The potential adverse effects of long-term exposure on aquatic wildlife, however, are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine disruption in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) in response to megestrol acetate (MTA) exposure. Newly-hatched Chinese rare minnow larvae were exposed to MTA at a nominal concentration of either 1 ng/L (detected concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.93 ng/L) or 10 ng/L (detected concentrations ranged from 4.27 to 9.64 ng/L) for 6 months and the effects on growth, sex steroid hormones, gonadal histology, and steroidogenic genes expression were determined. After 6 months of exposure to a nominal concentration of 10 ng/L MTA, the body weight and condition factors were significantly increased in fish of both sexes. Exposure to a nominal concentration of 10 ng/L MTA significantly reduced plasma concentrations of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone in female fish while also reducing testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in male fish. Gonad histology revealed significantly reduced proportions of vitellogenic oocytes in female fish exposed to a nominal concentration of 10 ng/L MTA and induction of atretic follicles in female fish exposed to both nominal concentrations of MTA. The expression of cyp19a1a and cyp17a1 in the gonads was up-regulated in the ovaries while down-regulated in the testes. Our results indicate that MTA can induce endocrine disruption in Chinese rare minnow at the low concentrations found in contaminated environments. This indicates a potentially high ecological risk from MTA to fish populations in MTA-contaminated aquatic environments in China and may also in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghuan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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63
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Zhao C, Wang P, Qiu L. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of reproduction- and growth-related genes in Lateolabrax japonicus ovaries at four different ages. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2213-2225. [PMID: 30386972 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lateolabrax japonicus is an abundant marine aquatic fish species that is commonly cultured in East Asia due to its high commercial value. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis of L. japonicus was carried out to identify reproduction- and growth-related genes expressed in L. japonicus ovaries at different ages using Illumina sequencing technology. In total, 334,388,688 high-quality reads were obtained in four libraries, i.e., 4-year-old ovaries (4th_Ovary), 3-year-old ovaries (3rd_Ovary), 2-year-old ovaries (2nd_Ovary), and 1-year-old ovaries (1st_Ovary). The reads were then de novo assembled into 101,860 unigenes with an average unigene length of 879 bp. In total, 30,142 unigenes (29.59%) were annotated in public databases, including Nr database (Nr), Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), based on sequence similarity. Comparative analysis revealed that there were 35,749, 43,657, and 36,819 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three comparisons (4th_Ovary versus 3rd_Ovary, 4th_Ovary versus 2rd_Ovary, and 4th_Ovary versus 1st_Ovary, respectively). In total, 24,295 DEGs were different expressed in 4th_Ovary. Enrichment and pathway analyses of the DEGs were also carried out to excavate the candidate genes related to reproduction and growth, and 402 genes that potential involved in the regulation of reproduction and growth were identified, e.g., GnRHR (GnRH receptor), GHR 2 (growth hormone receptor 2), I_LGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor), etc. Our findings expanded the genomic resources of L. japonicus and provided fundamental information for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, CAFS, Beijing, 100141, China.
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64
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Šauer P, Bořík A, Golovko O, Grabic R, Staňová AV, Valentová O, Stará A, Šandová M, Kocour Kroupová H. Do progestins contribute to (anti-)androgenic activities in aquatic environments? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:417-425. [PMID: 29990947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unknown compounds with (anti-)androgenic activities enter the aquatic environment via municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Progestins are well-known environmental contaminants capable of interfering with androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. The aim of the present study was to determine if 15 selected progestins have potential to contribute to (anti-)androgenic activities in municipal wastewaters and the respective recipient surface waters. AR-specific Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression bioassay in agonistic (AR-CALUX) and antagonistic (anti-AR-CALUX) modes and liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/atmospheric photoionization with hybrid quadrupole/orbital trap mass spectrometry operated in high resolution product scan mode (LC-APCI/APPI-HRPS) methods were used to assess (anti-)androgenic activity and to detect the target compounds, respectively. The contribution of progestins to (anti-)androgenic activities was evaluated by means of a biologically and chemically derived toxicity equivalent approach. Androgenic (0.08-59 ng/L dihydrotestosterone equivalents - DHT EQs) and anti-androgenic (2.4-26 μg/L flutamide equivalents - FLU EQs) activities and progestins (0.19-75 ng/L) were detected in selected aquatic environments. Progestins displayed androgenic potencies (0.01-0.22 fold of dihydrotestosterone) and strong anti-androgenic potencies (9-62 fold of flutamide). Although they accounted to some extent for androgenic (0.3-29%) and anti-androgenic (4.6-27%) activities in influents, the progestins' contribution to (anti-)androgenic activities was negligible (≤2.1%) in effluents and surface waters. We also tested joint effect of equimolar mixtures of target compounds and the results indicate that compounds interact in an additive manner. Even if progestins possess relatively strong (anti-)androgenic activities, when considering their low concentrations (sub-ng/L to ng/L) it seems unlikely that they would be the drivers of (anti-)androgenic effects in Czech aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Stará
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šandová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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65
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Thomson P, Langlois VS. Developmental profiles of progesterone receptor transcripts and molecular responses to gestagen exposure during Silurana tropicalis early development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:4-14. [PMID: 29778442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental gestagens are an emerging class of contaminants that have been recently measured in surface water and can interfere with reproduction in aquatic vertebrates. Gestagens include endogenous progestogens, such as progesterone (P4), which bind P4-receptors and have critically important roles in vertebrate physiology and reproduction. Gestagens also include synthetic progestins, which are components of human and veterinary drugs, such as melengestrol acetate (MGA). Endogenous progestogens are essential in the regulation of reproduction in mammalian species, but the role of P4 in amphibian larval development remains unclear. This project aims to understand the roles and the regulatory mechanisms of P4 in amphibians and to assess the consequences of exposures to environmental gestagens on the P4-receptor signaling pathways in frogs. Here, we established the developmental profiles of the P4 receptors: the intracellular progesterone receptor (ipgr), the membrane progesterone receptor β (mpgrβ), and the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (pgrmc1) in Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) embryos using real-time qPCR. P4-receptor mRNAs were detected throughout embryogenesis. Transcripts for ipgr and pgrmc1 were detected in embryos at Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) stage 2 and 7, indicative of maternal transfer of mRNA. We also assessed the effects of P4 and MGA exposure in embryonic and early larval development. Endocrine responses were evaluated through transcript analysis of a suite of gene targets of interest, including: ipgr, mpgrβ, pgrmc1, androgen receptor (ar), estrogen receptor α (erα), follicle stimulating hormone β (fshβ), prolactin (prl), and the steroid 5-alpha reductase family (srd5α1, 2, and 3). Acute exposure (NF 12-46) to P4 caused a 2- to 5-fold change increase of ipgr, mpgrβ, pgrmc1, and ar mRNA levels at the environmentally relevant concentration of 195 ng/L P4. Acute exposure to MGA induced a 56% decrease of srd5α3 at 1140 ng/L MGA. We conclude that environmental exposure to P4 induced multiple endocrine-related transcript responses in amphibians; however, the differential responses of MGA suggest that the effects of MGA are not mediated through the classical P4 signaling pathway in S. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paisley Thomson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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66
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Shi WJ, Jiang YX, Huang GY, Zhao JL, Zhang JN, Liu YS, Xie LT, Ying GG. Dydrogesterone Causes Male Bias and Accelerates Sperm Maturation in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8903-8911. [PMID: 30004691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. They can enter aquatic environments mainly via wastewater discharge and agricultural runoff, thus affecting fish populations in receiving waters. Here, we investigated the chronic effects of dydrogesterone (DDG) on zebrafish from 21 to 140 days post-fertilization (dpf) at 3.39, 33.1, and 329 ng L-1. The results showed that the male ratio increased with the exposure concentration, and after 120 days of exposure to 329 ng L-1, 98% of the fish were males. The DDG exposure during sex differentiation significantly increased the transcription of dmrt1 (1.83-fold) and apoptosis-related genes but suppressed the transcription of cyp19a1a (3.16-fold). Histological analysis showed that the exposure to DDG at 329 ng L-1 caused 61.5% of mature spermatocytes in males, while the exposure to DDG at 33.1 ng L-1 resulted in 14.7% of atretic follicles in females. Microarray analysis identified spermatogenesis-related gene ontology (endothelial barrier and immune response) in the testes at all concentrations. Genes from phagosome, lysosome, and sphingolipid metabolism pathways were enriched and could be responsible for sperm maturation. The findings from this study demonstrate that DDG in the aquatic environment can cause male bias and accelerate sperm maturation in zebrafish, resulting in potential high ecological risks to fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shi
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Research Centre of Pearl River Delta (PRD) Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Research Centre of Pearl River Delta (PRD) Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Research Centre of Pearl River Delta (PRD) Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Tian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , People's Republic of China
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67
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Hou LP, Chen H, Tian CE, Shi WJ, Liang Y, Wu RR, Fang XW, Zhang CP, Liang YQ, Xie L. The progestin norethindrone affects sex differentiation and alters transcriptional profiles of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in juvenile zebrafish Dario renio. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:31-39. [PMID: 29859405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic progestins may pose a threat to wild fish populations living in receiving waters. In this study, the effects of norethindrone (NET) on the sex differentiation of zebrafish (Dario renio) and the mechanisms underlying these effects were investigated. Juvenile zebrafish (20 days post fertilization, pdf) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (5, 50, 500, and 1000 ng L-1) for 45 d. Sex ratio of the NET-exposed populations, the histology of the gonads and the transcriptional profile of the regulatory genes involved in sex differentiation and steroidogenesis were examined. The results showed that a significantly higher ratio of male/female was induced in the zebrafish populations exposed to NET at concentrations higher than 32.3 ng L-1. Exposure to NET caused acceleration of sexual mature in males and a delay in ovary maturation in female zebrafish. Among the genes regulating sexual differentiation, transcripts of Dmrt1 showed a dose-dependent increase while transcripts of Figa and Fox12 showed a dose-dependent decrease in response to exposure to NET. For genes regulating the steroidogenesis, the expressions of Cyp11a1, Cyp17, Cyp19a1a, and Cyp11b were significantly down-regulated by exposure to NET, while Hsd17b3 expression was significantly up-regulated by exposure to NET at 421.3 and 892.9 ng L-1. For the receptor genes in the gonads, the transcriptional expression of Pgr, Ar, and Mr was significantly up-regulated at 421.3 and 892.9 ng L-1 of NET. For genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the transcriptional expression of Gnrh3 and Pomc was significantly up-regulated by exposure to NET with the exception for Gnrh3 at 4.2 ng L-1. The results demonstrated that exposure to NET at the juvenile stage could affect gonad differentiation and sex ratio, which might be accounted for by the alterations of the transcriptional expressions of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang-En Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xu-Wen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean Universtiy, Zhangjiang, 524088, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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68
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Šauer P, Stará A, Golovko O, Valentová O, Bořík A, Grabic R, Kroupová HK. Two synthetic progestins and natural progesterone are responsible for most of the progestagenic activities in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents in the Czech and Slovak republics. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 137:64-71. [PMID: 29544204 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vast numbers of xenobiotics are known still to be present in treated municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. Some of these possess endocrine-disrupting potency and pose risks for exposed aquatic animals. We searched for 17 potential environmental contaminants having affinity to the progesterone receptor. Relative potency values of these progesterone receptor-active chemicals were obtained. On the basis of relative potencies and measured environmental concentrations, the contribution of progestins to measured progestagenic activities was evaluated. Wastewaters (influent and effluent) and surrounding surface waters (upstream and downstream) at six municipal WWTPs were screened using instrumental chemical analysis and in vitro reporter gene bioassay. We showed the presence of target compounds and (anti-)progestagenic activities in municipal wastewater and surface water. Nine and seven progestins were identified in influent and effluent wastewaters, respectively. Only two compounds, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone were found in surface waters. Progestagenic agonistic activities in influents were partially masked by strong anti-progestagenic activities that were detected in all influents and ranged from 2.63 to 83 ng/L of mifepristone equivalents (EQs). Progestagenic activities were detected in all effluents and ranged from 0.06 to 0.47 ng/L of reference compound ORG 2058 EQs (a synthetic progestin equivalents), thus indicating incomplete removal of progestins during wastewater treatment processing. This activity poses a continuing risk for the aquatic environment. By contrast, anti-progestagenic activities showed better removal efficiency in WWTPs compared to progestagenic agonistic activities. Anti-progestagenic activities were found in only three of six effluents and ranged from 0.26 to 2.1 ng/L mifepristone EQs. We explained most of the progestagenic activity in municipal WWTP effluents by the presence of synthetic progestins and progesterone, which contributed 65-96% of such activity in samples where no antagonistic activity was found. The progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate and progesterone contributed most to the progestagenic activity detected in municipal effluents. Anti-progestagenic activities were found in some municipal effluents, but no causative agents were revealed because two analysed selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) with anti-progestagenic activities, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate, were not present in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Alžběta Stará
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Hou LP, Chen H, Tian CE, Liang Y, Wu RR, Zhang XM, Fang XW, Zhang CP, Hu JJ, Song LY, Liang YQ, Schlenk D, Xie L. Alterations of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive histology and behaviors by norgestrel in the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:224-230. [PMID: 29558707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hormones in wastewater effluents released into the aquatic environments may interfere with the normal endocrine systems of fish in receiving streams. Norgestrel (NGT) is a synthetic progestin widely used in oral contraceptives and frequently detected in wastewater effluents. In this study, adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations of norgestrel (NGT) (i.e., 3.6, 35.8, and 368.0 ng L-1) for 42 d, fin morphology, histology of the ovary, and reproductive behaviors were evaluated. The results showed that NGT at all three concentrations caused an increased frequency of atretic follicular cells in ovaries and impaired mating behaviors exhibited by males toward the NGT-exposed females. In mosquitofish exposed to NGT at 35.8 and 368 ng L-1, the anal fin of females had an increased length ratio of ray4/ray 6, an increased width of ray 3, and increased number of segments in ray 3. The histopathological analysis showed that exposure to NGT increased the incidence of spermatogenesis in ovaries. Mating behavior was impaired 58.4%, 65.7%, and 76.4% (P < 0.01 in all cases) when mosquitofish were exposed to NGT at 3.6, 35.6 and 368.0 ng L-1, respectively. The rapid masculinization, the increased frequency of atretic follicles, the incidence of spermatogenesis in the ovary of female fish, and the altered reproductive behaviors suggest that wild populations of mosquitofish could be similarly affected inhabiting in NGT contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chang-En Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xu-Wen Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Song
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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70
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Cardoso PG, Loganimoce EM, Neuparth T, Rocha MJ, Rocha E, Arenas F. Interactive effects of increased temperature, pCO 2 and the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel on the fitness and breeding of the amphipod Gammarus locusta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:937-947. [PMID: 29102173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the lack of knowledge regarding climate change-chemical exposure interactions, it is vital to evaluate how these two drivers jointly impact aquatic species. Thus, for the first time, we aimed at investigating the combined effects of increased temperature, pCO2 and the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel on survival, growth, consumption rate and reproduction of the amphipod Gammarus locusta. For that, a full factorial design manipulating temperature [ambient temperature and warming (+4 °C)], pCO2 [normocapnia and hypercapnia (Δ pH 0.5 units)] and the progestin levonorgestrel (LNG: L1 - 10 ngLL-1 and L2 - 1000 ngLL-1, control - no progestin and solvent control - vehicle ethanol (0.01%)) was implemented for 21 days. G. locusta was strongly negatively affected by warming, experiencing higher mortality rates (50-80%) than in any other treatments. Instead, growth rates were significantly affected by interactions of LNG with temperature and pCO2. It was observed, in the short-term (7d) that under ambient temperature (18 °C) and hypercapnic conditions (pH 7.6), the LNG presence promoted the amphipod's growth, while in the medium-term (21d) this response was not observed. Relative consumption rates (RCRs), during the first week were higher than in the third week. Furthermore, in the first week, RCRs were negatively affected by higher temperature while in the third week, RCRs were negatively affected by acidification. Furthermore, it was observed a negative effect of higher temperature and acidification on G. locusta fecundity, contrarily to LNG. Concluding, the impact of increased temperature and pCO2 was clearly more adverse for the species than exposure to the synthetic progestin, however, some interactions between the progestin and the climate factors were observed. Thus, in a future scenario of global change, the presence of LNG (and other progestins alike) may modulate to a certain level the effects of climate drivers (and vice-versa) on the gammarids fitness and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Cardoso
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - E M Loganimoce
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T Neuparth
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emergent Contaminants, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Rocha
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Rocha
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Arenas
- Group of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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71
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Shen X, Chang H, Sun D, Wang L, Wu F. Trace analysis of 61 natural and synthetic progestins in river water and sewage effluents by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 133:142-152. [PMID: 30616042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A broad number of natural and synthetic progestins are widely used in human and veterinary therapies. Although progestins exhibit adverse effects in aquatic organisms, information about environmental occurrence and fate have been limited to several compounds, hampering the accuracy of risk assessments of the compounds. In this study, a selective and sensitive analytical method was established to simultaneously determine 19 natural and 42 synthetic progestins in environmental waters, and the synthetic progestins included 19-nortestosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone derivatives. All of the target compounds were effectively separated using an HSS T3 column, and the recoveries for effluent and river samples were 80-115% and 75-105%, respectively. The detection limits for the 61 analytes were in the range of 0.05-0.60 ng/L and 0.03-0.40 ng/L for the effluent and river samples, respectively. The developed method is applied to analyze the target progestogens in sewage effluent and river water samples from Beijing. The detected concentrations of natural progesterone metabolites (3α-hydroxy-5β-tetrahydroprogesterone) were up to 63 times higher than those of the parent compound. Of the three groups of synthetic progestins, the progesterone derivatives were detected for the first time and had the highest concentrations followed by the 19-nortestosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. In contrast to previous studies, the predominant derivative compounds of 19-nortestosterone were found to be 19-nortestosterone, gestodene and mifepristone, and those of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were 6-epi-medroxy progesterone 17-acetate and melengestrol acetate. The toxicities and environmental risk of these emerging progestins deserves more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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72
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Golovko O, Šauer P, Fedorova G, Kroupová HK, Grabic R. Determination of progestogens in surface and waste water using SPE extraction and LC-APCI/APPI-HRPS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1066-1073. [PMID: 30599351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a reliable analytical method for the measurement of 17 selected progestogens in waste water and surface water. Automated whole water solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample concentration. Liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization with hybrid quadrupole/orbital trap mass spectrometry operated in high resolution product scan mode (LC-APCI/APPI-HRPS) was applied for the analyses. The whole-method recoveries ranged from 60% to 140% for all analytes at two different spike levels (5 and 50ng/L) in the studied matrices. The method is very sensitive with LOQs ranging from 0.02 to 0.87ng/L. The developed method was used for the determination of progestogens in real samples of waste water from three waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and in surface water from the corresponding recipients. Progesterone was detected in all samples with concentrations in the range of 0.82 to 1.1ng/L in surface water and 0.11 to 110ng/L in waste water samples. Three synthetic progestogens, namely, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and dienogest, were detected most frequently in effluents; therefore, further attention should be paid to the monitoring of these compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present analysis of altrenogest, etonogestrel, dienogest, nomegestrol acetate and ulipristal acetate in waste water and surface water using a solid-phase extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia
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73
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Thrupp TJ, Runnalls TJ, Scholze M, Kugathas S, Kortenkamp A, Sumpter JP. The consequences of exposure to mixtures of chemicals: Something from 'nothing' and 'a lot from a little' when fish are exposed to steroid hormones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1482-1492. [PMID: 29734624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ill-defined, multi-component mixtures of steroidal pharmaceuticals are present in the aquatic environment. Fish are extremely sensitive to some of these steroids. It is important to know how fish respond to these mixtures, and from that knowledge develop methodology that enables accurate prediction of those responses. To provide some of the data required to reach this objective, pairs of fish were first exposed to five different synthetic steroidal pharmaceuticals (one estrogen, EE2; one androgen, trenbolone; one glucocorticoid, beclomethasone dipropionate; and two progestogens, desogestrel and levonorgestrel) and concentration-response data on egg production obtained. Based on those concentration-response relationships, a five component mixture was designed and tested twice. Very similar effects were observed in the two experiments. The mixture inhibited egg production in an additive manner predicted better by the model of Independent Action than that of Concentration Addition. Our data provide a reference case for independent action in an in vivo model. A significant combined effect was observed when each steroidal pharmaceutical in the mixture was present at a concentration which on its own would produce no statistically significant effect (something from 'nothing'). Further, when each component was present in the mixture at a concentration expected to inhibit egg production by between 18% (Beclomethasone diproprionate) and 40% (trenbolone), this mixture almost completely inhibited egg production: a phenomenon we term 'a lot from a little'. The results from this proof-of-principle study suggest that multiple steroids present in the aquatic environment can be analysed for their potential combined environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Thrupp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Subramaniam Kugathas
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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74
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Frankel T, Yonkos L, Ampy F, Frankel J. Exposure to levonorgestrel increases nest acquisition success and decreases sperm motility in the male fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1131-1137. [PMID: 29215767 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Progestins are utilized as a component of human contraceptives, and commonly enter the environment via wastewater treatment plant effluent. Certain progestins activate fish androgen receptors and cause decreases in fecundity and masculinization of females. We used a nest acquisition assay and computer-assisted sperm analysis to examine the effects of levonorgestrel on male fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reproductive fitness. Males were exposed to 0, 10, or 100 ng/L levonorgestrel for 14 d. Combinations of a control male and a male from one of the treatments were placed into a competitive nesting assay, and the time each male spent holding the nest and time spent exhibiting aggressive behaviors were analyzed at 48 h postexposure. Semen samples were analyzed for total motility, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, linearity, beat cross frequency, and wobble at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s postactivation. Males exposed to either 10 or 100 ng/L of levonorgestrel exhibited increased nest acquisition success and lower levels of aggression compared with control-control pairings, as well as decreases in multiple sperm motion characteristics. Our results suggest that further research is required to ascertain the effects of levonorgestrel on male gamete quality and reproductive behaviors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1131-1137. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Frankel
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lance Yonkos
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Franklin Ampy
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jack Frankel
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Liang YQ, Huang GY, Lin Z, Li J, Yang JW, Zhong LY, Ying GG. Reproductive effects of synthetic progestin norgestrel in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:17-24. [PMID: 28972919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of synthetic progestin norgestrel (NGT) on the reproduction of zebrafish by measuring the egg production, histology and transcriptional expression profiles along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in adult zebrafish. After a pre-exposure period of 7 days, adult zebrafish were exposed to 6, 29 and 69 ng L-1 NGT for 21 days. The results showed that exposure to 69 ng L-1 NGT led to a significant up-regulation of follicle stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide (fshb), luteinizing hormone, beta polypeptide (lhb), progesterone receptor (pgr), estrogen receptor 1 (esr1) and androgen receptor (ar) genes in the brains, as well as significant up-regulation of hydroxysteroid 20-beta dehydrogenase (hsd20b) and hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 (hsd11b2) genes and down-regulation of 11-beta-hydroxylase (cyp11b) gene in the ovaries of females. In the testes of males, an overall down-regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), cytochrome P450-mediated side-chain cleavage enzyme (cyp11a1), cyp11b, hsd20b, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase type 3 (hsd17b3), hsd11b2 and ar genes were observed following exposure to different treatments of NGT. These transcriptional alterations imply that NGT could exhibit the potent progestogenic and androgenic activities in zebrafish. Egg production as well as histology in the ovaries and testes was not affected by NGT. Taken together, the overall results demonstrated that NGT could significantly affect transcriptional expression levels of genes related to HPG axis in zebrafish, and whether that change translates to additional physiological effects is needed further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China.
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jie-Wen Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Lai-Yuan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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76
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Fent K. Regulation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) locomotor behavior and circadian rhythm network by environmental steroid hormones. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:422-429. [PMID: 28993021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure of fish to steroid hormones through wastewater and agricultural runoff may pose a health risk. Thus far, ecotoxicological studies have largely been focused on the disruption of the sex hormone system, but additional effects have been poorly investigated. Here we report on the effects of a series of different natural and synthetic steroid hormones on the locomotor behavior and the transcriptional levels of core clock genes in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos (Danio rerio). Of the 20 steroids analyzed, progestins and corticosteroids, including progesterone and cortisol, significantly decreased the locomotor activities of eleuthero-embryos at concentrations as low as 16 ng/L, while estrogens such as 17β-estradiol led to an increase. Consistently, progestins and corticosteroids displayed similar transcriptional effects on core clock genes, which were remarkably different from those of estrogens. Of these genes, per1a and nr1d2a displayed the most pronounced alterations. They were induced upon exposure to various progestins and corticosteroids and could be recovered using the progesterone receptor/glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone; this, however, was not the case for estrogens and the estrogen receptor antagonist 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Our results suggest that steroid hormones can modulate the circadian molecular network in zebrafish and provide novel insights into their mode of actions and potential environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kun Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental System Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Frankel T, Yonkos L, Frankel J. Exposure effects of levonorgestrel on oogenesis in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3299-3304. [PMID: 28681975 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic progestin levonorgestrel is commonly utilized in human oral contraceptives. It enters the environment as a component of wastewater treatment plant effluent, and has been measured at low ng/L concentrations in surface waters. It has been shown to activate fish androgen receptors, causing the physical masculinization of females, changes in reproductive behavior, and decreases in fecundity. In the present study, the effects of levonorgestrel exposure on early-stage oogenesis in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) was examined. Adult females were exposed to 0, 10, or 100 ng/L levonorgestrel for 14 d using a flow-through exposure system. The ovaries from each female were then removed via dissection and weighed for gonadosomatic index (GSI) calculations, and oocytes from one lobe preserved in Serra's fixative. Total numbers of late-stage vitellogenic oocytes exhibiting a germinal vesicle were then quantified. In a second exposure, blood plasma samples were collected from adult females and analyzed for vitellogenin concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Females exposed to both concentrations of levonorgestrel developed male secondary sexual characteristics in a dose-dependent manner, and ovaries contained significantly fewer late stage oocytes. Exposure to 100 ng/L of levonorgestrel resulted in decreased GSI and blood plasma vitellogenin concentrations. The results suggest that female exposure to levonorgestrel alone may have profound effects on reproduction in progestin-contaminated environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3299-3304. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Frankel
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lance Yonkos
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Frankel
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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78
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Zhao X, Lung WS. Modeling the fate and transport of 17β-estradiol in the South River watershed in Virginia. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:780-789. [PMID: 28821002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hormones excreted by livestock metabolisms often enter surface water through feces and urine and can potentially cause adverse impacts to aquatic biota. This study involved a modeling analysis of 17β-estradiol (E2), a prevalent estrogen, in the South River watershed located in Augusta County, Virginia from 2013 to 2015. Cattle manure, poultry litter, biosolids, septic systems, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were considered as sources of E2 in this study. The EPA's BASINS modeling framework was configured to track the fate and transport of E2. The first-order kinetics and the wash-off model were adopted to characterize the attenuation and the transport of E2. The modeling results indicated that the flow rate was a major input affecting the simulated E2 levels in the water. During storm events, E2 on the land surface was transported into the rivers by the surface runoff and the E2 released into streams was diluted by the high water flow. Variations of the simulated E2 concentrations in the South River depended on the relative magnitudes of the loads from point and nonpoint sources. Modeling results showed that E2 levels in the South River were below the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) for fish. However, the practices of storing manure before land application and fencing off rivers to keep cattle out of the water are encouraged to prevent the potential for high E2 levels in streams receiving feedlot runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Wu-Seng Lung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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79
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Hou L, Xu H, Ying G, Yang Y, Shu H, Zhao J, Cheng X. Physiological responses and gene expression changes in the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) exposed to progesterone at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:69-77. [PMID: 28934642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) is a natural and synthetic steroid, widely distributed in the aquatic environments. It can lead to adverse effects on the endocrine system in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the toxicological effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (4, 44, and 410ng/L) of progesterone for 42 d on adult female mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. We performed morphological and histological analyses on gonads, anal fins, liver, and gills after the exposure of mosquito fish to P4. The expression levels of genes (vtg, er, and ar isoforms) related to fish reproduction and detoxification (cyp1a) in the liver were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the progesterone exposure induced slight masculinization in female mosquitofish, influenced the oocyte maturation as revealed by histology of the ovaries, and caused severe damages to the liver and gills of adult female mosquitofish. It also suppressed the mRNAs expression of vtg, er, cyp1a, and significantly enhanced the expression of ar mRNA in the liver. This study reveals the molecular and physiological effects of progesterone at environmentally relevant concentrations, which might further be translated to alterations in the reproduction of mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Guangguo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hu Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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80
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Cardoso PG, Rodrigues D, Madureira TV, Oliveira N, Rocha MJ, Rocha E. Warming modulates the effects of the endocrine disruptor progestin levonorgestrel on the zebrafish fitness, ovary maturation kinetics and reproduction success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:300-311. [PMID: 28601762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactive effects between multiple stressors, namely climate drivers (e.g., temperature) and chemical pollution (e.g., endocrine disruptors) are poorly studied. Here, it was for the first time evaluated the combinatory effects of temperature and a synthetic progestin, levonorgestrel (LNG), on the fitness and reproductive-related endpoints of zebrafish (Danio rerio). A multi-factorial design was implemented by manipulating both temperature [setting as baseline an ambient temperature of 27 °C, against warming (+3 °C)] and LNG levels (10 ngL-1 and 1000 ngL-1). Groups of males and females were exposed sub-acutely, for 21-days. Increased temperature caused an overall decrease in the females' gonadosomatic index (GSI), during the pre-reproduction phase, LNG did not affect GSI. In addition, fecundity (number of ovulated eggs) was negatively affected by both temperature and LNG, being the effect of the latter more intense. Fish exposed to the highest LNG concentration (at both temperatures) did not reproduce, but also in those exposed to the lowest dose of progestin at a higher temperature, a complete reproductive failure occurred. These results reflect what was observed in the stereological analysis of the ovary maturation stages prior to reproduction. Accordingly, the higher the LNG concentration, the lower the degree of maturation of the ovary. This was exacerbated by the higher temperature. As to embryonated eggs, they hatched significantly faster at higher temperatures, but exposure to 10 ngL-1 of LNG (at 27 °C) reduced significantly the hatching rate, comparing to control. Further, the recrudescence of the ovary 48 h after spawning seems to be not affected by both stressors. Our data suggest that in a future scenario of global warming and synthetic hormones exposure, the reproduction of fish species, such as the zebrafish, can be endangered, which can put at risk their success, and consequently affect the structure and functioning of associated aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Cardoso
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - D Rodrigues
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T V Madureira
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N Oliveira
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Rocha
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Rocha
- Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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81
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Mintram KS, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Thorbek P, Tyler CR. Capturing ecology in modeling approaches applied to environmental risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:109-120. [PMID: 28929839 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1367756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) are widespread in freshwater environments and both laboratory and field based studies have shown reproductive effects in fish at environmentally relevant exposures. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) seeks to protect wildlife populations and prospective assessments rely on extrapolation from individual-level effects established for laboratory fish species to populations of wild fish using arbitrary safety factors. Population susceptibility to chemical effects, however, depends on exposure risk, physiological susceptibility, and population resilience, each of which can differ widely between fish species. Population models have significant potential to address these shortfalls and to include individual variability relating to life-history traits, demographic and density-dependent vital rates, and behaviors which arise from inter-organism and organism-environment interactions. Confidence in population models has recently resulted in the EU Commission stating that results derived from reliable models may be considered when assessing the relevance of adverse effects of EACs at the population level. This review critically assesses the potential risks posed by EACs for fish populations, considers the ecological factors influencing these risks and explores the benefits and challenges of applying population modeling (including individual-based modeling) in ERA for EACs in fish. We conclude that population modeling offers a way forward for incorporating greater environmental relevance in assessing the risks of EACs for fishes and for identifying key risk factors through sensitivity analysis. Individual-based models (IBMs) allow for the incorporation of physiological and behavioral endpoints relevant to EAC exposure effects, thus capturing both direct and indirect population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Mintram
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - A Ross Brown
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Pernille Thorbek
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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82
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Zrinyi Z, Maasz G, Zhang L, Vertes A, Lovas S, Kiss T, Elekes K, Pirger Z. Effect of progesterone and its synthetic analogs on reproduction and embryonic development of a freshwater invertebrate model. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:94-103. [PMID: 28697460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a mixture of progestogens at ng/L concentration levels in surface waters is a worldwide problem. Only a few studies explore the effect of progestogen treatment in a mixture as opposed to individual chemicals to shed light on how non-target species respond to these contaminants. In the present study, we used an invertebrate model species, Lymnaea stagnalis, exposed to a mixture of four progestogens (progesterone, levonorgestrel, drospirenone, and gestodene) in 10ng/L concentration for 3 weeks. Data at both physiological and cellular/molecular level were analyzed using the ELISA technique, stereomicroscopy combined with time lapse software, and capillary microsampling combined with mass spectrometry. The treatment of adult Lymnaeas caused reduced egg production, and low quality egg mass on the first week, compared to the control. Starting from the second week, the egg production, and the quality of egg mass were similar in both groups. At the end of the third week, the egg production and the vitellogenin-like protein content of the hepatopancreas were significantly elevated in the treated group. At the cellular level, accelerated cell proliferation was observed during early embryogenesis in the treated group. The investigation of metabolomic changes resulted significantly elevated hexose utilization in the single-cell zygote cytoplasm, and elevated adenylate energy charge in the egg albumen. These changes suggested that treated snails provided more hexose in the eggs in order to improve offspring viability. Our study contributes to the knowledge of physiological effect of equi-concentration progestogen mixture at environmentally relevant dose on non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gabor Maasz
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, WA, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, WA, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Sandor Lovas
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- MTA-ÖK BLI, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Karoly Elekes
- MTA-ÖK BLI, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.
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83
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Cappello T, Fernandes D, Maisano M, Casano A, Bonastre M, Bebianno MJ, Mauceri A, Fasulo S, Porte C. Sex steroids and metabolic responses in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to drospirenone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:166-172. [PMID: 28544938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drospirenone (DRO) is a synthetic progestin derived from 17α-spironolactone with a pharmacological mechanism of action similar to progesterone. Despite its wide use as pharmaceutical and consequent continuous release into the aquatic environment, DRO effects have been poorly investigated on aquatic biota. In order to unravel the toxicity mechanisms of DRO, mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed for 7 days to different concentrations of DRO, namely 20ng/L (Low; L), 200ng/L (Medium; M), 2000ng/L (High; H) and 10μg/L (Super High; SH) nominal doses. Following exposure, no significant effect was observed on gonad maturation of treated and untreated mussels. The levels of progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) were measured in mantle/gonad tissues and no significant alteration detected after exposure. However, the application of a protonic nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach enabled a comprehensive assessment of DRO effects in mussels. Specifically, 1H NMR metabolic fingerprints of digestive glands of DRO treated mussel groups were clearly separated from each other and from controls through a principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, a number of metabolites involved in different metabolic pathways were found to significantly change in DRO-exposed mussels compared to control, suggesting the occurrence of alterations in energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Overall, despite no changes in gonad maturation and steroids levels were recorded in mussels after DRO exposure, the metabolomics approach demonstrated its effectiveness and high sensitivity in elucidating DRO-induced metabolic disturbances in marine mussels, and thus its usefulness in the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Andrea Casano
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bonastre
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cinta Porte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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84
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Shi WJ, Ying GG, Huang GY, Liang YQ, Hu LX, Zhao JL, Zhang JN. Transcriptional and Biochemical Alterations in Zebrafish Eleuthero-Embryos (Danio rerio) After Exposure to Synthetic Progestogen Dydrogesterone. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:39-45. [PMID: 28214940 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little information has so far been known on the effects of synthetic progestogen dydrogesterone (DDG) in organisms like fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DDG on the transcriptional and biochemical alterations in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos. Zebrafish eleuthero-embryos were analyzed for the transcriptional alterations by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and biochemical changes by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FITR) after 144 h exposure to DDG. The results of qPCR analysis showed that DDG exposure significantly suppressed the transcriptions of target genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, while it induced the expression of target genes mRNA belonging to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. In addition, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that the biochemical alterations of protein, nucleic acid and lipid were observed following DDG treatment. The finding from this study suggests that DDG exposure could have potential multiple effects in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China
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85
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Maasz G, Zrinyi Z, Takacs P, Lovas S, Fodor I, Kiss T, Pirger Z. Complex molecular changes induced by chronic progestogens exposure in roach, Rutilus rutilus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:9-17. [PMID: 28092737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we measured 0.23-13.67ng/L progestogens (progesterone, drospirenone, levonorgestrel) in natural waters in the catchment area of the largest shallow lake of Central Europe, Lake Balaton. Progestogen contaminations act as potent steroids with mixed progestagenic, androgenic and mild estrogenic effects that is why our aim was to investigate the morphological and molecular effects of mixture of progesterone, drospirenone, and levonorgestrel in environmentally relevant (10ng/L) and higher (50 and 500ng/L) exposure concentrations in common roach, Rutilus rutilus. Steroids (e.g. progestogens) and the protein deglycase DJ-1 chaperon molecule aim the same target molecules in cells, therefore, we hypothesized that a relationship may exist between progestogens and DJ-1. Furthermore, our other aim was to follow the changes of signal molecules of different biological function due to progestogen treatment in serum and brain. Adult roaches were exposed to 10, 50 and 500ng/L of mixture of progestogen for 42 days and their somatic indices (brain-somatic, liver-somatic, gonadosomatic and kidney-somatic) were measured. Vitellogenin (VTG) expression (estrogen effect) or inhibition (androgen effect) in fish is a widely used biomarker so we measured its changes in liver by ELISA. To determine the quantity and to map the spatial distribution of DJ-1 chaperon protein the brain and liver tissues were analyzed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we also studied molecular alterations: a) in the serum by measuring cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride concentrations and b) in brain homogenate using a cell stress array kit (26 protein). The somatic index of liver and kidney significantly in all the treated groups, whereas the gonadosomatic index of 500ng/L treated group showed significant decrease compared to control animals. VTG level increased significantly in 500ng/L progestogen treated group. Since the concentration of DJ-1 significantly increased in brain and liver in all progestogen treatment groups, the DJ-1 protein could be able to a more sensitive marker than VTG. Serum LDL and cholesterol levels of exposed fish were significantly decreased. DJ-1 was mediated through the stimulation of the expression of LDL-receptor which facilitates reuptake subsequently. In summary, our observations unfolded new data about molecular alterations induced by the combined action of environmental progestogens. In addition, the DJ-1 chaperon protein as a possible biomarker helped to trace the abiotic chemical environmental contaminations, like progestogens in the freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Maasz
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Peter Takacs
- Department of Hydrozoology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Lovas
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Istvan Fodor
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Chemical Ecology and Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Zoology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
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86
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Siegenthaler PF, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Fent K. Reproductive and transcriptional effects of the antiandrogenic progestin chlormadinone acetate in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:346-356. [PMID: 28118999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is a frequently used progestin with antiandrogenic activity in humans. Residues may enter the aquatic environment but potential adverse effects in fish are unknown. While our previous work focused on effects of CMA in vitro and in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos, the present study reports on reproductive and transcriptional effects in adult female and male zebrafish (Danio rerio). We performed a reproductive study using breeding groups of zebrafish. After 15 days of pre-exposure, we exposed zebrafish to different measured concentrations between 6.4 and 53,745 ng/L CMA for 21 days and counted produced eggs daily to determine fecundity. Additionally, transcriptional effects of CMA in brains, livers, and gonads were analyzed. CMA induced a slight but statistically significant reduction in fecundity at 65 ng/L and 53,745 ng/L compared to pre-exposure. Furthermore, we observed differential expression for gene transcripts of steroid hormone receptors, genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and steroidogenesis. In particular, we found a significant decrease of transcript levels of vitellogenin (vtg1) in ovaries and liver, and of cyp2k7 in the liver of males, as well as a significant increase of transcripts of the progesterone receptor (pgr) in testes, and cyp2k1 in the liver of females. The observed effects were weaker than those of other very potent progestins, which is probably related to the lack of interaction of CMA with the zebrafish progesterone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Franziska Siegenthaler
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, FHNW, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, FHNW, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kun Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, FHNW, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, FHNW, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental System Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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87
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Louw-du Toit R, Storbeck KH, Cartwright M, Cabral A, Africander D. Progestins used in endocrine therapy and the implications for the biosynthesis and metabolism of endogenous steroid hormones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:31-45. [PMID: 27616670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis refers to the de novo synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol by a number of sequential enzyme catalysed reactions in the adrenal and the gonads. In addition, circulating steroid hormone precursors are further metabolised in selected peripheral tissues. It has been suggested that the biosynthesis of endogenous steroid hormones can be modulated by progestins, used widely by women in female reproductive medicine. However, as a number of structurally diverse progestins with different pharmacological properties are available, it is possible that these synthetic compounds may vary in their effects on steroidogenesis. This review summarises the evidence indicating that progestins influence the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal and gonads, as well as the metabolism of these endogenous hormones in the breast, highlighting the limitations to the current knowledge and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Meghan Cartwright
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Angelique Cabral
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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88
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Ojoghoro JO, Chaudhary AJ, Campo P, Sumpter JP, Scrimshaw MD. Progesterone potentially degrades to potent androgens in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1876-1884. [PMID: 27939196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is a natural hormone, excreted in higher concentrations than estrogens, and has been detected in the aqueous environment. As with other compounds, it is transformed during wastewater treatment processes and in the environment. However, minor modifications to the structure may result in transformation products which still exhibit biological activity, so understanding what transformation products are formed is of importance. The current study was undertaken to identify putative transformation products resulting from spiking river water with progesterone in a laboratory-based degradation study and hence to follow the metabolic breakdown pathways. On the basis of literature reports and predictions from the EAWAG Biocatalysis/biodegradation database, target putative transformation products were initially monitored under unit resolution mass spectrometry. The identity of these transformation products was confirmed by using accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight. The study results highlight that transformation of progesterone can potentially create other classes of steroids, some of which may still be potent, and possess other types of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper O Ojoghoro
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Abdul J Chaudhary
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Campo
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Scrimshaw
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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89
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Rosenfeld CS, Denslow ND, Orlando EF, Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, Trudeau VL. Neuroendocrine disruption of organizational and activational hormone programming in poikilothermic vertebrates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:276-304. [PMID: 28895797 PMCID: PMC6174081 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1370083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, sexual differentiation of the reproductive system and brain is tightly orchestrated by organizational and activational effects of endogenous hormones. In mammals and birds, the organizational period is typified by a surge of sex hormones during differentiation of specific neural circuits; whereas activational effects are dependent upon later increases in these same hormones at sexual maturation. Depending on the reproductive organ or brain region, initial programming events may be modulated by androgens or require conversion of androgens to estrogens. The prevailing notion based upon findings in mammalian models is that male brain is sculpted to undergo masculinization and defeminization. In absence of these responses, the female brain develops. While timing of organizational and activational events vary across taxa, there are shared features. Further, exposure of different animal models to environmental chemicals such as xenoestrogens such as bisphenol A-BPA and ethinylestradiol-EE2, gestagens, and thyroid hormone disruptors, broadly classified as neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals (NED), during these critical periods may result in similar alterations in brain structure, function, and consequently, behaviors. Organizational effects of neuroendocrine systems in mammals and birds appear to be permanent, whereas teleost fish neuroendocrine systems exhibit plasticity. While there are fewer NED studies in amphibians and reptiles, data suggest that NED disrupt normal organizational-activational effects of endogenous hormones, although it remains to be determined if these disturbances are reversible. The aim of this review is to examine how various environmental chemicals may interrupt normal organizational and activational events in poikilothermic vertebrates. By altering such processes, these chemicals may affect reproductive health of an animal and result in compromised populations and ecosystem-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward F. Orlando
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Vance L. Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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90
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Siegenthaler PF, Bain P, Riva F, Fent K. Effects of antiandrogenic progestins, chlormadinone and cyproterone acetate, and the estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and their mixtures: Transactivation with human and rainbowfish hormone receptors and transcriptional effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleuthero-embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 182:142-162. [PMID: 27907851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins act as endocrine disrupters in fish but their risk to the environment is not sufficiently known. Here, we focused on an unexplored antiandrogenic progestin, chlormadinone acetate (CMA), and the antiandrogenic progestin cyproterone acetate (CPA). The aim was to evaluate whether their in vitro interaction with human and rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) sex hormone receptors is similar. Furthermore, we investigated their activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleuthero-embryos. First, we studied agonistic and antagonistic activities of CMA, CPA, and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), in recombinant yeast expressing either the human progesterone (PGR), androgen (AR), or estrogen receptor. The same compounds were also investigated in vitro in a stable transfection cell system expressing rainbowfish nuclear steroid receptors. For human receptors, both progestins exhibited progestogenic, androgenic and antiestrogenic activity with no antiandrogenic or estrogenic activity. In contrast, interactions with rainbowfish receptors showed no progestogenic, but antiandrogenic, antiglucocorticoid, and some antiestrogenic activity. Thus, interaction with and transactivation of human and rainbowfish PGR and AR were distinctly different. Second, we analyzed transcriptional alterations in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos at 96 and 144h post fertilization after exposure to CPA, CMA, EE2, and binary mixtures of CMA and CPA with EE2, mimicking the use in oral contraceptives. CMA led to slight down-regulation of the ar transcript, while CPA down-regulated ar and pgr transcripts. EE2 exposure resulted in significant transcriptional alterations of several genes, including esr1, pgr, vtg1, cyp19b, and gonadotropins (fshb, lhb). The mixture activity of CMA and EE2 followed the independent action model, while CPA and EE2 mixtures showed additive action in transcriptional alterations. Third, we analyzed the interactions of binary mixtures of CMA and CPA, and of CMA and EE2 for their joint activity in vitro and in eleuthero-embryos. Both mixtures behaved according to the concentration addition model in their in vitro interaction with human and rainbowfish receptors, often showing antagonism. In zebrafish eleuthero-embryos, binary mixtures of CMA and EE2 showed the same expression patterns as EE2 alone, indicating an independent action in vivo. Our study demonstrates that CMA and CPA interact distinctly with human and rainbowfish receptors, suggesting that activities of these and possibly additional environmental steroids determined with yeast expressing human receptors cannot simply be translated to fish. The lack of agonistic activities of both progestins to rainbowfish PGR and AR is the probable reason for the low activity found in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Franziska Siegenthaler
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bain
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water Flagship, PMB2, Glen Osmond, 5064 South Australia, Australia
| | - Francesco Riva
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental System Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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91
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Brockmeier EK, Scott PD, Denslow ND, Leusch FDL. Transcriptomic and physiological changes in Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) after exposure to progestins and anti-progestagens. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:8-17. [PMID: 27541482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine active compounds (EACs) remain an important group of chemicals that require additional evaluation to determine their environmental impacts. While estrogens and androgens were previously demonstrated to impact organisms during environmental exposures, progestagens have recently been shown to have strong impacts on aquatic organisms. To gain an understanding of the impacts of these types of chemicals on aquatic species, experiments evaluating the mechanisms of action of progestagen exposure were conducted with the Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). The objective of this study was to conduct hepatic microarray analysis of male and female G. holbrooki exposed to progestins and anti-progestagens. In addition, we evaluated the ability of levonorgestrel, a synthetic progesterone (progestin), to induce anal fin elongation and to determine how anal fin growth is modulated during co-exposures with progesterone and androgen receptor antagonists. Gene expression analyses were conducted on male and female G. holbrooki exposed for 48h to the agonist levonorgestrel, the antagonist mifepristone, or a mixture of the two chemicals. Microarray analysis revealed that mifepristone does not act as an anti-progestagen in G. holbrooki in liver tissues, and that levonorgestrel elicits strong effects on the processes of embryo development and lipid transport. Levonorgestrel was also demonstrated to induce male secondary sexual characteristic formation in females, and co-exposure of either an androgen or levonorgestrel in the presence of the anti-androgen flutamide prevented anal fin elongation. These results provide indications as to the potential impacts of progestins, including non-target effects such as secondary sexual characteristic formation, and demonstrate the importance of this class of chemicals on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Brockmeier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Philip D Scott
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
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92
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Hinfray N, Tebby C, Garoche C, Piccini B, Bourgine G, Aït-Aïssa S, Kah O, Pakdel F, Brion F. Additive effects of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on brain aromatase ( cyp19a1b ) in zebrafish specific in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 307:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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93
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Frankel TE, Meyer MT, Orlando EF. Aqueous exposure to the progestin, levonorgestrel, alters anal fin development and reproductive behavior in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:161-9. [PMID: 26795917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous progestogens are important regulators of vertebrate reproduction. Synthetic progestins are components of human contraceptive and hormone replacement pharmaceuticals. Both progestogens and progestins enter the environment through a number of sources, and have been shown to cause profound effects on reproductive health in various aquatic vertebrates. Progestins are designed to bind human progesterone receptors, but they also have been shown to strongly activate androgen receptors in fish. Levonorgestrel (LNG) activates fish androgen receptors and induces development of male secondary sex characteristics in females of other species. Although behavior has been postulated to be a sensitive early indicator of exposure to certain environmental contaminants, no such research on the reproductive behavior of gestagen-exposed fish has been conducted to date. The goal of our study was to examine the exposure effects of a human contraceptive progestin, LNG, on the reproductive development and behavior of the viviparous eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Internal fertilization is a requisite characteristic of viviparous species, and is enabled by an androgen driven elongation of the anal fin into the male gonopodium (i.e., phallus). In this study, we exposed adult mosquitofish to ethanol (EtOH control), 10ng/L, and 100ng/L LNG for 8d using a static replacement exposure design. After 8d, a subset of males and females from each treatment were examined for differences in the 4:6 anal fin ratio. In addition, paired social interaction trials were performed using individual control males and control females or females treated 10ng/L or 100ng/L LNG. Female mosquitofish exposed to LNG were masculinized as evidenced by the elongation of the anal fin rays, a feature normal to males and abnormal to females. LNG caused significant increases in the 4:6 anal fin ratios of female mosquitofish in both the 10ng/L and 100ng/L treatments, although these differences were not significant between the two treatments. LNG caused significant increases in the 4:6 anal fin ratio of males exposed to 100ng/L, with no effects observed in the 10ng/L treatment. In addition, the reproductive behavior of control males paired with female mosquitofish exposed to 100ng/L LNG was also altered, for these males spent more time exhibiting no reproductive behavior, had decreased attending behavior, and a lower number of gonopodial thrusts compared to control males paired to control female mosquitofish. Given the rapid effects on both anal fin morphology and behavior observed in this study, the mosquitofish is an excellent sentinel species for the detection of exposure to LNG and likely other 19-nortestosterone derived contraceptive progestins in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Frankel
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20742, USA.
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Edward F Orlando
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20742, USA
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94
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Svensson J, Mustafa A, Fick J, Schmitz M, Brunström B. Developmental exposure to progestins causes male bias and precocious puberty in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:316-323. [PMID: 27348263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progestins are aquatic contaminants that in low concentrations can impair fish reproduction. The mechanisms are likely multiple since different progestins interact with other steroid receptors in addition to progesterone receptors. Puberty is the process when animals first acquire the capability to reproduce and it comprises maturation of sperm and eggs. In zebrafish, puberty is initiated around 45days post fertilization (dpf) in females and around 53-55 dpf in males, and is marked by increased production of pituitary gonadotropins. We exposed juvenile zebrafish from 20 to 80 dpf to the androgenic progestin levonorgestrel at concentrations of 5.5, 79 and 834ngL(-1) and to the non-androgenic progestin progesterone at concentrations of 3.7, 77 and 1122ngL(-1), during sexual differentiation and puberty. Levonorgestrel exposure caused 100% males even at the lowest concentration tested whereas progesterone did not affect the sex ratio. Transcript levels of the gonadal genes amh, CYP11B and CYP19a1a indicated that the masculinizing effect of levonorgestrel occurred very rapidly. Transcript concentrations of gonadotropins in pituitaries were low in control fish at 44 dpf, but high at 55 dpf and onward. In fish exposed to levonorgestrel or progesterone gonadotropin transcript concentrations were high already at 44 dpf, indicating that both progestins caused precocious puberty. Gonad histology at 50 dpf confirmed a well advanced sexual maturation, but only in males. Our results show that progestins can affect sexual development in fish and that the androgenic progestin levonorgestrel induces a male phenotype at concentrations similar to those detected in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Svensson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Arshi Mustafa
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, Umeå, SE-90 187, Sweden
| | - Monika Schmitz
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-75 236, Uppsala, Sweden
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95
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Dang Z. Interpretation of fish biomarker data for identification, classification, risk assessment and testing of endocrine disrupting chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:422-441. [PMID: 27155823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical induced changes in fish biomarkers vitellogenin (VTG), secondary sex characteristics (SSC), and sex ratio indicate modes/mechanisms of action (MOAs) of EAS (estrogen, androgen and steroidogenesis) pathways. These biomarkers could be used for defining MOAs and the causal link between MOAs and adverse effects in fish for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This paper compiled data sets of 150 chemicals for VTG, 57 chemicals for SSC and 38 chemicals for sex ratio in fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish. It showed 1) changes in fish biomarkers can indicate the MOAs as anticipated; 2) in addition to EAS pathways, chemicals with non-EAS pathways induced changes in fish biomarkers; 3) responses of fish biomarkers did not always follow the anticipated patterns of EAS pathways. These responses may result from the interaction of chemical-induced multiple MOAs and confounding factors like fish diet, infection, culture conditions, general toxicity and stress response. The complex response of fish biomarkers to a chemical of interest requires EDC testing at multiple biological levels. Interpretation of fish biomarker data should be combined with relevant information at different biological levels, which is critical for defining chemical specific MOAs. The utility of fish biomarker data for identification, classification, PBT assessment, risk assessment, and testing of EDCs in the regulatory context was discussed. This paper emphasizes the importance of fish biomarker data in the regulatory context, a weight of evidence approach for the interpretation of fish biomarker data and the need for defining levels of evidence for the identification of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiChao Dang
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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96
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Frankel TE, Meyer MT, Kolpin DW, Gillis AB, Alvarez DA, Orlando EF. Exposure to the Contraceptive Progestin, Gestodene, Alters Reproductive Behavior, Arrests Egg Deposition, and Masculinizes Development in the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5991-5999. [PMID: 27129041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous progestogens and pharmaceutical progestins enter the environment through wastewater treatment plant effluent and agricultural field runoff. Lab studies demonstrate strong, negative exposure effects of these chemicals on aquatic vertebrate reproduction. Behavior can be a sensitive, early indicator of exposure to environmental contaminants associated with altered reproduction yet is rarely examined in ecotoxicology studies. Gestodene is a human contraceptive progestin and a potent activator of fish androgen receptors. Our objective was to test the effects of gestodene on reproductive behavior and associated egg deposition in the fathead minnow. After only 1 day, males exposed to ng/L of gestodene were more aggressive and less interested in courtship and mating, and exposed females displayed less female courtship behavior. Interestingly, 25% of the gestodene tanks contained a female that drove the male out of the breeding tile and displayed male-typical courtship behaviors toward the other female. Gestodene decreased or arrested egg deposition with no observed gonadal histopathology. Together, these results suggest that effects on egg deposition are primarily due to altered reproductive behavior. The mechanisms by which gestodene disrupts behavior are unknown. Nonetheless, the rapid and profound alterations of the reproductive biology of gestodene-exposed fish suggest that wild populations could be similarly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Frankel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael T Meyer
- Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey , 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- Iowa Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey , 400 S. Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Amanda B Gillis
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David A Alvarez
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey , 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Edward F Orlando
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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97
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Blanco M, Fernandes D, Medina P, Blázquez M, Porte C. Drospirenone intake alters plasmatic steroid levels and cyp17a1 expression in gonads of juvenile sea bass. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:541-548. [PMID: 26995450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drospirenone (DRO) is one of the most widely used progestins in contraceptive treatments and hormone replacement therapies. The pharmacokinetics and potential toxicological effects of DRO were investigated in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed through the diet (0.01-10 μg DRO/g) for up to 31 days. DRO was detected in the blood (4-27 ng/mL) of fish exposed to the highest concentration, with no significant bioaccumulation over time and no alteration of hepatic metabolizing enzymes, namely, CYP1A and CYP3A-catalysed activities and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17P4), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17P5), androstenedione (AD) and testosterone (T) were determined in plasma and gene expression of cyp17a1, cyp19a1a and cyp11β analysed by qRT-PCR in gonads. The significant increase in plasmatic levels of 17P5, 17P4 and AD detected after 31 days exposure to 10 ng DRO/g together with the increased expression of cyp17a1 in females evidence the ability of DRO to alter steroid synthesis at low intake concentrations (7 ng DRO/day). However, the potential consequences of this steroid shift for female reproduction remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blanco
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIMA, University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paula Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; University of Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mercedes Blázquez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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98
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Hua J, Han J, Wang X, Guo Y, Zhou B. The binary mixtures of megestrol acetate and 17α-ethynylestradiol adversely affect zebrafish reproduction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:776-784. [PMID: 27038209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progesterones and estrogens are broadly used bioactive pharmaceutical agents and have been detected in aquatic environments. In the present study, we investigated the combined reproductive effects of megestrol acetate (MTA) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to MTA (33, 100 or 333 ng/L), EE2 (10 ng/L) or a mixture of both (MTA + EE2: 33 + 10, 100 + 10 or 333 + 10 ng/L) for 21 days. Results demonstrated that egg production was significantly reduced by exposure to 10 ng/L EE2, but not MTA. However, a combined exposure to MTA and EE2 caused further reduction of fish fecundity compared to EE2 exposure alone, suggesting an additive effect on egg production when EE2 is supplemented with MTA. Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in the females and 11-ketotestosterone in the males were significantly decreased in the groups exposed to EE2 or MTA alone compared with the solvent control, and the plasma concentrations of the three hormones were further reduced in the co-exposure groups relative to the MTA exposure group, but not the EE2 exposure group. These data indicate that the inhibitory effects on plasma concentrations in the co-exposures were predominantly caused by EE2. Furthermore, exposure to MTA and EE2 (alone or in combination) led to histological alterations in the ovaries (decreased vitellogenic/mature oocytes), but not in the testes. This study has important implications for environmental risk assessment of synthetic hormones that are concurrently present in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Han
- Biology Institute of Shangdong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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99
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Cano-Nicolau J, Garoche C, Hinfray N, Pellegrini E, Boujrad N, Pakdel F, Kah O, Brion F. Several synthetic progestins disrupt the glial cell specific-brain aromatase expression in developing zebra fish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:12-21. [PMID: 27245768 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of some progestins on fish reproduction have been recently reported revealing the hazard of this class of steroidal pharmaceuticals. However, their effects at the central nervous system level have been poorly studied until now. Notwithstanding, progesterone, although still widely considered primarily a sex hormone, is an important agent affecting many central nervous system functions. Herein, we investigated the effects of a large set of synthetic ligands of the nuclear progesterone receptor on the glial-specific expression of the zebrafish brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) using zebrafish mechanism-based assays. Progesterone and 24 progestins were first screened on transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish embryos. We showed that progesterone, dydrogesterone, drospirenone and all the progesterone-derived progestins had no effect on GFP expression. Conversely, all progestins derived from 19-nortesterone induced GFP in a concentration-dependent manner with EC50 ranging from the low nM range to hundreds nM. The 19-nortestosterone derived progestins levonorgestrel (LNG) and norethindrone (NET) were further tested in a radial glial cell context using U251-MG cells co-transfected with zebrafish ER subtypes (zfERα, zfERβ1 or zfERβ2) and cyp19a1b promoter linked to luciferase. Progesterone had no effect on luciferase activity while NET and LNG induced luciferase activity that was blocked by ICI 182,780. Zebrafish-ERs competition assays showed that NET and LNG were unable to bind to ERs, suggesting that the effects of these compounds on cyp19a1b require metabolic activation prior to elicit estrogenic activity. Overall, we demonstrate that 19-nortestosterone derived progestins elicit estrogenic activity by inducing cyp19a1b expression in radial glial cells. Given the crucial role of radial glial cells and neuro-estrogens in early development of brain, the consequences of exposure of fish to these compounds require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cano-Nicolau
- Team NEED, Institut de recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (Irset), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, SFR Biosit, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Clémentine Garoche
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nathalie Hinfray
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Elisabeth Pellegrini
- Team NEED, Institut de recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (Irset), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, SFR Biosit, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Boujrad
- TREK, Institut de recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (Irset), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, SFR Biosit, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- TREK, Institut de recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (Irset), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, SFR Biosit, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Team NEED, Institut de recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (Irset), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, SFR Biosit, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - François Brion
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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100
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Rossier NM, Chew G, Zhang K, Riva F, Fent K. Activity of binary mixtures of drospirenone with progesterone and 17α-ethinylestradiol in vitro and in vivo. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:109-122. [PMID: 26930480 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite potential exposure of aquatic organisms to mixtures of steroid hormones, very little is known on their joint activity in fish. Drospirenone (DRS) is a new synthetic progestin used in contraceptive pills in combination with 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Here we systematically analyzed effects of DRS in binary mixtures with progesterone (P4) and EE2. First, we determined the in vitro activity of single compounds in recombinant yeast assays that express the human progesterone, androgen, or estrogen receptor, followed by determination of mixture activities of DRS and P4, DRS and EE2, as well as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and dydrogesterone (DDG). Mixtures of DRS and P4, as well as of DRS and EE2 showed additive progestogenic and androgenic activities. However, DDG and MPA showed non-additive progestogenic and androgenic activities. We then analyzed the in vivo activity of single compounds and mixtures of DRS and P4, as well as DRS and EE2, by assessing transcriptional changes of up to 14 selected target genes in zebrafish embryos at 48h post fertilization (hpf), and in eleuthero-embryos at 96hpf and 144hpf. DRS, P4, and EE2 led to significant transcriptional alteration of genes, including those encoding hormone receptors (pgr, esr1), a steroidogenic enzyme (hsd17b3), and estrogenic markers (vtg1, cyp19b), in particular at 144 hpf. In general, DRS showed stronger transcriptional changes than P4. In mixtures of DRS and P4, they were mainly non-additive (antagonistic interaction). In mixtures of DRS and EE2, transcriptional responses of esr1, vtg1 and cyp19b were dominated by EE2, suggesting an antagonistic interaction or independent action. Equi-effective mixtures of DRS and EE2, based on progesterone receptor transcripts, showed antagonistic interactions. Our data suggest that interactions in mixtures assessed in vitro in recombinant yeast cannot be translated to the in vivo situation. The receptor-based responses did not correspond well to the transcriptional responses in embryos which are much more complex due to the interplay between hormonal pathways, receptor crosstalk, and hormonal feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Madeleine Rossier
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Geraldine Chew
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kun Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Riva
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental System Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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