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Targeting broadly neutralizing antibody precursors: a naïve approach to vaccine design. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:294-301. [PMID: 30946041 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is believed that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) will be an important component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Several immunogens have been designed that can target specific precursor B cells as a first step in a vaccine strategy to elicit bNAbs. RECENT FINDINGS Germline-targeting immunogens have been developed that specifically engage precursors of reproducible classes of anti-HIV antibodies, such as VRC01-class and apex-directed bNAbs. However, these precursors represent only a small portion of the immune repertoire and any antigen will inherently present off-target epitopes to the immune system that may confound bNAb development. Novel animal models are being utilized to understand the competitive fitness of bNAb precursors in the context of immunization with germline-targeting immunogens. In parallel, immunogen design efforts are being pursued to favor the development of bNAb responses over off-target responses following immunization. New studies of bNAb precursor interactions with glycosylated Env variants can inform prime-boost regimens geared towards accelerating bNAb development. SUMMARY Germline-targeting immunogens hold promise as a first step in eliciting a bNAb response through vaccination. A better understating of how efficiently germline-targeting immunogens can specifically target rare bNAb precursors is emerging. In addition, a more comprehensive structure-based understanding of critical barriers to bNAb elicitation, as well as commonalities between bNAb classes can further inform vaccine design.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will discuss recent advances in the development of nanoparticle vaccines presenting HIV-1 envelope trimer vaccines and the immunological mechanisms by which they act. RECENT FINDINGS The multivalent presentation of Env trimers on nanoparticles is a promising strategy to increase Env immunogenicity. Recent studies have shed light on how Env nanoparticles increase lymph node trafficking and germinal center formation by using the lectin-mediated complement pathway and enhancing the interaction with naïve B cells. Meanwhile, research on different nanoparticle platforms has resulted in improved designs, such as liposomes with improved stability, and the emergence of novel platforms such as protein nanoparticles that self-assemble in vitro. Immmunogenicity studies with these nanoparticles delineate the advantages and expose the limitations of the different nanoparticle platforms. SUMMARY It is becoming increasingly clear that HIV-1 vaccine research might benefit greatly from using nanoparticles presenting Env trimers, particularly during the priming stage of immunization. Among the different nanoparticles that are being pursued, in vitro-assembling nanoparticles allow for greater control of Env quality making them a promising nanoparticle platform.
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53
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Singh S, Homad LJ, Akins NR, Stoffers CM, Lackhar S, Malhi H, Wan YH, Rawlings DJ, McGuire AT. Neutralizing Antibodies Protect against Oral Transmission of Lymphocryptovirus. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32724901 PMCID: PMC7386402 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen for which there is no vaccine. Successful anti-viral vaccines elicit antibodies that neutralize infectivity; however, it is unknown whether neutralizing antibodies prevent EBV acquisition. Here we assessed whether passively delivered AMMO1, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes EBV in a cell-type-independent manner, could protect against experimental EBV challenge in two animal infection models. When present prior to a high-dose intravenous EBV challenge, AMMO1 prevented viremia and reduced viral loads to nearly undetectable levels in humanized mice. AMMO1 conferred sterilizing immunity to three of four macaques challenged orally with rhesus lymphocryptovirus, the EBV ortholog that infects rhesus macaques. The infected macaque had lower plasma neutralizing activity than the protected animals. These results indicate that a vaccine capable of eliciting adequate titers of neutralizing antibodies targeting the AMMO1 epitope may protect against EBV acquisition and are therefore highly relevant to the design of an effective EBV vaccine. An anti-EBV mAb, AMMO1, limits viral replication following challenge in humanized mice AMMO1 cross-reacts with and neutralizes rhesus lymphocryptovirus Adequate levels of AMMO1 prevent oral acquisition of rhLCV in macaques Protection afforded by neutralizing antibody provides proof of concept for EBV vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicholas R Akins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Claire M Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Stefan Lackhar
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Lead Contact
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54
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Moyo T, Kitchin D, Moore PL. Targeting the N332-supersite of the HIV-1 envelope for vaccine design. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:499-509. [PMID: 32340497 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1752183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are able to target diverse global viruses are widely believed to be crucial for an HIV-1 vaccine. Several conserved targets recognized by these antibodies have been identified on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. One such target that shows particular promise for vaccination is the N332-supersite.Areas covered: This review describes the potential of the N332-supersite epitope as an immunogen design platform. We discuss the structure of the epitope and the bNAbs that target it, emphasizing their diverse modes of binding. Furthermore, the successes and limitations of recent N332-supersite immunization studies are discussed.Expert opinion: During HIV-1 infection, some of the broadest and most potent bNAbs target the N332-supersite. Furthermore, some of these antibodies require less affinity maturation than the high levels typical of many bNAbs, making these potentially more achievable vaccine targets. In addition, bNAbs bind this epitope with multiple angles of approach and glycan dependencies, perhaps increasing the probability of eliciting such responses by vaccination. Animal studies have shown that N332-supersite bNAb precursors can be activated by novel immunogens. While follow-up studies must establish whether boosting strategies can drive the maturation of bNAbs from these precursors, the development of targeted N332-supersite immunogens expands our arsenal of potential HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Moyo
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dale Kitchin
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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55
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Conditional antibody expression to avoid central B cell deletion in humanized HIV-1 vaccine mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7929-7940. [PMID: 32209668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine development aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse viral strains. In some HIV-1-infected individuals, bnAbs evolved from precursor antibodies through affinity maturation. To induce bnAbs, a vaccine must mediate a similar antibody maturation process. One way to test a vaccine is to immunize mouse models that express human bnAb precursors and assess whether the vaccine can convert precursor antibodies into bnAbs. A major problem with such mouse models is that bnAb expression often hinders B cell development. Such developmental blocks may be attributed to the unusual properties of bnAb variable regions, such as poly-reactivity and long antigen-binding loops, which are usually under negative selection during primary B cell development. To address this problem, we devised a method to circumvent such B cell developmental blocks by expressing bnAbs conditionally in mature B cells. We validated this method by expressing the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the human VRC26 bnAb in transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of the VRC26UCA led to developmental arrest of B cell progenitors in bone marrow; poly-reactivity of the VRC26UCA and poor pairing of the VRC26UCA heavy chain with the mouse surrogate light chain may contribute to this phenotype. The conditional expression strategy bypassed the impediment to VRC26UCA B cell development, enabling the expression of VRC26UCA in mature B cells. This approach should be generally applicable for expressing other bnAbs that are under negative selection during B cell development.
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56
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Galkin A, Chen Y, Guenaga J, O'Dell S, Acevedo R, Steinhardt JJ, Wang Y, Wilson R, Chiang CI, Doria-Rose N, Grishaev AV, Mascola JR, Li Y. HIV-1 gp120-CD4-Induced Antibody Complex Elicits CD4 Binding Site-Specific Antibody Response in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1543-1561. [PMID: 32066595 PMCID: PMC7065964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of broadly neutralizing Ab (bNAb) responses toward the conserved HIV-1 envelope (Env) CD4 binding site (CD4bs) by vaccination is an important goal for vaccine development and yet to be achieved. The outcome of previous immunogenicity studies suggests that the limited accessibility of the CD4bs and the presence of predominant nonneutralizing determinants (nND) on Env may impede the elicitation of bNAbs and their precursors by vaccination. In this study, we designed a panel of novel immunogens that 1) preferentially expose the CD4bs by selective elimination of glycosylation sites flanking the CD4bs, and 2) minimize the nND immune response by engineering fusion proteins consisting of gp120 Core and one or two CD4-induced (CD4i) mAbs for masking nND epitopes, referred to as gp120-CD4i fusion proteins. As expected, the fusion proteins possess improved antigenicity with retained affinity for VRC01-class, CD4bs-directed bNAbs and dampened affinity for nonneutralizing Abs. We immunized C57BL/6 mice with these fusion proteins and found that overall the fusion proteins elicit more focused CD4bs Ab response than prototypical gp120 Core by serological analysis. Consistently, we found that mice immunized with selected gp120-CD4i fusion proteins have higher frequencies of germinal center-activated B cells and CD4bs-directed memory B cells than those inoculated with parental immunogens. We isolated three mAbs from mice immunized with selected gp120-CD4i fusion proteins and found that their footprints on Env are similar to VRC01-class bNAbs. Thus, using gp120-CD4i fusion proteins with selective glycan deletion as immunogens could focus Ab response toward CD4bs epitope.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galkin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center of Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Javier Guenaga
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Roderico Acevedo
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - James J Steinhardt
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Richard Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alexander V Grishaev
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center of Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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57
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Bradley T, Kuraoka M, Yeh CH, Tian M, Chen H, Cain DW, Chen X, Cheng C, Ellebedy AH, Parks R, Barr M, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Santra S, Wiehe K, Lewis MG, Ogbe A, Borrow P, Montefiori D, Bonsignori M, Anthony Moody M, Verkoczy L, Saunders KO, Ahmed R, Mascola JR, Kelsoe G, Alt FW, Haynes BF. Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32075963 PMCID: PMC7031230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting protective titers of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development, but current vaccine strategies have yet to induce bnAbs in humans. Many bnAbs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals are encoded by immunoglobulin gene rearrangments with infrequent naive B cell precursors and with unusual genetic features that may be subject to host regulatory control. Here, we administer antibodies targeting immune cell regulatory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1 or OX40 along with HIV envelope (Env) vaccines to rhesus macaques and bnAb immunoglobulin knock-in (KI) mice expressing diverse precursors of CD4 binding site HIV-1 bnAbs. CTLA-4 blockade augments HIV-1 Env antibody responses in macaques, and in a bnAb-precursor mouse model, CTLA-4 blocking or OX40 agonist antibodies increase germinal center B and T follicular helper cells and plasma neutralizing antibodies. Thus, modulation of CTLA-4 or OX40 immune checkpoints during vaccination can promote germinal center activity and enhance HIV-1 Env antibody responses. Elucidation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) is a goal in HIV vaccine development. Here, Bradley et al. show that administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody with vaccine antigens increases HIV-1 envelope antibody responses in macaques and a bnAb precursor mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hilary Bouton-Verville
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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58
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Proteins mimicking epitope of HIV-1 virus neutralizing antibody induce virus-neutralizing sera in mice. EBioMedicine 2020; 47:247-256. [PMID: 31544770 PMCID: PMC6796546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an effective vaccine preventing HIV-1 infection is hindered by the enormous antigenic variability and unique biochemical and immunological properties of HIV-1 Env glycoprotein, the most promising target for HIV-1 neutralizing antibody. Functional studies of rare elite neutralizers led to the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Methods We employed a highly complex combinatorial protein library derived from a 5 kDa albumin-binding domain scaffold, fused with support protein of total 38 kDa, to screen for binders of broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 paratope. The most specific binders were used for immunization of experimental mice to elicit Env-specific antibodies and to test their neutralization activity using a panel of HIV-1 clade C and B pseudoviruses. Findings Three most specific binders designated as VRA017, VRA019, and VRA177 exhibited high specificity to VRC01 antibody. Immunized mice produced Env-binding antibodies which neutralize eight of twelve HIV-1 Tier 2 pseudoviruses. Molecular modelling revealed a shape complementarity between VRA proteins and a part of VRC01 gp120 interacting surface. Interpretation This strategy based on the identification of protein replicas of broadly neutralizing antibody paratope represents a novel approach in HIV-1 vaccine development. This approach is not affected by low immunogenicity of neutralization-sensitive epitopes, variability, and unique biochemical properties of HIV-1 Env used as a crucial antigen in the majority of contemporary tested vaccines. Fund Czech Health Research Council 15-32198A, Ministry of Health, Czech Republic.
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59
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Virus-Like Particles and Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development against HCMV. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010035. [PMID: 31905677 PMCID: PMC7019358 DOI: 10.3390/v12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects more than 70% of the human population worldwide. HCMV is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients and remains the leading viral cause of congenital birth defects. Despite considerable efforts in vaccine and therapeutic development, HCMV infection still represents an unmet clinical need and a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and newborns. Immune repertoire interrogation of HCMV seropositive patients allowed the identification of several potential antigens for vaccine design. However, recent HCMV vaccine clinical trials did not lead to a satisfactory outcome in term of efficacy. Therefore, combining antigens with orthogonal technologies to further increase the induction of neutralizing antibodies could improve the likelihood of a vaccine to reach protective efficacy in humans. Indeed, presentation of multiple copies of an antigen in a repetitive array is known to drive a more robust humoral immune response than its soluble counterpart. Virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) are powerful platforms for multivalent antigen presentation. Several self-assembling proteins have been successfully used as scaffolds to present complex glycoprotein antigens on their surface. In this review, we describe some key aspects of the immune response to HCMV and discuss the scaffolds that were successfully used to increase vaccine efficacy against viruses with unmet medical need.
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60
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Steach HR, DeBuysscher BL, Schwartz A, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Baker ML, Tooley MR, Pease NA, Taylor JJ. Cross-Reactivity with Self-Antigen Tunes the Functional Potential of Naive B Cells Specific for Foreign Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:498-509. [PMID: 31882518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon Ag exposure, naive B cells expressing BCR able to bind Ag can undergo robust proliferation and differentiation that can result in the production of Ab-secreting and memory B cells. The factors determining whether an individual naive B cell will proliferate following Ag encounter remains unclear. In this study, we found that polyclonal naive murine B cell populations specific for a variety of foreign Ags express high levels of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77, which is known to be upregulated downstream of BCR signaling as a result of cross-reactivity with self-antigens in vivo. Similarly, a fraction of naive human B cells specific for clinically-relevant Ags derived from respiratory syncytial virus and HIV-1 also exhibited an IgMLOW IgD+ phenotype, which is associated with self-antigen cross-reactivity. Functionally, naive B cells expressing moderate levels of Nur77 are most likely to proliferate in vivo following Ag injection. Together, our data indicate that BCR cross-reactivity with self-antigen is a common feature of populations of naive B cells specific for foreign Ags and a moderate level of cross-reactivity primes individual cells for optimal proliferative responses following Ag exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Steach
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Blair L DeBuysscher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Allison Schwartz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Melissa L Baker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Marti R Tooley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Nicholas A Pease
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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61
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Steichen JM, Lin YC, Havenar-Daughton C, Pecetta S, Ozorowski G, Willis JR, Toy L, Sok D, Liguori A, Kratochvil S, Torres JL, Kalyuzhniy O, Melzi E, Kulp DW, Raemisch S, Hu X, Bernard SM, Georgeson E, Phelps N, Adachi Y, Kubitz M, Landais E, Umotoy J, Robinson A, Briney B, Wilson IA, Burton DR, Ward AB, Crotty S, Batista FD, Schief WR. A generalized HIV vaccine design strategy for priming of broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Science 2019; 366:eaax4380. [PMID: 31672916 PMCID: PMC7092357 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV remains a major challenge. Germline-targeting immunogens hold promise for initiating the induction of certain bnAb classes; yet for most bnAbs, a strong dependence on antibody heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) is a major barrier. Exploiting ultradeep human antibody sequencing data, we identified a diverse set of potential antibody precursors for a bnAb with dominant HCDR3 contacts. We then developed HIV envelope trimer-based immunogens that primed responses from rare bnAb-precursor B cells in a mouse model and bound a range of potential bnAb-precursor human naïve B cells in ex vivo screens. Our repertoire-guided germline-targeting approach provides a framework for priming the induction of many HIV bnAbs and could be applied to most HCDR3-dominant antibodies from other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Steichen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ying-Cing Lin
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Toy
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eleonora Melzi
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Vaccine and Immune Therapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sebastian Raemisch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Umotoy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Facundo D Batista
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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62
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Denoël T, Pedrelli L, Pantaleo G, Prior JO. A Robust Method for Assaying the Immunoreactive Fraction in Nonequilibrium Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E177. [PMID: 31817013 PMCID: PMC6958493 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoreactive fraction r provides important information on the functional purity of radiolabeled proteins. It is traditionally determined by saturating the radioimmunoconjugate with an increasing excess of antigen, followed by linear extrapolation to infinite antigen excess in a double inverse "Lindmo plot". Although several reports have described shortcomings in the Lindmo plot, a systematic examination is lacking. Using an experimental and simulation-based approach, we compared-for accuracy, precision and robustness-the Lindmo plot with the "rectangular hyperbola" extrapolation method based on the Langmuir model. The differences between the theoretical and extrapolated r values demonstrate that nonequilibrium and antigen depletion are important sources of error. The mathematical distortions resulting from the linearization of the data in the Lindmo plot induce fragility towards stochastic errors and make it necessary to exclude low bound fractions. The rectangular hyperbola provides robust and precise r estimates from raw binding data, even for slow kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Denoël
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Luca Pedrelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - John O. Prior
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.P.); (J.O.P.)
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63
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Parks KR, MacCamy AJ, Trichka J, Gray M, Weidle C, Borst AJ, Khechaduri A, Takushi B, Agrawal P, Guenaga J, Wyatt RT, Coler R, Seaman M, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Veesler D, Pancera M, McGuire A, Stamatatos L. Overcoming Steric Restrictions of VRC01 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies through Immunization. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3060-3072.e7. [PMID: 31801073 PMCID: PMC6936959 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly HIV-1 neutralizing VRC01 class antibodies target the CD4-binding site of Env. They are derived from VH1-2∗02 antibody heavy chains paired with rare light chains expressing 5-amino acid-long CDRL3s. They have been isolated from infected subjects but have not yet been elicited by immunization. Env-derived immunogens capable of binding the germline forms of VRC01 B cell receptors on naive B cells have been designed and evaluated in knockin mice. However, the elicited antibodies cannot bypass glycans present on the conserved position N276 of Env, which restricts access to the CD4-binding site. Efforts to guide the appropriate maturation of these antibodies by sequential immunization have not yet been successful. Here, we report on a two-step immunization scheme that leads to the maturation of VRC01-like antibodies capable of accommodating the N276 glycan and displaying autologous tier 2 neutralizing activities. Our results are relevant to clinical trials aiming to elicit VRC01 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rachael Parks
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna J MacCamy
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josephine Trichka
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Gray
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arineh Khechaduri
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brittany Takushi
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parul Agrawal
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rhea Coler
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Andrew McGuire
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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64
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del Moral-Sánchez I, Sliepen K. Strategies for inducing effective neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1127-1143. [PMID: 31791150 PMCID: PMC6961309 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective prophylactic vaccine available against HIV-1. Currently, substantial efforts are devoted to the development of vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are capable of neutralizing most HIV-1 strains. All bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), but Env immunizations usually only induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the sequence-matched virus and not against other strains.Areas covered: We describe the different strategies that have been explored to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 NAb responses. The discussed strategies include the application of engineered Env immunogens, optimization of (bNAb) epitopes, different cocktail and sequential vaccination strategies, nanoparticles and nucleic acid-based vaccines.Expert opinion: A combination of the strategies described in this review and future approaches are probably needed to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can induce broad, potent and long-lasting NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Kwinten Sliepen Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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65
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Finney J, Watanabe A, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:24-36. [PMID: 31559648 PMCID: PMC6935408 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V-, D-, and J-gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self-antigens, and these "forbidden" B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B-cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self-epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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66
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Sangesland M, Ronsard L, Kazer SW, Bals J, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Yousif AS, Barnes R, Feldman J, Quirindongo-Crespo M, McTamney PM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Chackerian B, Graham BS, Kanekiyo M, Shalek AK, Lingwood D. Germline-Encoded Affinity for Cognate Antigen Enables Vaccine Amplification of a Human Broadly Neutralizing Response against Influenza Virus. Immunity 2019; 51:735-749.e8. [PMID: 31563464 PMCID: PMC6801110 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody paratopes are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s) and variable gene-encoded CDRs. The latter show biased usage in human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against both HIV and influenza virus, suggesting the existence of gene-endowed targeting solutions that may be amenable to pathway amplification. To test this, we generated transgenic mice with human CDRH3 diversity but simultaneously constrained to individual user-defined human immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain (VH) genes, including IGHV1-69, which shows biased usage in human bnAbs targeting the hemagglutinin stalk of group 1 influenza A viruses. Sequential immunization with a stalk-only hemagglutinin nanoparticle elicited group 1 bnAbs, but only in IGHV1-69 mice. This VH-endowed response required minimal affinity maturation, was elicited alongside pre-existing influenza immunity, and when IGHV1-69 B cells were diluted to match the frequency measured in humans. These results indicate that the human repertoire could, in principle, support germline-encoded bnAb elicitation using a single recombinant hemagglutinin immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2425 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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67
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Burnett DL, Reed JH, Christ D, Goodnow CC. Clonal redemption and clonal anergy as mechanisms to balance B cell tolerance and immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:61-75. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Joanne H. Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
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68
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Brouwer PJM, Antanasijevic A, Berndsen Z, Yasmeen A, Fiala B, Bijl TPL, Bontjer I, Bale JB, Sheffler W, Allen JD, Schorcht A, Burger JA, Camacho M, Ellis D, Cottrell CA, Behrens AJ, Catalano M, Del Moral-Sánchez I, Ketas TJ, LaBranche C, van Gils MJ, Sliepen K, Stewart LJ, Crispin M, Montefiori DC, Baker D, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Ward AB, King NP, Sanders RW. Enhancing and shaping the immunogenicity of native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers with a two-component protein nanoparticle. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4272. [PMID: 31537780 PMCID: PMC6753213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of native-like HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer antigens has enabled the induction of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against neutralization-resistant HIV-1 strains in animal models. However, NAb responses are relatively weak and narrow in specificity. Displaying antigens in a multivalent fashion on nanoparticles (NPs) is an established strategy to increase their immunogenicity. Here we present the design and characterization of two-component protein NPs displaying 20 stabilized SOSIP trimers from various HIV-1 strains. The two-component nature permits the incorporation of exclusively well-folded, native-like Env trimers into NPs that self-assemble in vitro with high efficiency. Immunization studies show that the NPs are particularly efficacious as priming immunogens, improve the quality of the Ab response over a conventional one-component nanoparticle system, and are most effective when SOSIP trimers with an apex-proximate neutralizing epitope are displayed. Their ability to enhance and shape the immunogenicity of SOSIP trimers make these NPs a promising immunogen platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J M Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Zachary Berndsen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob B Bale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Arzeda Corporation, Seattle, Washington, 98119, USA
| | - William Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna Schorcht
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Camacho
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Anna-Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK.,New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachussetts, 01938, USA
| | - Marco Catalano
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Del Moral-Sánchez
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA. .,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
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69
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Neutralization-guided design of HIV-1 envelope trimers with high affinity for the unmutated common ancestor of CH235 lineage CD4bs broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008026. [PMID: 31527908 PMCID: PMC6764681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is susceptible to multiple lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that are attractive to elicit with vaccines. The CH235 lineage (VH1-46) of CD4bs bnAbs is particularly attractive because the most mature members neutralize 90% of circulating strains, do not possess long HCDR3 regions, and do not contain insertions and deletions that may be difficult to induce. We used virus neutralization to measure the interaction of CH235 unmutated common ancestor (CH235 UCA) with functional Env trimers on infectious virions to guide immunogen design for this bnAb lineage. Two Env mutations were identified, one in loop D (N279K) and another in V5 (G458Y), that acted synergistically to render autologous CH505 transmitted/founder virus susceptible to neutralization by CH235 UCA. Man5-enriched N-glycans provided additional synergy for neutralization. CH235 UCA bound with nanomolar affinity to corresponding soluble native-like Env trimers as candidate immunogens. A cryo-EM structure of CH235 UCA bound to Man5-enriched CH505.N279K.G458Y.SOSIP.664 revealed interactions of the antibody light chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR L3) with the engineered Env loops D and V5. These results demonstrate that virus neutralization can directly inform vaccine design and suggest a germline targeting and reverse engineering strategy to initiate and mature the CH235 bnAb lineage. Despite a wealth of information on the epitopes, ontogeny, structure and maturation pathways of multiple epitope classes of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), there has been little progress eliciting similar antibodies by vaccination. One major contributing factor is the failure of many candidate immunogens to engage germline reverted forms of bnAbs, making it unlikely that they will provide adequate stimulation of appropriate naïve B cells to initiate bnAb lineages. Here we used virus neutralization to identify two point mutations and a modified glycan profile that together render HIV-1 CH505 Env-pseudotyped virus highly susceptible to neutralization by a germline-reverted form of the CH235 lineage of CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bnAbs. These same modifications permit strong binding of corresponding soluble native-like CH505 Env trimers to germline-reverted CH235. These observations provide a conceptual framework for the design and testing of novel immunogens that aim to elicit the CH235 bnAb lineage.
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70
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Brinkkemper M, Sliepen K. Nanoparticle Vaccines for Inducing HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E76. [PMID: 31362378 PMCID: PMC6789800 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous sequence diversity between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains poses a major roadblock for generating a broadly protective vaccine. Many experimental HIV-1 vaccine efforts are therefore aimed at eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are capable of neutralizing the majority of circulating HIV-1 strains. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer on the viral membrane is the sole target of bNAbs and the key component of vaccination approaches aimed at eliciting bNAbs. Multimeric presentation of Env on nanoparticles often plays a critical role in these strategies. Here, we will discuss the different aspects of nanoparticles in Env vaccination, including recent insights in immunological processes underlying their perceived advantages, the different nanoparticle platforms and the various immunogenicity studies that employed nanoparticles to improve (neutralizing) antibody responses against Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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71
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Dosenovic P, Pettersson AK, Wall A, Thientosapol ES, Feng J, Weidle C, Bhullar K, Kara EE, Hartweger H, Pai JA, Gray MD, Parks KR, Taylor JJ, Pancera M, Stamatatos L, Nussenzweig MC, McGuire AT. Anti-idiotypic antibodies elicit anti-HIV-1-specific B cell responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2316-2330. [PMID: 31345931 PMCID: PMC6780999 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) protect against infection in animal models. However, bNAbs have not been elicited by vaccination in diverse wild-type animals or humans, in part because B cells expressing the precursors of these antibodies do not recognize most HIV-1 envelopes (Envs). Immunogens have been designed that activate these B cell precursors in vivo, but they also activate competing off-target responses. Here we report on a complementary approach to expand specific B cells using an anti-idiotypic antibody, iv8, that selects for naive human B cells expressing immunoglobulin light chains with 5-amino acid complementarity determining region 3s, a key feature of anti-CD4 binding site (CD4bs)-specific VRC01-class antibodies. In mice, iv8 induced target cells to expand and mature in the context of a polyclonal immune system and produced serologic responses targeting the CD4bs on Env. In summary, the results demonstrate that an anti-idiotypic antibody can specifically recognize and expand rare B cells that express VRC01-class antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eddy S Thientosapol
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Junli Feng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Komal Bhullar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ervin E Kara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - K Rachael Parks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
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72
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Bancroft T, DeBuysscher BL, Weidle C, Schwartz A, Wall A, Gray MD, Feng J, Steach HR, Fitzpatrick KS, Gewe MM, Skog PD, Doyle-Cooper C, Ota T, Strong RK, Nemazee D, Pancera M, Stamatatos L, McGuire AT, Taylor JJ. Detection and activation of HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells using anti-idiotypes. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2331-2347. [PMID: 31345930 PMCID: PMC6780997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tested vaccines fail to provide protection against disease despite the induction of antibodies that bind the pathogen of interest. In light of this, there is much interest in rationally designed subunit vaccines that direct the antibody response to protective epitopes. Here, we produced a panel of anti-idiotype antibodies able to specifically recognize the inferred germline version of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) broadly neutralizing antibody b12 (iglb12). We determined the crystal structure of two anti-idiotypes in complex with iglb12 and used these anti-idiotypes to identify rare naive human B cells expressing B cell receptors with similarity to iglb12. Immunization with a multimerized version of this anti-idiotype induced the proliferation of transgenic murine B cells expressing the iglb12 heavy chain in vivo, despite the presence of deletion and anergy within this population. Together, our data indicate that anti-idiotypes are a valuable tool for the study and induction of potentially protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Bancroft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Blair L DeBuysscher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Allison Schwartz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Junli Feng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Holly R Steach
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mesfin M Gewe
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Colleen Doyle-Cooper
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Roland K Strong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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73
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Umotoy J, Bagaya BS, Joyce C, Schiffner T, Menis S, Saye-Francisco KL, Biddle T, Mohan S, Vollbrecht T, Kalyuzhniy O, Madzorera S, Kitchin D, Lambson B, Nonyane M, Kilembe W, Poignard P, Schief WR, Burton DR, Murrell B, Moore PL, Briney B, Sok D, Landais E. Rapid and Focused Maturation of a VRC01-Class HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Lineage Involves Both Binding and Accommodation of the N276-Glycan. Immunity 2019; 51:141-154.e6. [PMID: 31315032 PMCID: PMC6642152 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The VH1-2 restricted VRC01-class of antibodies targeting the HIV envelope CD4 binding site are a major focus of HIV vaccine strategies. However, a detailed analysis of VRC01-class antibody development has been limited by the rare nature of these responses during natural infection and the lack of longitudinal sampling of such responses. To inform vaccine strategies, we mapped the development of a VRC01-class antibody lineage (PCIN63) in the subtype C infected IAVI Protocol C neutralizer PC063. PCIN63 monoclonal antibodies had the hallmark VRC01-class features and demonstrated neutralization breadth similar to the prototype VRC01 antibody, but were 2- to 3-fold less mutated. Maturation occurred rapidly within ∼24 months of emergence of the lineage and somatic hypermutations accumulated at key contact residues. This longitudinal study of broadly neutralizing VRC01-class antibody lineage reveals early binding to the N276-glycan during affinity maturation, which may have implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Umotoy
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Bernard S Bagaya
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda
| | - Collin Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Karen L Saye-Francisco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Trevor Biddle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sanjay Mohan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Oleksander Kalyuzhniy
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Sharon Madzorera
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Dale Kitchin
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Bronwen Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | | | - Pascal Poignard
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - William R Schief
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; School of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID) The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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74
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Francica JR, Laga R, Lynn GM, Mužíková G, Androvič L, Aussedat B, Walkowicz WE, Padhan K, Ramirez-Valdez RA, Parks R, Schmidt SD, Flynn BJ, Tsybovsky Y, Stewart-Jones GBE, Saunders KO, Baharom F, Petrovas C, Haynes BF, Seder RA. Star nanoparticles delivering HIV-1 peptide minimal immunogens elicit near-native envelope antibody responses in nonhuman primates. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000328. [PMID: 31206510 PMCID: PMC6597128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide immunogens provide an approach to focus antibody responses to specific neutralizing sites on the HIV envelope protein (Env) trimer or on other pathogens. However, the physical characteristics of peptide immunogens can limit their pharmacokinetic and immunological properties. Here, we have designed synthetic “star” nanoparticles based on biocompatible N-[(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (HPMA)-based polymer arms extending from a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer core. In mice, these star nanoparticles trafficked to lymph nodes (LNs) by 4 hours following vaccination, where they were taken up by subcapsular macrophages and then resident dendritic cells (DCs). Immunogenicity optimization studies revealed a correlation of immunogen density with antibody titers. Furthermore, the co-delivery of Env variable loop 3 (V3) and T-helper peptides induced titers that were 2 logs higher than if the peptides were given in separate nanoparticles. Finally, we performed a nonhuman primate (NHP) study using a V3 glycopeptide minimal immunogen that was structurally optimized to be recognized by Env V3/glycan broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). When administered with a potent Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist adjuvant, these nanoparticles elicited high antibody binding titers to the V3 site. Similar to human V3/glycan bnAbs, certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) elicited by this vaccine were glycan dependent or targeted the GDIR peptide motif. To improve affinity to native Env trimer affinity, nonhuman primates (NHPs) were boosted with various SOSIP Env proteins; however, significant neutralization was not observed. Taken together, this study provides a new vaccine platform for administration of glycopeptide immunogens for focusing immune responses to specific bnAb epitopes. Synthetic polymer-based nanoparticles effectively deliver HIV Env glycopeptide immunogens to lymph nodes and stimulate B cell lineages with characteristics resembling broadly neutralizing antibodies, in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Avidea Technologies, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Mužíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Androvič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William E Walkowicz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kartika Padhan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramiro Andrei Ramirez-Valdez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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75
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Hartweger H, McGuire AT, Horning M, Taylor JJ, Dosenovic P, Yost D, Gazumyan A, Seaman MS, Stamatatos L, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. HIV-specific humoral immune responses by CRISPR/Cas9-edited B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1301-1310. [PMID: 30975893 PMCID: PMC6547862 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A small number of HIV-1-infected individuals develop broadly neutralizing antibodies to the virus (bNAbs). These antibodies are protective against infection in animal models. However, they only emerge 1-3 yr after infection, and show a number of highly unusual features including exceedingly high levels of somatic mutations. It is therefore not surprising that elicitation of protective immunity to HIV-1 has not yet been possible. Here we show that mature, primary mouse and human B cells can be edited in vitro using CRISPR/Cas9 to express mature bNAbs from the endogenous Igh locus. Moreover, edited B cells retain the ability to participate in humoral immune responses. Immunization with cognate antigen in wild-type mouse recipients of edited B cells elicits bNAb titers that neutralize HIV-1 at levels associated with protection against infection. This approach enables humoral immune responses that may be difficult to elicit by traditional immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Marcel Horning
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Yost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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76
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Moffett HF, Harms CK, Fitzpatrick KS, Tooley MR, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. B cells engineered to express pathogen-specific antibodies protect against infection. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaax0644. [PMID: 31101673 PMCID: PMC6913193 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Effective vaccines inducing lifelong protection against many important infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), HIV, influenza virus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are not yet available despite decades of research. As an alternative to a protective vaccine, we developed a genetic engineering strategy in which CRISPR-Cas9 was used to replace endogenously encoded antibodies with antibodies targeting RSV, HIV, influenza virus, or EBV in primary human B cells. The engineered antibodies were expressed efficiently in primary B cells under the control of endogenous regulatory elements, which maintained normal antibody expression and secretion. Using engineered mouse B cells, we demonstrated that a single transfer of B cells engineered to express an antibody against RSV resulted in potent and durable protection against RSV infection in RAG1-deficient mice. This approach offers the opportunity to achieve sterilizing immunity against pathogens for which traditional vaccination has failed to induce or maintain protective antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell F Moffett
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carson K Harms
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marti R Tooley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 1510 San Juan Road, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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77
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Xu Z, Kulp DW. Protein engineering and particulate display of B-cell epitopes to facilitate development of novel vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:49-56. [PMID: 31029909 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of antigen-specific humoral immunity is a correlate of protection for many diseases and remains a primary vaccine goal. Pathogens can evade such responses by limiting epitope access, by diversifying surface residues, or by keeping antigens in metastable conformations. B cells can target diverse epitopes on an antigen, but only a subset of which produce functional antibodies. Structure-based immunogen engineering can help overcome these hurdles by using structural information for targeted induction of particular antibodies while improving the overall vaccine immunogenicity. This review will cover recent progress in vaccine design, specifically focusing on strategies to stabilize antigens for optimal B-cell epitope exposure, engineer synthetic B-cell epitopes to induce antibodies with specific features and enhancement of vaccine potency through antigen presentation on multivalent particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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78
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Abstract
Technological advances in immunology, protein design, and genetic delivery have unlocked new possibilities for vaccine concepts and delivery technologies that were previously inaccessible. These next-generation vaccine design efforts are particularly promising in their potential to provide solutions to challenging targets for which conventional approaches have proven ineffective—for example, a universal influenza vaccine. In this perspective, we discuss emerging approaches to vaccine design and engineering based on recent insights into immunology, structural biology, computational biology, and immunoengineering. We anticipate that these cutting-edge, interdisciplinary approaches will lead to breakthrough vaccine concepts for ever-evolving and (re)emerging influenza viruses, with important ramifications for global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence: M. Kanekiyo, DVM, PhD, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ()
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
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79
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Marcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, Perotti M, de van der Schueren W, Snijder J, Hodge E, Benhaim M, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Sheffler W, Brunner L, Lawrenz M, Dubois P, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Lee KK, Veesler D, Correnti CE, Stewart LJ, Baker D, Loré K, Perez L, King NP. Induction of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by a Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cell 2019; 176:1420-1431.e17. [PMID: 30849373 PMCID: PMC6424820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a worldwide public health concern for which no vaccine is available. Elucidation of the prefusion structure of the RSV F glycoprotein and its identification as the main target of neutralizing antibodies have provided new opportunities for development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the structure-based design of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle presenting a prefusion-stabilized variant of the F glycoprotein trimer (DS-Cav1) in a repetitive array on the nanoparticle exterior. The two-component nature of the nanoparticle scaffold enabled the production of highly ordered, monodisperse immunogens that display DS-Cav1 at controllable density. In mice and nonhuman primates, the full-valency nanoparticle immunogen displaying 20 DS-Cav1 trimers induced neutralizing antibody responses ∼10-fold higher than trimeric DS-Cav1. These results motivate continued development of this promising nanoparticle RSV vaccine candidate and establish computationally designed two-component nanoparticles as a robust and customizable platform for structure-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Perotti
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edgar Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Livia Brunner
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Perez
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany.
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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80
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Vaccine Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Animal Models. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3681-3690. [PMID: 29281818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The events required for the induction of broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) following HIV-1 envelope (Env) vaccination are unknown, and their induction in animal models as proof of concept would be critical. Here, we describe the induction of plasma antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary (tier 2) HIV-1 strains in one macaque and two rabbits. Env immunogens were designed to induce CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bnAbs, but surprisingly, the macaque developed V1V2-glycan bnAbs. Env immunization of CD4bs bnAb heavy chain rearrangement (VHDJH) knockin mice similarly induced V1V2-glycan neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), wherein the human CD4bs VH chains were replaced with mouse rearrangements bearing diversity region (D)-D fusions, creating antibodies with long, tyrosine-rich HCDR3s. Our results show that Env vaccination can elicit broad neutralization of tier 2 HIV-1, demonstrate that V1V2-glycan bnAbs are more readily induced than CD4bs bnAbs, and define VH replacement and diversity region fusion as potential mechanisms for generating V1V2-glycan bnAb site antibodies.
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81
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Bonsignori M, Scott E, Wiehe K, Easterhoff D, Alam SM, Hwang KK, Cooper M, Xia SM, Zhang R, Montefiori DC, Henderson R, Nie X, Kelsoe G, Moody MA, Chen X, Joyce MG, Kwong PD, Connors M, Mascola JR, McGuire AT, Stamatatos L, Medina-Ramírez M, Sanders RW, Saunders KO, Kepler TB, Haynes BF. Inference of the HIV-1 VRC01 Antibody Lineage Unmutated Common Ancestor Reveals Alternative Pathways to Overcome a Key Glycan Barrier. Immunity 2018; 49:1162-1174.e8. [PMID: 30552024 PMCID: PMC6303191 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation of VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is an appealing approach for a preventative HIV-1 vaccine. Despite extensive investigations, strategies to induce VRC01-class bnAbs and overcome the barrier posed by the envelope N276 glycan have not been successful. Here, we inferred a high-probability unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the VRC01 lineage and reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation. Env immunogens designed on reverted VRC01-class bnAbs bound to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells. Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization, suggesting that focusing the immune response is likely required to steer B cell maturation toward the development of neutralization breadth. Finally, VRC01 lineage bnAbs with long CDR H3s overcame the HIV-1 N276 glycan barrier without shortening their CDR L1, revealing a solution for broad neutralization in which the heavy chain, not CDR L1, is the determinant to accommodate the N276 glycan. A high-probability VRC01 lineage UCA was inferred and CDRH3 evolution defined Env immunogens bind to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization Antibodies with long CDRH3s achieved neutralization breadth without shortening CDRL1s
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Eric Scott
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Max Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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82
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van Schooten J, van Gils MJ. HIV-1 immunogens and strategies to drive antibody responses towards neutralization breadth. Retrovirology 2018; 15:74. [PMID: 30477581 PMCID: PMC6260891 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts no HIV-1 vaccine has been developed that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against infection to date. The high antigenic diversity and dense N-linked glycan armor, which covers nearly the entire HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), are major roadblocks for the development of bNAbs by vaccination. In addition, the naive human antibody repertoire features a low frequency of exceptionally long heavy chain complementary determining regions (CDRH3s), which is a typical characteristic that many HIV-1 bNAbs use to penetrate the glycan armor. Native-like Env trimer immunogens can induce potent but strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses in animal models but how to overcome the many obstacles towards the development of bNAbs remains a challenge. Here, we review recent HIV-1 Env immunization studies and discuss strategies to guide strain-specific antibody responses towards neutralization breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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83
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Borst AJ, Weidle CE, Gray MD, Frenz B, Snijder J, Joyce MG, Georgiev IS, Stewart-Jones GBE, Kwong PD, McGuire AT, DiMaio F, Stamatatos L, Pancera M, Veesler D. Germline VRC01 antibody recognition of a modified clade C HIV-1 envelope trimer and a glycosylated HIV-1 gp120 core. eLife 2018; 7:e37688. [PMID: 30403372 PMCID: PMC6237438 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VRC01 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target the CD4-binding site (CD4BS) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env). Unlike mature antibodies, corresponding VRC01 germline precursors poorly bind to Env. Immunogen design has mostly relied on glycan removal from trimeric Env constructs and has had limited success in eliciting mature VRC01 bnAbs. To better understand elicitation of such bnAbs, we characterized the inferred germline precursor of VRC01 in complex with a modified trimeric 426c Env by cryo-electron microscopy and a 426c gp120 core by X-ray crystallography, biolayer interferometry, immunoprecipitation, and glycoproteomics. Our results show VRC01 germline antibodies interacted with a wild-type 426c core lacking variable loops 1-3 in the presence and absence of a glycan at position Asn276, with the latter form binding with higher affinity than the former. Interactions in the presence of an Asn276 oligosaccharide could be enhanced upon carbohydrate shortening, which should be considered for immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Borst
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Connor E Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Brandon Frenz
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Joost Snijder
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Guillaume BE Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - David Veesler
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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84
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LaBranche CC, McGuire AT, Gray MD, Behrens S, Zhou T, Sattentau QJ, Peacock J, Eaton A, Greene K, Gao H, Tang H, Perez LG, Saunders KO, Mascola JR, Haynes BF, Stamatatos L, Montefiori DC. HIV-1 envelope glycan modifications that permit neutralization by germline-reverted VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007431. [PMID: 30395637 PMCID: PMC6237427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) induction is a high priority for effective HIV-1 vaccination. VRC01-class bnAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein spikes are particularly attractive to elicit because of their extraordinary breadth and potency of neutralization in vitro and their ability to protect against infection in animal models. Glycans bordering the CD4bs impede the binding of germline-reverted forms of VRC01-class bnAbs and therefore constitute a barrier to early events in initiating the correct antibody lineages. Deleting a subset of these glycans permits Env antigen binding but not virus neutralization, suggesting that additional barriers impede germline-reverted VRC01-class antibody binding to functional Env trimers. We investigated the requirements for functional Env trimer engagement of VRC01-class naïve B cell receptors by using virus neutralization and germline-reverted antibodies as surrogates for the interaction. Targeted deletion of a subset of N-glycans bordering the CD4bs, combined with Man5 enrichment of remaining N-linked glycans that are otherwise processed into larger complex-type glycans, rendered HIV-1 426c Env-pseudotyped virus (subtype C, transmitted/founder) highly susceptible to neutralization by near germline forms of VRC01-class bnAbs. Neither glycan modification alone rendered the virus susceptible to neutralization. The potency of neutralization in some cases rivaled the potency of mature VRC01 against wildtype viruses. Neutralization by the germline-reverted antibodies was abrogated by the known VRC01 resistance mutation, D279K. These findings improve our understanding of the restrictions imposed by glycans in eliciting VRC01-class bnAbs and enable a neutralization-based strategy to monitor vaccine-elicited early precursors of this class of bnAbs. Activation of appropriate naïve B cells is a critical initial step in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by HIV-1 vaccines. Germline-reverted forms of bnAbs partially mimic naïve B cell receptors, making them useful for designing and identifying immunogens that can initiate early stages of bnAb development. Here we identify a combination of glycan-modifications on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins that preserve native structure and facilitate interactions with germline-reverted forms of the VRC01-class of bnAbs. These modifications included the complete removal of certain N-glycans, combined with Man5-enrichment of remaining N-glycans that otherwise are processed into larger complex-type glycans. HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses modified in this way were highly susceptible to neutralization by germline-reverted forms of several VRC01-class bnAbs, and this neutralization could be blocked by a known VRC01 resistance mutation. These findings provide new insights for the design and testing of novel immunogens that aim to elicit VRC01-like bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Gray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shay Behrens
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Peacock
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Lautaro G. Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Duan H, Chen X, Boyington JC, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Jafari AJ, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Kalyuzhniy O, Zhao P, Menis S, Nason MC, Normandin E, Mukhamedova M, DeKosky BJ, Wells L, Schief WR, Tian M, Alt FW, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity 2018; 49:301-311.e5. [PMID: 30076101 PMCID: PMC6896779 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An important class of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, termed the VRC01 class, targets the conserved CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env). An engineered Env outer domain (OD) eOD-GT8 60-mer nanoparticle has been developed as a priming immunogen for eliciting VRC01-class precursors and is planned for clinical trials. However, a substantial portion of eOD-GT8-elicited antibodies target non-CD4bs epitopes, potentially limiting its efficacy. We introduced N-linked glycans into non-CD4bs surfaces of eOD-GT8 to mask irrelevant epitopes and evaluated these mutants in a mouse model that expressed diverse immunoglobulin heavy chains containing human IGHV1-2∗02, the germline VRC01 VH segment. Compared to the parental eOD-GT8, a mutant with five added glycans stimulated significantly higher proportions of CD4bs-specific serum responses and CD4bs-specific immunoglobulin G+ B cells including VRC01-class precursors. These results demonstrate that glycan masking can limit elicitation of off-target antibodies and focus immune responses to the CD4bs, a major target of HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Duan
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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86
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Patricia D'Souza M, Allen MA, Baumblatt JAG, Boggiano C, Crotty S, Grady C, Havenar-Daughton C, Heit A, Hu DJ, Kunwar N, McElrath MJ. Innovative approaches to track lymph node germinal center responses to evaluate development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in human HIV vaccine trials. Vaccine 2018; 36:5671-5677. [PMID: 30097219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase 1 clinical studies will soon evaluate novel HIV-1 envelope immunogens targeting distinct 'germline' and memory B cell receptors to ultimately elicit HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recently convened a panel of US-based expert scientists, clinicians, sponsors and ethicists to discuss the role of sampling draining lymph nodes within preventive HIV vaccine trials. The meeting addressed the importance of evaluating germinal center (GC) responses following immunization to predict bNAb potency and breadth, and reviewed key aspects of this procedure within the clinical research setting, including informed consent, adverse event monitoring, study participant acceptability, medical expertise and training. We review highlights from the meeting and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sampling lymph nodes by excisional biopsies compared to fine needle aspirations (FNA) in the context of prophylactic HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Dale J Hu
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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87
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O’Rourke SM, Byrne G, Tatsuno G, Wright M, Yu B, Mesa KA, Doran RC, Alexander D, Berman PW. Robotic selection for the rapid development of stable CHO cell lines for HIV vaccine production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197656. [PMID: 30071025 PMCID: PMC6071959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of envelope glycoproteins (Envs) for use as HIV vaccines is challenging. The yield of Envs expressed in stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically 10-100 fold lower than other glycoproteins of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, Envs produced in CHO cells are typically enriched for sialic acid containing glycans compared to virus associated Envs that possess mainly high-mannose carbohydrates. This difference alters the net charge and biophysical properties of Envs and impacts their antigenic structure. Here we employ a novel robotic cell line selection strategy to address the problems of low expression. Additionally, we employed a novel gene-edited CHO cell line (MGAT1- CHO) to address the problems of high sialic acid content, and poor antigenic structure. We demonstrate that stable cell lines expressing high levels of gp120, potentially suitable for biopharmaceutical production can be created using the MGAT1- CHO cell line. Finally, we describe a MGAT1- CHO cell line expressing A244-rgp120 that exhibits improved binding of three major families of bN-mAbs compared to Envs produced in normal CHO cells. The new strategy described has the potential to eliminate the bottleneck in HIV vaccine development that has limited the field for more than 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Byrne
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gwen Tatsuno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Doran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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88
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Finney J, Kelsoe G. Poly- and autoreactivity of HIV-1 bNAbs: implications for vaccine design. Retrovirology 2018; 15:53. [PMID: 30055635 PMCID: PMC6064052 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A central puzzle in HIV-1 research is the inability of vaccination or even infection to reliably elicit humoral responses against broadly neutralizing epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope protein. In infected individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) do arise in a substantial minority, but only after 2 or more years of chronic infection. All known bNAbs possess at least one of three traits: a high frequency of somatic hypermutation, a long third complementarity determining region in the antibody heavy chain (HCDR3), or significant poly- or autoreactivity. Collectively, these observations suggest a plausible explanation for the rarity of many types of bNAbs: namely, that their generation is blocked by immunological tolerance or immune response checkpoints, thereby mandating that B cells take a tortuous path of somatic evolution over several years to achieve broadly neutralizing activity. In this brief review, we discuss the evidence for this tolerance hypothesis, its implications for HIV-1 vaccine design, and potential ways to access normally forbidden compartments of the antibody repertoire by modulating or circumventing tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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89
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Virnik K, Nesti E, Dail C, Scanlan A, Medvedev A, Vassell R, McGuire AT, Stamatatos L, Berkower I. Live rubella vectors can express native HIV envelope glycoproteins targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies and prime the immune response to an envelope protein boost. Vaccine 2018; 36:5166-5172. [PMID: 30037665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following HIV infection, most people make antibodies to gp120 and gp41, yet only a few make broadly neutralizing antibodies that target key antigenic sites on the envelope glycoproteins. The induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies by immunization remains a major challenge of HIV vaccine research. Difficulties include: variable protein sequence, epitopes that depend on the native conformation, glycosylation that conceals key antigenic determinants, and the assembly of Env trimers that mimic viral spikes. In addition, more potent immunogens may be needed to initiate the response of germline antibody precursors and drive B cell maturation toward antibodies with broad neutralizing activity. We have expressed HIV Env glycoproteins by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors. The rubella vaccine strain RA27/3 has demonstrated its safety and potency in millions of children. As a vector, it has elicited potent and durable immune responses in macaques to SIV Gag vaccine inserts. We now find that rubella/env vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. The expressed Env glycoproteins bind broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the native CD4 binding site. The vectors grew well in rhesus macaques, and they elicited a vaccine "take" in all animals, as measured by anti-rubella antibodies. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest antibody titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. Neutralizing antibodies appeared gradually after multiple vaccine doses. The vectors will be useful for testing new vaccine inserts and immunization strategies under optimized conditions of vector growth and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Virnik
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Edmund Nesti
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Cody Dail
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Aaron Scanlan
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ira Berkower
- Lab of Immunoregulation, DVP, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bldg 72, Room 1212, White Oak Campus, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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90
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Yacoob C, Lange MD, Cohen K, Lathia K, Feng J, Glenn J, Carbonetti S, Oliver B, Vigdorovich V, Sather DN, Stamatatos L. B cell clonal lineage alterations upon recombinant HIV-1 envelope immunization of rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007120. [PMID: 29933399 PMCID: PMC6033445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from infected subjects display protective potential in animal models. Their elicitation by immunization is thus highly desirable. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole viral target of bnAbs, but is also targeted by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies. Env-based immunogens tested so far in various animal species and humans have elicited binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies but not bNAbs (with a few notable exceptions). The underlying reasons for this are not well understood despite intensive efforts to characterize the binding specificities of the elicited antibodies; mostly by employing serologic methodologies and monoclonal antibody isolation and characterization. These approaches provide limited information on the ontogenies and clonal B cell lineages that expand following Env-immunization. Thus, our current understanding on how the expansion of particular B cell lineages by Env may be linked to the development of non-neutralizing antibodies is limited. Here, in addition to serological analysis, we employed high-throughput BCR sequence analysis from the periphery, lymph nodes and bone marrow, as well as B cell- and antibody-isolation and characterization methods, to compare in great detail the B cell and antibody responses elicited in non-human primates by two forms of the clade C HIV Env 426c: one representing the full length extracellular portion of Env while the other lacking the variable domains 1, 2 and 3 and three conserved N-linked glycosylation sites. The two forms were equally immunogenic, but only the latter elicited neutralizing antibodies by stimulating a more restricted expansion of B cells to a narrower set of IGH/IGK/IGL-V genes that represented a small fraction (0.003-0.02%) of total B cells. Our study provides new information on how Env antigenic differences drastically affect the expansion of particular B cell lineages and supports immunogen-design efforts aiming at stimulating the expansion of cells expressing particular B cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yacoob
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Miles Darnell Lange
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kanan Lathia
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Junli Feng
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jolene Glenn
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Oliver
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Noah Sather
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (LS)
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (LS)
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91
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Stamper CT, Wilson PC. What Are the Primary Limitations in B-Cell Affinity Maturation, and How Much Affinity Maturation Can We Drive with Vaccination? Is Affinity Maturation a Self-Defeating Process for Eliciting Broad Protection? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018. [PMID: 28630076 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the greatest success stories of modern medicine, saving millions of lives since their widespread adoption. However, several diseases continue to elude highly effective vaccination strategies. Chief among these are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza (flu), both of which will require vaccines that can guide the creation of highly mutated, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The generation of bnAbs is hindered by our inability to effectively drive the high levels of affinity maturation required to achieve them in a large number of cells. Major limitations placed on affinity maturation derives from the inherent mutability of immunoglobulin genes, the evolved activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) targeting mechanisms that exist within them, and biases in targeting of particular epitope B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Stamper
- Committee on Immunology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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92
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HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity 2018; 48:855-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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93
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Can Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Lead to a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine? Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:854-864. [PMID: 29703495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While licensed vaccines elicit protective antibody responses against a variety of viral infections, an effective vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has remained elusive. The extraordinary genetic diversity of HCV and the ability of the virus to evade the immune response have hindered vaccine development efforts. However, recent studies have greatly expanded the number of well characterized broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) against HCV. These bNAbs target relatively conserved HCV epitopes, prevent HCV infection in animal models, and are associated with spontaneous clearance of human HCV infection. In this review, recent high-resolution bNAb epitope mapping and structural analysis of bNAb-epitope complexes that may serve as a guide for vaccine development are discussed along with major obstacles.
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94
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Yu WH, Zhao P, Draghi M, Arevalo C, Karsten CB, Suscovich TJ, Gunn B, Streeck H, Brass AL, Tiemeyer M, Seaman M, Mascola JR, Wells L, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Exploiting glycan topography for computational design of Env glycoprotein antigenicity. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006093. [PMID: 29677181 PMCID: PMC5931682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that glycans, rather than merely serving as a “shield”, contribute critically to antigenicity of the HIV envelope (Env) glycoprotein, representing critical antigenic determinants for many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). While many studies have focused on defining the role of individual glycans or groups of proximal glycans in bNAb binding, little is known about the effects of changes in the overall glycan landscape in modulating antibody access and Env antigenicity. Here we developed a systems glycobiology approach to reverse engineer the complexity of HIV glycan heterogeneity to guide antigenicity-based de novo glycoprotein design. bNAb binding was assessed against a panel of 94 recombinant gp120 monomers exhibiting defined glycan site occupancies. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity as a proof-of concept. Our approach provides a new design strategy to predictively modulate antigenicity via the alteration of glycan topography, thereby focusing the humoral immune response on sites of viral vulnerability for HIV. Carbohydrates on the HIV Env glycoprotein, previously often considered as a “shield” permitting immune evasion, can themselves represent targets for broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) recognition. Efforts to define the impact of individual glycans on bNAb recognition have clearly illustrated the critical nature of individual or groups of glycans on bNAb binding. However, glycans represent half the mass of the HIV envelope glycoprotein, representing a lattice of interacting sugars that shape the topographical landscape that alters antibody accessiblity to the underlying protein. However, whether alterations in individual glycans alter the broader interactions among glycans, proximal and distal, has not been heretofore rigorously examined, nor how this lattice may be actively exploited to improve antigenicity. To address this challenge, we describe here a systems glycobiology approach to reverse engineer the complex relationship between bNAb binding and glycan landscape effects on Env proteins spanning across various clades and tiers. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 recombinant antigens. Sequences, glycan occupancy, as well as bNAb binding profiles were integrated across each of the 94-atngeins to generate a machine learning computational model enabling the identification of the glycan site determinants involved in binding to any given bNAb. Moreover, this model was used to generate a panel of novel gp120 variants with augmented selective bNAb binding profiles, further validating the contributions of glycans in Env antigen design. Whether glycan-optimization will additionally influence immunogenicity, particularly on emerging stabilized trimers, is unknown, but this study provides a proof of concept for selectively and agnostically exploiting both proximal and distal viral protein glycosylation in a principled manner to improve target Ab binding profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monia Draghi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Arevalo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christina B Karsten
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Bronwyn Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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95
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Snijder J, Ortego MS, Weidle C, Stuart AB, Gray MD, McElrath MJ, Pancera M, Veesler D, McGuire AT. An Antibody Targeting the Fusion Machinery Neutralizes Dual-Tropic Infection and Defines a Site of Vulnerability on Epstein-Barr Virus. Immunity 2018; 48:799-811.e9. [PMID: 29669253 PMCID: PMC5909843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with 200,000 new cases of cancer and 140,000 deaths annually. Subunit vaccines against this pathogen have focused on the gp350 glycoprotein and remain unsuccessful. We isolated human antibodies recognizing the EBV fusion machinery (gH/gL and gB) from rare memory B cells. One anti-gH/gL antibody, AMMO1, potently neutralized infection of B cells and epithelial cells, the two major cell types targeted by EBV. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the gH/gL-gp42-AMMO1 complex and demonstrated that AMMO1 bound to a discontinuous epitope formed by both gH and gL at the Domain-I/Domain-II interface. Integrating structural, biochemical, and infectivity data, we propose that AMMO1 inhibits fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This work identifies a crucial epitope that may aid in the design of next-generation subunit vaccines against this major public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael S Ortego
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew B Stuart
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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96
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Anti-HIV-1 B cell responses are dependent on B cell precursor frequency and antigen-binding affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4743-4748. [PMID: 29666227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803457115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that humans can produce potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to several different epitopes on the HIV-1 spike has reinvigorated efforts to develop an antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine. Antibody cloning from single cells revealed that nearly all bNAbs show unusual features that could help explain why it has not been possible to elicit them by traditional vaccination and instead would require a sequence of different immunogens. This idea is supported by experiments with genetically modified immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice. Sequential immunization with a series of specifically designed immunogens was required to shepherd the development of bNAbs. However, knock-in mice contain superphysiologic numbers of bNAb precursor-expressing B cells, and therefore how these results can be translated to a more physiologic setting remains to be determined. Here we make use of adoptive transfer experiments using knock-in B cells that carry a synthetic intermediate in the pathway to anti-HIV-1 bNAb development to examine how the relationship between B cell receptor affinity and precursor frequency affects germinal center (GC) B cell recruitment and clonal expansion. Immunization with soluble HIV-1 antigens can recruit bNAb precursor B cells to the GC when there are as few as 10 such cells per mouse. However, at low precursor frequencies, the extent of clonal expansion is directly proportional to the affinity of the antigen for the B cell receptor, and recruitment to GCs is variable and dependent on recirculation.
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97
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Zhou T, Doria-Rose NA, Cheng C, Stewart-Jones GBE, Chuang GY, Chambers M, Druz A, Geng H, McKee K, Kwon YD, O'Dell S, Sastry M, Schmidt SD, Xu K, Chen L, Chen RE, Louder MK, Pancera M, Wanninger TG, Zhang B, Zheng A, Farney SK, Foulds KE, Georgiev IS, Joyce MG, Lemmin T, Narpala S, Rawi R, Soto C, Todd JP, Shen CH, Tsybovsky Y, Yang Y, Zhao P, Haynes BF, Stamatatos L, Tiemeyer M, Wells L, Scorpio DG, Shapiro L, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Quantification of the Impact of the HIV-1-Glycan Shield on Antibody Elicitation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:719-732. [PMID: 28445724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the HIV-1-glycan shield is known to shelter Env from the humoral immune response, its quantitative impact on antibody elicitation has been unclear. Here, we use targeted deglycosylation to measure the impact of the glycan shield on elicitation of antibodies against the CD4 supersite. We engineered diverse Env trimers with select glycans removed proximal to the CD4 supersite, characterized their structures and glycosylation, and immunized guinea pigs and rhesus macaques. Immunizations yielded little neutralization against wild-type viruses but potent CD4-supersite neutralization (titers 1: >1,000,000 against four-glycan-deleted autologous viruses with over 90% breadth against four-glycan-deleted heterologous strains exhibiting tier 2 neutralization character). To a first approximation, the immunogenicity of the glycan-shielded protein surface was negligible, with Env-elicited neutralization (ID50) proportional to the exponential of the protein-surface area accessible to antibody. Based on these high titers and exponential relationship, we propose site-selective deglycosylated trimers as priming immunogens to increase the frequency of site-targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy G Wanninger
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anqi Zheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Katie Farney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Diana G Scorpio
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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98
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Vzorov AN, Uryvaev LV. Requirements for the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1 by Vaccination. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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99
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de Taeye SW, de la Peña AT, Vecchione A, Scutigliani E, Sliepen K, Burger JA, van der Woude P, Schorcht A, Schermer EE, van Gils MJ, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Wilson IA, Moore JP, Ward AB, Sanders RW. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 loop through hydrophobic interactions reduces the immunodominant V3-directed non-neutralizing response to HIV-1 envelope trimers. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1688-1701. [PMID: 29222332 PMCID: PMC5798299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide protective immunity against circulating primary HIV-1 strains, a vaccine most likely has to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike. Recombinant Env trimers such as the prototype BG505 SOSIP.664 that closely mimic the native Env spike can induce autologous neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against relatively resistant (tier 2) primary viruses. Ideally, Env immunogens should present broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes but limit the presentation of immunodominant non-NAb epitopes that might induce off-target and potentially interfering responses. The V3 loop in gp120 is such a non-NAb epitope that can effectively elicit non-NAbs when animals are immunized with SOSIP.664 trimers. V3 immunogenicity can be diminished, but not abolished, by reducing the conformational flexibility of trimers via targeted sequence changes, including an A316W substitution in V3, that create the SOSIP.v4.1 and SOSIP.v5.2 variants. Here, we further modified these trimer designs by introducing leucine residues at V3 positions 306 and 308 to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and with other topologically proximal sites in the V1V2 domain. Together, these modifications further stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L/R308L trimers in the prefusion state in which V3 is sequestered. When we tested these trimers as immunogens in rabbits, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers and even more so compared with the SOSIP.664 prototype, without affecting the autologous NAb response. Hence, these additional trimer sequence modifications may be beneficial for immunization strategies that seek to minimize off-target non-NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo Scutigliani
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van der Woude
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Schorcht
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - David C Montefiori
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Ian A Wilson
- the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - John P Moore
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Andrew B Ward
- the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands, .,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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100
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Increasing the Clinical Potential and Applications of Anti-HIV Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1655. [PMID: 29234320 PMCID: PMC5712301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and early human clinical studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to prevent and treat HIV infection support the clinical utility and potential of bNAbs for prevention, postexposure prophylaxis, and treatment of acute and chronic infection. Observed and potential limitations of bNAbs from these recent studies include the selection of resistant viral populations, immunogenicity resulting in the development of antidrug (Ab) responses, and the potentially toxic elimination of reservoir cells in regeneration-limited tissues. Here, we review opportunities to improve the clinical utility of HIV Abs to address these challenges and further accomplish functional targets for anti-HIV Ab therapy at various stages of exposure/infection. Before exposure, bNAbs' ability to serve as prophylaxis by neutralization may be improved by increasing serum half-life to necessitate less frequent administration, delivering genes for durable in vivo expression, and targeting bNAbs to sites of exposure. After exposure and/or in the setting of acute infection, bNAb use to prevent/reduce viral reservoir establishment and spread may be enhanced by increasing the potency with which autologous adaptive immune responses are stimulated, clearing acutely infected cells, and preventing cell-cell transmission of virus. In the setting of chronic infection, bNAbs may better mediate viral remission or "cure" in combination with antiretroviral therapy and/or latency reversing agents, by targeting additional markers of tissue reservoirs or infected cell types, or by serving as targeting moieties in engineered cell therapy. While the clinical use of HIV Abs has never been closer, remaining studies to precisely define, model, and understand the complex roles and dynamics of HIV Abs and viral evolution in the context of the human immune system and anatomical compartmentalization will be critical to both optimize their clinical use in combination with existing agents and define further strategies with which to enhance their clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K. Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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