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Lactate infusion as therapeutical intervention: a scoping review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2227-2235. [PMID: 35304646 PMCID: PMC9110504 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Traditionally, clinicians consider lactate as a waste product of anaerobic glycolysis. Interestingly, research has shown that lactate may serve as an alternative fuel for the brain to protect it against harm. The increasing scientific awareness of the potential beneficial side of lactate, however, is entering the clinic rather slowly. Following this, and realizing that the application of potential novel therapeutic strategies in pediatric populations often lags behind the development in adults, this review summarizes the key data on therapeutic use of intravenous infusion of sodium lactate in humans. PubMed and clinicaltrial.gov were searched up until November 2021 focusing on interventional studies in humans. Thirty-four articles were included in this review, with protocols of lactate infusion in adults with diabetes mellitus, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiac disease. One study on lactate infusion in children was also included. Results of our literature search show that sodium lactate can be safely administrated, without major side effects. Additionally, the present literature clearly shows the potential benefits of therapeutic lactate infusion under certain pathological circumstances, including rather common clinical conditions like traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION This review shows that lactate is a save, alternative energy source for the adult brain warranting studies on the potential therapeutic effects of sodium lactate infusion in children. WHAT IS KNOWN • Lactate is generally considered a waste product of anaerobic glycolysis. However, lactate also is an alternative fuel for different organs, including the brain. • Lactate infusion is not incorporated in standard care for any patient population. WHAT IS NEW • Thirty-four studies investigated the therapeutic use of intravenous sodium lactate in different patient populations, all with different study protocols. • Literature shows that lactate infusion may have beneficial effects in case of hypoglycemia, traumatic brain injury, and cardiac failure without the risk of major side effects.
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52
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Horning MA. The blood lactate/pyruvate equilibrium affair. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E34-E43. [PMID: 34719944 PMCID: PMC8722269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lactate Shuttle hypothesis is supported by a variety of techniques including mass spectrometry analytics following infusion of carbon-labeled isotopic tracers. However, there has been controversy over whether lactate tracers measure lactate (L) or pyruvate (P) turnover. Here, we review the analytical errors, use of inappropriate tissue and animal models, failure to consider L and P pool sizes in modeling results, inappropriate tracer and blood sampling sites, and failure to anticipate roles of heart and lung parenchyma on L⇔P interactions. With support from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunocytochemistry, we conclude that carbon-labeled lactate tracers can be used to quantitate lactate fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael A Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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53
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Du X, Yang L, Kong L, Sun Y, Shen K, Cai Y, Sun H, Zhang B, Guo S, Zhang A, Wang X. Metabolomics of various samples advancing biomarker discovery and pathogenesis elucidation for diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037164. [PMID: 36387907 PMCID: PMC9646596 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a universal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which is the main reason for global sight damage/loss in middle-aged and/or older people. Current clinical analyses, like hemoglobin A1c, possess some importance as prognostic indicators for DR severity, but no effective circulating biomarkers are used for DR in the clinic currently, and studies on the latent pathophysiology remain lacking. Recent developments in omics, especially metabolomics, continue to disclose novel potential biomarkers in several fields, including but not limited to DR. Therefore, based on the overview of metabolomics, we reviewed progress in analytical technology of metabolomics, the prominent roles and the current status of biomarkers in DR, and the update of potential biomarkers in various DR-related samples via metabolomics, including tear as well as vitreous humor, aqueous humor, retina, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and feces. In this review, we underscored the in-depth analysis and elucidation of the common biomarkers in different biological samples based on integrated results, namely, alanine, lactate, and glutamine. Alanine may participate in and regulate glucose metabolism through stimulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and subsequently suppressing insulin secretion, which is the potential pathogenesis of DR. Abnormal lactate could cause extensive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, eventually leading to retinal hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction; on the other hand, high-level lactate may damage the structure and function of the retinal endothelial cell barrier via the G protein-coupled receptor 81. Abnormal glutamine indicates a disturbance of glutamate recycling, which may affect the activation of Müller cells and proliferation via the PPP1CA-YAP-GS-Gln-mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, the Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Kong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, the Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunshuang Shen
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Cai
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Sun, ; Xijun Wang,
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Sifan Guo
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, the Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Sun, ; Xijun Wang,
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54
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Lundquist AJ, Llewellyn GN, Kishi SH, Jakowec NA, Cannon PM, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Knockdown of Astrocytic Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 in the Motor Cortex Leads to Loss of Dendritic Spines and a Deficit in Motor Learning. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1002-1017. [PMID: 34822124 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) shuttle molecules, including L-lactate, involved in metabolism and cell signaling of the central nervous system. Astrocyte-specific MCT4 is a key component of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) and is important for neuroplasticity and learning of the hippocampus. However, the importance of astrocyte-specific MCT4 in neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex remains unknown. In this study, we investigated astrocyte-specific MCT4 in motor learning and neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex using a cell-type specific shRNA knockdown of MCT4. Knockdown of astrocyte-specific MCT4 resulted in impaired motor performance and learning on the accelerating rotarod. In addition, MCT4 knockdown was associated with a reduction of neuronal dendritic spine density and spine width and decreased protein expression of PSD95, Arc, and cFos. Using near-infrared-conjugated 2-deoxyglucose uptake as a surrogate marker for neuronal activity, MCT4 knockdown was also associated with decreased neuronal activity in the M1 primary motor cortex and associated motor regions including the dorsal striatum and ventral thalamus. Our study supports a potential role for astrocyte-specific MCT4 and the ANLS in the neuroplasticity of the M1 primary motor cortex. Targeting MCT4 may serve to enhance neuroplasticity and motor repair in several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lundquist
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - George N Llewellyn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Susan H Kishi
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Nicolaus A Jakowec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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55
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AbuSalim JE, Yamamoto K, Miura N, Blackman B, Brender JR, Mushti C, Seki T, Camphausen KA, Swenson RE, Krishna MC, Kesarwala AH. Simple Esterification of [1- 13C]-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhances Membrane Permeability and Allows for Noninvasive Tracing of Glutamate and Glutamine Production. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2144-2150. [PMID: 34554724 PMCID: PMC9107957 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a key metabolite and signaling molecule in cancer cells, but the low permeability of α-KG limits the study of α-KG mediated effects in vivo. Recently, cell-permeable monoester and diester α-KG derivatives have been synthesized for use in vivo, but many of these derivatives are not compatible for use in hyperpolarized carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-13C-MRS). HP-13C-MRS is a powerful technique that has been used to noninvasively trace labeled metabolites in real time. Here, we show that using diethyl-[1-13C]-α-KG as a probe in HP-13C-MRS allows for noninvasive tracing of α-KG metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. AbuSalim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kevin A. Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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56
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Siebenmann C, Sorensen H, Bonne TC, Zaar M, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Nordsborg NB, Nielsen HB, Secher NH, Lundby C, Rasmussen P. Cerebral lactate uptake during exercise is driven by the increased arterial lactate concentration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1824-1830. [PMID: 34734784 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00505.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise facilitates cerebral lactate uptake, likely by increasing arterial lactate concentration and hence the diffusion gradient across the blood brain barrier. However, non-specific β-adrenergic blockade by propranolol has previously reduced the arterio-jugular venous lactate difference (AVLac) during exercise, suggesting β-adrenergic control of cerebral lactate uptake. Alternatively, we hypothesize that propranolol reduces cerebral lactate uptake by decreasing arterial lactate concentration. To test that hypothesis, we evaluated cerebral lactate uptake taking changes in arterial concentration into account. Nine healthy males performed incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion with and without intravenous propranolol (18.7 ± 1.9 mg). Lactate concentration was determined in arterial and internal jugular venous blood at the end of each workload. To take changes in arterial lactate into account we calculated the fractional extraction (FELac) defined as AVLac divided by the arterial lactate concentration. Arterial lactate concentration was reduced by propranolol at any workload (p<0.05), reaching 14 ± 3 and 11 ± 3 mmol l-1 during maximal exercise without and with propranolol, respectively. While AVLac and FELac increased during exercise (both p<0.05), they were both unaffected by propranolol at any workload (p=0.68 and p=0.26) or for any given arterial lactate concentration (p=0.78 and p=0.22). These findings support that, while propranolol may reduce cerebral lactate uptake, this effect reflects the propranolol-induced reduction in arterial lactate concentration and not inhibition of a β-adrenergic mechanism within the brain. We hence conclude that cerebral lactate uptake during exercise is directly driven by the increasing arterial concentration with work rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Siebenmann
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Henrik Sorensen
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Zaar
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Niels Henry Secher
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Innland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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57
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Horvat A, Zorec R, Vardjan N. Lactate as an Astroglial Signal Augmenting Aerobic Glycolysis and Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735532. [PMID: 34658920 PMCID: PMC8514727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, heterogeneous neuroglial cells, contribute to metabolic homeostasis in the brain by providing energy substrates to neurons. In contrast to predominantly oxidative neurons, astrocytes are considered primarily as glycolytic cells. They take up glucose from the circulation and in the process of aerobic glycolysis (despite the normal oxygen levels) produce L-lactate, which is then released into the extracellular space via lactate transporters and possibly channels. Astroglial L-lactate can enter neurons, where it is used as a metabolic substrate, or exit the brain via the circulation. Recently, L-lactate has also been considered to be a signaling molecule in the brain, but the mechanisms of L-lactate signaling and how it contributes to the brain function remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of L-lactate signaling mechanisms in the brain and present novel insights into the mechanisms of L-lactate signaling via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the focus on astrocytes. We discuss how increased extracellular L-lactate upregulates cAMP production in astrocytes, most likely viaL-lactate-sensitive Gs-protein coupled GPCRs. This activates aerobic glycolysis, enhancing L-lactate production and accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting that L-lactate augments its own production in astrocytes (i.e., metabolic excitability) to provide more L-lactate for neurons and that astrocytes in conditions of increased extracellular L-lactate switch to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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58
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Mahan VL. Effects of lactate and carbon monoxide interactions on neuroprotection and neuropreservation. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:158-173. [PMID: 34213499 PMCID: PMC8374456 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, historically considered a waste product of anerobic metabolism, is a metabolite in whole-body metabolism needed for normal central nervous system (CNS) functions and a potent signaling molecule and hormone in the CNS. Neuronal activity signals normally induce its formation primarily in astrocytes and production is dependent on anerobic and aerobic metabolisms. Functions are dependent on normal dynamic, expansive, and evolving CNS functions. Levels can change under normal physiologic conditions and with CNS pathology. A readily combusted fuel that is sshuttled throughout the body, lactate is used as an energy source and is needed for CNS hemostasis, plasticity, memory, and excitability. Diffusion beyond the neuron active zone impacts activity of neurons and astrocytes in other areas of the brain. Barriergenesis, function of the blood-brain barrier, and buffering between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis and brain metabolism are affected by lactate. Important to neuroprotection, presence or absence is associated with L-lactate and heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (a gasotransmitter) neuroprotective systems. Effects of carbon monoxide on L-lactate affect neuroprotection - interactions of the gasotransmitter with L-lactate are important to CNS stability, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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59
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A Proton-Coupled Transport System for β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) in Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cell Line hCMEC/D3. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093220. [PMID: 34579098 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, is used as a nutritional ingredient to improve skeletal muscle health. Preclinical studies indicate that this supplement also elicits significant benefits in the brain; it promotes neurite outgrowth and prevents age-related reductions in neuronal dendrites and cognitive performance. As orally administered HMB elicits these effects in the brain, we infer that HMB crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, there have been no reports detailing the transport mechanism for HMB in BBB. Here we show that HMB is taken up in the human BBB endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 via H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters that also transport lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate. MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1) and MCT4 (monocarboxylate transporter 4) belonging to the solute carrier gene family SLC16 (solute carrier, gene family 16) are involved, but additional transporters also contribute to the process. HMB uptake in BBB endothelial cells results in intracellular acidification, demonstrating cotransport with H+. Since HMB is known to activate mTOR with potential to elicit transcriptomic changes, we examined the influence of HMB on the expression of selective transporters. We found no change in MCT1 and MCT4 expression. Interestingly, the expression of LAT1 (system L amino acid transporter 1), a high-affinity transporter for branched-chain amino acids relevant to neurological disorders such as autism, is induced. This effect is dependent on mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycine) activation by HMB with no involvement of histone deacetylases. These studies show that HMB in systemic circulation can cross the BBB via carrier-mediated processes, and that it also has a positive influence on the expression of LAT1, an important amino acid transporter in the BBB.
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60
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Vestergaard MB, Ghanizada H, Lindberg U, Arngrim N, Paulson OB, Gjedde A, Ashina M, Larsson HBW. Human Cerebral Perfusion, Oxygen Consumption, and Lactate Production in Response to Hypoxic Exposure. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1295-1306. [PMID: 34448827 PMCID: PMC8924433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate hypoxia in humans leads to cerebral lactate production, which occurs even when the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) is unaffected. We searched for the mechanism of this lactate production by testing the hypothesis of upregulation of cerebral glycolysis mediated by hypoxic sensing. Describing the pathways counteracting brain hypoxia could help us understand brain diseases associated with hypoxia. A total of 65 subjects participated in this study: 30 subjects were exposed to poikilocapnic hypoxia, 14 were exposed to isocapnic hypoxia, and 21 were exposed to carbon monoxide (CO). Using this setup, we examined whether lactate production reacts to an overall reduction in arterial oxygen concentration or solely to reduced arterial oxygen partial pressure. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF), CMRO2, and lactate concentrations by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. CBF increased (P < 10-4), whereas the CMRO2 remained unaffected (P > 0.076) in all groups, as expected. Lactate increased in groups inhaling hypoxic air (poikilocapnic hypoxia: $0.0136\ \frac{\mathrm{mmol}/\mathrm{L}}{\Delta{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{O}}_2}$, P < 10-6; isocapnic hypoxia: $0.0142\ \frac{\mathrm{mmol}/\mathrm{L}}{\Delta{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{O}}_2}$, P = 0.003) but was unaffected by CO (P = 0.36). Lactate production was not associated with reduced CMRO2. These results point toward a mechanism of lactate production by upregulation of glycolysis mediated by sensing a reduced arterial oxygen pressure. The released lactate may act as a signaling molecule engaged in vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
| | - Hashmat Ghanizada
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Lindberg
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
| | - Nanna Arngrim
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup 2600, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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61
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Wu YC, Sonninen TM, Peltonen S, Koistinaho J, Lehtonen Š. Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurodegenerative Diseases-Modeling with iPSC-Derived Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7710. [PMID: 34299328 PMCID: PMC8307585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the delivery of oxygen and important nutrients to the brain through active and passive transport and prevents neurotoxins from entering the brain. It also has a clearance function and removes carbon dioxide and toxic metabolites from the central nervous system (CNS). Several drugs are unable to cross the BBB and enter the CNS, adding complexity to drug screens targeting brain disorders. A well-functioning BBB is essential for maintaining healthy brain tissue, and a malfunction of the BBB, linked to its permeability, results in toxins and immune cells entering the CNS. This impairment is associated with a variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the BBB in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we focus on recent progress of using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models to study the BBB. We review the potential of novel stem cell-based platforms in modeling the BBB and address advances and key challenges of using stem cell technology in modeling the human BBB. Finally, we highlight future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh Wu
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Tuuli-Maria Sonninen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Sanni Peltonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression-Role of Physical Exercise and Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147553. [PMID: 34300001 PMCID: PMC8307197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common and devastating psychiatric disorder in the world. Its symptoms, especially during the pandemic, are observed in all age groups. Exercise training (ET) is well known as a non-pharmacological strategy to alleviate clinical depression. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the biological factors whose expression and secretion are intensified in response to ET. BDNF is also secreted by contracted skeletal muscle that likely exerts para-, auto- and endocrine effects, supporting the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other distant organs/tissues, such as the nervous system. This finding suggests that they communicate and work together to induce improvements on mood, cognition, and learning processes as BDNF is the main player in the neurogenesis, growth, and survival of neurons. Therefore, BDNF has been recognized as a therapeutic factor in clinical depression, especially in response to ET. The underlying mechanisms through which ET impacts depression are varied. The aim of this review was to provide information of the biological markers of depression such as monoamines, tryptophan, endocannabinoids, markers of inflammatory processes (oxidative stress and cytokines) stress and sex hormones and their relationship to BDNF. In addition, we reviewed the effects of ET on BNDF expression and how it impacts depression as well as the potential mechanisms mediating this process, providing a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in depression.
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63
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Lactate sensing mechanisms in arterial chemoreceptor cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4166. [PMID: 34230483 PMCID: PMC8260783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically considered a by-product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now viewed as a fundamental fuel for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, and preferred over glucose by many tissues. Lactate is also a signaling molecule of increasing medical relevance. Lactate levels in the blood can increase in both normal and pathophysiological conditions (e.g., hypoxia, physical exercise, or sepsis), however the manner by which these changes are sensed and induce adaptive responses is unknown. Here we show that the carotid body (CB) is essential for lactate homeostasis and that CB glomus cells, the main oxygen sensing arterial chemoreceptors, are also lactate sensors. Lactate is transported into glomus cells, leading to a rapid increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio. This in turn activates membrane cation channels, leading to cell depolarization, action potential firing, and Ca2+ influx. Lactate also decreases intracellular pH and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, which further activates glomus cells. Lactate and hypoxia, although sensed by separate mechanisms, share the same final signaling pathway and jointly activate glomus cells to potentiate compensatory cardiorespiratory reflexes. Lactate levels in blood change during hypoxia or exercise, however whether this variable is sensed to evoke adaptive responses is unknown. Here the authors show that oxygen-sensing carotid body cells stimulated by hypoxia are also activated by lactate to potentiate a compensatory ventilatory response.
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Yang L, Pan H. Lactate as Potential Mediators for Exercise-Induced Positive Effects on Neuroplasticity and Cerebrovascular Plasticity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656455. [PMID: 34290615 PMCID: PMC8287254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulated evidence from animal and human studies supports that exercise is beneficial to physical health. Exercise can upregulate various neurotrophic factors, activate neuroplasticity, and play a positive role in improving and enhancing cerebrovascular function. Due to its economy, convenience, and ability to prevent or ameliorate various aging-related diseases, exercise, a healthy lifestyle, is increasingly popularized by people. However, the mechanism by which exercise performs this function and how it is transmitted from muscles to the brain remains incompletely understood. Here, we review the beneficial effects of exercise with different intensities on the brain with a focus on the positive effects of lactate on neuroplasticity and cerebrovascular plasticity. Based on these recent studies, we propose that lactate, a waste previously misunderstood as a by-product of glycolysis in the past, may be a key signal molecule that regulates the beneficial adaptation of the brain caused by exercise. Importantly, we speculate that a central protective mechanism may underlie the cognitive benefits induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Huang
- Cognitive and Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- Cognitive and Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Zhou
- Cognitive and Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Cognitive and Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Cognitive and Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Sun L, Min L, Li M, Shao F. Juvenile social isolation leads to schizophrenia-like behaviors via excess lactate production by astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:240-249. [PMID: 34175384 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Repeated early environmental deprivation is regarded as a typical paradigm to mimic the behavioral abnormalities and brain dysfunction that occur in psychiatric disorders. Previously, we reported that social isolation could disrupt prepulse inhibition (PPI) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, producing the typical characteristics of a schizophrenia animal model. Based on further analysis of previous proteomic and transcriptomic data, a disrupted balance of glucose metabolism was found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of isolated rats. Subsequently, in the first experiment of this study, we investigated the effects of juvenile social isolation (postnatal days (PND) 21-34) on PPI and lactate levels in PND56 rats. Compared with the social rearing group, rats in the isolated rearing group showed disrupted PPI and increased lactate levels in the PFC. In the second experiment, at PND55, the model rats were acutely injected with a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-darabinitol, DAB) or control saline in the bilateral PFC. Our data showed that acute DAB administration (50 pmol, 0.5 μl) significantly improved the disrupted PPI and decreased the levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related mRNAs as well as lactate. In summary, our results suggested that excess astrocytic lactate production was involved in the impairment of auditory sensory gating of isolated rats, which may contribute to the metabolic pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Sun
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Man Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Feng Shao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Chandel V, Maru S, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sharma A, Rathi B, Kumar D. Role of monocarboxylate transporters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2021; 279:119709. [PMID: 34102188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and Neck tumors are metabolically highly altered solid tumors. Head and Neck cancer cells may utilise different metabolic pathways for energy production. Whereas, glycolysis is the major source coupled with oxidative phosphorylation in a metabolic symbiosis manner that results in the proliferation and metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer. The monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which MCT1-4 are responsible for transporting monocarboxylates such as l-lactate and pyruvate, and ketone bodies across the plasma membrane. Additionally, MCTs mediate absorption and distribution of monocarboxylates across the cell membrane. Head and Neck cancer cells are highly glycolytic in nature and generate significant amount of lactic acid in the extracellular environment. In such condition, MCTs play a critical role in the regulation of pH, and lactate shuttle maintenance. The intracellular lactate accumulation is harmful for the cells since it drastically lowers the intracellular pH. MCTs facilitate the export of lactate out of the cell. The lactate export mediated by MCTs is crucial for the cancer cells survival. Therefore, targeting MCTs is important and could be a potential therapeutic approach to control growth of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chandel
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Maru
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed to be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Phulwarisharif, Patna 801505, Bihar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462 020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, Bharat, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida 201313, UP, India.
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67
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Gavriel Y, Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Ezra A, Barbiro B, Solomon B. Subcutaneous Administration of AMD3100 into Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment, Reduced Neuroinflammation, and Improved Pathophysiological Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:653-671. [PMID: 33016905 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the prevalent dementia in the elderly, involves many related and interdependent pathologies that manifest simultaneously, leading to cognitive impairment and death. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain triggers the onset of AD, accompanied by neuroinflammatory response and pathological changes. The CXCR4/CXCL12 (SDF1) axis is one of the major signal transduction cascades involved in the inflammation process and regulation of homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow niche. Inhibition of the axis with AMD3100, a reversible antagonist of CXCR4 mobilizes endogenous HSCs from the bone marrow into the periphery, facilitating the recruitment of bone marrow-derived microglia-like cells into the brain, attenuates the neuroinflammation process that involves release of excitotoxic markers such as TNFα, intracellular Ca2 +, and glutamate and upregulates monocarboxylate transporter 1, the major L-lactate transporter in the brain. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigate if administration of a combination of AMD3100 and L-lactate may have beneficial effects in the treatment of AD. METHODS We tested the feasibility of the combined treatment for short- and long-term efficacy for inducing endogenous stem cells' mobilization and attenuation of neuroinflammation in two distinct amyloid-β-induced AD mouse models. RESULTS The combined treatment did not demonstrate any adverse effects on the mice, and resulted in a significant improvement in cognitive/memory functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, and alleviated AD pathologies compared to each treatment alone. CONCLUSION This study showed AMD3100's beneficial effect in ameliorating AD pathogenesis, suggesting an alternative to the multistep procedures of transplantation of stem cells in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Gavriel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Rabinovich-Nikitin
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Ezra
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Becki Barbiro
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beka Solomon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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68
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Abstract
After almost a century of misunderstanding, it is time to appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important feature of energy flux and metabolic regulation that involves a complex series of metabolic, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cardiac events in vivo. Cell–cell and intracellular lactate shuttles in the heart and between the heart and other tissues fulfill essential purposes of energy substrate production and distribution as well as cell signaling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. One powerful example of cell–cell lactate shuttling was the exchange of carbohydrate energy in the form of lactate between working limb skeletal muscle and the heart. The exchange of mass represented a conservation of mass that required the integration of neuroendocrine, autoregulatory, and cardiovascular systems. Now, with greater scrutiny and recognition of the effect of the cardiac cycle on myocardial blood flow, there brings an appreciation that metabolic fluxes must accommodate to pressure-flow realities within an organ in which they occur. Therefore, the presence of an intra-cardiac lactate shuttle is posited to explain how cardiac mechanics and metabolism are synchronized. Specifically, interruption of blood flow during the isotonic phase of systole is supported by glycolysis and subsequent return of blood flow during diastole allows for recovery sustained by oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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69
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Yamada Y, Frith EM, Wong V, Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Chatakondi RN, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Acute exercise and cognition: A review with testable questions for future research into cognitive enhancement with blood flow restriction. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110586. [PMID: 33848917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction, in combination with low load/intensity exercise, has consistently been shown to increase both muscle size and strength. In contrast, the effects of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition have not been well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is 1) to review the currently available literature investigating the impact of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition and 2) to provide some hypotheses for how blood flow restriction might provide an additive stimulus for augmenting specific cognitive domains above exercise alone. Given the lack of research in this area, the effects of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition are still unclear. We hypothesize that blood flow restricted exercise could potentially enhance several cognitive domains (such as attention, executive functioning, and memory) through increases in lactate production, catecholamine concentration, and PGC-1α expression. We review work that suggests that blood flow restriction is not only a beneficial strategy to improve musculoskeletal function but could also be a favorable method for enhancing multiple domains of cognition. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized this is a hypothesis that currently has only minimal experimental support, and further investigations in the future are necessary to test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Emily M Frith
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience of Creativity Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16801, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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70
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Spichak S, Bastiaanssen TFS, Berding K, Vlckova K, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Mining microbes for mental health: Determining the role of microbial metabolic pathways in human brain health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:698-761. [PMID: 33675857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome in modulating the brain and behaviour. Indeed, the actions of microbial metabolites are key for appropriate gut-brain communication in humans. Among these metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and bile acid metabolites/pathways show strong preclinical evidence for involvement in various aspects of brain function and behaviour. With the identification of neuroactive gut-brain modules, new predictive tools can be applied to existing datasets. We identified 278 studies relating to the human microbiota-gut-brain axis which included sequencing data. This spanned across psychiatric and neurological disorders with a small number also focused on normal behavioural development. With a consistent bioinformatics pipeline, thirty-five of these datasets were reanalysed from publicly available raw sequencing files and the remainder summarised and collated. Among the reanalysed studies, we uncovered evidence of disease-related alterations in microbial metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia, anxiety and depression. Amongst studies that could not be reanalysed, many sequencing and technical limitations hindered the discovery of specific biomarkers of microbes or metabolites conserved across studies. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings. We also propose guidelines for future human microbiome analysis to increase reproducibility and consistency within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spichak
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Hu J, Cai M, Shang Q, Li Z, Feng Y, Liu B, Xue X, Lou S. Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:629914. [PMID: 33716776 PMCID: PMC7946986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.629914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is reported to be beneficial to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) biosynthesis. A key element in this may be the existence of lactate, the most obvious metabolic product of exercise. In vivo, this study investigated the effects of a 6-week HIIT on the peripheral and central lactate changes, mitochondrial quality control system, mitochondrial function and BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus. In vitro, primary cultured mice hippocampal cells were used to investigate the role and the underlying mechanisms of lactate in promoting mitochondrial function during HIIT. In vivo studies, we firstly reported that HIIT can potentiate mitochondrial function [boost some of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes expression and ATP production], stimulate BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus along with regulating the mitochondrial quality control system in terms of promoting mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis, and suppressing mitochondrial fission. In parallel to this, the peripheral and central lactate levels elevated immediately after the training. In vitro study, our results revealed that lactate was in charge of regulating mitochondrial quality control system for mitochondrial function and thus may contribute to BDNF expression. In conclusion, our study provided the mitochondrial mechanisms of HIIT enhancing brain function, and that lactate itself can mediate the HIIT effect on mitochondrial quality control system in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaorun Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Medicine Department, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Brooks GA, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Tovar AP. Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen. J Physiol 2021; 600:1229-1251. [PMID: 33566386 PMCID: PMC9188361 DOI: 10.1113/jp280955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century, it's time to turn the page on understanding of lactate metabolism and appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important component of intermediary metabolism in vivo. Cell‐cell and intracellular lactate shuttles fulfil purposes of energy substrate production and distribution, as well as cell signalling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. Moreover, the presence of lactate shuttling as part of postprandial glucose disposal and satiety signalling has been recognized. Mitochondrial respiration creates the physiological sink for lactate disposal in vivo. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in adaptive processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and other healthful circulatory and neurological characteristics such as improved physical work capacity, metabolic flexibility, learning, and memory. The importance of lactate and lactate shuttling in healthful living is further emphasized when lactate signalling and shuttling are dysregulated as occurs in particular illnesses and injuries. Like a phoenix, lactate has risen to major importance in 21st century biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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73
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Pötzsch A, Zocher S, Bernas SN, Leiter O, Rünker AE, Kempermann G. L-lactate exerts a pro-proliferative effect on adult hippocampal precursor cells in vitro. iScience 2021; 24:102126. [PMID: 33659884 PMCID: PMC7895751 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lactate has energetic and signaling properties, and its availability is modulated by activity-dependent stimuli, which also regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Studying the effects of L-lactate on neural precursor cells (NPCs) in vitro, we found that L-lactate is pro-proliferative and that this effect is dependent on the active lactate transport by monocarboxylate transporters. Increased proliferation was not linked to amplified mitochondrial respiration. Instead, L-lactate deviated glucose metabolism to the pentose phosphate pathway, indicated by increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity while glycolysis decreased. Knockout of Hcar1 revealed that the pro-proliferative effect of L-lactate was not dependent on receptor activity although phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt was increased following L-lactate treatment. Together, we show that availability of L-lactate is linked to the proliferative potential of NPCs and add evidence to the hypothesis that lactate influences cellular homeostatic processes in the adult brain, specifically in the context of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. L-lactate increases NPC proliferation in an MCT-dependent manner The pro-proliferative effect of L-lactate is independent of HCAR1 signaling L-lactate decreases glycolysis in favor of pentose phosphate pathway activity L-lactate treatment leads to a transient increase in Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pötzsch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Zocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Bernas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Odette Leiter
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette E Rünker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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74
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Burton MT, Santin JM. A direct excitatory action of lactate ions in the central respiratory network of bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.235705. [PMID: 33161381 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemoreceptors that detect O2 and CO2/pH regulate ventilation. However, recent work shows that lactate ions activate arterial chemoreceptors independent of pH to stimulate breathing. Although lactate rises in the central nervous system (CNS) during metabolic challenges, the ability of lactate ions to enhance ventilation by directly targeting the central respiratory network remains unclear. To address this possibility, we isolated the amphibian brainstem-spinal cord and found that small increases in CNS lactate stimulate motor output that causes breathing. In addition, lactate potentiated the excitatory postsynaptic strength of respiratory motor neurons, thereby coupling central lactate to the excitatory drive of neurons that trigger muscle contraction. Lactate did not affect motor output through pH or pyruvate metabolism, arguing for sensitivity to lactate anions per se. In sum, these results introduce a mechanism whereby lactate ions in the CNS match respiratory motor output to metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Burton
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Biology, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Joseph M Santin
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Biology, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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75
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Wu YN, Stark C, Gravel J, White M, Avery J, Enis T, Cantu RC. Effects of Interval-Training Exercise on People Who Have Had Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms for Less Than One Year: A Pilot Study. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:573-581. [PMID: 33096965 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is to examine the effects of a 12-session moderate intensity-interval-training program with blood flow restriction (BFR) and body cooling (BC) on people who have had persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) for <1 year. A single-blind randomized controlled trial of interval-training exercise with BFR and BC was conducted. Twenty-five adults with PPCS were assigned to the experimental group (n = 14) or the control group (n = 11). Both groups rode a recumbent elliptical machine for 21 min at moderate intensity (65% predicted maximum heart rate) twice a week for 6 weeks, but only the experimental group received BFR and BC while riding. The variances of overall PPCS scale scores and their sub-domain scores for individuals during the 6-week intervention and 6-week follow-up period were calculated. During the intervention, the fluctuation of overall symptom severity, severity in the cognitive domain and severity in the mood domain were significantly less in the experimental group (p = 0.03; p = 0.02; p = 0.02). During the follow-up period, the number of symptoms remained more stable in the experimental group (p = 0.02), and a trend toward less fluctuation of symptom severity (p = 0.05) was also observed. The reduced number of symptoms in the cognitive and sleep domains remained more stable in the experimental group following the intervention (p = 0.007; p = 0.02). The severity of mood and sleep symptoms also remained more stable during the follow-up period in the experimental group (p = 0.04). More stable recovery was found in individuals who exercised using BFR and BC than in those who underwent exercise without BFR and BC. Moderate intensity-interval-training exercise with BFR and BC alleviated post-concussive symptoms in people who have had PPCS <1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Stark
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Gravel
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew White
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josh Avery
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terrie Enis
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C Cantu
- Dr. Robert C. Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
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76
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Immunoreactivity of receptor and transporters for lactate located in astrocytes and epithelial cells of choroid plexus of human brain. Neurosci Lett 2020; 741:135479. [PMID: 33212210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism produces lactate and hydrogen ions in an anaerobic environment. Cerebral ischemia or hypoxia is believed to become progressively lactacidemic. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in endothelial cells are essential for the transport of lactate from the blood into the brain. In addition, it is considered that MCTs located in astrocytic and neuronal cells play a key role in the shuttling of energy metabolites between neurons and astrocytes. However, roles of lactate in the brain remain to be clarified. In this study, the localization of lactate transporters and a receptor for cellular uptake of lactate was immunohistochemically examined in autopsied human brains. Immunoreactivity for MCT1 was observed in the apical cytoplasmic membrane of some epithelial cells in the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall, whereas that for MCT4 was found in the basolateral cytoplasmic membrane of small number of epithelial cells as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall. In addition, immunoreactivity for the hydroxy-carboxylic acid 1 receptor (HCA1 receptor), a receptor for cellular uptake of lactate, was also found on the basolateral cytoplasmic membrane of epithelial cells as well as astrocytic and neuronal cells. Immunoreactivity for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-B was observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall. These immunohistochemical findings indicate the localization of MCT1, MCT4, the HCA1 receptor, and LDH-B in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes, and suggest the transport of intravascular lactate into the brain through epithelial cells of the choroid plexus as well as cerebral vessels and the possibility of lactate being utilized in epithelial cells.
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77
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Takeda PY, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Anthony DC, Verkhratsky A, Crespo-Lopez ME. Astroglia-specific contributions to the regulation of synapses, cognition and behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:331-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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78
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Li B, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang Y, Xu R, Zeng S, Zhang R, Zhu S, Gillies MC, Zhu L, Du J. Metabolic Features of Mouse and Human Retinas: Rods versus Cones, Macula versus Periphery, Retina versus RPE. iScience 2020; 23:101672. [PMID: 33196018 PMCID: PMC7644940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors, especially cones, which are enriched in the human macula, have high energy demands, making them vulnerable to metabolic stress. Metabolic dysfunction of photoreceptors and their supporting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important underlying cause of degenerative retinal diseases. However, how cones and the macula support their exorbitant metabolic demand and communicate with RPE is unclear. By profiling metabolite uptake and release and analyzing metabolic genes, we have found cone-rich retinas and human macula share specific metabolic features with upregulated pathways in pyruvate metabolism, mitochondrial TCA cycle, and lipid synthesis. Human neural retina and RPE have distinct but complementary metabolic features. Retinal metabolism centers on NADH production and neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The retina needs aspartate to sustain its aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. RPE metabolism is directed toward NADPH production and biosynthesis of acetyl-rich metabolites, serine, and others. RPE consumes multiple nutrients, including proline, to produce metabolites for the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225100, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yekai Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Siyan Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Jianhai Du
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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79
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Hadzic A, Nguyen TD, Hosoyamada M, Tomioka NH, Bergersen LH, Storm-Mathisen J, Morland C. The Lactate Receptor HCA 1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6457. [PMID: 32899645 PMCID: PMC7554735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume, composition, and movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for brain physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the main structure that produces CSF, the choroid plexus (CP). Due to the presence of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the CP, changes in blood and brain lactate levels are reflected in the CSF. A lactate receptor, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), is present in the brain, but whether it is located in the CP or in other periventricular structures has not been studied. Here, we investigated the distribution of HCA1 in the cerebral ventricular system using monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-HCA1 reporter mice. The reporter signal was only detected in the dorsal part of the third ventricle, where strong mRFP-HCA1 labeling was present in cells of the CP, the tela choroidea, and the neuroepithelial ventricular lining. Co-labeling experiments identified these cells as fibroblasts (in the CP, the tela choroidea, and the ventricle lining) and ependymal cells (in the tela choroidea and the ventricle lining). Our data suggest that the HCA1-containing fibroblasts and ependymal cells have the ability to respond to alterations in CSF lactate in body-brain signaling, but also as a sign of neuropathology (e.g., stroke and Alzheimer's disease biomarker).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Hadzic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Teresa D. Nguyen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.H.); (N.H.T.)
| | - Naoko H. Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.H.); (N.H.T.)
| | - Linda H. Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway;
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Amino Acid Transporter Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Healthy Brain Aging Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.H.); (T.D.N.)
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80
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Brooks GA. The tortuous path of lactate shuttle discovery: From cinders and boards to the lab and ICU. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:446-460. [PMID: 32444344 PMCID: PMC7498672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Once thought to be a waste product of oxygen limited (anaerobic) metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under fully oxygenated (aerobic) conditions. Lactate shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer cells fulfills at least 3 purposes; lactate is: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. The Lactate Shuttle theory is applicable to diverse fields such as sports nutrition and hydration, resuscitation from acidosis and Dengue, treatment of traumatic brain injury, maintenance of glycemia, reduction of inflammation, cardiac support in heart failure and following a myocardial infarction, and to improve cognition. Yet, dysregulated lactate shuttling disrupts metabolic flexibility, and worse, supports oncogenesis. Lactate production in cancer (the Warburg effect) is involved in all main sequela for carcinogenesis: angiogenesis, immune escape, cell migration, metastasis, and self-sufficient metabolism. The history of the tortuous path of discovery in lactate metabolism and shuttling was discussed in the 2019 American College of Sports Medicine Joseph B. Wolffe Lecture in Orlando, FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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81
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Zhai X, Li J, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Xue Y, Lv J, Gao Y, Li S, Yan W, Yin S, Xiao Z. L-lactate preconditioning promotes plasticity-related proteins expression and reduces neurological deficits by potentiating GPR81 signaling in rat traumatic brain injury model. Brain Res 2020; 1746:146945. [PMID: 32531223 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no efficacious pharmacological treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies revealed that L-lactate preconditioning has shown rich neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia, and therefore has the potential to improve neurological outcomes after TBI. L-lactate played a neuroprotective role by activating GPR81 in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as TBI and cerebral ischemia. In this study we investigated the effects of L-lactate preconditioning on TBI and explored the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the mNSS test revealed that L-lactate preconditioning alleviates the neurological deficit caused by TBI in rats. L-lactate preconditioning significantly increased the expression of GPR81, PSD95, GAP43, BDNF, and MCT2 24 h after TBI in the cortex and hippocampus compared with the sham group. Taken together, these data suggested that L-lactate preconditioning is an effective method with which to recover neurological function after TBI. This reveals the mechanism of L-lactate preconditioning on TBI and provides a potential therapeutic method for TBI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Jinying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Liya Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jiaxin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Shouxin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shengming Yin
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China.
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82
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Liu Y, Yang S, Cai E, Lin L, Zeng P, Nie B, Xu F, Tian Q, Wang J. Functions of lactate in the brain of rat with intracerebral hemorrhage evaluated with MRI/MRS and in vitro approaches. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1031-1044. [PMID: 32488963 PMCID: PMC7539841 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactate accumulation in the brain is caused by the anaerobic metabolism induced by ischemic damages, which always accompanies intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). Our former findings showed that microglia's movement was always directly toward hemorrhagic center with the highest lactate concentration, and penumbra area has the largest density of compactly arrayed microglia. However, the relationship between microglia and lactate concentration has not been well documented. Methods Cerebral hemorrhage model was successfully achieved by injecting collagenase VII (causing stabile localized bleeding) in CPu (striatum) of SD rats. Emodin was used as a potential therapeutic for ICH. The function of the lactate was examined with in vitro culture studies. Then, the effect of lactate on the proliferation, cell survival, migration, and phagocytosis property of microglia was investigated by in vitro culture studies. Results Lactate accumulation was observed with in vivo MRS method, and its concentration was monitored during the recovery of ICH and treatment of emodin. Lactate concentration significantly increased in the core and penumbra regions of hemorrhagic foci, and it decreased after the treatment of emodin. The in vitro culture study was verified that lactate was beneficial for the proliferation, cell survival, migration, and phagocytosis property of the microglia. Conclusion Results from in vitro verification study, investigations from the recovery of ICH, and treatment of emodin verify that lactate plays an important role during the recovery of ICH. This could provide a novel therapeutic approach for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shusheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Erli Cai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binbin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes, 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
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83
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Hu J, Cai M, Liu Y, Liu B, Xue X, Ji R, Bian X, Lou S. The roles of GRP81 as a metabolic sensor and inflammatory mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8938-8950. [PMID: 32342523 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GPR81 (also named as HCA1) is a member of a subfamily of orphan G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), coupled to Gi -type G proteins. GPR81 was discovered in 2001 and identified as the only known endogenous receptor of lactate under physiological conditions in 2008, which opened a new field of research on how lactate may act as a signal molecule along with the GPR81 expression in the roles of metabolic process and inflammatory response. Recent studies showed that the physiological functions of GPR81 include lipid metabolism in adipose tissues, metabolic excitability in the brain, cellular development, and inflammatory response modulation. These findings may reveal a novel therapeutic strategy to treat clinical, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This article will summarize past research on GPR81, including its characteristics of distribution and expression, functional residues, pharmacological, and physiological agonists, involvement in signal transduction, and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruifang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuepeng Bian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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84
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Ma K, Ding X, Song Q, Han Z, Yao H, Ding J, Hu G. Lactate enhances Arc/arg3.1 expression through hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1-β-arrestin2 pathway in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108084. [PMID: 32294462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the discovery and research of lactate-specific receptor HCAR1(hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1), lactate is not only as a product of Glycolysis in astrocytes, but also as a signaling molecule which has gradually received attention. Studies have found that lactate can be used as an intercellular signaling molecule involved in synaptic plasticity, and so that peripheral administration of lactate can produce antidepressant effects. Here, we focus on HCAR1 on the most widely distributed astrocytes in the brain, found and verified that lactate could cause Arc/arg3.1 protein overexpression in astrocytes through HCAR1. However, the expression of Arc/arg3.1 does not depend on the Gi protein pathway of HCAR1, and we found that lactate enhanced the expression of Arc/arg3.1 protein through the HCAR1-β-arrestin2 pathway. In summary, lactate acts on HCAR1 of astrocytes. It enhances the expression of MAPK-dependent Arc through β-arrestin2, thereby reducing the influx of calcium ions when astrocytes are exposed to glutamate damage, achieving the role of protecting astrocytes and indirectly enhancing the absorption of glutamate by astrocytes. These results also demonstrate that HCAR1 in the brain is a potential therapeutic target in an experimental in vitro model of glutamate damage, which is strongly associated with many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Ma
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiqi Song
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhitao Han
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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85
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Takahashi S. Metabolic compartmentalization between astroglia and neurons in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the neurovascular unit. Neuropathology 2020; 40:121-137. [PMID: 32037635 PMCID: PMC7187297 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia or astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, are interposed between neuronal synapses and microvasculature in the brain gray matter. They play a pivotal role in brain metabolism as well as in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, taking advantage of their unique anatomical location. In particular, the astroglial cellular metabolic compartment exerts supportive roles in dedicating neurons to the generation of action potentials and protects them against oxidative stress associated with their high energy consumption. An impairment of normal astroglial function, therefore, can lead to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroimmunological diseases, in which metabolic derangements accelerate neuronal damage. The neurovascular unit (NVU), the major components of which include neurons, microvessels, and astroglia, is a conceptual framework that was originally used to better understand the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. At present, the NVU is a tool for understanding normal brain physiology as well as the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders. The metabolic responses of astroglia in the NVU can be either protective or deleterious. This review focuses on three major metabolic compartments: (i) glucose and lactate; (ii) fatty acid and ketone bodies; and (iii) D- and L-serine. Both the beneficial and the detrimental roles of compartmentalization between neurons and astroglia will be discussed. A better understanding of the astroglial metabolic response in the NVU is expected to lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and StrokeSaitama Medical University International Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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86
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Alambyan V, Pace J, Sukpornchairak P, Yu X, Alnimir H, Tatton R, Chitturu G, Yarlagadda A, Ramos-Estebanez C. Imaging Guidance for Therapeutic Delivery: The Dawn of Neuroenergetics. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:522-538. [PMID: 32240530 PMCID: PMC7283376 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern neurocritical care relies on ancillary diagnostic testing in the form of multimodal monitoring to address acute changes in the neurological homeostasis. Much of our armamentarium rests upon physiological and biochemical surrogates of organ or regional level metabolic activity, of which a great deal is invested at the metabolic-hemodynamic-hydrodynamic interface to rectify the traditional intermediaries of glucose consumption. Despite best efforts to detect cellular neuroenergetics, current modalities cannot appreciate the intricate coupling between astrocytes and neurons. Invasive monitoring is not without surgical complication, and noninvasive strategies do not provide an adequate spatial or temporal resolution. Without knowledge of the brain's versatile behavior in specific metabolic states (glycolytic vs oxidative), clinical practice would lag behind laboratory empiricism. Noninvasive metabolic imaging represents a new hope in delineating cellular, nigh molecular level energy exchange to guide targeted management in a diverse array of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilakshan Alambyan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Persen Sukpornchairak
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamza Alnimir
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Tatton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gautham Chitturu
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anisha Yarlagadda
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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87
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Brooks GA. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101454. [PMID: 32113910 PMCID: PMC7284908 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions and is utilized continuously in diverse cells, tissues, organs and at the whole-body level. By shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer (recipient) cells lactate fulfills at least three purposes: 1] a major energy source for mitochondrial respiration; 2] the major gluconeogenic precursor; and 3] a signaling molecule. Working by mass action, cell redox regulation, allosteric binding, and reprogramming of chromatin by lactylation of lysine residues on histones, lactate has major influences in energy substrate partitioning. The physiological range of tissue [lactate] is 0.5–20 mM and the cellular Lactate/Pyruvate ratio (L/P) can range from 10 to >500; these changes during exercise and other stress-strain responses dwarf other metabolic signals in magnitude and span. Hence, lactate dynamics have rapid and major short- and long-term effects on cell redox and other control systems. By inhibiting lipolysis in adipose via HCAR-1, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid uptake via malonyl-CoA and CPT1, lactate controls energy substrate partitioning. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in major effects on the expression of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Lactate is the fulcrum of metabolic regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.
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88
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Papageorgiou L, Papakonstantinou E, Salis C, Polychronidou E, Hagidimitriou M, Maroulis D, Eliopoulos E, Vlachakis D. Drugena: A Fully Automated Immunoinformatics Platform for the Design of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1194:203-215. [PMID: 32468536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32622-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are proteins that are the first line of defense in the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. Thereby, they are involved in a multitude of biochemical mechanisms and clinical manifestations with significant medical interest, such as autoimmunity, the regulation of infection, and cancer. An emerging field in antibody science that is of huge medicinal interest is the development of novel antibody-interacting drugs. Such entities are the antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which are a new type of targeted therapy, which consist of an antibody linked to a payload drug. Overall, the underlying principle of ADCs is the discerning delivery of a drug to a target, hoping to increase the potency of the original drug. Drugena suite is a pioneering platform that employs state-of-the-art computational biology methods in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases using ADCs. Drugena encompasses an up-to-date structural database of specialized antibodies for neurological disorders and the NCI database with over 96 million entities for the in silico development of ADCs. The pipeline of the Drugena suite has been divided into several steps and modules that are closely related with a synergistic fashion under a user-friendly graphical user interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Papageorgiou
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Salis
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marianna Hagidimitriou
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Maroulis
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Genetics and Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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89
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Huynh LM, Burns MP, Taub DD, Blackman MR, Zhou J. Chronic Neurobehavioral Impairments and Decreased Hippocampal Expression of Genes Important for Brain Glucose Utilization in a Mouse Model of Mild TBI. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556380. [PMID: 33071972 PMCID: PMC7531511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.556380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an essential cellular fuel for maintaining normal brain functions. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) decreases brain glucose utilization in both human and experimental animals during the acute or subacute phase of TBI. It remains unclear as to how the damages affect brain glucose utilization and its association with persistent neurobehavioral impairments in the chronic phase of mild TBI (mTBI). Accordingly, we compared expression of selected genes important to brain glucose utilization in different brain regions of mice during the chronic phase in mTBI vs. sham operated mice. These genes included hexokinase-1 (HK1), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), capillary glucose transporter (Glut-1), neuron glucose transporter (Glut-3), astrocyte lactate transpor1 (MCT-1), neuron lactate transporter (MCT-2), lactate receptor (GPR81), and Hexokinase isoform-2 (HK2). Young adult male C57BL/6J mice were brain injured with repetitive closed-head concussions. Morris water maze (MWM), elevated plus maze (EPM), and neurological severity score test (NSS) were performed for evaluation of mice neurobehavioral impairments at 2, 4, and 6 months post mTBI. Two days after completion of the last behavioral test, the frontal cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, hypothalamus, and cerebellum were collected for gene expression measurements. The expression of the mRNAs encoding PK, and PDH, two critical enzymes in glucose metabolism, was decreased at all-time points only in the hippocampus, but was unchanged in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and cortex in mTBI mice. mTBI mice also exhibited the following behavioral alterations: (1) decreased spatial learning and memory 2, 4, and 6 months after the injury, (2) increased proportion of time spent on open vs. closed arms determined by EPM, and (3) accelerated reduction in motor activity observed at 4 months, two months earlier than observed in the sham group, during the EPM testing. There were no significant differences in NSS between injury and sham groups at any of the three time points. Thus, mTBI in male mice led to persistent decreased hippocampal expression of mRNAs that encode critical glucose utilization related enzymes in association with long-term impairments in selected neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Huynh
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mark P. Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniel D. Taub
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marc R. Blackman
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - June Zhou
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: June Zhou
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90
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REYCRAFT JOSHUAT, ISLAM HASHIM, TOWNSEND LOGANK, HAYWARD GRANTC, HAZELL TOMJ, MACPHERSON REBECCAEK. Exercise Intensity and Recovery on Circulating Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:1210-1217. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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91
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Lotz S, Heinen E, Stöcker F, Beyer M, Heinen E. An easy method to correct the bias of non-metabolic CO2 release on indirect calorimetry. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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92
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Pang R, Wang X, Du Z, Pei F, Li Z, Sun L, Wang S, Peng Y, Lu X, Gao X, Chang C. The distribution and density of monocarboxylate transporter 2 in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of wild-type mice. J Anat 2019; 236:370-377. [PMID: 31713246 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylates cannot cross the blood-brain barrier freely to participate in brain energy metabolism. Specific monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are needed to cross cellular membranes. Monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a major monocarboxylate transporter encoded by the SLC16A7 gene. Recent studies reported that neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), were related to energy metabolic impairment. MCT2 also plays an important role in energy metabolism in the CNS. To provide experimental evidence for future research on the role of MCT2 in the pathological process of CNS degenerative diseases, the distribution and density of MCT2 in different subregions of wild-type mouse brain was examined using immunohistochemistry, western blot and immunogold post-embedding electron microscopic techniques. The amount of MCT2 was higher in cerebellum than in cortex and hippocampus on western blots, and there was no statistical difference between cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry assay revealed the highest density of MCT2 in the CA3 of the hippocampus. The granular cell layer of the cerebellum contained more MCT2 than the molecular layer. The MCT2 density on the end feet of astrocytes of molecular layer was lower than in hippocampus, but the postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of asymmetric synapses in the molecular layer exhibited a high density using immunogold post-embedding electron microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Libing Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingnan Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xupeng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqun Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Birth Defect Prevention Key Laboratory, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Birth Defect Prevention Key Laboratory, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
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93
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Eid T, Lee TSW, Patrylo P, Zaveri HP. Astrocytes and Glutamine Synthetase in Epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1345-1362. [PMID: 30022509 PMCID: PMC6338538 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular, molecular, and metabolic mechanisms that underlie the development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in epilepsy development (a.k.a. epileptogenesis), particularly astrocyte pathologies related to: aquaporin 4, the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1, monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2, excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, and glutamine synthetase. We propose that inhibition, dysfunction or loss of astrocytic glutamine synthetase is an important causative factor for some epilepsies, particularly mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and glioblastoma-associated epilepsy. We postulate that the regulatory mechanisms of glutamine synthetase as well as the downstream effects of glutamine synthetase dysfunction, represent attractive, new targets for antiepileptogenic interventions. Currently, no antiepileptogenic therapies are available for human use. The discovery of such interventions is important as it will fundamentally change the way we approach epilepsy by preventing the disease from ever becoming manifest after an epileptogenic insult to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Peter Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
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94
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Developing Trojan horses to induce, diagnose and suppress Alzheimer’s pathology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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95
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Hypertonic Lactate to Improve Cerebral Perfusion and Glucose Availability After Acute Brain Injury. Crit Care Med 2019; 46:1649-1655. [PMID: 29923931 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lactate promotes cerebral blood flow and is an efficient substrate for the brain, particularly at times of glucose shortage. Hypertonic lactate is neuroprotective after experimental brain injury; however, human data are limited. DESIGN Prospective study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01573507). SETTING Academic ICU. PATIENTS Twenty-three brain-injured subjects (13 traumatic brain injury/10 subarachnoid hemorrhage; median age, 59 yr [41-65 yr]; median Glasgow Coma Scale, 6 [3-7]). INTERVENTIONS Three-hour IV infusion of hypertonic lactate (sodium lactate, 1,000 mmol/L; concentration, 30 µmol/kg/min) administered 39 hours (26-49 hr) from injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We examined the effect of hypertonic lactate on cerebral perfusion (using transcranial Doppler) and brain energy metabolism (using cerebral microdialysis). The majority of subjects (13/23 = 57%) had reduced brain glucose availability (baseline pretreatment cerebral microdialysis glucose, < 1 mmol/L) despite normal baseline intracranial pressure (10 [7-15] mm Hg). Hypertonic lactate was associated with increased cerebral microdialysis lactate (+55% [31-80%]) that was paralleled by an increase in middle cerebral artery mean cerebral blood flow velocities (+36% [21-66%]) and a decrease in pulsatility index (-21% [13-26%]; all p < 0.001). Cerebral microdialysis glucose increased above normal range during hypertonic lactate (+42% [30-78%]; p < 0.05); reduced brain glucose availability correlated with a greater improvement of cerebral microdialysis glucose (Spearman r = -0.53; p = 0.009). No significant changes in cerebral perfusion pressure, mean arterial pressure, systemic carbon dioxide, and blood glucose were observed during hypertonic lactate (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS This is the first clinical demonstration that hypertonic lactate resuscitation improves both cerebral perfusion and brain glucose availability after brain injury. These cerebral vascular and metabolic effects appeared related to brain lactate supplementation rather than to systemic effects.
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96
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Coco M, Di Corrado D, Ramaci T, Di Nuovo S, Perciavalle V, Puglisi A, Cavallari P, Bellomo M, Buscemi A. Role of lactic acid on cognitive functions. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2019; 47:329-335. [PMID: 30615538 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1557025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this research was to establish cognitive changes in relation to blood lactate levels obtained during slow performance of a regimen of exercise sessions. Methods: A total of 15 male professional bodybuilders participated in the study; CrossFit® professionals performed the Workout 15.5, Week 5 Open 2015 consisting of 27-21-15-9 repetitions for time of Row (calories) and Thrusters, with 1-min recovery. Blood lactate, blood glucose, reaction time (RT), execution time of a dual cognitive task, number of errors, and number of omissions were measured at rest, at conclusion of the session, and after recovery for 15 min. Results: The bodybuilders had slightly elevated basal lactate levels than in untrained individuals. The bodybuilders showed significantly increased lactacidemia and decreased RT after completing the training session. Need to define what onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) means. Conclusion: We conclude that bodybuilding fitness regimens lead to an increase in basal lactate levels to 3.16 mmol/L and that acute training sessions can improve attentional performance in relation to lactacidemia, suggesting pro-cognitive effects of a workout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Ramaci
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University , Enna , Italy
| | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Angela Puglisi
- Department of Biomedical a Biotechnological Sciences and Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Human Physiology Section, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University , Enna , Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Horus Social Cooperative, Ragusa and Department of Research, Center Studies of Osteopathy , Catania , Italy
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97
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Raychaudhuri D, Bhattacharya R, Sinha BP, Liu CSC, Ghosh AR, Rahaman O, Bandopadhyay P, Sarif J, D'Rozario R, Paul S, Das A, Sarkar DK, Chattopadhyay S, Ganguly D. Lactate Induces Pro-tumor Reprogramming in Intratumoral Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1878. [PMID: 31440253 PMCID: PMC6692712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the most efficient producers of type I interferons, viz. IFNα, in the body and thus have the ability to influence anti-tumor immune responses. But repression of effective intra-tumoral pDC activation is a key immuno-evasion strategy exhibited in tumors—tumor-recruited pDCs are rendered “tolerogenic,” characterized by deficiency in IFNα induction and ability to expand regulatory T cells in situ. But the tumor-derived factors that drive this functional reprogramming of intra-tumoral pDCs are not established. In this study we aimed at exploring if intra-tumoral abundance of the oncometabolite lactate influences intra-tumoral pDC function. We found that lactate attenuates IFNα induction by pDCs mediated by intracellular Ca2+ mobilization triggered by cell surface GPR81 receptor as well as directly by cytosolic import of lactate in pDCs through the cell surface monocarboxylate transporters, affecting cellular metabolism needed for effective pDC activation. We also found that lactate enhances tryptophan metabolism and kynurenine production by pDCs which contribute to induction of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells, the major immunosuppressive immune cell subset in tumor microenvironment. We validated these mechanisms of lactate-driven pDC reprogramming by looking into tumor recruited pDCs isolated from patients with breast cancers as well as in a preclinical model of breast cancer in mice. Thus, we discovered a hitherto unknown link between intra-tumoral abundance of an oncometabolite resulting from metabolic adaptation in cancer cells and the pro-tumor tolerogenic function of tumor-recruited pDCs, revealing new therapeutic targets for potentiating anti-cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Raychaudhuri
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Roopkatha Bhattacharya
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chinky Shiu Chen Liu
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrit Raj Ghosh
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Oindrila Rahaman
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Jafar Sarif
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranit D'Rozario
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Santu Paul
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Das
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Diptendra K Sarkar
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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98
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Fukuda M, Ando N, Sugasawa Y, Inoue R, Nakauchi S, Miura M, Nishimura K. Volatile anesthetic sevoflurane pretreatment alleviates hypoxia‐induced potentiation of excitatory inputs to striatal medium spiny neurons of mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3520-3530. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fukuda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Nozomi Ando
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Sugasawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Ritsuko Inoue
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Sakura Nakauchi
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Masami Miura
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | - Kinya Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
- Neurophysiology Research Group Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
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99
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Kuntz S, Kunz C, Borsch C, Vazquez E, Buck R, Reutzel M, Eckert GP, Rudloff S. Metabolic Fate and Distribution of 2´-Fucosyllactose: Direct Influence on Gut Microbial Activity but not on Brain. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900035. [PMID: 31125176 PMCID: PMC6618057 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE 2´-Fucosyllactose (2´FL) is an abundant oligosaccharide in human milk. It is hypothesized that its brain enrichment is associated with improved learning. Accumulation of 2´FL in organs, biological fluids, and feces is assessed in wild-type and germ-free mice. METHODS AND RESULTS 13 C-labelled 2´FL is applied to NMRI wild-type mice intravenously (0.2 g kg-1 ) or orally (1 g kg-1 ), while controls receive saline. Biological samples are collected (0.5-15 h) and 13 C-enrichment is measured by elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). After oral application, 2´FL is primarily eliminated in the feces. 13 C-enrichment in organs including the brain follows the same pattern as in plasma with a maximum peak after 5 h. However, 13 C-enrichment is only detected when the 13 C-2´FL bolus reaches the colon. In contrast, in germ-free mice, the 13 C-bolus remains in the intestinal content and is expelled via the feces. Furthermore, intravenously applied 13 C-2´FL is eliminated via urine; no 13 C-enrichment of organs is observed, suggesting that intact 2´FL is not retained. CONCLUSIONS 13 C-enrichment in brain and other organs after oral application of 13 C-2´FL in wild-type mice indicates cleaved fucose or other gut microbial 2´FL metabolites may be incorporated, as opposed to intact 2´FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kuntz
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
| | - Christian Borsch
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
| | | | - Rachael Buck
- Discovery R&D, Abbott NutritionColumbusOH43219USA
| | - Martina Reutzel
- Institute of PharmacologyGoethe‐University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Gunter Peter Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
- Institute of PharmacologyGoethe‐University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
- Department of PediatricsJustus‐Liebig University Giessen35392GiessenGermany
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100
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Lev-Vachnish Y, Cadury S, Rotter-Maskowitz A, Feldman N, Roichman A, Illouz T, Varvak A, Nicola R, Madar R, Okun E. L-Lactate Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:403. [PMID: 31178678 PMCID: PMC6542996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons in the adult brain, is important for memory formation and extinction. One of the most studied external interventions that affect the rate of adult neurogenesis is physical exercise. Physical exercise promotes adult neurogenesis via several factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we identified L-lactate, a physical exercise-induced metabolite, as a factor that promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis. While prolonged exposure to L-lactate promoted neurogenesis, no beneficial effect was exerted on cognitive learning and memory. Systemic pharmacological blocking of monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), which transports L-lactate to the brain, prevented lactate-induced neurogenesis, while 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-DHBA), an agonist for the lactate-receptor hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1), did not affect adult neurogenesis. These data suggest that L-lactate partially mediates the effect of physical exercise on adult neurogenesis, but not cognition, in a MCT2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeli Lev-Vachnish
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sharon Cadury
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviva Rotter-Maskowitz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Noa Feldman
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Asael Roichman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alexander Varvak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raneen Nicola
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
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