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Abstract
Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by many cell cycle-regulatory proteins that are in turn regulated by a family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through protein phosphorylation. The peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase PIN1 provides a further post-phosphorylation modification and functional regulation of these CDK-phosphorylated proteins. PIN1 specifically binds the phosphorylated serine or threonine residue preceding a proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif of its target proteins and catalyzes the cis/trans isomerization on the pSer/Thr-Pro peptide bonds. Through this phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerization, PIN1 fine-tunes the functions of various cell cycle-regulatory proteins including retinoblastoma protein (Rb), cyclin D1, cyclin E, p27, Cdc25C, and Wee1. In this review, we discussed the essential roles of PIN1 in regulating cell cycle progression through modulating the functions of these cell cycle-regulatory proteins. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying PIN1 overexpression in cancers were also explored. Finally, we examined and summarized the therapeutic potential of PIN1 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wai Cheng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Tse
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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52
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Kang YS, Jeong EJ, Seok HJ, Kim SK, Hwang JS, Choi ML, Jo DG, Kim Y, Choi J, Lee YJ, Jung E, Min JK, Han TS, Kim JS. Cks1 regulates human hepatocellular carcinoma cell progression through osteopontin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:275-281. [PMID: 30497779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precise cell cycle regulation is critical to prevent aberrant cell proliferation and cancer progression. Cks1 was reported to be an essential accessory factor for SCFSkp2, the ubiquitin ligase that targets p27Kip1 for proteasomal degradation; these actions drive mammalian cell transition from G1 to S phase. In this study, we investigated the role played by Cks1 in the growth and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Silencing Cks1 expression abrogated osteopontin (OPN) expression in a p27Kip1-dependent manner in Huh7 HCC cells. OPN increased the proliferation, migration and invasion of Huh7 cells. Pharmacological inhibitor studies demonstrated that ERK1/2 signaling is responsible mainly for Cks1-mediated OPN expression. Cks1 appears to regulate ERK1/2 signaling through the expression of dual-specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16) because both Cks1 knockdown, which leads to DUSP16 upregulation, and DUSP16 overexpression decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the resulting OPN expression. The same is true for the Cks1-mediated increases in p27Kip1, suggesting that Cks1 regulates OPN expression through activating ERK1/2 signaling either by suppressing DUSP16 expression or by a p27Kip1-dependent mechanism. Cks1 and OPN expression levels were significantly higher, but DUSP16 expression levels were significantly lower in HCC tissues than in normal liver tissues. Both Cks1 and OPN expression were negatively correlated with DUSP16 expression, whereas Cks1 expression was positively correlated with OPN expression. Moreover, combined panels for the expression levels of Cks1, DUSP16 and OPN showed significant prognostic power for the risk assessment of HCC patient overall survival. In conclusion, our data propose a novel function for Cks1 as a tumor promoter through the expression of the strongly oncogenic protein OPN in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Seon Kang
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Jeong
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-450, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Seok
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Hwang
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu Lim Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Choi
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Han
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Seong Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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53
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La T, Liu GZ, Farrelly M, Cole N, Feng YC, Zhang YY, Sherwin SK, Yari H, Tabatabaee H, Yan XG, Guo ST, Liu T, Thorne RF, Jin L, Zhang XD. A p53-Responsive miRNA Network Promotes Cancer Cell Quiescence. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6666-6679. [PMID: 30301840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Cancer cells in quiescence (G0 phase) are resistant to death, and re-entry of quiescent cancer cells into the cell-cycle plays an important role in cancer recurrence. Here we show that two p53-responsive miRNAs utilize distinct but complementary mechanisms to promote cancer cell quiescence by facilitating stabilization of p27. Purified quiescent B16 mouse melanoma cells expressed higher levels of miRNA-27b-3p and miRNA-455-3p relative to their proliferating counterparts. Induction of quiescence resulted in increased levels of these miRNAs in diverse types of human cancer cell lines. Inhibition of miRNA-27b-3p or miRNA-455-3p reduced, whereas its overexpression increased, the proportion of quiescent cells in the population, indicating that these miRNAs promote cancer cell quiescence. Accordingly, cancer xenografts bearing miRNA-27b-3p or miRNA-455-3p mimics were retarded in growth. miRNA-27b-3p targeted cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 (CKS1B), leading to reduction in p27 polyubiquitination mediated by S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). miRNA-455-3p targeted CDK2-associated cullin domain 1 (CAC1), which enhanced CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of p27 necessary for its polyubiquitination. Of note, the gene encoding miRNA-27b-3p was embedded in the intron of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 3 gene that was transcriptionally activated by p53. Similarly, the host gene of miRNA-455-3p, collagen alpha-1 (XXVII) chain, was also a p53 transcriptional target. Collectively, our results identify miRNA-27b-3p and miRNA-455-3p as important regulators of cancer cell quiescence in response to p53 and suggest that manipulating miRNA-27b-3p and miRNA-455-3p may constitute novel therapeutic avenues for improving outcomes of cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: Two novel p53-responsive microRNAs whose distinct mechanisms of action both stabilize p27 to promote cell quiescence and may serve as therapeutic avenues for improving outcomes of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting La
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guang Zhi Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Margaret Farrelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Cole
- Research Infrastructure, Research and Innovation Division, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simonne K Sherwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamed Yari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hessam Tabatabaee
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Su Tang Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shanxi, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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54
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Meyer SE, Muench DE, Rogers AM, Newkold TJ, Orr E, O'Brien E, Perentesis JP, Doench JG, Lal A, Morris PJ, Thomas CJ, Lieberman J, McGlinn E, Aronow BJ, Salomonis N, Grimes HL. miR-196b target screen reveals mechanisms maintaining leukemia stemness with therapeutic potential. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2115-2136. [PMID: 29997117 PMCID: PMC6080909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that antagomiR inhibition of miRNA miR-21 and miR-196b activity is sufficient to ablate MLL-AF9 leukemia stem cells (LSC) in vivo. Here, we used an shRNA screening approach to mimic miRNA activity on experimentally verified miR-196b targets to identify functionally important and therapeutically relevant pathways downstream of oncogenic miRNA in MLL-r AML. We found Cdkn1b (p27Kip1) is a direct miR-196b target whose repression enhanced an embryonic stem cell-like signature associated with decreased leukemia latency and increased numbers of leukemia stem cells in vivo. Conversely, elevation of p27Kip1 significantly reduced MLL-r leukemia self-renewal, promoted monocytic differentiation of leukemic blasts, and induced cell death. Antagonism of miR-196b activity or pharmacologic inhibition of the Cks1-Skp2-containing SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complex increased p27Kip1 and inhibited human AML growth. This work illustrates that understanding oncogenic miRNA target pathways can identify actionable targets in leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogenes
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Meyer
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David E Muench
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tess J Newkold
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Emily Orr
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eric O'Brien
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John P Perentesis
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patrick J Morris
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edwina McGlinn
- EMBL Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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55
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He M, Yuan H, Tan B, Bai R, Kim HS, Bae S, Che L, Kim JS, Gao SJ. SIRT1-mediated downregulation of p27Kip1 is essential for overcoming contact inhibition of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transformed cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75698-75711. [PMID: 27708228 PMCID: PMC5342771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a malignancy commonly found in AIDS patients. Despite intensive studies in the last two decades, the mechanism of KSHV-induced cellular transformation and tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of SIRT1, a metabolic sensor, was upregulated in a variety of KSHV-infected cells. In a model of KSHV-induced cellular transformation, SIRT1 knockdown with shRNAs or knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing dramatically suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar of KSHV-transformed cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and contact inhibition. SIRT1 knockdown or knockout induced the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1). Consequently, p27 knockdown rescued the inhibitory effect of SIRT1 knockdown or knockout on cell proliferation and colony formation. Furthermore, treatment of KSHV-transformed cells with a SIRT1 inhibitor, nicotinamide (NAM), had the same effect as SIRT1 knockdown and knockout. NAM significantly inhibited cell proliferation in culture and colony formation in soft agar, and induced cell cycle arrest. Significantly, NAM inhibited the progression of tumors and extended the survival of mice in a KSHV-induced tumor model. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SIRT1 suppression of p27 is required for KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and identify a potential therapeutic target for KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Bai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heon Seok Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lu Che
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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56
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Brożyna AA, Aplin A, Cohen C, Carlson G, Page AJ, Murphy M, Slominski AT, Carlson JA. CKS1 expression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4173-4187. [PMID: 29423113 PMCID: PMC5790530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 1 (Cks1) regulates the degradation of p27, an important G1-S inhibitor, which is up regulated by MAPK pathway activation. In this study, we sought to determine whether Cks1 expression is increased in melanocytic tumors and correlates with outcome and/or other clinicopathologic prognostic markers. Cks1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 298 melanocytic lesions. The frequency and intensity of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was scored as a labeling index and correlated with clinico-pathological data. Nuclear Cks1 protein was found in 63% of melanocytic nevi, 89% primary and 90% metastatic melanomas with mean labeling index of 7 ± 16, 19 ± 20, and 30 ± 29, respectively. While cytoplasmic Cks1 was found in 41% of melanocytic nevi, 84% primary and 95% metastatic melanomas with mean labeling index of 18 ± 34, 35 ± 34, and 52 ± 34, accordingly. Histologic stepwise model of tumor progression, defined as progression from benign nevi to primary melanomas, to melanoma metastases, revealed a significant increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic Cks1 expression with tumor progression. Nuclear and cytoplasmic Cks1 expression correlated with the presence of ulceration, increased mitotic rate, Breslow depth, Clark level, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and gender. However, other well-known prognostic factors (age, anatomic site, and regression) did not correlate with any type of Cks1 expression. Similarly, increasing nuclear expression of Cks1 significantly correlated with worse overall survival. Thus, Cks1 expression appears to play a role in the progression of melanoma, where high levels of expression are associated with poor outcome. Cytoplasmic expression of Cks1 might represent high turnover of protein via the ubiquination/proteosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Andrew Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, BLSB 524, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cynthia Cohen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grant Carlson
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew Joseph Page
- Pancreas, Liver, and Cancer Surgery, Piedmont Healthcare, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Andrew Carlson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College MC-81, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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57
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Grey W, Ivey A, Milne TA, Haferlach T, Grimwade D, Uhlmann F, Voisset E, Yu V. The Cks1/Cks2 axis fine-tunes Mll1 expression and is crucial for MLL-rearranged leukaemia cell viability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:105-116. [PMID: 28939057 PMCID: PMC5701546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc28 protein kinase subunits, Cks1 and Cks2, play dual roles in Cdk-substrate specificity and Cdk-independent protein degradation, in concert with the E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes SCFSkp2 and APCCdc20. Notable targets controlled by Cks include p27 and Cyclin A. Here, we demonstrate that Cks1 and Cks2 proteins interact with both the MllN and MllC subunits of Mll1 (Mixed-lineage leukaemia 1), and together, the Cks proteins define Mll1 levels throughout the cell cycle. Overexpression of CKS1B and CKS2 is observed in multiple human cancers, including various MLL-rearranged (MLLr) AML subtypes. To explore the importance of MLL-Fusion Protein regulation by CKS1/2, we used small molecule inhibitors (MLN4924 and C1) to modulate their protein degradation functions. These inhibitors specifically reduced the proliferation of MLLr cell lines compared to primary controls. Altogether, this study uncovers a novel regulatory pathway for MLL1, which may open a new therapeutic approach to MLLr leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Grey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Adam Ivey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Grimwade
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Edwige Voisset
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Veronica Yu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
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58
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Sun X, Wang T, Guan ZR, Zhang C, Chen Y, Jin J, Hua D. FBXO2, a novel marker for metastasis in human gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2158-2164. [PMID: 29269301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FBXO2 belongs to the F-box family of proteins, is a cytoplasmic protein and ubiquitin ligase F-box protein with specificity for high-mannose glycoproteins. Recently published studies indicate that other members of the F-box family, such as SKP2 and FBXW7, are involved in the development of gastric cancer. The role of FBXO2 in the process of tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer, is still unknown. In this study, we show that the level of FBXO2 is highly correlated with lymph node metastasis, and that overall survival (OS) of patients with high FBXO2 expression is significantly shorter than patients with low FBXO2 expression. FBXO2 promoted the proliferation and migration of human gastric cancer cells, whereas knockdown of FBXO2 by siRNA led to a decrease in those activities. Down-regulating FBXO2 reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric cancer cells, with increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. In summary, our findings suggest that FBXO2-regulated EMT led to carcinogenicity in gastric cancer and may be a novel target in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China
| | - Zhang-Rui Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China.
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59
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Cheng CW, Leong KW, Ng YM, Kwong YL, Tse E. The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase PIN1 relieves cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibition by the CDK inhibitor p27. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21431-21441. [PMID: 29118189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PIN1 is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that catalyzes the cis/trans isomerization of peptide bonds between proline and phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. By changing the conformation of its protein substrates, PIN1 increases the activities of key proteins that promote cell cycle progression and oncogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that PIN1 stabilizes and increases the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27, which inhibits cell cycle progression by binding cyclin A- and cyclin E-CDK2. Notwithstanding the associated increase in the p27 level, PIN1 expression promotes rather than retards cell proliferation. To explain the paradoxical effects of PIN1 on p27 levels and cell cycle progression, we hypothesized that PIN1 relieves CDK2 inhibition by suppressing the CDK inhibitory activity of p27. Here, we confirmed that PIN1-expressing cells exhibit higher p27 levels but have increased CDK2 activities and higher proliferation rates in the S-phase compared with Pin1-null fibroblasts or PIN1-depleted hepatoma cells. Using co-immunoprecipitation and CDK kinase activity assays, we found that PIN1 binds the phosphorylated Thr187-Pro motif in p27 and reduces p27's interaction with cyclin A- or cyclin E-CDK2, leading to increased CDK2 kinase activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that although PIN1 increases p27 levels, it also attenuates p27's inhibitory activity on CDK2 and thereby contributes to increased G1-S phase transitions and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wai Cheng
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Wai Leong
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yiu-Ming Ng
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yok-Lam Kwong
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Tse
- From the Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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EBV latent membrane protein 2A orchestrates p27 kip1 degradation via Cks1 to accelerate MYC-driven lymphoma in mice. Blood 2017; 130:2516-2526. [PMID: 29074502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-796821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong infection in B lymphocytes of most human hosts and is associated with several B lymphomas. During latent infection, EBV encodes latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) to promote the survival of B cells by mimicking host B-cell receptor signaling. By studying the roles of LMP2A during lymphoma development in vivo, we found that LMP2A mediates rapid MYC-driven lymphoma onset by allowing B cells to bypass MYC-induced apoptosis mediated by the p53 pathway in our transgenic mouse model. However, the mechanisms used by LMP2A to facilitate transformation remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a key role of LMP2A in promoting hyperproliferation of B cells by enhancing MYC expression and MYC-dependent degradation of the p27kip1 tumor suppressor. Loss of the adaptor protein cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 (Cks1), a cofactor of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase complex and a downstream target of MYC, increases p27kip1 expression during a premalignant stage. In mice that express LMP2A, Cks1 deficiency reduces spleen weights, restores B-cell follicle formation, impedes cell cycle progression of pretumor B cells, and eventually prolongs MYC-driven tumor onset. This study demonstrates that LMP2A uses the role of MYC in the cell cycle, particularly in the p27kip1 degradation process, to accelerate lymphomagenesis in vivo. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism of EBV in diverting the functions of MYC in malignant transformation and provide a rationale for targeting EBV's roles in cell cycle modulation.
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CKS Proteins Promote Checkpoint Recovery by Stimulating Phosphorylation of Treslin. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00344-17. [PMID: 28739856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00344-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CKS proteins are small (9-kDa) polypeptides that bind to a subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases. The two paralogs expressed in mammals, Cks1 and Cks2, share an overlapping function that is essential for early development. However, both proteins are frequently overexpressed in human malignancy. It has been shown that CKS protein overexpression overrides the replication stress checkpoint, promoting continued origin firing. This finding has led to the proposal that CKS protein-dependent checkpoint override allows premalignant cells to evade oncogene stress barriers, providing a causal link to oncogenesis. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into how overexpression of CKS proteins promotes override of the replication stress checkpoint. We show that CKS proteins greatly enhance the ability of Cdk2 to phosphorylate the key replication initiation protein treslin in vitro Furthermore, stimulation of treslin phosphorylation does not occur by the canonical adapter mechanism demonstrated for other substrates, as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) binding-defective mutants are capable of stimulating treslin phosphorylation. This effect is recapitulated in vivo, where silencing of Cks1 and Cks2 decreases treslin phosphorylation, and overexpression of wild-type or CDK binding-defective Cks2 prevents checkpoint-dependent dephosphorylation of treslin. Finally, we provide evidence that the role of CKS protein-dependent checkpoint override involves recovery from checkpoint-mediated arrest of DNA replication.
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Functional significance and therapeutic implication of ring-type E3 ligases in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2017; 37:148-159. [PMID: 28925398 PMCID: PMC5770599 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative studies revealed that E3 ubiquitin ligases have important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. The pathogenic mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression are complex and heterogeneous, involving somatic mutations, abnormal gene fusion, deletion or amplification and epigenetic alteration, which may cause aberrant expression or altered function of E3 ligases in CRC. Defects of E3 ligases have been reported to be involved in the molecular etiology and pathogenesis of CRC. The aberrant expressed E3 ligases can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on ubiquiting target substrates in CRC. Recently, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the potential roles of E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. There are mainly two subtypes of E3 ubiquitin ligases in humans, as defined by the presence of either a HECT domain or a RING finger domain on the basis of structural similitude. Most cancer-associated E3 ligases participate in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, gene transcription, cell signaling and DNA repair, the critical parts of CRC tumorigenesis. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of abnormally expressed E3 ligases and their related pivotal mechanistic effects in CRC. In particular, we have highlighted the function of RING-type E3 ubiquitin enzymes in modulating cancer signaling pathways, immunity and tumor microenvironment in CRC development and progression; their mechanism(s) of action in CRC involving both ubiquitylation-dependent and ubiquitylation-independent effects; and the potential of RING E3 ligases as molecular biomarkers for predicting patient prognosis and as therapeutic targets in CRC. A better understanding of E3 ligase-mediated substrates' ubiquitylation involved in the development of CRC will provide new insights into the pathophysiology mechanisms of CRC, and unravel novel prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Stampone E, Mancini FP, Balestrieri ML, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. p27 Kip1 and human cancers: A reappraisal of a still enigmatic protein. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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McDonald ER, de Weck A, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Mavrakis KJ, Hoffman GR, Belur D, Castelletti D, Frias E, Gampa K, Golji J, Kao I, Li L, Megel P, Perkins TA, Ramadan N, Ruddy DA, Silver SJ, Sovath S, Stump M, Weber O, Widmer R, Yu J, Yu K, Yue Y, Abramowski D, Ackley E, Barrett R, Berger J, Bernard JL, Billig R, Brachmann SM, Buxton F, Caothien R, Caushi JX, Chung FS, Cortés-Cros M, deBeaumont RS, Delaunay C, Desplat A, Duong W, Dwoske DA, Eldridge RS, Farsidjani A, Feng F, Feng J, Flemming D, Forrester W, Galli GG, Gao Z, Gauter F, Gibaja V, Haas K, Hattenberger M, Hood T, Hurov KE, Jagani Z, Jenal M, Johnson JA, Jones MD, Kapoor A, Korn J, Liu J, Liu Q, Liu S, Liu Y, Loo AT, Macchi KJ, Martin T, McAllister G, Meyer A, Mollé S, Pagliarini RA, Phadke T, Repko B, Schouwey T, Shanahan F, Shen Q, Stamm C, Stephan C, Stucke VM, Tiedt R, Varadarajan M, Venkatesan K, Vitari AC, Wallroth M, Weiler J, Zhang J, Mickanin C, Myer VE, Porter JA, Lai A, Bitter H, Lees E, Keen N, Kauffmann A, Stegmeier F, Hofmann F, Schmelzle T, Sellers WR. Project DRIVE: A Compendium of Cancer Dependencies and Synthetic Lethal Relationships Uncovered by Large-Scale, Deep RNAi Screening. Cell 2017; 170:577-592.e10. [PMID: 28753431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mutational landscape of human cancer has progressed rapidly and been accompanied by the development of therapeutics targeting mutant oncogenes. However, a comprehensive mapping of cancer dependencies has lagged behind and the discovery of therapeutic targets for counteracting tumor suppressor gene loss is needed. To identify vulnerabilities relevant to specific cancer subtypes, we conducted a large-scale RNAi screen in which viability effects of mRNA knockdown were assessed for 7,837 genes using an average of 20 shRNAs per gene in 398 cancer cell lines. We describe findings of this screen, outlining the classes of cancer dependency genes and their relationships to genetic, expression, and lineage features. In addition, we describe robust gene-interaction networks recapitulating both protein complexes and functional cooperation among complexes and pathways. This dataset along with a web portal is provided to the community to assist in the discovery and translation of new therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Antoine de Weck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Konstantinos J Mavrakis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dhiren Belur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Deborah Castelletti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frias
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kalyani Gampa
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Iris Kao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Li Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Philippe Megel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas A Perkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nadire Ramadan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Serena J Silver
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sosathya Sovath
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mark Stump
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Odile Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roland Widmer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristine Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dorothee Abramowski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ackley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosemary Barrett
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joel Berger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Julie L Bernard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rebecca Billig
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Buxton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roger Caothien
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Justina X Caushi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Franklin S Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marta Cortés-Cros
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosalie S deBeaumont
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Clara Delaunay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Aurore Desplat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Duong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Donald A Dwoske
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Richard S Eldridge
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ali Farsidjani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Fei Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - JiaJia Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Daisy Flemming
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Forrester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zhenhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - François Gauter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Veronica Gibaja
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristy Haas
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marc Hattenberger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tami Hood
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristen E Hurov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mathias Jenal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jennifer A Johnson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael D Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Avnish Kapoor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joshua Korn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jilin Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Shumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alice T Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Macchi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Typhaine Martin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Amandine Meyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Raymond A Pagliarini
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanushree Phadke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Brian Repko
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanja Schouwey
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiong Shen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christelle Stamm
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christine Stephan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Volker M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Malini Varadarajan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kavitha Venkatesan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alberto C Vitari
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marco Wallroth
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jan Weiler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Vic E Myer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nicholas Keen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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MYC Modulation around the CDK2/p27/SKP2 Axis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070174. [PMID: 28665315 PMCID: PMC5541307 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor that controls a number of fundamental cellular processes required for the proliferation and survival of normal and malignant cells, including the cell cycle. MYC interacts with several central cell cycle regulators that control the balance between cell cycle progression and temporary or permanent cell cycle arrest (cellular senescence). Among these are the cyclin E/A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complexes, the CDK inhibitor p27KIP1 (p27) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase component S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), which control each other by forming a triangular network. MYC is engaged in bidirectional crosstalk with each of these players; while MYC regulates their expression and/or activity, these factors in turn modulate MYC through protein interactions and post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, impacting on MYC's transcriptional output on genes involved in cell cycle progression and senescence. Here we elaborate on these network interactions with MYC and their impact on transcription, cell cycle, replication and stress signaling, and on the role of other players interconnected to this network, such as CDK1, the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the F-box proteins FBXW7 and FBXO28, the RAS oncoprotein and the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Finally, we describe how the MYC/CDK2/p27/SKP2 axis impacts on tumor development and discuss possible ways to interfere therapeutically with this system to improve cancer treatment.
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Liu Y, Wang W, Li Y, Sun F, Lin J, Li L. CKS1BP7, a Pseudogene of CKS1B, is Co-Amplified with IGF1R in Breast Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:223-229. [PMID: 28439706 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pseudogenes have been reported to exhibit functional roles. Amplification or overexpression of CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B) was found in various human cancers. But it was known little about CKS1B pseudogene 7 (CKS1BP7), a pseudogene sharing considerable sequence identity with CKS1B. The aim of this study was to evaluate copy number alterations (CNAs) of CKS1BP7 and address its potential roles in breast cancer. We detected copy numbers of CKS1BP7 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) using quantitative multi-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization (QM-FISH) technique, compared their status in both invasive carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) components within the same tumors, and investigated the associations of CNAs with tumor features and patients outcomes. Amplification of CKS1BP7 (dot-like pattern) was found in 28.8% of all cases, while amplified IGF1R (cluster pattern) was identified in 24.2% of all patients. The two events often co-existed (p = 0.01). Within the same tumors, identical CNAs of CKS1BP7 and IGF1R were found in DCIS and invasive carcinoma. Moreover, amplification of both genes was more frequent in aneuploidy tumors and the tumors with high ki67, but wasn't associated with patients' outcome. In summary, CKS1BP7 amplification is a frequent event in breast cancer and often co-occurs with amplified IGF1R, which provides evidence supporting the interactions between CKS1BP7 and IGF1R during mammary carcinogenesis. Our findings suggest that CKS1BP7 as well as IGF1R may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and predict prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Western Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Pavlides SC, Lecanda J, Daubriac J, Pandya UM, Gama P, Blank S, Mittal K, Shukla P, Gold LI. TGF-β activates APC through Cdh1 binding for Cks1 and Skp2 proteasomal destruction stabilizing p27kip1 for normal endometrial growth. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:931-47. [PMID: 26963853 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1150393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that aberrant TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling in endometrial cancer (ECA) leads to continuous ubiquitylation of p27(kip1)(p27) by the E3 ligase SCF-Skp2/Cks1 causing its degradation, as a putative mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer. In contrast, normal intact TGF-β signaling prevents degradation of nuclear p27 by SCF-Skp2/Cks1 thereby accumulating p27 to block Cdk2 for growth arrest. Here we show that in ECA cell lines and normal primary endometrial epithelial cells, TGF-β increases Cdh1 and its binding to APC/C to form the E3 ligase complex that ubiquitylates Cks1 and Skp2 prompting their proteasomal degradation and thus, leaving p27 intact. Knocking-down Cdh1 in ECA cell lines increased Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase activity, completely diminished nuclear and cytoplasmic p27, and obviated TGF-β-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Protein synthesis was not required for TGF-β-induced increase in nuclear p27 and decrease in Cks1 and Skp2. Moreover, half-lives of Cks1 and Skp2 were extended in the Cdh1-depleted cells. These results suggest that the levels of p27, Skp2 and Cks1 are strongly or solely regulated by proteasomal degradation. Finally, an inverse relationship of low p27 and high Cks1 in the nucleus was shown in patients in normal proliferative endometrium and grade I-III ECAs whereas differentiated secretory endometrium showed the reverse. These studies implicate Cdh1 as the master regulator of TGF-β-induced preservation of p27 tumor suppressor activity. Thus, Cdh1 is a potential therapeutic target for ECA and other human cancers showing an inverse relationship between Cks1/Skp2 and p27 and/or dysregulated TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas C Pavlides
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Divisions of Translational Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jon Lecanda
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Divisions of Translational Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Julien Daubriac
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Divisions of Translational Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Unnati M Pandya
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Divisions of Translational Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Patricia Gama
- c Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paolo , Brazil
| | - Stephanie Blank
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,d Gynecologic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,e Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Khushbakhat Mittal
- d Gynecologic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,e Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Pratibha Shukla
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,d Gynecologic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,e Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Leslie I Gold
- a Department of Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Divisions of Translational Medicine , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,e Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU, New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,f Department of Pathology , New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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Xu L, Fan S, Zhao J, Zhou P, Chu S, Luo J, Wen Q, Chen L, Wen S, Wang L, Shi L. Increased expression of Cks1 protein is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:2. [PMID: 28061788 PMCID: PMC5219755 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Cks1 protein is an essential factor in regulating cell cycle by mediating the ubiquitination of CDK inhibitor p27kip1. It has been reported that aberrant expression of Cks1 and p27kip1 proteins was found in various tumors and related to initiation and progression of carcinomas. However, the potential roles which Cks1 and p27KIP1 proteins play in NPC remain unclear. This study aims to examine the expression status of Cks1 and p27kip1 and their possible prognostic significance in NPC. Methods Paraffin-embedded specimens with NPC (n = 168) and non-tumor nasopharyngeal tissues (n = 49) were analyzed by IHC. Results Expression of Cks1 increased in NPC tissues compared with non-tumor nasopharyngeal tissues (P < 0.05), whereas p27kip1 protein frequently expressed in non-tumor nasopharyngeal tissues compared with NPC tissues (P < 0.05). There was a significant reverse correlation between Cks1 and p27kip1 protein expression in NPC (r = −0.189, P < 0.05).In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was a significant tendency of shorter overall survival (OS) in NPC patients with Cks1 positive expression compared to negative ones, especially in patients with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001, respectively). But there was no significance between p27kip1 expression and survival viability of NPC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis further identified increased expression of Cks1 was the independent poor prognostic factor for NPC (p = 0.13). Conclusion Our research found expression of Cks1 increased and was inverse to the expression of p27KIP1. High expression of Cks1 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and survival status in NPC. In addition, the abnormally high level of Cks1 protein was proved to be an independent poor prognostic factor in NPC. These results may provide novel clue for NPC therapy method. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-016-0589-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Shuzhou Chu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Qiuyuan Wen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Lingjiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Sailan Wen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chest Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Renmin Road 139, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China.
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Zhao H, Lu Z, Bauzon F, Fu H, Cui J, Locker J, Zhu L. p27T187A knockin identifies Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitors for advanced prostate cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:60-70. [PMID: 27181203 PMCID: PMC5112153 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCFSkp2/Cks1 ubiquitinates Thr187-phosphorylated p27 for degradation. Overexpression of Skp2 coupled with underexpression of p27 are frequent characteristics of cancer cells. When the role of SCFSkp2/Cks1-mediated p27 ubiquitination in cancer was specifically tested by p27 Thr187-to-Ala knockin (p27T187A KI), it was found dispensable for KrasG12D-induced lung tumorigenesis but essential for Rb1-deficient pituitary tumorigenesis. Here we identify pRb and p53 doubly deficient (DKO) prostate tumorigenesis as a context in which p27 ubiquitination by SCFSkp2/Cks1 is required for p27 downregulation. p27 protein accumulated in prostate when p27T187A KI mice underwent DKO prostate tumorigenesis. p27T187A KI or Skp2 knockdown (KD) induced similar degrees of p27 protein accumulation in DKO prostate cells, and Skp2 KD did not further increase p27 protein in DKO prostate cells that contained p27T187A KI (AADKO prostate cells). p27T187A KI activated an E2F1-p73-apoptosis axis in DKO prostate tumorigenesis, slowed disease progression and significantly extended survival. Querying co-occurrence relationships among RB1, TP53, PTEN, NKX3-1 and MYC in TCGA of prostate cancer identified co-inactivation of RB1 and TP53 as the only statistically significant co-occurrences in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Together, our study identifies Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitors as potential therapeutics for mCRPC. Procedures for establishing mCRPC organoid cultures from contemporary patients were recently established. An Skp2/Cks1 pocket inhibitor preferentially collapsed DKO prostate tumor organoids over AADKO organoids, which spontaneously disintegrated over time when DKO prostate tumor organoids grew larger, setting the stage to translate mouse model findings to precision medicine in the clinic on the organoid platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jinhua Cui
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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70
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Jia W, He MX, McLeod IX, Guo J, Ji D, He YW. Autophagy regulates T lymphocyte proliferation through selective degradation of the cell-cycle inhibitor CDKN1B/p27Kip1. Autophagy 2016; 11:2335-45. [PMID: 26569626 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved cellular degradation pathway, macroautophagy, regulates the homeostasis of organelles and promotes the survival of T lymphocytes. Previous results indicate that Atg3-, Atg5-, or Pik3c3/Vps34-deficient T cells cannot proliferate efficiently. Here we demonstrate that the proliferation of Atg7-deficient T cells is defective. By using an adoptive transfer and Listeria monocytogenes (LM) mouse infection model, we found that the primary immune response against LM is intrinsically impaired in autophagy-deficient CD8(+) T cells because the cell population cannot expand after infection. Autophagy-deficient T cells fail to enter into S-phase after TCR stimulation. The major negative regulator of the cell cycle in T lymphocytes, CDKN1B, is accumulated in autophagy-deficient naïve T cells and CDKN1B cannot be degraded after TCR stimulation. Furthermore, our results indicate that genetic deletion of one allele of CDKN1B in autophagy-deficient T cells restores proliferative capability and the cells can enter into S-phase after TCR stimulation. Finally, we found that natural CDKN1B forms polymers and is physiologically associated with the autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1). Collectively, autophagy is required for maintaining the expression level of CDKN1B in naïve T cells and selectively degrades CDKN1B after TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
| | - Ming-Xiao He
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
| | - Ian X McLeod
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
| | - Jian Guo
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
| | - Dong Ji
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
| | - You-Wen He
- a Department of Immunology ; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham ; NC , USA
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71
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Kim JA, Tan Y, Wang X, Cao X, Veeraraghavan J, Liang Y, Edwards DP, Huang S, Pan X, Li K, Schiff R, Wang XS. Comprehensive functional analysis of the tousled-like kinase 2 frequently amplified in aggressive luminal breast cancers. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12991. [PMID: 27694828 PMCID: PMC5064015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More aggressive and therapy-resistant oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers remain a great clinical challenge. Here our integrative genomic analysis identifies tousled-like kinase 2 (TLK2) as a candidate kinase target frequently amplified in ∼10.5% of ER-positive breast tumours. The resulting overexpression of TLK2 is more significant in aggressive and advanced tumours, and correlates with worse clinical outcome regardless of endocrine therapy. Ectopic expression of TLK2 leads to enhanced aggressiveness in breast cancer cells, which may involve the EGFR/SRC/FAK signalling. Conversely, TLK2 inhibition selectively inhibits the growth of TLK2-high breast cancer cells, downregulates ERα, BCL2 and SKP2, impairs G1/S cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis and significantly improves progression-free survival in vivo. We identify two potential TLK2 inhibitors that could serve as backbones for future drug development. Together, amplification of the cell cycle kinase TLK2 presents an attractive genomic target for aggressive ER-positive breast cancers. Luminal B oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers are generally aggressive tumors with poor outcomes. Here, the authors show that the kinase TLK2 is amplified and overexpressed in these tumors and correlates with reduced survival, TLK2 inhibition induces apoptosis in vitro and improves survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Kim
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xixi Cao
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jamunarani Veeraraghavan
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yulong Liang
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xuewen Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Reid RJD, Du X, Sunjevaric I, Rayannavar V, Dittmar J, Bryant E, Maurer M, Rothstein R. A Synthetic Dosage Lethal Genetic Interaction Between CKS1B and PLK1 Is Conserved in Yeast and Human Cancer Cells. Genetics 2016; 204:807-819. [PMID: 27558135 PMCID: PMC5068864 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CKS1B gene located on chromosome 1q21 is frequently amplified in breast, lung, and liver cancers. CKS1B codes for a conserved regulatory subunit of cyclin-CDK complexes that function at multiple stages of cell cycle progression. We used a high throughput screening protocol to mimic cancer-related overexpression in a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to identify genes whose functions become essential only when CKS1 is overexpressed, a synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interaction. Mutations in multiple genes affecting mitotic entry and mitotic exit are highly enriched in the set of SDL interactions. The interactions between Cks1 and the mitotic entry checkpoint genes require the inhibitory activity of Swe1 on the yeast cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), Cdc28. In addition, the SDL interactions of overexpressed CKS1 with mutations in the mitotic exit network are suppressed by modulating expression of the CDK inhibitor Sic1. Mutation of the polo-like kinase Cdc5, which functions in both the mitotic entry and mitotic exit pathways, is lethal in combination with overexpressed CKS1 Therefore we investigated the effect of targeting the human Cdc5 ortholog, PLK1, in breast cancers with various expression levels of human CKS1B Growth inhibition by PLK1 knockdown correlates with increased CKS1B expression in published tumor cell data sets, and this correlation was confirmed using shRNAs against PLK1 in tumor cell lines. In addition, we overexpressed CKS1B in multiple cell lines and found increased sensitivity to PLK1 knockdown and PLK1 drug inhibition. Finally, combined inhibition of WEE1 and PLK1 results in less apoptosis than predicted based on an additive model of the individual inhibitors, showing an epistatic interaction and confirming a prediction of the yeast data. Thus, identification of a yeast SDL interaction uncovers conserved genetic interactions that can affect human cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J D Reid
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ivana Sunjevaric
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Vinayak Rayannavar
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - John Dittmar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Eric Bryant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Matthew Maurer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Rodney Rothstein
- Department Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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73
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Watanabe N, Osada H. Small molecules that target phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3246-54. [PMID: 27017542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction is one of the key events in the signal transduction pathway. The interaction changes the conformations, activities, localization and stabilities of the proteins, and transduces the signal to the next step. Frequently, this interaction occurs upon the protein phosphorylation. When upstream signals are stimulated, protein kinase(s) is/are activated and phosphorylate(s) their substrates, and induce the phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction. For this interaction, several domains in proteins are known to specifically recognize the phosphorylated residues of target proteins. These specific domains for interaction are important in the progression of the diseases caused by disordered signal transduction such as cancer. Thus small molecules that modulate this interaction are attractive lead compounds for the treatment of such diseases. In this review, we focused on three examples of phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction modules (14-3-3, polo box domain of Plk1 and F-box proteins in SCF ubiquitin ligases) and summarize small molecules that modulate their interaction. We also introduce our original screening system to identify such small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumoto Watanabe
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Bio-Probe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Bio-Probe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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74
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Iskandarani A, Bhat AA, Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Khan MA, Krishnankutty R, Kulinski M, Nasr RR, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Bortezomib-mediated downregulation of S-phase kinase protein-2 (SKP2) causes apoptotic cell death in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:69. [PMID: 26956626 PMCID: PMC4784454 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proteasome inhibitors are attractive cancer therapeutic agents because they can regulate apoptosis-related proteins. Bortezomib also known as Velcade®, a proteasome inhibitor that has been approved by the food and drug administration for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, and many clinical trials are ongoing to examine to the efficacy of bortezomib for the treatment of other malignancies. Bortezomib has been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth of many cancer cells. In current study, we determine whether bortezomib induces cell death/apoptosis in CML. Methods Cell viability was measured using MTT assays. Apoptosis was measured by annexin V/PI dual staining and DNA fragmentation assays. Immunoblotting was performed to examine the expression of proteins. Colony assays were performed using methylcellulose. Results Treatment of CML cells with bortezomib results in downregulation of S-phase kinase protein 2 (SKP2) and concomitant stabilization of the expression of p27Kip1. Furthermore, knockdown of SKP2 with small interference RNA specific for SKP2 caused accumulation of p27Kip1. CML cells exposed to bortezomib leads to conformational changes in Bax protein, resulting in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and leakage of cytochrome c to the cytosol. In the cytosol, cytochrome c causes sequential activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP cleavage and apoptosis. Pretreatment of CML cells with a universal inhibitor of caspases, z-VAD-fmk, prevents bortezomib-mediated apoptosis. Our data also demonstrated that bortezomib treatment of CML downregulates the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Finally, inhibition of proteasome pathways by bortezomib suppresses colony formation ability of CML cells. Conclusions Altogether, these findings suggest that bortezomib suppresses the cell proliferation via induction of apoptosis in CML cells by downregulation of SKP2 with concomitant accumulation of p27Kip1, suggesting that proteasomal pathway may form novel therapeutic targets for better management of CML. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0823-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Iskandarani
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Muzammil A Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Michal Kulinski
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Rihab R Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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Zhang X, Kong Y, Xu X, Xing H, Zhang Y, Han F, Li W, Yang Q, Zeng J, Jia J, Liu Z. F-box protein FBXO31 is down-regulated in gastric cancer and negatively regulated by miR-17 and miR-20a. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6178-90. [PMID: 25115392 PMCID: PMC4171621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXO31, a subunit of the SCF ubiquitin ligase, played a crucial role in neuronal development, DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the expression and prognosis value of FBXO31 in human primary gastric cancer (GC) samples. Meanwhile, the biological role and the regulation mechanism of FBXO31 were evaluated. We found that FBXO31 mRNA and protein was decreased dramatically in the GC tissue compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. FBXO31 expression was significantly associated with tumor size, tumor infiltration, clinical grade and patients' prognosis. FBXO31 overexpression significantly decreased colony formation and induced a G1-phase arrest and inhibited the expression of CyclinD1 protein in GC cells. Further evidence was obtained from knockdown of FBXO31. Ectopic expression of FBXO31 dramatically inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. miR-20a and miR-17 mimics inhibited, whereas the inhibitor of miR-20a and miR-17 increased, the expression of FBXO31, respectively. miR-20a and miR-17 directly bind to the 3'-UTR of FBXO31. The level of miR-20a and miR-17 in GC tissue was significantly higher than that in surrounding normal mucosa. Moreover, a highly significant negative correlation between miR-20a (miR-17) and FBXO31 was observed in these GC samples. Therefore, effective therapy targeting the miR-20a (miR-17)-FBXO31-CyclinD1 pathway may help control GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ye Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Huaixin Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital; Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Fengjuan Han
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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76
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Chandra Dantu S, Nathubhai Kachariya N, Kumar A. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the mode of protein recognition by Skp1 and the F-box domain in the SCF complex. Proteins 2015; 84:159-71. [PMID: 26573739 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyubiquitination of the target protein by a ubiquitin transferring machinery is key to various cellular processes. E3 ligase Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) is one such complex which plays crucial role in substrate recognition and transfer of the ubiquitin molecule. Previous computational studies have focused on S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), cullin, and RING-finger proteins of this complex, but the roles of the adapter protein Skp1 and F-box domain of Skp2 have not been determined. Using sub-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of full-length Skp1, unbound Skp2, Skp2-Cks1 (Cks1: Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1), Skp1-Skp2, and Skp1-Skp2-Cks1 complexes, we have elucidated the function of Skp1 and the F-box domain of Skp2. We found that the L16 loop of Skp1, which was deleted in previous X-ray crystallography studies, can offer additional stability to the ternary complex via its interactions with the C-terminal tail of Skp2. Moreover, Skp1 helices H6, H7, and H8 display vivid conformational flexibility when not bound to Skp2, suggesting that these helices can recognize and lock the F-box proteins. Furthermore, we observed that the F-box domain could rotate (5°-129°), and that the binding partner determined the degree of conformational flexibility. Finally, Skp1 and Skp2 were found to execute a domain motion in Skp1-Skp2 and Skp1-Skp2-Cks1 complexes that could decrease the distance between ubiquitination site of the substrate and the ubiquitin molecule by 3 nm. Thus, we propose that both the F-box domain of Skp2 and Skp1-Skp2 domain motions displaying preferential conformational control can together facilitate polyubiquitination of a wide variety of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Chandra Dantu
- Cactus Communications Pvt. Ltd, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400053, India.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nitin Nathubhai Kachariya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Abstract
Ubiquitination, the structured degradation and turnover of cellular proteins, is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Most proteins that are critical for cellular regulations and functions are targets of the process. Ubiquitination is comprised of a sequence of three enzymatic steps, and aberrations in the pathway can lead to tumor development and progression as observed in many cancer types. Recent evidence indicates that targeting the UPS is effective for certain cancer treatment, but many more potential targets might have been previously overlooked. In this review, we will discuss the current state of small molecules that target various elements of ubiquitination. Special attention will be given to novel inhibitors of E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially those in the SCF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kenneth Morrow
- Integrated Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Integrated Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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78
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Zheng J, Li Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Fu X, Wang W, Fan L, Yan W. Apoptosis-related protein-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in cholangiocarcinoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest via downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase subunits. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:809-16. [PMID: 26572808 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma, a malignancy arising from the biliary tract, is associated with high mortality due to the late diagnosis and lack of effective therapeutic approaches. Our knowledge of the molecular alterations during the carcinogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is limited. Previous study suggests that apoptosis-related protein-1 (Apr-1) is involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In the present study, we first detected the expression pattern of Apr-1 in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and the effects of forced Apr-1 expression on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Cell cycle gene array analysis was used to identify downstream molecules that were regulated by Apr-1, and their expression levels were further evaluated in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues. We showed that Apr-1 expression was downregulated in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Forced expression of Apr-1 inhibited cell proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939 and induced G2/M phase arrest. Downregulation of cell cycle-related genes cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, and cyclin-dependent kinase subunits (Cks) 1 and 2 was involved in Apr-1-induced cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we found that Cdk2 and Cks1/2 expression levels were elevated in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Taken together, our data showed that Apr-1 plays a crucial role in cell proliferation by controlling cell cycle progression, implying a tumor-suppressor function of Apr-1 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Thus, the present study provides a rationale to further study the underlying mechanisms of Apr-1 downregulation in cholangiocarcinoma for exploring potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qinlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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79
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Shinoda K, Kuboki S, Shimizu H, Ohtsuka M, Kato A, Yoshitomi H, Furukawa K, Miyazaki M. Pin1 facilitates NF-κB activation and promotes tumour progression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1323-31. [PMID: 26461058 PMCID: PMC4815797 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB promotes HCC progression; however, therapies targeting NF-κB are not used due to severe adverse reactions. Pin1 is reported to induce tumour progression in vitro. However, the role of Pin1 in HCC is unclear. Moreover, little is known about the mechanism of Pin1-mediated NF-κB activation. METHODS Fresh surgical specimens were collected from 144 HCC patients. Pin1 and NF-κB-p65 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. NF-κB activation was assessed by EMSA. RESULTS Pin1 was increased in HCC compared to adjacent liver tissue. The multivariate analysis revealed that high Pin1 expression was an independent factor for poor prognosis. In HCC with high Pin1 expression, tumour size was larger and portal vein invasion was increased. Pin1 expression was correlated with phosphorylated (p-) NF-κB-p65(Thr254) and p-NF-κB-p65(Ser276), and thereby NF-κB activation. Pin1-induced NF-κB activation accelerated cell cycle progression, induced angiogenesis, and inhibited apoptosis. Pin1 knockdown in HCC cells inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65(Ser276), and reduced NF-κB activation, which resulted in inhibiting tumour cell progression. When HCC cells were treated with the Pin1 inhibitors, p-NF-κB-p65(Ser276) expression and NF-κB activation was reduced, and cell proliferation was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS Pin1 is associated with aggressive tumour progression and poor prognosis in HCC by mediating NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Shinoda
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
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80
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Lin L, Fang Z, Lin H, You H, Wang J, Su Y, Wang F, Zhang ZY. Depletion of Cks1 and Cks2 expression compromises cell proliferation and enhance chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:26-32. [PMID: 26531156 PMCID: PMC4699626 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the oncogenic roles of overexpressed Cks1 and Cks2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Gene expression of Cks1 and Cks2 in HepG2 cells was disrupted by siRNA or increased by cDNA transfection. Cell proliferation was assayed by CCK-8 analysis and cell counting. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis after transfection was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Cell cycle changes after transfection were determined by flow cytometry with PI staining. Protein levels of Akt and GSK-3β were measured after transfection. The results revealed that HepG2 proliferation was decreased by depletion of endogenous Cks1 or Cks2, and increased by overexpression of Cks1 or Cks2. HepG2 apoptosis increased concordantly with the decline of Cks1 or Cks2 expression. Overexpression of Cks1 or Cks2 prevented cell apoptosis. Protein levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β were downregulated after RNA interference of Cks1 or Cks2. In conclusion, Cks1 and Cks2 promoted proliferation and prevented apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The Akt/GSK-3β-related PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may be a key signaling pathway that is involved in the regulation of cell growth and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Zanxi Fang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Huayue Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu You
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhui Su
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhong-Ying Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
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81
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Liu Y, Mallampalli RK. Small molecule therapeutics targeting F-box proteins in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:105-19. [PMID: 26427329 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays vital roles in maintaining protein equilibrium mainly through proteolytic degradation of targeted substrates. The archetypical SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase complex contains a substrate recognition subunit F-box protein that recruits substrates to the catalytic ligase core for its polyubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Several well-characterized F-box proteins have been demonstrated that are tightly linked to neoplasia. There is mounting information characterizing F-box protein-substrate interactions with the rationale to develop unique therapeutics for cancer treatment. Here we review that how F-box proteins function in cancer and summarize potential small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, The Acute Lung Injury, Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, The Acute Lung Injury, Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States.
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82
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Bencivenga D, Tramontano A, Borgia A, Negri A, Caldarelli I, Oliva A, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. P27Kip1 serine 10 phosphorylation determines its metabolism and interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3768-82. [PMID: 25483085 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p27Kip1 is a critical modulator of cell proliferation by controlling assembly, localization and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). p27Kip1 also plays important roles in malignant transformation, modulating cell movement and interaction with the extracellular matrix. A critical p27Kip1 feature is the lack of a stable tertiary structure that enhances its "adaptability" to different interactors and explains the heterogeneity of its function. The absence of a well-defined folding underlines the importance of p27Kip1 post-translational modifications that might highly impact the protein functions. Here, we characterize the metabolism and CDK interaction of phosphoserine10-p27Kip1 (pS10- p27Kip1), the major phosphoisoform of p27Kip1. By an experimental strategy based on specific immunoprecipitation and bidimensional electrophoresis, we established that pS10-p27Kip1 is mainly bound to cyclin E/CDK2 rather than to cyclin A/CDK2. pS10- p27Kip1 is more stable than non-modified p27Kip1, since it is not (or scarcely) phosphorylated on T187, the post-translational modification required for p27Kip1 removal in the nucleus. pS10-p27Kip1 does not bind CDK1. The lack of this interaction might represent a mechanism for facilitating CDK1 activation and allowing mitosis completion. In conclusion, we suggest that nuclear p27Kip1 follows 2 almost independent pathways operating at different rates. One pathway involves threonine-187 and tyrosine phosphorylations and drives the protein toward its Skp2-dependent removal. The other involves serine-10 phosphorylation and results in the elongation of p27Kip1 half-life and specific CDK interactions. Thus, pS10-p27Kip1, due to its stability, might be thought as a major responsible for the p27Kip1-dependent arrest of cells in G1/G0 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bencivenga
- a Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology ; Second University of Naples ; Naples , Italy
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Noach-Hirsh M, Nevenzal H, Glick Y, Chorni E, Avrahami D, Barbiro-Michaely E, Gerber D, Tzur A. Integrated Microfluidics for Protein Modification Discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2824-32. [PMID: 26276765 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications mediate dynamic cellular processes with broad implications in human disease pathogenesis. There is a large demand for high-throughput technologies supporting post-translational modifications research, and both mass spectrometry and protein arrays have been successfully utilized for this purpose. Protein arrays override the major limitation of target protein abundance inherently associated with MS analysis. This technology, however, is typically restricted to pre-purified proteins spotted in a fixed composition on chips with limited life-time and functionality. In addition, the chips are expensive and designed for a single use, making complex experiments cost-prohibitive. Combining microfluidics with in situ protein expression from a cDNA microarray addressed these limitations. Based on this approach, we introduce a modular integrated microfluidic platform for multiple post-translational modifications analysis of freshly synthesized protein arrays (IMPA). The system's potency, specificity and flexibility are demonstrated for tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination in quasicellular environments. Unlimited by design and protein composition, and relying on minute amounts of biological material and cost-effective technology, this unique approach is applicable for a broad range of basic, biomedical and biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Noach-Hirsh
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hadas Nevenzal
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yair Glick
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Evelin Chorni
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Dorit Avrahami
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Efrat Barbiro-Michaely
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Doron Gerber
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Tzur
- From the ‡The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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84
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Liu CY, Zhao WL, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 promotes cell proliferation by insulin regulation. Cell Cycle 2015. [PMID: 26199131 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 (CKS1) helps regulate the cell cycle to increase cell number. However, the hormonal regulation on CKS1 expression is not well understood. We report that CKS1 is involved in the promotion of cell proliferation with insulin regulation in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. CKS1 is expressed in various tissues during the larval feeding stage. CKS1 knockdown results in larval death, body weight decrease, pupation time delay, and small-sized pupa formation. The underlying mechanism involves the blocking of cell proliferation and the repression of gene expression in the insulin pathway after CKS1 knockdown. CKS1 overexpression in the epidermal cell line results in cell proliferation. The N45 amino acid asparagine in the CKS domain is essential for the function of CKS in cell proliferation. CKS1 is upregulated by insulin via an insulin receptor, but is repressed by a high level of steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Results suggest that CKS1 promotes cell proliferation and body growth in coordination with the regulatory actions of insulin and steroid hormone 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Liu
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
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85
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Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation. Biochem J 2015; 467:365-86. [PMID: 25886174 PMCID: PMC4403949 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the ubiquitin–proteasome system has emerged as a valid target for the development of novel therapeutics. E3 ubiquitin ligases are particularly attractive targets because they confer substrate specificity on the ubiquitin system. CRLs [Cullin–RING (really interesting new gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases] draw particular attention, being the largest family of E3s. The CRLs assemble into functional multisubunit complexes using a repertoire of substrate receptors, adaptors, Cullin scaffolds and RING-box proteins. Drug discovery targeting CRLs is growing in importance due to mounting evidence pointing to significant roles of these enzymes in diverse biological processes and human diseases, including cancer, where CRLs and their substrates often function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. In the present review, we provide an account of the assembly and structure of CRL complexes, and outline the current state of the field in terms of available knowledge of small-molecule inhibitors and modulators of CRL activity. A comprehensive overview of the reported crystal structures of CRL subunits, components and full-size complexes, alone or with bound small molecules and substrate peptides, is included. This information is providing increasing opportunities to aid the rational structure-based design of chemical probes and potential small-molecule therapeutics targeting CRLs.
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86
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Das J, Gayvert KM, Bunea F, Wegkamp MH, Yu H. ENCAPP: elastic-net-based prognosis prediction and biomarker discovery for human cancers. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:263. [PMID: 25887568 PMCID: PMC4392808 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the explosion of genomic data over the last decade, there has been a tremendous amount of effort to understand the molecular basis of cancer using informatics approaches. However, this has proven to be extremely difficult primarily because of the varied etiology and vast genetic heterogeneity of different cancers and even within the same cancer. One particularly challenging problem is to predict prognostic outcome of the disease for different patients. Results Here, we present ENCAPP, an elastic-net-based approach that combines the reference human protein interactome network with gene expression data to accurately predict prognosis for different human cancers. Our method identifies functional modules that are differentially expressed between patients with good and bad prognosis and uses these to fit a regression model that can be used to predict prognosis for breast, colon, rectal, and ovarian cancers. Using this model, ENCAPP can also identify prognostic biomarkers with a high degree of confidence, which can be used to generate downstream mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Conclusion ENCAPP is a robust method that can accurately predict prognostic outcome and identify biomarkers for different human cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1465-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishnu Das
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, 335 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn M Gayvert
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Florentina Bunea
- Department of Statistical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Marten H Wegkamp
- Department of Statistical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, 335 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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87
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Siriwardana G, Seligman PA. Iron depletion results in Src kinase inhibition with associated cell cycle arrest in neuroblastoma cells. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/3/e12341. [PMID: 25825542 PMCID: PMC4393172 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is required for cellular proliferation. Recently, using systematic time studies of neuroblastoma cell growth, we better defined the G1 arrest caused by iron chelation to a point in mid-G1, where cyclin E protein is present, but the cyclin E/CDK2 complex kinase activity is inhibited. In this study, we again used the neuroblastoma SKNSH cells lines to pinpoint the mechanism responsible for this G1 block. Initial studies showed in the presence of DFO, these cells have high levels of p27 and after reversal of iron chelation p27 is degraded allowing for CDK2 kinase activity. The initial activation of CDK2 kinase allows cells to exit G1 and enter S phase. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of p27 degradation by DFO is directly associated with inhibition of Src kinase activity measured by lack of phosphorylation of Src at the 416 residue. Activation of Src kinase occurs very early after reversal from the DFO G1 block and is temporally associated with initiation of cellular proliferation associated with entry into S phase. For the first time therefore we show that iron chelation inhibits Src kinase activity and this activity is a requirement for cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamini Siriwardana
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul A Seligman
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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88
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A comprehensive method for detecting ubiquitinated substrates using TR-TUBE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4630-5. [PMID: 25827227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422313112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of substrates for ubiquitin ligases has remained challenging, because most substrates are either immediately degraded by the proteasome or processed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) to remove polyubiquitin. Although a methodology that enables detection of ubiquitinated proteins using ubiquitin Lys-ε-Gly-Gly (diGly) remnant antibodies and MS has been developed, it is still insufficient for identification and characterization of the ubiquitin-modified proteome in cells overexpressing a particular ubiquitin ligase. Here, we show that exogenously expressed trypsin-resistant tandem ubiquitin-binding entity(ies) (TR-TUBE) protect polyubiquitin chains on substrates from DUBs and circumvent proteasome-mediated degradation in cells. TR-TUBE effectively associated with substrates ubiquitinated by an exogenously overexpressed ubiquitin ligase, allowing detection of the specific activity of the ubiquitin ligase and isolation of its substrates. Although the diGly antibody enabled effective identification of ubiquitinated proteins in cells, overexpression of an ubiquitin ligase and treatment with a proteasome inhibitor did not increase the level of diGly peptides specific for the ligase relative to the background level of diGly peptides, probably due to deubiquitination. By contrast, in TR-TUBE-expressing cells, the level of substrate-derived diGly peptides produced by the overexpressed ubiquitin ligase was significantly elevated. We developed a method for identifying the substrates of specific ubiquitin ligases using two enrichment strategies, TR-TUBE and diGly remnant antibodies, coupled with MS. Using this method, we identified target substrates of FBXO21, an uncharacterized F-box protein.
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89
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Liu Y, Lear T, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Zou C, Chen BB, Mallampalli RK. F-box protein Fbxl18 mediates polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the pro-apoptotic SCF subunit Fbxl7. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1630. [PMID: 25654763 PMCID: PMC4669792 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fbxl7, a subunit of the SCF (Skp-Cul1-F-box protein) complex induces mitotic arrest in cells; however, molecular factors that control its cellular abundance remain largely unknown. Here, we identified that an orphan F-box protein, Fbxl18, targets Fbxl7 for its polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Lys 109 within Fbxl7 is an essential acceptor site for ubiquitin conjugation by Fbxl18. An FQ motif within Fbxl7 serves as a molecular recognition site for Fbxl18 interaction. Ectopically expressed Fbxl7 induces apoptosis in Hela cells, an effect profoundly accentuated after cellular depletion of Fbxl18 protein or expression of Fbxl7 plasmids encoding mutations at either Lys 109 or within the FQ motif. Ectopic expression of Fbxl18 plasmid-limited apoptosis caused by overexpressed Fbxl7 plasmid. Thus, Fbxl18 regulates apoptosis by mediating ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of the pro-apoptotic protein Fbxl7 that may impact cellular processes involved in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Lear
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Zou
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - B B Chen
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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90
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You H, Lin H, Zhang Z. CKS2 in human cancers: Clinical roles and current perspectives (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:459-463. [PMID: 26137251 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) is indicated in the processes of cell cycle and cell proliferation. Through these processes, CKS2 is identified as a cancer gene, but its role has not been well reviewed. The aim of the present study was to summarize the clinicopathological significance and the molecular mechanisms of CKS2 in human cancers. Its expression was upregulated in the majority of the types of cancer studied. CKS2 was shown to have a function in cancers of the digestive tract, genital tract, thyroid, nerve and certain other types of cancer. CKS2 can promote progression of certain cancers via positive control of proliferation, invasion and migration. Downregulation of CKS2 induces cancer cell apoptosis. CKS2 can change a multitude of cellular mechanisms in cancer pathogenesis by regulating the gene translation of numerous validated targets, such as p53, CDK1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, caspase-3 and Bax. In addition, the molecular mechanism that causes aberrant expression of CKS2 was epigenetic modification of miR-26a and the Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) gene. In conclusion, CKS2 is commonly elevated in cancer, most likely due to its ability to promote cancer cell growth, invasion and migration through regulating certain significant genes. Understanding the mechanisms by which CKS2 is involved with cancer pathogenesis will be useful in the development of tumor therapy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu You
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Huayue Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongying Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
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91
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Zhao H, Bauzon F, Bi E, Yu JJ, Fu H, Lu Z, Cui J, Jeon H, Zang X, Ye BH, Zhu L. Substituting threonine 187 with alanine in p27Kip1 prevents pituitary tumorigenesis by two-hit loss of Rb1 and enhances humoral immunity in old age. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5797-809. [PMID: 25583987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27) is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibiting p27 protein degradation is an actively developing cancer therapy strategy. One focus has been to identify small molecule inhibitors to block recruitment of Thr-187-phosphorylated p27 (p27T187p) to SCF(Skp2/Cks1) ubiquitin ligase. Since phosphorylation of Thr-187 is required for this recruitment, p27T187A knockin (KI) mice were generated to determine the effects of systemically blocking interaction between p27 and Skp2/Cks1 on tumor susceptibility and other proliferation related mouse physiology. Rb1(+/-) mice develop pituitary tumors with full penetrance and the tumors are invariably Rb1(-/-), modeling tumorigenesis by two-hit loss of RB1 in humans. Immunization induced humoral immunity depends on rapid B cell proliferation and clonal selection in germinal centers (GCs) and declines with age in mice and humans. Here, we show that p27T187A KI prevented pituitary tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice and corrected decline in humoral immunity in older mice following immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). These findings reveal physiological contexts that depend on p27 ubiquitination by SCF(Skp2-Cks1) ubiquitin ligase and therefore help forecast clinical potentials of Skp2/Cks1-p27T187p interaction inhibitors. We further show that GC B cells and T cells use different mechanisms to regulate their p27 protein levels, and propose a T helper cell exhaustion model resembling that of stem cell exhaustion to understand decline in T cell-dependent humoral immunity in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Hao Fu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Jinhua Cui
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Hyungjun Jeon
- Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Liang Zhu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
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92
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Cks1 proteasomal degradation is induced by inhibiting Hsp90-mediated chaperoning in cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 75:411-20. [PMID: 25544127 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cks1, a conformationally heterogenous 9 kDa protein, is markedly overexpressed in cancer cells and contributes to tumor development. Cks1 is an essential component of the SCF-Skp2 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the Cdk inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). Cks1 is known to interact with the Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone machinery, although whether this facilitates its conformational maturation and stability is not known. To test whether abrogating the chaperone function of Hsp90 could destabilize Cks1, we examined the effects of treating different cancer cell lines with the benzoquinone ansamycin 17-allylamino geldanamycin (17-AAG), a compound that selectively binds Hsp90 and potently inhibits its ATP-dependent chaperone activity. METHODS The effect of Hsp90 inhibition using 17-AAG on Cks1 protein and associated cell cycle proteins including Skp2, p27(Kip1), p21(Cip1), and Cdk1 in cancer cells was determined by Western blotting. Ubiquitination analysis was carried out by transfecting cells with an HA-ubiquitin plasmid and specifically immunoprecipitating Cks1 to examine polyubiquitinated species. Flow cytometry was utilized to examine the effects of Hsp90 inhibition on cell cycle profiles. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of Hsp90 utilizing 17-AAG destabilizes Cks1 in cancer cells by promoting its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. 17-AAG-induced Cks1 depletion was accompanied by concomitant decreases in Skp2 and Cdk1. 17-AAG treatment also induced G2/M accumulation in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, and G1 accumulation in the colon carcinoma lines HCT116 and SW620. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that perturbing the Hsp90 pathway could provide a useful therapeutic strategy in tumors driven by Cks1 overexpression.
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93
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Zhu L, Lu Z, Zhao H. Antitumor mechanisms when pRb and p53 are genetically inactivated. Oncogene 2014; 34:4547-57. [PMID: 25486431 PMCID: PMC4459916 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
pRb and p53 are the two major tumor suppressors. Their inactivation is frequent when cancers develop and their reactivation is rationale of most cancer therapeutics. When pRb and p53 are genetically inactivated, cells irreparably lose the antitumor mechanisms afforded by them. Cancer genome studies document recurrent genetic inactivation of RB1 and TP53, and the inactivation becomes more frequent in more advanced cancers. These findings may explain why more advanced cancers are more likely to resist current therapies. Finding successful treatments for more advanced and multi-therapy resistant cancers will depend on finding antitumor mechanisms that remain effective when pRb and p53 are genetically inactivated. Here, we review studies that have begun to make progress in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Z Lu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Medicine, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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94
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Abstract
The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of cancer have highlighted the therapeutic potential of targeting this protein degradation system. However, proteasome inhibitors prevent the degradation of numerous proteins, which may cause adverse effects. Increased specificity could be achieved by inhibiting the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that target specific subsets of proteins for degradation. F-box proteins are the substrate-targeting subunits of SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Through the degradation of a plethora of diverse substrates, SCF ubiquitin ligases control a multitude of processes at the cellular and organismal levels, and their dysregulation is implicated in many pathologies. SCF ubiquitin ligases are characterized by their high specificity for substrates, and these ligases therefore represent promising drug targets. However, the potential for therapeutic manipulation of SCF complexes remains an underdeveloped area. This Review explores and discusses potential strategies to target SCF-mediated biological processes to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Skaar
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2]
| | - Julia K Pagan
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2]
| | - Michele Pagano
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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95
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KHATTAR VINAYAK, THOTTASSERY JAIDEEPV. Cks1 proteasomal turnover is a predominant mode of regulation in breast cancer cells: Role of key tyrosines and lysines. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:395-406. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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96
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Hagen J, Muniz VP, Falls KC, Reed SM, Taghiyev AF, Quelle FW, Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ, Major HJ, Askeland RW, Sherman SK, O'Dorisio TM, Bellizzi AM, Howe JR, Darbro BW, Quelle DE. RABL6A promotes G1-S phase progression and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell proliferation in an Rb1-dependent manner. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6661-70. [PMID: 25273089 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) proliferation are poorly understood, and therapies that effectively control NET progression and metastatic disease are limited. We found amplification of a putative oncogene, RABL6A, in primary human pancreatic NETs (PNET) that correlated with high-level RABL6A protein expression. Consistent with those results, stable silencing of RABL6A in cultured BON-1 PNET cells revealed that it is essential for their proliferation and survival. Cells lacking RABL6A predominantly arrested in G1 phase with a moderate mitotic block. Pathway analysis of microarray data suggested activation of the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb1) tumor-suppressor pathways in the arrested cells. Loss of p53 had no effect on the RABL6A knockdown phenotype, indicating that RABL6A functions independent of p53 in this setting. By comparison, Rb1 inactivation partially restored G1 to S phase progression in RABL6A-knockdown cells, although it was insufficient to override the mitotic arrest and cell death caused by RABL6A loss. Thus, RABL6A promotes G1 progression in PNET cells by inactivating Rb1, an established suppressor of PNET proliferation and development. This work identifies RABL6A as a novel negative regulator of Rb1 that is essential for PNET proliferation and survival. We suggest RABL6A is a new potential biomarker and target for anticancer therapy in PNET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Viviane P Muniz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelly C Falls
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sara M Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Agshin F Taghiyev
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Frederick W Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heather J Major
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ryan W Askeland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott K Sherman
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas M O'Dorisio
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James R Howe
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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97
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Wu Q, Chen YF, Fu J, You QH, Wang SM, Huang X, Feng XJ, Zhang SH. Short hairpin RNA-mediated down-regulation of CENP-A attenuates the aggressive phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:399-407. [PMID: 25228009 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulation of centromere protein (CENP)-A, a centromere-specific histone variant, has in the past been linked to cancer initiation and progression. Additionally, our previous work has shown that CENP-A upregulation predicts a poor overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to uncover the biological role of CENP-A in lung adenocarcinoma growth and invasion, including its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS CENP-A expression was knocked down in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and PC-9 cells using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology. Subsequently, the effects of this knock down on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, colony formation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity were assessed. Additionally, Western blot analyses were performed to examine concomitant expression changes in key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. RESULTS We found that shRNA-mediated knock down of CENP-A significantly inhibited the in vitro proliferation and colony formation of A549 and PC-9 cells as compared to control shRNA-transfected cells. In addition, CENP-A down-regulation was found to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and to inhibit the in vitro migration and invasion of A549 and PC-9 cells. Down-regulation of CENP-A was also found to significantly suppress the in vivo growth of xenografted A549 cells. At the protein level, we found that the expression of p21, p27, CHK2 and Bax was markedly increased and that the expression of CCNG1, Skp2, Cks1 and Bcl-2 was markedly decreased in CENP-A down-regulated cells. CONCLUSION Based on our results we conclude that down-regulation of CENP-A may attenuate the aggressive phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma cells. As such, CENP-A may serve as a promising therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxing Hospital, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China,
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98
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Jiang H, Xing Z, Lu W, Qian Z, Yu H, Li J. Transcriptome analysis of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii reveals genes involved in gonadal development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105122. [PMID: 25118947 PMCID: PMC4132113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii, has become one of the most economically important cultured species in China. Currently, little is known about the gonadal development of this species. Isolation and characterization of genes are an initial step towards understanding gonadal development of P. clarkii. Results Using the 454 pyrosequencing technology, we obtained a total of 1,134,993 high quality sequence reads from the crawfish testis and ovary libraries. We aimed to identify different genes with a potential role in gonad development. The assembly formed into 22,652 isotigs, distributed by GO analysis across 55 categories in the three ontologies, ‘molecular function’, ‘cellular component’, and ‘biological processes’. Comparative transcript analysis showed that 1,720 isotigs in the ovary were up-regulated and 2138 isotigs were down-regulated. Several gonad development related genes, such as vitellogenin, cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinases 2, Dmc1 and ubiquitin were identified. Quantitative real-time PCR verified the expression profiles of 14 differentially expressed genes, and confirmed the reliability of the 454 pyrosequencing. Conclusions Our findings provide an archive for future research on gonadal development at a molecular level in P. clarkii and other crustacean. This data will be helpful to develop new ideas for artificial regulation of the reproductive process in crawfish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangsu Xuyi Riverred Crawfish Eco-Park CO. LTD, Xuyi, China
| | - Zhaojun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Jiangsu Xuyi Riverred Crawfish Eco-Park CO. LTD, Xuyi, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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99
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Silencing of KIF14 interferes with cell cycle progression and cytokinesis by blocking the p27(Kip1) ubiquitination pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e97. [PMID: 24854087 PMCID: PMC4044675 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that kinesin family member 14 (KIF14) has oncogenic potential in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the molecular mechanism of this potential remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the role of KIF14 in hepatocarcinogenesis by knocking down KIF14 in HCC cells that overexpressed KIF14. After KIF14 knockdown, changes in tumor cell growth, cell cycle and cytokinesis were examined. We also examined cell cycle regulatory molecules and upstream Skp1/Cul1/F-box (SCF) complex molecules. Knockdown of KIF14 resulted in suppression of cell proliferation and failure of cytokinesis, whereas KIF14 overexpression increased cell proliferation. In KIF14-silenced cells, the levels of cyclins E1, D1 and B1 were profoundly decreased compared with control cells. Of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, the p27Kip1 protein level specifically increased after KIF14 knockdown. The increase in p27Kip1 was not due to elevation of its mRNA level, but was due to inhibition of the proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. To explore the pathway upstream of this event, we measured the levels of SCF complex molecules, including Skp1, Skp2, Cul1, Roc1 and Cks1. The levels of Skp2 and its cofactor Cks1 decreased in the KIF14 knockdown cells where p27Kip1 accumulated. Overexpression of Skp2 in the KIF14 knockdown cells attenuated the failure of cytokinesis. On the basis of these results, we postulate that KIF14 knockdown downregulates the expression of Skp2 and Cks1, which target p27Kip1 for degradation by the 26S proteasome, leading to accumulation of p27Kip1. The downregulation of Skp2 and Cks1 also resulted in cytokinesis failure, which may inhibit tumor growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that has identified the molecular target and oncogenic effect of KIF14 in HCC.
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100
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Liao YJ, Bai HY, Li ZH, Zou J, Chen JW, Zheng F, Zhang JX, Mai SJ, Zeng MS, Sun HD, Pu JX, Xie D. Longikaurin A, a natural ent-kaurane, induces G2/M phase arrest via downregulation of Skp2 and apoptosis induction through ROS/JNK/c-Jun pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1137. [PMID: 24651440 PMCID: PMC3973226 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer, and is also highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy treatments. In this study, we report that Longikaurin A (LK-A), an ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from the plant Isodon ternifolius, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human HCC cell lines. LK-A also suppressed tumor growth in SMMC-7721 xenograft models, without inducing any notable major organ-related toxicity. LK-A treatment led to reduced expression of the proto-oncogene S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in SMMC-7721 cells. Lower Skp2 levels correlated with increased expression of p21 and p-cdc2 (Try15), and a corresponding decrease in protein levels of Cyclin B1 and cdc2. Overexpression of Skp2 significantly inhibited LK-A-induced cell cycle arrest in SMMC-7721 cells, suggesting that LK-A may target Skp2 to arrest cells at the G2/M phase. LK-A also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. LK-A induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase and P38 MAP kinase. Treatment with, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevented LK-A-induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. Moreover, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented phosphorylation of both JNK and c-Jun. Taken together, these data indicate that LK-A induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells by dampening Skp2 expression, and thereby activating the ROS/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways. LK-A is therefore a potential lead compound for development of antitumor drugs targeting HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Liao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-Y Bai
- 1] Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-H Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - J-W Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - F Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - J-X Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - S-J Mai
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - M-S Zeng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-D Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - J-X Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - D Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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