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Kimura T, Kagami K, Sato A, Osaki A, Ito K, Horii S, Toya T, Masaki N, Yasuda R, Nagatomo Y, Adachi T. Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase 2 Activator Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction; Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Mice. Cells 2022; 11:1488. [PMID: 35563793 PMCID: PMC9099866 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2 (SERCA2) is impaired in various organs in animal models of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an allosteric SERCA2 activator (CDN1163) on glucose intolerance, hepatosteatosis, skeletal muscle function, and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic (db/db) mice. Methods: Either CDN1163 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally into 16-week-old male control and db/db mice for 5 consecutive days. Results: SERCA2 protein expression was decreased in the aorta of db/db mice. In isometric tension measurements of aortic rings from db/db mice treated with CDN1163, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation was improved. In vivo intraperitoneal administrations of CDN 1163 also increased ACh-induced relaxation. Moreover, CDN1163 significantly decreased blood glucose in db/db mice at 60 and 120 min during a glucose tolerance test; it also decreased serum insulin levels, hepatosteatosis, and oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle during the early period of exercise in db/db mice. Conclusions: CDN1163 directly improved aortic endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice. Moreover, CDN1163 improved hepatosteatosis, skeletal muscle function, and insulin resistance in db/db mice. The activation of SERCA2 might be a strategy for the all the tissue expressed SERCA2a improvement of endothelial dysfunction and the target for the organs related to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuji Nagatomo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (S.H.); (T.T.); (N.M.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan; (T.K.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (S.H.); (T.T.); (N.M.); (R.Y.)
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Byun JH, Lebeau PF, Platko K, Carlisle RE, Faiyaz M, Chen J, MacDonald ME, Makda Y, Yousof T, Lynn EG, Dickhout JG, Krepinsky JC, Weaver F, Igdoura SA, Seidah NG, Austin RC. Inhibitory Antibodies against PCSK9 Reduce Surface CD36 and Mitigate Diet-Induced Renal Lipotoxicity. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1394-1410. [PMID: 36176646 PMCID: PMC9416829 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0007022021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background PCSK9 modulates the uptake of circulating lipids through a range of receptors, including the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and CD36. In the kidney, CD36 is known to contribute to renal injury through pro-inflammatory and -fibrotic pathways. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of PCSK9 in modulating renal lipid accumulation and injury through CD36 using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced murine model. Methods The effect of PCSK9 on the expression of CD36 and intracellular accumulation of lipid was examined in cultured renal cells and in the kidneys of male C57BL/6J mice. The effect of these findings was subsequently explored in a model of HFD-induced renal injury in Pcsk9 -/- and Pcsk9 +/+ littermate control mice on a C57BL/6J background. Results In the absence of PCSK9, we observed heightened CD36 expression levels, which increased free fatty acid (FFA) uptake in cultured renal tubular cells. As a result, PCSK9 deficiency was associated with an increase in long-chain saturated FFA-induced ER stress. Consistent with these observations, Pcsk9-/- mice fed a HFD displayed elevated ER stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and renal injury relative to HFD-fed control mice. In contrast to Pcsk9-/- mice, pretreatment of WT C57BL/6J mice with evolocumab, an anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to and inhibits the function of circulating PCSK9, protected against HFD-induced renal injury in association with reducing cell surface CD36 expression on renal epithelia. Conclusions We report that circulating PCSK9 modulates renal lipid uptake in a manner dependent on renal CD36. In the context of increased dietary fat consumption, the absence of circulating PCSK9 may promote renal lipid accumulation and subsequent renal injury. However, although the administration of evolocumab blocks the interaction of PCSK9 with the LDLR, this evolocumab/PCSK9 complex can still bind CD36, thereby protecting against HFD-induced renal lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul F. Lebeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Khrystyna Platko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rachel E. Carlisle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mahi Faiyaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Melissa E. MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yumna Makda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tamana Yousof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Edward G. Lynn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G. Dickhout
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joan C. Krepinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fiona Weaver
- Department of Biology and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Suleiman A. Igdoura
- Department of Biology and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard C. Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and The Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Canada
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Dietary Choline Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Dysregulation via UPRmt Modulated by SIRT3-Mediated mtHSP70 Deacetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084204. [PMID: 35457022 PMCID: PMC9025889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is known as a conservative mechanism in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, based on UPRmt, this study was conducted to determine the mechanism of a high-fat diet (HFD) inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in stimulating hepatic lipid dysregulation. The choline-activated alleviating effect was also evaluated. In vivo, yellow catfish were fed three diets (control, HFD, and HFD + choline diet) for 10 weeks. In vitro, hepatocytes isolated from yellow catfish and the HepG2 cell line were cultured and incubated with fatty acid (FA) for 48 h. (1) HFD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via SIRT3/mtHSP70-mediated UPRmt. HFD inhibited the subcellular localization of SIRT3 into the mitochondrion, resulting in the up-regulating of mtHSP70 acetylation via lysine residues 493 and 507. The mtHSP70 acetylation promoted the stability of mtHSP70, which then led to the UPRmt and further mitochondrial dysfunction. (2) SIRT3/mtHSP70-mediated UPRmt regulated HFD/FA-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation. SIRT3/mtHSP70-mediated UPRmt reduced FA ß-oxidation via mitochondrial dysfunction and then led to lipid dysregulation. Additionally, the mtHSP70-ACOX1 interaction was confirmed. (3) Choline alleviated HFD-induced UPRmt via up-regulating the localization of SIRT3 into the mitochondrion, which in turn led to the subsequent ameliorating effect on HFD-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation. Through SIRT3-mediated mtHSP70 deacetylation, dietary choline alleviates HFD-induced hepatic lipid dysregulation via UPRmt. This provides the first proof of acetylation regulating UPRmt and the crosstalk between UPRmt and FA ß-oxidation.
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Velázquez AM, Bentanachs R, Sala‐Vila A, Lázaro I, Rodríguez‐Morató J, Sánchez RM, Alegret M, Roglans N, Laguna JC. ChREBP-driven DNL and PNPLA3 Expression Induced by Liquid Fructose are Essential in the Production of Fatty Liver and Hypertriglyceridemia in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Rat Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101115. [PMID: 35124887 PMCID: PMC9286604 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study is to delineate the contribution of dietary saturated fatty acids (FA) versus liquid fructose to fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of female rats are maintained for 3 months in standard chow (CT); High-fat diet (46.9% of fat-derived calories, rich in palmitic and stearic FA, HFD); and HFD with 10% w/v fructose in drinking water (HFHFr). Zoometric parameters, plasma biochemistry, and liver Oil-Red O (ORO) staining, lipidomics, and expression of proteins involved in FA metabolism are analyzed. Both diets increase ingested calories without modifying body weight. Only the HFHFr diet increases liver triglycerides (x11.0), with hypertriglyceridemia (x1.7) and reduces FA β-oxidation (x0.7), and increases liver FA markers of DNL (de novo lipogenesis). Whereas HFD livers show a high content of ceramides, HFHFr samples show unchanged ceramides, and an increase in diacylglycerols. Only the HFHFr diet leads to a marked increase in the expression of enzymes involved in DNL and triglyceride metabolism, such as carbohydrate response element binding protein β (ChREBPβ, x3.2), a transcription factor that regulates DNL, and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3, x2.6), a lipase that mobilizes stored triglycerides for VLDL secretion. CONCLUSION The addition of liquid-fructose to dietary FA is determinant in liver steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia production, through increased DNL and PNPLA3 expression, and reduced FA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Magdalena Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
| | - Roger Bentanachs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
| | - Aleix Sala‐Vila
- IMIM‐Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona08003Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research CenterPasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelona08005Spain
| | - Iolanda Lázaro
- IMIM‐Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona08003Spain
| | - Jose Rodríguez‐Morató
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Madrid28029Spain
- IMIM‐Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health SciencesUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS‐UPF)Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Rosa M. Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Marta Alegret
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Núria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaAvda Joan XXIII 27–31Barcelona08028Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)Madrid28029Spain
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liao PC, Yang EJ, Borgman T, Boldogh IR, Sing CN, Swayne TC, Pon LA. Touch and Go: Membrane Contact Sites Between Lipid Droplets and Other Organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852021. [PMID: 35281095 PMCID: PMC8908909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged not just as storage sites for lipids but as central regulators of metabolism and organelle quality control. These critical functions are achieved, in part, at membrane contact sites (MCS) between LDs and other organelles. MCS are sites of transfer of cellular constituents to or from LDs for energy mobilization in response to nutrient limitations, as well as LD biogenesis, expansion and autophagy. Here, we describe recent findings on the mechanisms underlying the formation and function of MCS between LDs and mitochondria, ER and lysosomes/vacuoles and the role of the cytoskeleton in promoting LD MCS through its function in LD movement and distribution in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chao Liao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Emily J. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taylor Borgman
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Istvan R. Boldogh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cierra N. Sing
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theresa C. Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liza A. Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Liza A. Pon,
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Duwaerts CC, Maiers JL. ER Disposal Pathways in Chronic Liver Disease: Protective, Pathogenic, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804097. [PMID: 35174209 PMCID: PMC8841999 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a central player in liver pathophysiology. Chronic injury to the ER through increased lipid content, alcohol metabolism, or accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER stress, dysregulated hepatocyte function, inflammation, and worsened disease pathogenesis. A key adaptation of the ER to resolve stress is the removal of excess or misfolded proteins. Degradation of intra-luminal or ER membrane proteins occurs through distinct mechanisms that include ER-associated Degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), which includes macro-ER-phagy, micro-ER-phagy, and Atg8/LC-3-dependent vesicular delivery. All three of these processes are critical for removing misfolded or unfolded protein aggregates, and re-establishing ER homeostasis following expansion/stress, which is critical for liver function and adaptation to injury. Despite playing a key role in resolving ER stress, the contribution of these degradative processes to liver physiology and pathophysiology is understudied. Analysis of publicly available datasets from diseased livers revealed that numerous genes involved in ER-related degradative pathways are dysregulated; however, their roles and regulation in disease progression are not well defined. Here we discuss the dynamic regulation of ER-related protein disposal pathways in chronic liver disease and cell-type specific roles, as well as potentially targetable mechanisms for treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Duwaerts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Zhu H, Jiang C, Kaufman RJ, Li H, Singh N. In Vitro Stimulation of IRE1α/XBP1-Deficient B Cells with LPS. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:221-231. [PMID: 34985703 PMCID: PMC9382655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During immune responses, pathogen-specific B cells differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells synthesize and secrete large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules which play a central role in immunity against pathogens. The synthesis, proper folding, and secretion of these Ig molecules require expansion of the extensive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER is sensed by three sensors: IRE1/XBP1, PERK, and ATF6, which coordinate with each other and initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway to expand the ER network and its protein folding and secretion capability. The expansion and maintenance of the ER network in plasma cells is triggered by activation of the IRE1/XBP1 branch of the UPR pathway. Here, we discuss the methods to stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, measure the activation of the XBP1 pathway, and quantify the ER network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, August, GA, USA
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, August, GA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, August, GA, USA
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, August, GA, USA.
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Zou C, Fang Y, Lin N, Liu H. Polysaccharide extract from pomelo fruitlet ameliorates diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:114-127. [PMID: 34607007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in farmed fish fed a high-fat diet (HFD), which disrupts lipid metabolism, inhibits growth performance, and poses a serious threat to sustainable aquaculture. This study explored the anti-NAFLD effect and hepatoprotective mechanism of YZW-A, a water-soluble heteroglycan extracted from the pomelo fruitlet (Citrus maxima), in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Hybrid grouper were fed an HFD, with 15% lipid, supplemented with YZW-A for 56 days. In vivo, addition of YZW-A resulted in improved growth performance and feed utilization, while it reduced whole body and muscle lipid content, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes, and lipid deposition in the hepatocytes. Lipogenesis-related genes were downregulated while lipolysis-related genes were upregulated in grouper supplemented with YZW-A. Additionally, destructive morphological changes in the liver tissue cells detected in HFD-fed grouper were normalized after treatment with YZW-A. In vitro, YZW-A improved lipid emulsion-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating key factors of lipid metabolism, achieved by triggering the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in the hepatocytes and activating the AMPK/Nrf2/ARE axis. These results demonstrated the therapeutic effect of YZW-A on diet-induced NAFLD in hybrid grouper and elucidated a possible mechanism underlying NAFLD prevention and suppression of further deterioration by YZW-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Yuke Fang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuoyi Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China.
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PERK signaling through C/EBPδ contributes to ER stress-induced expression of immunomodulatory and tumor promoting chemokines by cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1038. [PMID: 34725321 PMCID: PMC8560861 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells experience endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to activated oncogenes and conditions of nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. The ensuing unfolded protein response (UPR) is executed by ATF6, IRE1 and PERK pathways. Adaptation to mild ER stress promotes tumor cell survival and aggressiveness. Unmitigated ER stress, however, will result in cell death and is a potential avenue for cancer therapies. Because of this yin-yang nature of ER stress, it is imperative that we fully understand the mechanisms and dynamics of the UPR and its contribution to the complexity of tumor biology. The PERK pathway inhibits global protein synthesis while allowing translation of specific mRNAs, such as the ATF4 transcription factor. Using thapsigargin and tunicamycin to induce acute ER stress, we identified the transcription factor C/EBPδ (CEBPD) as a mediator of PERK signaling to secretion of tumor promoting chemokines. In melanoma and breast cancer cell lines, PERK mediated early induction of C/EBPδ through ATF4-independent pathways that involved at least in part Janus kinases and the STAT3 transcription factor. Transcriptional profiling revealed that C/EBPδ contributed to 20% of thapsigargin response genes including chaperones, components of ER-associated degradation, and apoptosis inhibitors. In addition, C/EBPδ supported the expression of the chemokines CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL20, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive properties. With a paradigm of short-term exposure to thapsigargin, which was sufficient to trigger prolonged activation of the UPR in cancer cells, we found that conditioned media from such cells induced cytokine expression in myeloid cells. In addition, activation of the CXCL8 receptor CXCR1 during thapsigargin exposure supported subsequent sphere formation by cancer cells. Taken together, these investigations elucidated a novel mechanism of ER stress-induced transmissible signals in tumor cells that may be particularly relevant in the context of pharmacological interventions.
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Choi HJ, Tang CHA, Tian L, Wu Y, Sofi MH, Ticer T, Schutt SD, Hu CCA, Yu XZ. XBP-1s Promotes B Cell Pathogenicity in Chronic GVHD by Restraining the Activity of Regulated IRE-1α-Dependent Decay. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705484. [PMID: 34659198 PMCID: PMC8517405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective therapeutic procedure to treat hematological malignancies. However, the benefit of allo-HCT is limited by a major complication, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Since transmembrane and secretory proteins are generated and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER stress response is of great importance to secretory cells including B cells. By using conditional knock-out (KO) of XBP-1, IRE-1α or both specifically on B cells, we demonstrated that the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway, one of the major ER stress response mediators, plays a critical role in B cell pathogenicity on the induction of cGVHD in murine models of allo-HCT. Endoribonuclease activity of IRE-1α activates XBP-1 signaling by converting unspliced XBP-1 (XBP-1u) mRNA into spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) mRNA but also cleaves other ER-associated mRNAs through regulated IRE-1α-dependent decay (RIDD). Further, ablation of XBP-1s production leads to unleashed activation of RIDD. Therefore, we hypothesized that RIDD plays an important role in B cells during cGVHD development. In this study, we found that the reduced pathogenicity of XBP-1 deficient B cells in cGVHD was reversed by RIDD restriction in IRE-1α kinase domain KO mice. Restraining RIDD activity per se in B cells resulted in an increased severity of cGVHD. Besides, inhibition of RIDD activity compromised B cell differentiation and led to dysregulated expression of MHC II and costimulatory molecules such as CD86, CD40, and ICOSL in B cells. Furthermore, restraining the RIDD activity without affecting XBP-1 splicing increased B cell ability to induce cGVHD after allo-HCT. These results suggest that RIDD is an important mediator for reducing cGVHD pathogenesis through targeting XBP-1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Choi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linlu Tian
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Taylor Ticer
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven D Schutt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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62
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Kern P, Balzer NR, Blank N, Cygon C, Wunderling K, Bender F, Frolov A, Sowa JP, Bonaguro L, Ulas T, Homrich M, Kiermaier E, Thiele C, Schultze JL, Canbay A, Bauer R, Mass E. Creld2 function during unfolded protein response is essential for liver metabolism homeostasis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21939. [PMID: 34549824 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002713rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is associated with hepatic metabolic function, yet it is not well understood how endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disturbance might influence metabolic homeostasis. Here, we describe the physiological function of Cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (Creld2), previously characterized as a downstream target of the ER-stress signal transducer Atf6. To this end, we generated Creld2-deficient mice and induced UPR by injection of tunicamycin. Creld2 augments protein folding and creates an interlink between the UPR axes through its interaction with proteins involved in the cellular stress response. Thereby, Creld2 promotes tolerance to ER stress and recovery from acute stress. Creld2-deficiency leads to a dysregulated UPR and causes the development of hepatic steatosis during ER stress conditions. Moreover, Creld2-dependent enhancement of the UPR assists in the regulation of energy expenditure. Furthermore, we observed a sex dimorphism in human and mouse livers with only male patients showing an accumulation of CRELD2 protein during the progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and only male Creld2-deficient mice developing hepatic steatosis upon aging. These results reveal a Creld2 function at the intersection between UPR and metabolic homeostasis and suggest a mechanism in which chronic ER stress underlies fatty liver disease in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kern
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Developmental Genetics & Molecular Physiology, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nora R Balzer
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nelli Blank
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelia Cygon
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Wunderling
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Bender
- Developmental Genetics & Molecular Physiology, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alex Frolov
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Bonaguro
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the Deutsche Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the Deutsche Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirka Homrich
- Immune and Tumor Biology, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Immune and Tumor Biology, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the Deutsche Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Developmental Genetics & Molecular Physiology, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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63
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Dong XC, Chowdhury K, Huang M, Kim HG. Signal Transduction and Molecular Regulation in Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:689-717. [PMID: 33906425 PMCID: PMC8558079 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Fatty liver disease is a major liver disorder in the modern societies. Comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms is essential for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Recent Advances: Remarkable progress has been made in the recent years in basic and translational research in the field of fatty liver disease. Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, including AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, transforming growth factor β, and yes1-associated transcriptional regulator/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ). In addition, critical molecular regulations at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels have been linked to the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. Critical Issues: Some critical issues remain to be solved so that research findings can be translated into clinical applications. Robust and reliable biomarkers are needed for diagnosis of different stages of the fatty liver disease. Effective and safe molecular targets remain to be identified and validated. Prevention strategies require solid scientific evidence and population-wide feasibility. Future Directions: As more data are generated with time, integrative approaches are needed to comprehensively understand the disease pathophysiology and mechanisms at multiple levels from population, organismal system, organ/tissue, to cell. The interactions between genes and environmental factors require deeper investigation for the purposes of prevention and personalized treatment of fatty liver disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 689-717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hyeong Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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64
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Fang W, Chen Q, Li J, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Shen Y, Mai K, Ai Q. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Disturbs Lipid Homeostasis and Augments Inflammation in the Intestine and Isolated Intestinal Cells of Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). Front Immunol 2021; 12:738143. [PMID: 34489982 PMCID: PMC8417523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is crucial for lipid homeostasis and immune regulation of the whole body. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may affect lipid metabolism and inflammation in the intestine, but the potential mechanism is not completely understood. In the present study, intraperitoneal injection of tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress in the intestine of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). ER stress induced excessive accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in the intestine by promoting lipid synthesis. However, it also enhanced lipid secretion and fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, ER stress augmented inflammation in the intestine by promoting p65 into the nucleus and increasing proinflammatory genes expression. In the isolated intestinal cells, the obtained results showed that TM treatment significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of lipid synthesis and inflammatory response genes, which were consistent with those in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors significantly upregulated promoter activities of lipid synthesis and proinflammatory genes. In conclusion, the results suggested that ER stress disturbed lipid metabolism and augmented inflammation in the intestine and isolated intestinal cells of large yellow croaker, which may contribute to finding novel therapies to tackle lipid dysregulation and inflammation in the intestine of fish and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuchi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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65
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Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles that consist of a core of neutral lipids encircled by a phospholipid monolayer decorated with proteins. As hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism, LDs are inherently involved in the etiology of prevalent metabolic diseases such as obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The functions of LDs are regulated by a unique set of associated proteins, the LD proteome, which includes integral membrane and peripheral proteins. These proteins control key activities of LDs such as triacylglycerol synthesis and breakdown, nutrient sensing and signal integration, and interactions with other organelles. Here we review the mechanisms that regulate the composition of the LD proteome, such as pathways that mediate selective and bulk LD protein degradation and potential connections between LDs and cellular protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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66
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Zhang Z, Qian Q, Li M, Shao F, Ding WX, Lira VA, Chen SX, Sebag SC, Hotamisligil GS, Cao H, Yang L. The unfolded protein response regulates hepatic autophagy by sXBP1-mediated activation of TFEB. Autophagy 2021; 17:1841-1855. [PMID: 32597296 PMCID: PMC8386593 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1788889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective macroautophagy/autophagy and a failure to initiate the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. However, whether and how unresolved ER stress leads to defects in the autophagy pathway and to the progression of obesity-associated hepatic pathologies remains unclear. Obesity suppresses the expression of hepatic spliced XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1; sXBP1), the key transcription factor that promotes the adaptive UPR. Our RNA-seq analysis revealed that sXBP1 regulates genes involved in lysosomal function in the liver under fasting conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyzes of both primary hepatocytes and whole livers further showed that sXBP1 occupies the -743 to -523 site of the promoter of Tfeb (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Notably, this occupancy was significantly reduced in livers from patients with steatosis. In mice, hepatic deletion of Xbp1 (xbp1 LKO) suppressed the transcription of Tfeb as well as autophagy, whereas hepatic overexpression of sXbp1 enhanced Tfeb transcription and autophagy. Moreover, overexpression of Tfeb in the xbp1 LKO mouse liver ameliorated glucose intolerance and steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, loss of TFEB function impaired the protective role of sXBP1 in hepatic steatosis in mice with DIO. These data indicate that sXBP1-Tfeb signaling has direct functional consequences in the context of obesity. Collectively, our data provide novel insight into how two organelle stress responses are integrated to protect against obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.Abbreviations: AAV8: adeno-associated virus serotype 8; ACTB: actin, beta; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ATF6: activating transcription factor-6; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; BMI: body mass index; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; Cre: cre recombinase; DIO: diet-induced obesity; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signaling 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HFD: high-fat diet; h: hours; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; INS: insulin; L/A: ammonium chloride and leupeptin; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mRNA: messenger RNA; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; RD: regular diet; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SERPINA7/TBG: serpin family A member 7; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; sXbp1 LOE: liver-specific overexpression of spliced Xbp1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TG: thapsigargin; TN: tunicamycin; UPR: unfolded protein response; wks: weeks; WT: wild type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; xbp1 LKO: liver-specific Xbp1 knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fan Shao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sophia X. Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara C. Sebag
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gökhan S. Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and Dept. Molecular Metabolism, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard-MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA,CONTACT Ling Yang Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Huojun Cao Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,CONTACT Ling Yang Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Huojun Cao Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Mitra S, Ryoo HD. The role of Ire1 in Drosophila eye pigmentation revealed by an RNase dead allele. Dev Biol 2021; 478:205-211. [PMID: 34265355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ire1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane RNase that cleaves substrate mRNAs to help cells adapt to ER stress. Because there are cell types with physiological ER stress, loss of Ire1 results in metabolic and developmental defects in diverse organisms. In Drosophila, Ire1 mutants show developmental defects at early larval stages and in pupal eye photoreceptor differentiation. These Drosophila studies relied on a single Ire1 loss of function allele with a Piggybac insertion in the coding sequence. Here, we report that an Ire1 allele with a specific impairment in the RNase domain, H890A, unmasks previously unrecognized Ire1 phenotypes in Drosophila eye pigmentation. Specifically, we found that the adult eye pigmentation is altered, and the pigment granules are compromised in Ire1H890A homozygous mosaic eyes. Furthermore, the Ire1H890A mutant eyes had dramatically reduced Rhodopsin-1 protein levels. Drosophila eye pigment granules are most notably associated with late endosome/lysosomal defects. Our results indicate that the loss of Ire1, which would impair ER homeostasis, also results in altered adult eye pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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68
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Park SM, Kang TI, So JS. Roles of XBP1s in Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070791. [PMID: 34356855 PMCID: PMC8301375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unspliced Xbp1 mRNA is cleaved by the activated stress sensor IRE1α and converted to the mature form encoding spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). Translated XBP1s migrates to the nucleus and regulates the transcriptional programs of UPR target genes encoding ER molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) components to decrease ER stress. Moreover, studies have shown that XBP1s regulates the transcription of diverse genes that are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and immune responses. Therefore, XBP1s has been considered an important therapeutic target in studying various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. XBP1s is involved in several unique mechanisms to regulate the transcription of different target genes by interacting with other proteins to modulate their activity. Although recent studies discovered numerous target genes of XBP1s via genome-wide analyses, how XBP1s regulates their transcription remains unclear. This review discusses the roles of XBP1s in target genes transcriptional regulation. More in-depth knowledge of XBP1s target genes and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the future will help develop new therapeutic targets for each disease.
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69
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Zhao P, Huang P, Xu T, Xiang X, Sun Y, Liu J, Yan C, Wang L, Gao J, Cui S, Wang X, Zhan L, Song H, Liu J, Song W, Liu Y. Fat body Ire1 regulates lipid homeostasis through the Xbp1s-FoxO axis in Drosophila. iScience 2021; 24:102819. [PMID: 34381963 PMCID: PMC8333185 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane protein kinase/RNase Ire1 is a conserved sensor of the cellular unfolded protein response and has been implicated in lipid homeostasis, including lipid synthesis and transport, across species. Here we report a novel catabolic role of Ire1 in regulating lipid mobilization in Drosophila. We found that Ire1 is activated by nutrient deprivation, and, importantly, fat body-specific Ire1 deficiency leads to increased lipid mobilization and sensitizes flies to starvation, whereas fat body Ire1 overexpression results in the opposite phenotypes. Genetic interaction and biochemical analyses revealed that Ire1 regulates lipid mobilization by promoting Xbp1s-associated FoxO degradation and suppressing FoxO-dependent lipolytic programs. Our results demonstrate that Ire1 is a catabolic sensor and acts through the Xbp1s-FoxO axis to hamper the lipolytic response during chronic food deprivation. These findings offer new insights into the conserved Ire1 regulation of lipid homeostasis. Food deprivation systemically activates Ire1 and increases Xbp1 splicing Fat body Ire1-Xbp1s axis regulates lipid mobilization and survival during starvation Ire1-Xbp1s pathway enhances proteasomal degradation of FoxO Fat body Ire1-Xbp1s pathway hampers FoxO-associated lipid mobilization under starvation
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tongfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xiang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiamei Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shang Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China, 250012
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China, 250012
| | - Lixing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingnan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Song
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Zhao X, Wang M, Liu J, Su X. Stearoyl CoA Desaturase 1 and Inositol-Requiring Protein 1 α Determine the Efficiency of Oleic Acid in Alleviating Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1349-1363. [PMID: 34446138 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), their metabolic impact and mechanisms of action have not been well studied. Exposure to SiNPs induces insulin resistance (IR) in hepatocytes by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). It has been well established that stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD1) and its major product oleic acid elicited beneficial effects in restoring ER homeostasis. However, the potential coordination of SCD1 and IRE1α in determining SiNP regulation of insulin signaling is unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of SCD1 and oleic acid on IR induced by SiNPs or thapsigargin in hepatocytes. SCD1 overexpression or oleic acid efficiently reversed SiNP-induced ER stress and IR, whereas the effects of thapsigargin treatment could not be restored. Thapsigargin diminished SCD1 protein levels, leading to the accumulation of IRE1α and sustained activation of the IRE1α/JNK pathway. Moreover, knockdown of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) upstream of SCD1 suppressed SiNP-induced SCD1 expression, rescued the activated IRE1α, and inhibited insulin signaling but was not able to restore the effects of thapsigargin. Collectively, downregulation of SCD1 and excess accumulation of IRE1α protein prevented the beneficial effects of exogenous oleic acid on IR induced by ER stress. Our results provide valuable mechanistic insights into the synergic regulation of IR by SiNPs and ER stress and suggest a combinational strategy to restore ER homeostasis by targeting SCD1 and IRE1α proteins, as well as supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Cho JH, Lee JS, Kim HG, Lee HW, Fang Z, Kwon HH, Kim DW, Lee CM, Jeong JW. Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Amomum villosum var. xanthioides Attenuates Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis via Improvement of Antioxidant Capacities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10070998. [PMID: 34201527 PMCID: PMC8300789 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affects 25% of the global population. Despite the prevalence of NAFLD worldwide, effective therapeutics are currently lacking. Amomum villosum var. xanthioides (Wall. ex Baker) T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen (AX) is a medicinal herb traditionally used for treating digestive tract disorders in countries across Asia. We aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of AX (AXEF) against tunicamycin (TM)-induced ER stress in a NASH mouse model using C57/BL6J male mice. Following TM injections (2 mg/kg), the mice were orally administrated AXEF (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg), silymarin (50 mg/kg), or distilled water daily for 5 days, and the outcomes for fatty liver, inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured in serum or liver tissue levels. AXEF drastically attenuated hepatic ER stress-induced NASH as indicated by decreases in lipid droplet accumulations, serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammations, and cell death signals in the hepatic tissue and/or serum levels. Interestingly, AXEF showed potent antioxidant effects by quenching reactive oxidative stress and its final product lipid peroxide in the hepatic tissue, specifically an increase in metallothionein (MT). To confirm the underlying actions of AXEF, we observed that AXEF increases MT1 gene promoter activities in the physiological levels. Collectively, AXEF showed antioxidant properties on TM-induced ER stress in a NASH mice model through the improvement of MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (J.-H.C.); (H.-G.K.)
- Department of East & West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero 176, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Lee
- Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon 16229, Korea;
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (J.-H.C.); (H.-G.K.)
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Zhigang Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China;
| | - Hyeok-Hee Kwon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-H.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (H.-H.K.); (D.W.K.)
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Gyeongsang-buk-do, Korea;
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Gyeongsang-buk-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-530-0883; Fax: +82-54-530-0889
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Flessa CM, Kyrou I, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kaltsas G, Papavassiliou AG, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:134-161. [PMID: 33751456 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease with rising prevalence worldwide. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge supporting the role of ER stress and autophagy processes in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression. We also highlight the interrelation between these two pathways and the impact of ER stress and autophagy modulators on NAFLD treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression are currently under investigation. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the concomitant unfolded protein response (UPR) seem to contribute to its pathogenesis mainly due to high ER content in the liver which exerts significant metabolic functions and can be dysregulated. Furthermore, disruption of autophagy processes has also been identified in NAFLD. The crucial role of these two pathways in NAFLD is underlined by the fact that they have recently emerged as promising targets of therapeutic interventions. There is a greater need for finding the natural/chemical compounds and drugs which can modulate the ER stress pathway and autophagy for the treatment of NAFLD. Clarifying the inter-relation between these two pathways and their interaction with inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms will allow the development of additional therapeutic options which can better target and reprogram the underlying pathophysiological pathways, aiming to attenuate NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Allopurinol ameliorates high fructose diet induced hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats through modulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9894. [PMID: 33972568 PMCID: PMC8110790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess fructose consumption contributes to development obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Uric acid (UA), a metabolite of fructose metabolism, may have a direct role in development of NAFLD, with unclear mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate role of fructose and UA in NAFLD and explore mechanisms of allopurinol (Allo, a UA lowering medication) on NAFLD in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats fed a high fructose diet (HFrD), with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats used as a control. There were six groups: LETO, LETO-Allo, OLETF, OLETF-Allo, OLETF-HFrD, and OLETF-HFrD-Allo. HFrD significantly increased body weight, epididymal fat weight, and serum concentrations of UA, cholesterol, triglyceride, HbA1c, hepatic enzymes, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, and two hour-glucose after intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, as well as NAFLD activity score of liver, compared to the OLETF group. Allopurinol treatment significantly reduced hepatic steatosis, epididymal fat, serum UA, HOMA-IR, hepatic enzyme levels, and cholesterol in the OLETF-HFrD-Allo group. Additionally, allopurinol significantly downregulated expression of lipogenic genes, upregulated lipid oxidation genes, downregulated hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and decreased ER-stress induced protein expression, in comparison with the OLETF-HFrD group. In conclusion, allopurinol ameliorates HFrD-induced hepatic steatosis through modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress pathway. UA may have a direct role in development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, and allopurinol could be a candidate for prevention or treatment of NAFLD.
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74
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Vidal RL, Sepulveda D, Troncoso-Escudero P, Garcia-Huerta P, Gonzalez C, Plate L, Jerez C, Canovas J, Rivera CA, Castillo V, Cisternas M, Leal S, Martinez A, Grandjean J, Sonia D, Lashuel HA, Martin AJM, Latapiat V, Matus S, Sardi SP, Wiseman RL, Hetz C. Enforced dimerization between XBP1s and ATF6f enhances the protective effects of the UPR in models of neurodegeneration. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1862-1882. [PMID: 33545358 PMCID: PMC8116614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal protein aggregation. Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) enables an adaptive reaction to recover ER proteostasis and cell function. The UPR is initiated by specialized stress sensors that engage gene expression programs through the concerted action of the transcription factors ATF4, ATF6f, and XBP1s. Although UPR signaling is generally studied as unique linear signaling branches, correlative evidence suggests that ATF6f and XBP1s may physically interact to regulate a subset of UPR target genes. In this study, we designed an ATF6f/XBP1s fusion protein termed UPRplus that behaves as a heterodimer in terms of its selective transcriptional activity. Cell-based studies demonstrated that UPRplus has a stronger effect in reducing the abnormal aggregation of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein when compared to XBP1s or ATF6 alone. We developed a gene transfer approach to deliver UPRplus into the brain using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and demonstrated potent neuroprotection in vivo in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These results support the concept in which directing UPR-mediated gene expression toward specific adaptive programs may serve as a possible strategy to optimize the beneficial effects of the pathway in different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Vidal
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Denisse Sepulveda
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Garcia-Huerta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Gonzalez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Canovas
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Castillo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sirley Leal
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julia Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donzelli Sonia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto J M Martin
- Laboratorio de Biología de Redes, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Veronica Latapiat
- Laboratorio de Biología de Redes, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Fundacion Ciencia Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia 7510157, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurological Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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75
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Lu J, Gong Y, Wei X, Yao Z, Yang R, Xin J, Gao L, Shao S. Changes in hepatic triglyceride content with the activation of ER stress and increased FGF21 secretion during pregnancy. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 33849585 PMCID: PMC8045396 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To meet the needs of foetal growth and development, marked changes in lipid profiles occur during pregnancy. Abnormal lipid metabolism is often accompanied by adverse pregnancy outcomes, which seriously affect maternal and infant health. Further understanding of the mechanism of lipid metabolism during pregnancy would be helpful to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Pregnant mice were euthanized in the virgin (V) state, on day 5 of pregnancy (P5), on day 12 of pregnancy (P12), on day 19 of pregnancy (P19) and on lactation day 2 (L2). Body weight and energy expenditure were assessed to evaluate the general condition of the mice. Triglyceride (TG) levels, the cholesterol content in the liver, liver histopathology, serum lipid profiles, serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) levels and the levels of relevant target genes were analysed. Results During early pregnancy, anabolism was found to play a major role in liver lipid deposition. In contrast, advanced pregnancy is an overall catabolic condition associated with both increased energy expenditure and reduced lipogenesis. Moreover, the accumulation of hepatic TG did not appear until P12, after the onset of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on P5. Then, catabolism was enhanced, and FGF21 secretion was increased in the livers of female mice in late pregnancy. We further found that the expression of sec23a, which as the coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicle coat proteins regulates the secretion of FGF21, in the liver was decreased on P19. Conclusion With the activation of ER stress and increased FGF21 secretion during pregnancy, the hepatic TG content changes, suggesting that ER stress and FGF21 may play an important role in balancing lipid homeostasis and meeting maternal and infant energy requirements in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 544, Jing 4 Rd., Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhong Wei
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Experimental Animal Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxing Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 544, Jing 4 Rd., Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 544, Jing 4 Rd., Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Pradhan-Sundd T, Gudapati S, Kaminski TW, Ragni MV. Exploring the Complex Role of Coagulation Factor VIII in Chronic Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1061-1072. [PMID: 33705963 PMCID: PMC8342958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Coagulopathy is often a sequela of chronic liver disease, however, the role and regulation of coagulation components in chronic liver injury remain poorly understood. Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that misexpression of the procoagulant factor VIII (FVIII) is associated with chronic liver disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of FVIII-induced chronic liver injury progression remains unknown. This review provides evidence supporting a pathologic role for FVIII in the development of chronic liver disease using both experimental and clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Shweta Gudapati
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tomasz W Kaminski
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret V Ragni
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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77
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The influence of PM 2.5 exposure on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Life Sci 2021; 270:119135. [PMID: 33513397 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies have pointed to a significant relationship between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, PM2.5) and the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By referring to previous studies on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and PM2.5 exposure-induced metabolic damage, we summarized the possible mediating pathways through which PM2.5 exposure can cause the phenotype and progression of NAFLD. Crucially, PM2.5 exposure is considered to have an impact on the classic hypothesis "multiple hits" of NAFLD. In addition, we also concluded that exposure to PM2.5 can promote the development of NAFLD by destroying the intestinal epithelium and microbiotic homeostasis, triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress, inducing abnormal expression of specific microRNA or inflammatory factors.
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78
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Wang JL, Ding HR, Pan CY, Shi XL, Ren HZ. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate lipid metabolism through reducing mitochondrial damage of hepatocytes in the treatment of post-hepatectomy liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:111. [PMID: 33479191 PMCID: PMC7820227 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatectomy is an effective therapeutic strategy for many benign and malignant liver diseases, while the complexity of liver anatomy and the difficulty of operation lead to complications after hepatectomy. Among them, post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is the main factor threatening the life of patients. At present, liver transplantation is an effective approach for PHLF. However, the application of liver transplantation has been largely limited due to the shortage of donors and the high cost of such operation. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop a new treatment for PHLF. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a new treatment regimen for liver diseases because of their easy access and low immunogenicity. Our study found that there were some subtle connections between MSCs and liver lipid metabolism in the PHLF model. We used MSC transplantation to treat PHLF induced by 90% hepatectomy. MSC transplantation could restore the mitochondrial function, promote the β-oxidation of fatty acid (FA), and reduce the lipid accumulation of hepatocytes. In addition, interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine with immunoregulatory function, had an important role in lipid metabolism. We also found that MSCs transplantation activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Therefore, we explored the relationship between mitochondrial damage and lipid metabolism abnormality or PHLF. MSCs improved mitochondrial function and corrected abnormal lipid metabolism by affecting the mTOR pathway in the treatment of PHLF. Collectively, MSC transplantation could be used as a potential treatment for PHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Ran Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen-Yan Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hao-Zhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Revealing the hidden reality of the mammalian 12-h ultradian rhythms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3127-3140. [PMID: 33449146 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological oscillations often cycle at different harmonics of the 24-h circadian rhythms, a phenomenon we coined "Musica Universalis" in 2017. Like the circadian rhythm, the 12-h oscillation is also evolutionarily conserved, robust, and has recently gained new traction in the field of chronobiology. Originally thought to be regulated by the circadian clock and/or environmental cues, recent new evidences support the notion that the majority of 12-h rhythms are regulated by a distinct and cell-autonomous pacemaker that includes the unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factor spliced form of XBP1 (XBP1s). 12-h cycle of XBP1s level in turn transcriptionally generates robust 12-h rhythms of gene expression enriched in the central dogma information flow (CEDIF) pathway. Given the regulatory and functional separation of the 12-h and circadian clocks, in this review, we will focus our attention on the mammalian 12-h pacemaker, and discuss our current understanding of its prevalence, evolutionary origin, regulation, and functional roles in both physiological and pathological processes.
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Xia W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ge X, Lv P, Cheng J, Wei J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces growth retardation by inhibiting growth hormone IGF-I axis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 55:101341. [PMID: 32890915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI) is one of several growth factors which is induced by growth hormone (GH), which activates the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway, and plays crucial roles in normal human growth, metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis. However, little is known about the negative regulation of IGF-I production under different physiological or pathological conditions. Herein, we explore whether activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates IGF-I production and normal body growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were challenged with tunicamycin (Tm) to induce ER stress activation. 24 h after stimulation, hepatic mRNA expression was analyzed by RNA-Seq and validated by qPCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed 24 h after Tm stimulation. Body growth was determined 16 days after Tm stimulation. Animals were then sacrificed and liver tissues were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Mice challenged with Tm displayed a retardation of growth. Molecularly, we found that ER stress inhibited phosphorylation of STAT5. IGF-I transcription and circulating IGF-I were also dramatically decreased under ER stress activation. Moreover, our results demonstrate that IGF-I administration ameliorates Tm-induced growth retardation. CONCLUSIONS ER stress induces growth retardation. ER stress inhibits hepatic GH-JAK2 signaling activation and its downstream target gene expression. These results warrant further research to explore the crosstalk between ER stress and growth hormone signaling in improving body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Xia
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pengwei Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Juncheng Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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81
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Significance of Simple Steatosis: An Update on the Clinical and Molecular Evidence. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112458. [PMID: 33187255 PMCID: PMC7698018 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined clinicopathologically by the accumulation of lipids in >5% of hepatocytes and the exclusion of secondary causes of fat accumulation. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of liver damage, extending from simple steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)—the latter is characterized by inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, in addition to the steatosis, with or without fibrosis. NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries and affects around one quarter of the general population. It is a multisystem disorder, which is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as liver- and cardiovascular-related mortality. Although earlier studies had suggested that NAFL is benign (i.e., non-progressive), cumulative evidence challenges this dogma, and recent data suggest that nearly 25% of those with NAFL may develop fibrosis. Importantly, NAFLD patients are more susceptible to the toxic effects of alcohol, drugs, and other insults to the liver. This is likely due to the functional impairment of steatotic hepatocytes, which is virtually undetectable by current clinical tests. This review provides an overview of the current evidence on the clinical significance of NAFL and discusses the molecular basis for NAFL development and progression.
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Abstract
Sestrins are a family of proteins that respond to a variety of environmental stresses, including genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional stresses. Sestrins affect multiple signaling pathways: AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complexes, insulin-AKT, and redox signaling pathways. By regulating these pathways, Sestrins are thought to help adapt to stressful environments and subsequently restore cell and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we describe how Sestrins mediate physiological stress responses in the context of nutritional and chemical stresses (liver), physical movement and exercise (skeletal muscle), and chemical, physical, and inflammatory injuries (heart). These findings also support the idea that Sestrins are a molecular mediator of hormesis, a paradoxical beneficial effect of low- or moderate-level stresses in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
| | - Allison H Kowalsky
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
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Mav D, Phadke DP, Balik-Meisner MR, Merrick BA, Auerbach S, Niemeijer M, Huppelschoten S, Baze A, Parmentier C, Richert L, van de Water B, Shah RR, Paules RS. Utility of Extrapolating Human S1500+ Genes to the Whole Transcriptome: Tunicamycin Case Study. Bioinform Biol Insights 2020; 14:1177932220952742. [PMID: 33088175 PMCID: PMC7545517 DOI: 10.1177/1177932220952742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The TempO-Seq S1500+ platform(s), now available for human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish, measures a discrete number of genes that are representative of biological and pathway co-regulation across the entire genome in a given species. While measurement of these genes alone provides a direct assessment of gene expression activity, extrapolating expression values to the whole transcriptome (~26 000 genes in humans) can estimate measurements of non-measured genes of interest and increases the power of pathway analysis algorithms by using a larger background gene expression space. Here, we use data from primary hepatocytes of 54 donors that were treated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin and then measured on the human S1500+ platform containing ~3000 representative genes. Measurements for the S1500+ genes were then used to extrapolate expression values for the remaining human transcriptome. As a case study of the improved downstream analysis achieved by extrapolation, the “measured only” and “whole transcriptome” (measured + extrapolated) gene sets were compared. Extrapolation increased the number of significant genes by 49%, bringing to the forefront many that are known to be associated with tunicamycin exposure. The extrapolation procedure also correctly identified established tunicamycin-related functional pathways reflected by coordinated changes in interrelated genes while maintaining the sample variability observed from the “measured only” genes. Extrapolation improved the gene- and pathway-level biological interpretations for a variety of downstream applications, including differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment pathway analysis, DAVID keyword analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and NextBio correlated compound analysis. The extrapolated data highlight the role of metabolism/metabolic pathways, the ER, immune response, and the unfolded protein response, each of which are key activities associated with tunicamycin exposure that were unrepresented or underrepresented in one or more of the analyses of the original “measured only” dataset. Furthermore, the inclusion of the extrapolated genes raised “tunicamycin” from third to first upstream regulator in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and from sixth to second most correlated compound in NextBio analysis. Therefore, our case study suggests an approach to extend and enhance data from the S1500+ platform for improved insight into biological mechanisms and functional outcomes of diseases, drugs, and other perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mav
- Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Wang T, Zhao Y, You Z, Li X, Xiong M, Li H, Yan N. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Affects Cholesterol Homeostasis by Inhibiting LXRα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103088. [PMID: 33050595 PMCID: PMC7601278 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most common cardiovascular disease, and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) plays an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and LXRα can affect the metabolism of cholesterol. However, whether ER stress can modulate cholesterol metabolism by LXRα in hepatocytes and macrophages remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between ER stress induced by tunicamycin and LXRα in hepatocytes and macrophages and clarify their possible mechanisms and roles in AS. C57BL/6 mice and Huh-7 and THP-1 cells were treated with tunicamycin and LXR-623 (an agonist of LXRα) alone or in combination. Tunicamycin-induced ER stress caused liver injury; promoted the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides; inhibited the expression of LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 in the livers of mice, thus reducing serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels; however, LXR-623 could attenuate ER stress and reverse these changes. We also obtained the same results in Huh-7 and THP-1 cells. ER stress induced by tunicamycin could clearly be reversed by activating LXRα because it promoted cholesterol efflux by enhancing the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in hepatocytes and macrophages, contributing to attenuation of the development of AS.
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Dasgupta D, Nakao Y, Mauer AS, Thompson JM, Sehrawat TS, Liao CY, Krishnan A, Lucien F, Guo Q, Liu M, Xue F, Fukushima M, Katsumi T, Bansal A, Pandey MK, Maiers JL, DeGrado T, Ibrahim SH, Revzin A, Pavelko KD, Barry MA, Kaufman RJ, Malhi H. IRE1A Stimulates Hepatocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles That Promote Inflammation in Mice With Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1487-1503.e17. [PMID: 32574624 PMCID: PMC7666601 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1, also called IRE1A) is a sensor of the unfolded protein response that is activated in the livers of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatocytes release ceramide-enriched inflammatory extracellular vesicles (EVs) after activation of IRE1A. We studied the effects of inhibiting IRE1A on release of inflammatory EVs in mice with diet-induced steatohepatitis. METHODS C57BL/6J mice and mice with hepatocyte-specific disruption of Ire1a (IRE1αΔhep) were fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to induce development of steatohepatitis or a standard chow diet (controls). Some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the IRE1A inhibitor 4μ8C. Mouse liver and primary hepatocytes were transduced with adenovirus or adeno-associated virus that expressed IRE1A. Livers were collected from mice and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays; plasma samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. EVs were derived from hepatocytes and injected intravenously into mice. Plasma EVs were characterized by nanoparticle-tracking analysis, electron microscopy, immunoblots, and nanoscale flow cytometry; we used a membrane-tagged reporter mouse to detect hepatocyte-derived EVs. Plasma and liver tissues from patients with NASH and without NASH (controls) were analyzed for EV concentration and by RNAscope and gene expression analyses. RESULTS Disruption of Ire1a in hepatocytes or inhibition of IRE1A reduced the release of EVs and liver injury, inflammation, and accumulation of macrophages in mice on the diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol. Activation of IRE1A, in the livers of mice, stimulated release of hepatocyte-derived EVs, and also from cultured primary hepatocytes. Mice given intravenous injections of IRE1A-stimulated, hepatocyte-derived EVs accumulated monocyte-derived macrophages in the liver. IRE1A-stimulated EVs were enriched in ceramides. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that IRE1A activated X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) to increase transcription of serine palmitoyltransferase genes, which encode the rate-limiting enzyme for ceramide biosynthesis. Administration of a pharmacologic inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase to mice reduced the release of EVs. Levels of XBP1 and serine palmitoyltransferase were increased in liver tissues, and numbers of EVs were increased in plasma, from patients with NASH compared with control samples and correlated with the histologic features of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In mouse hepatocytes, activated IRE1A promotes transcription of serine palmitoyltransferase genes via XBP1, resulting in ceramide biosynthesis and release of EVs. The EVs recruit monocyte-derived macrophages to the liver, resulting in inflammation and injury in mice with diet-induced steatohepatitis. Levels of XBP1, serine palmitoyltransferase, and EVs are all increased in liver tissues from patients with NASH. Strategies to block this pathway might be developed to reduce liver inflammation in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yasuhiko Nakao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Amy S Mauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tejasav S Sehrawat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Chieh-Yu Liao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Qianqian Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Mengfei Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Fei Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905,2-2-2 Iidanishi Yamagata city, Yamagata, Japan 990-9585 Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Jessica L Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Samar H Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Kumar A, Singh PK, Zhang K, Kumar A. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) engages endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1α to regulate retinal innate responses in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. FASEB J 2020; 34:13826-13838. [PMID: 32813318 PMCID: PMC8033405 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001393r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response has been implicated in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, its contribution in ocular bacterial infections, such as endophthalmitis, which often cause blindness is not known. Here, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus endophthalmitis, our study demonstrates the induction of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and splicing of X-box binding protein-1 (Xbp1) branch of the ER-stress pathway, but not the other classical ER stress sensors. Interestingly, S aureus-induced ER stress response was found to be dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), as evident by reduced expression of IRE1α and Xbp1 mRNA splicing in TLR2 knockout mouse retina. Pharmacological inhibition of IRE1α using 4µ8C or experiments utilizing IRE1α-/- macrophages revealed that IRE1α positively regulates S aureus-induced inflammatory responses. Moreover, IRE1α inhibition attenuated S aureus-triggered NF-κB, p38, and ERK pathways activation and cells treated with these pathway-specific inhibitors reduced Xbp1 splicing, suggesting a positive feedback inhibition. In vivo, inhibition of IRE1α diminished the intraocular inflammation and reduced PMN infiltration in mouse eyes, but, increased the bacterial burden and caused more retinal tissue damage. These results revealed a critical role of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway as a regulator of TLR2-mediated protective innate immune responses in S aureus-induced endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Zhang K, Liu H, Song Z, Jiang Y, Kim H, Samavati L, Nguyen HM, Yang ZQ. The UPR Transducer IRE1 Promotes Breast Cancer Malignancy by Degrading Tumor Suppressor microRNAs. iScience 2020; 23:101503. [PMID: 32911332 PMCID: PMC7490531 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), the primary transducer of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), has been observed in tumor initiation and progression, but the underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. In this study, we identified that the IRE1 gene is frequently amplified and over-expressed in aggressive luminal B breast cancer cells and that IRE1 upregulation is significantly associated with worse overall survival of patients with breast cancer. IRE1 processes and mediates degradation of a subset of tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-3607, miR-374a, and miR-96, via a mechanism called Regulated IRE1-Dependent Decay (RIDD). IRE1-dependent degradation of tumor suppressor miR-3607 leads to elevation of RAS oncogene GTPase RAB3B in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of IRE1 endoribonuclease activity with the pharmacological compound 4μ8C or genetic approaches effectively suppresses luminal breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressive cancer phenotypes. Our work revealed the IRE1-RIDD-miRNAs pathway that promotes malignancy of luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hien M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zeng-Quan Yang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Zhou X, Fouda S, Li D, Zhang K, Ye JM. Involvement of the Autophagy-ER Stress Axis in High Fat/Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092626. [PMID: 32872238 PMCID: PMC7551457 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease that can progress from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and even further to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. Overconsumption of high fat and/or carbohydrate are among the most common lifestyle factors that drive the development and progression of NAFLD. This review evaluates recent reports on the involvement of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Here, we reveal a mechanism of an intrinsically linked axis of impaired autophagy and unresolved ER stress that mediates the development and progression of NAFLD resulting from the overconsumption of high fat and/or carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (K.Z.)
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529040, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Sherouk Fouda
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (K.Z.)
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (K.Z.)
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529040, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (K.Z.)
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529040, China
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9925-7419; Fax: +61-3-9925-7178
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Akai R, Saito M, Kohno K, Iwawaki T. Transgenic mouse model exhibiting weak red fluorescence before and strong green fluorescenceafter Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. Exp Anim 2020; 69:306-318. [PMID: 32115549 PMCID: PMC7445058 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre/loxP system is an indispensable tool for temporal and spatial control of gene function in mice. Many mice that express Cre and carry loxP sites in their genomes have been bred for functional analysis of various genes in vivo. Also, several reporter mice have been generated for monitoring of recombination by the Cre/loxP system. We have developed a Cre reporter gene with DsRed1 and Venus that exhibits a strong red fluorescence before and a strong green fluorescence after Cre/loxP-mediated recombination in experiments using NIH3T3 cells. However, a transgenic mouse introduced with the same reporter gene exhibits a weak red fluorescence before and a strong green fluorescence after Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. This property manifested ubiquitously in this mouse model and was maintained stably in mouse-derived fibroblasts. Use of the mouse model exhibiting the stronger red fluorescence might result in confusion of the Cre-dependent signal with false signals, because the Venus signal includes some fluorescence in the red region of the spectrum and the DsRed1 signal includes some fluorescence in the green region. However, we fortuitously obtained reporter mice that exhibit a weaker red fluorescence before Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. The use of this mouse model would decrease concern regarding errors in the identification of signals and should increase certainty in the detection of Cre activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Akai
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Bio-science Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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90
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The food contaminant deoxynivalenol provokes metabolic impairments resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12072. [PMID: 32694515 PMCID: PMC7374573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene found on cereals responsible for mycotoxicosis in both humans and farm animals. DON toxicity is characterized by reduced food intake, diminished nutritional efficiency and immunologic effects. The present study was designed to further characterize the alterations in energy metabolism induced by DON intoxication. We demonstrated that acute DON intoxication triggered liver steatosis associated with an altered expression of genes related to lipids oxidation, lipogenesis and lipolysis. This steatosis was concomitant to anorexia, hypoglycemia and a paradoxical transient insulin release. DON treatment resulted also in stimulation of central autonomic network regulating sympathetic outflow and adrenaline and glucocorticoids secretion. Furthermore, an increased expression of genes linked to inflammation and reticulum endoplasmic stress was observed in the liver of DON-treated mice. Finally, we propose that lipids mobilization from adipose tissues (AT) induced by DON intoxication drives hepatic steatosis since (1) genes encoding lipolytic enzymes were up-regulated in AT and (2) plasma concentration of triglycerides (TGs) and non-esterified fatty acids were increased during DON intoxication. Altogether, these data demonstrate that DON induced hormonal and metabolic dysregulations associated with a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities, evocative of a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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91
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Transcriptional Regulation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070283. [PMID: 32660130 PMCID: PMC7408131 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the primary risk factor for the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the worldwide prevalence of which continues to increase dramatically. The liver plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of whole-body lipid and glucose homeostasis. This is mainly mediated by the transcriptional activation of hepatic pathways that promote glucose and lipid production or utilization in response to the nutritional state of the body. However, in the setting of chronic excessive nutrition, the dysregulation of hepatic transcriptional machinery promotes lipid accumulation, inflammation, metabolic stress, and fibrosis, which culminate in NAFLD. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the transcription factors that have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we outline the altered activity of transcription factors among humans with NAFLD. By expanding this analysis to common experimental mouse models of NAFLD, we outline the relevance of mouse models to the human pathophysiology at the transcriptional level.
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92
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α-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Cold-Pressed Perilla Oil Suppress High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis through Amelioration of the ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112662. [PMID: 32521713 PMCID: PMC7321089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilla oil has been considered to have excellent potential for treating various diseases due to its contents of beneficial fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. The therapeutic effects and molecular mechanism of an α-linolenic acid-enriched cold-pressed perilla oil (LEP) on hepatic steatosis of an obesity model were investigated by analyzing alterations in fat accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated autophagy, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity C57BL/6N mice treated with LEP for 16 weeks. Although no significant alterations were detected in body weight and most organ weights, the liver weight and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver section were significantly lower in HFD + LEP treated group as compared to the HFD + Vehicle treated group. Reduced mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis and lipogenesis regulating factors, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2 (aP2) were observed after LEP treatment for 16 weeks, while the levels of lipolysis were remarkably increased in the same group. Moreover, the LEP-treated groups showed suppression of ER stress-regulating factors, such as the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)α, and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) during anti-hepatic steatosis effects. The expression level of the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) protein and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway for the autophagy response showed a significant decrease in the HFD+LEP-treated group. Furthermore, ER stress-mediated autophagy was accompanied with enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, and p38 protein in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that treatment with LEP inhibits hepatic steatosis in the HFD-induced obese model through regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis. We believe our results are the first to show that the anti-hepatic steatosis activity of α-linolenic acid from cold-pressed perilla oil might be tightly correlated with the amelioration of ER stress-mediated autophagy.
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93
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Cao XF, Jiang GZ, Xu C, Abasubong KP, Wang CC, Liu WB. Molecular characterization and expression pattern of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala): its role of IRE1 involved in inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:843-860. [PMID: 31981002 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the full-length cDNA of IRE1 from fish Megalobrama amblycephala and investigate its role in the pro-inflammatory response. A full-length cDNA coding IRE1 was cloned from blunt snout bream by RT-PCR and RACE approaches. The cDNA obtained covered 3665 bp with an open reading frame of 3096 bp encoding 1031 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of conservation (74-92%) among various species, retaining one signal peptide, one luminal domain, one serine/threonine kinase domain, one RNase domain, one activation loop, two N-linked glycosylation sites, and several phosphorylation sites. The highest IRE1 expression was observed in the trunk kidney followed by the brain and spleen, whereas relatively low expression levels were detected in the liver, intestine, adipose, skin, and heart. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, the expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) all increased remarkably in the spleen and brain at different sampling time points, while LPS also upregulated all the genes tested in the intestine except C/EBP homologous protein. Overall, the results indicated that the IRE1 gene of Megalobrama amblycephala shared a high similarity compared with other vertebrates including several bony fish species. Its expression in three tissues was induced remarkably by the LPS challenge, which indicated that IRE1 played a vital role in LPS-induced inflammation on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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94
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Hetz C, Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. Mechanisms, regulation and functions of the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:421-438. [PMID: 32457508 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1175] [Impact Index Per Article: 293.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration. ER proteostasis surveillance is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that senses the fidelity of protein folding in the ER lumen. The UPR transmits information about protein folding status to the nucleus and cytosol to adjust the protein folding capacity of the cell or, in the event of chronic damage, induce apoptotic cell death. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of UPR signalling and its implications in the pathophysiology of disease might open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,FONDAP Center for Geroscience Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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95
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Riaz TA, Junjappa RP, Handigund M, Ferdous J, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor IRE1α in Cellular Physiology, Calcium, ROS Signaling, and Metaflammation. Cells 2020; 9:E1160. [PMID: 32397116 PMCID: PMC7290600 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase endoribonuclease-1α (IRE1α) is the most prominent and evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response (UPR) signal transducer during endoplasmic reticulum functional upset (ER stress). A IRE1α signal pathway arbitrates yin and yang of cellular fate in objectionable conditions. It plays several roles in fundamental cellular physiology as well as in several pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, inflammation, cancer, neurodegeneration, and in many other diseases. Thus, further understanding of its molecular structure and mechanism of action during different cell insults helps in designing and developing better therapeutic strategies for the above-mentioned chronic diseases. In this review, recent insights into structure and mechanism of activation of IRE1α along with its complex regulating network were discussed in relation to their basic cellular physiological function. Addressing different binding partners that can modulate IRE1α function, UPRosome triggers different downstream pathways depending on the cellular backdrop. Furthermore, IRE1α are in normal cell activities outside the dominion of ER stress and activities under the weather of inflammation, diabetes, and obesity-related metaflammation. Thus, IRE1 as an ER stress sensor needs to be understood from a wider perspective for comprehensive functional meaning, which facilitates us with assembling future needs and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoufiqul Alam Riaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
| | - Raghu Patil Junjappa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
| | - Mallikarjun Handigund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
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96
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Li Z, He J, Li B, Zhang J, He K, Duan X, Huang R, Wu Z, Xiang G. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in liver cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520903652. [PMID: 32281441 PMCID: PMC7155242 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Titanium oxide (TiO2) acts as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy by mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TiO2 on ER stress in liver cancer cells. Methods Normal human liver and human hepatocarcinoma cell lines were incubated with various concentrations of TiO2 nanotubes for 48 hours. Cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle, and cellular ROS were detected. Expression levels of ER stress sensors (PERK and ATF6) and Bax were evaluated by western blot. The effect of TiO2 on liver cancer growth was also investigated in mice in vivo. Results TiO2 inhibited cell growth, increased apoptosis and cellular ROS levels, and arrested the cell cycle in G1 stage in liver cancer cells. TiO2 also increased PERK, ATF6, and Bax expression levels in liver cancer cells in dose-dependent manners. TiO2 had no significant effect on cell growth, apoptosis, ROS level, cell cycle distribution, or PERK, ATF6, or Bax expression in normal liver cells. TiO2 administration reduced tumor volume and increased PERK, Bax, and ATF6 expression levels in tumor tissues in vivo. Conclusions TiO2 nanoparticles increased ROS-induced ER stress and activated the PERK/ATF6/Bax axis in liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Jingliang He
- Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Bowei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Duan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuguang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China
| | - Guoan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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97
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Hepatocyte Injury and Hepatic Stem Cell Niche in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030590. [PMID: 32131439 PMCID: PMC7140508 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. The global prevalence of NAFLD is constantly increasing. NAFLD is a disease spectrum comprising distinct stages with different prognoses. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive condition, characterized by liver inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis. The natural history of NAFLD is negatively influenced by NASH onset and by the progression towards advanced fibrosis. Pathogenetic mechanisms and cellular interactions leading to NASH and fibrosis involve hepatocytes, liver macrophages, myofibroblast cell subpopulations, and the resident progenitor cell niche. These cells are implied in the regenerative trajectories following liver injury, and impairment or perturbation of these mechanisms could lead to NASH and fibrosis. Recent evidence underlines the contribution of extra-hepatic organs/tissues (e.g., gut, adipose tissue) in influencing NASH development by interacting with hepatic cells through various molecular pathways. The present review aims to summarize the role of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, their mutual influence, and the possible interactions with extra-hepatic tissues and organs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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98
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Horn P, Newsome PN. Emerging therapeutic targets for NASH: key innovations at the preclinical level. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:175-186. [PMID: 32053033 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1728742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a globally emerging health problem, mainly caused by increasing trends in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Patients with NASH are mainly affected by cardiovascular risk and extrahepatic cancer, but a significant proportion of patients will develop advanced liver disease, eventually resulting in liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent research has yielded a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and potential targetability for drug development.Areas covered: This review focuses on the role of fructose metabolism, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and platelets in the pathophysiology of NASH. We discuss the suitability of these substrates for targeting liver disease as well as cardiovascular health in patients with NASH. A non-systematic literature search was performed on PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.Expert opinion: Targeting fructose metabolism, DNL, ER stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, BMP signaling and platelets are promising therapeutic strategies, warranting further preclinical and clinical investigation. The discussed approaches might not only benefit liver-related outcomes but improve cardiovascular disease as well. Amidst the euphoria of advances in drug development for NASH, parallel endeavors need to address the underlying causes of obesity and metabolic syndrome to prevent NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Horn
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Phlip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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99
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Xu Y, Fang D. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and beyond: The multitasking roles for HRD1 in immune regulation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102423. [PMID: 32057541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is a mechanism against ER stress, wherein unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulated in the ER are transported to the cytosol for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The ER resident E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1 has been identified as a key ERAD factor that directly catalyzes ubiquitin conjugation onto the unfolded or misfolded proteins for proteasomal degradation. The abnormally increased HRD1 expression was discovered in rheumatoid synovial cells, providing the first evidence for HRD1 dysregulation involved in human inflammatory pathogenesis. Further studies shown that inflammatory cytokines involved in rheumatoid pathogenesis including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-26 induce HRD1 expression. Recent studies using mice with tissue-specific targeted deletion of HRD1 gene have revealed important functions of HRD1 in immune regulation and inflammatory diseases. HRD1 has been shown critical for dendritic cell expression of antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Both TCR and costimulatory receptor CD28 signaling induces HRD1 expression, which promotes T cell clonal expansion and IL-2 production. Together with the fact that HRD1 is required for maintaining the stability of regulatory T cell (Treg) stability, HRD1 appears to fine tone T cell immunity. In addition, HRD1 is involved in humoral immune response by regulating early B cell development and maintaining B cell survival upon recognition of specific antigen. HRD1 appears to target its substrates for ubiquitination through, either ERAD-dependent or -independent, at least two distinct molecular mechanisms in a cell or tissue specific manner to achieve its physiological functions. Dysregulation of HRD1 expression and/or it functions are involved in autoimmune inflammatory diseases in particular rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Here, we review current findings on the mechanism of HRD1 protein in immune regulation and the involvement of HRD1 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Xu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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100
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Yang W, Liu R, Xia C, Chen Y, Dong Z, Huang B, Li R, Li M, Xu C. Effects of different fatty acids on BRL3A rat liver cell damage. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6246-6256. [PMID: 32012270 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of fatty acids on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and lipid damage. We treated BRL3A rat liver cells with, linoleic (LA), linolenic, oleic (OA), palmitic (PA), palmitoleic (POA), or stearic (SA) acid for 12 hr. The characteristics of cell lipid deposition, oxidative stress indexes, ER stress markers, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), lipid synthesis and transport regulators, and cholesterol metabolism regulators were analyzed. Endoplasmic chaperones like glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein, NF-κB p65, hydrogen peroxide, and malonaldehyde in PA- and SA-treated cells were significantly higher than in other treated cells. Deposition of fatty acids especially LA and POA were significantly increased than in other treated cells. De novo lipogenesis regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) expression were significantly increased in all fatty acid stimulation groups, and PA- and SA-treated cells showed lower p-ACC1 expression and higher scd1 expression than other fatty acid groups. Very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and apolipoprotein B100 expression in free fatty acids treated cells were significantly lower than control. PA, SA, OA, and POA had shown significantly increased cholesterol synthesis than other treated cells. PA and SA showed the lower synthesis of cytochrome P7A1 and total bile acids than other fatty acids treated cells. Excess of saturated fatty acids led to severe ER and oxidative stress. Excess unsaturated fatty acids led to increased lipid deposition in cultured hepatocytes. A balanced fatty acid intake is needed to maintain lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Runqi Liu
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baoyin Huang
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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