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Shirakawa J, Fernandez M, Takatani T, El Ouaamari A, Jungtrakoon P, Okawa ER, Zhang W, Yi P, Doria A, Kulkarni RN. Insulin Signaling Regulates the FoxM1/PLK1/CENP-A Pathway to Promote Adaptive Pancreatic β Cell Proliferation. Cell Metab 2017; 25:868-882.e5. [PMID: 28286049 PMCID: PMC5382039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of cell-cycle kinetics in mammalian pancreatic β cells has mostly focused on transition from the quiescent (G0) to G1 phase. Here, we report that centromere protein A (CENP-A), which is required for chromosome segregation during the M-phase, is necessary for adaptive β cell proliferation. Receptor-mediated insulin signaling promotes DNA-binding activity of FoxM1 to regulate expression of CENP-A and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) by modulating cyclin-dependent kinase-1/2. CENP-A deposition at the centromere is augmented by PLK1 to promote mitosis, while knocking down CENP-A limits β cell proliferation and survival. CENP-A deficiency in β cells leads to impaired adaptive proliferation in response to pregnancy, acute and chronic insulin resistance, and aging in mice. Insulin-stimulated CENP-A/PLK1 protein expression is blunted in islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. These data implicate the insulin-FoxM1/PLK1/CENP-A pathway-regulated mitotic cell-cycle progression as an essential component in the β cell adaptation to delay and/or prevent progression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shirakawa
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Megan Fernandez
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prapaporn Jungtrakoon
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erin R Okawa
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peng Yi
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Volkov P, Bacos K, Ofori JK, Esguerra JLS, Eliasson L, Rönn T, Ling C. Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing of Human Pancreatic Islets Reveals Novel Differentially Methylated Regions in Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Diabetes 2017; 66:1074-1085. [PMID: 28052964 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the role of epigenetics in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains limited. Only a few studies have investigated DNA methylation of selected candidate genes or a very small fraction of genomic CpG sites in human pancreatic islets, the tissue of primary pathogenic importance for diabetes. Our aim was to characterize the whole-genome DNA methylation landscape in human pancreatic islets, to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in diabetic islets, and to investigate the function of DMRs in islet biology. Here, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, which is a comprehensive and unbiased method to study DNA methylation throughout the genome at a single nucleotide resolution, in pancreatic islets from donors with T2D and control subjects without diabetes. We identified 25,820 DMRs in islets from individuals with T2D. These DMRs cover loci with known islet function, e.g., PDX1, TCF7L2, and ADCY5 Importantly, binding sites previously identified by ChIP-seq for islet-specific transcription factors, enhancer regions, and different histone marks were enriched in the T2D-associated DMRs. We also identified 457 genes, including NR4A3, PARK2, PID1, SLC2A2, and SOCS2, that had both DMRs and significant expression changes in T2D islets. To mimic the situation in T2D islets, candidate genes were overexpressed or silenced in cultured β-cells. This resulted in impaired insulin secretion, thereby connecting differential methylation to islet dysfunction. We further explored the islet methylome and found a strong link between methylation levels and histone marks. Additionally, DNA methylation in different genomic regions and of different transcript types (i.e., protein coding, noncoding, and pseudogenes) was associated with islet expression levels. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the islet DNA methylome in individuals with and without diabetes and highlights the importance of epigenetic dysregulation in pancreatic islets and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Volkov
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Bacos
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jones K Ofori
- Islet Cell Exocytosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Lou S Esguerra
- Islet Cell Exocytosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Rönn
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Wang R, Xi L, Kukreja RC. PDE5 Inhibitor Tadalafil and Hydroxychloroquine Cotreatment Provides Synergistic Protection against Type 2 Diabetes and Myocardial Infarction in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:29-38. [PMID: 28123046 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with a high risk for ischemic heart disease. We have previously shown that phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor tadalafil (TAD) induces cardioprotection against ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic mice. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely used antimalarial and anti-inflammatory drug that has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combination of TAD and HCQ may induce synergistic cardioprotection in diabetes. We also investigated the role of insulin-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which regulates protein synthesis and cell survival. Adult male db/db mice were randomized to receive vehicle, TAD (6 mg/kg), HCQ (50 mg/kg), or TAD + HCQ daily by gastric gavage for 7 days. Hearts were isolated and subjected to 30-minute global ischemia, followed by 1-hour reperfusion in Langendorff mode. Cardiac function and myocardial infarct size were determined. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipid levels, and relevant pancreatic and cardiac protein markers were measured. Treatment with TAD + HCQ reduced myocardial infarct size (17.4% ± 4.3% vs. 37.8% ± 4.9% in control group, P < 0.05) and enhanced the production of ATP. The TAD + HCQ combination treatment also reduced fasting blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids, and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, TAD + HCQ increased plasma insulin levels (513 ± 73 vs. 232 ± 30 mU/liter, P < 0.05) with improved insulin sensitivity, larger pancreatic β-cell area, and pancreas mass. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were also elevated by TAD + HCQ (343 ± 14 vs. 262 ± 22 ng/ml, P < 0.05). The increased insulin/IGF-1 resulted in activation of downstream Akt/mTOR cellular survival pathway. These results suggest that combination treatment with TAD and HCQ could be a novel and readily translational pharmacotherapy for reducing cardiovascular risk factors and protecting against myocardial I/R injury in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lei Xi
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, Virginia
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Kolic J, Manning Fox JE, Chepurny OG, Spigelman AF, Ferdaoussi M, Schwede F, Holz GG, MacDonald PE. PI3 kinases p110α and PI3K-C2β negatively regulate cAMP via PDE3/8 to control insulin secretion in mouse and human islets. Mol Metab 2016; 5:459-471. [PMID: 27408772 PMCID: PMC4921792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) signalling in the endocrine pancreas contributes to glycaemic control. However, the mechanism by which PI3K modulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cell is poorly understood. Thus, our objective was two-fold; to determine the signalling pathway by which acute PI3K inhibition enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and to examine the role of this pathway in islets from type-2 diabetic (T2D) donors. METHODS Isolated islets from mice and non-diabetic or T2D human donors, or INS 832/13 cells, were treated with inhibitors of PI3K and/or phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The expression of PI3K-C2β was knocked down using siRNA. We measured insulin release, single-cell exocytosis, intracellular Ca(2+) responses ([Ca(2+)]i) and Ca(2+) channel currents, intracellular cAMP concentrations ([cAMP]i), and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT). RESULTS The non-specific PI3K inhibitor wortmannin amplifies GSIS, raises [cAMP]i and activates PKA, but is without effect in T2D islets. Direct inhibition of specific PDE isoforms demonstrates a role for PDE3 (in humans and mice) and PDE8 (in mice) downstream of PI3K, and restores glucose-responsiveness of T2D islets. We implicate a role for the Class II PI3K catalytic isoform PI3K-C2β in this effect by limiting beta cell exocytosis. CONCLUSIONS PI3K limits GSIS via PDE3 in human islets. While inhibition of p110α or PIK-C2β signalling per se, may promote nutrient-stimulated insulin release, we now suggest that this signalling pathway is perturbed in islets from T2D donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kolic
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
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Hellström A, Ley D, Hansen‐Pupp I, Hallberg B, Löfqvist C, Marter L, Weissenbruch M, Ramenghi LA, Beardsall K, Dunger D, Hård A, Smith LEH. Insulin-like growth factor 1 has multisystem effects on foetal and preterm infant development. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:576-86. [PMID: 26833743 PMCID: PMC5069563 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Poor postnatal growth after preterm birth does not match the normal rapid growth in utero and is associated with preterm morbidities. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) axis is the major hormonal mediator of growth in utero, and levels of IGF‐1 are often very low after preterm birth. We reviewed the role of IGF‐1 in foetal development and the corresponding preterm perinatal period to highlight the potential clinical importance of IGF‐1 deficiency in preterm morbidities. Conclusion There is a rationale for clinical trials to evaluate the potential benefits of IGF‐1 replacement in very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hellström
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund Skane University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansen‐Pupp
- Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund Skane University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Boubou Hallberg
- Department of Neonatology University Hospital Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Chatarina Löfqvist
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Linda Marter
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Mirjam Weissenbruch
- Department of Neonatology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Luca A. Ramenghi
- Genova Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Instituto Pediatrico Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy
| | | | - David Dunger
- Faculty of Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Paediatrics Institute of Metabolic Science University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Anna‐Lena Hård
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lois E. H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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Cras-Méneur C, Conlon M, Zhang Y, Pasca Di Magliano M, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Early pancreatic islet fate and maturation is controlled through RBP-Jκ. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26874. [PMID: 27240887 PMCID: PMC4886527 DOI: 10.1038/srep26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is known to control early pancreatic differentiation through Ngn3 repression. In later stages, downstream of Notch, the Presenilins are still required to maintain the endocrine fate allocation. Amongst their multiple targets, it remains unclear which one actually controls the maintenance of the fate of the early islets. Conditional deletions of the Notch effector RBP-Jκ with lineage tracing in Presenilin-deficient endocrine progenitors, demonstrated that this factor is central to the control of the fate through a non-canonical Notch mechanism. RBP-Jκ mice exhibit normal islet morphogenesis and function, however, a fraction of the progenitors fails to differentiate and develop into disorganized masses resembling acinar to ductal metaplasia and chronic pancreatitis. A subsequent deletion of RBP-Jκ in forming β-cells led to the transdifferentiation into the other endocrine cells types, indicating that this factor still mediates the maintenance of the fate within the endocrine lineage itself. These results highlight the dual importance of Notch signaling for the endocrine lineage. Even after Ngn3 expression, Notch activity is required to maintain both fate and maturation of the Ngn3 progenitors. In a subset of the cells, these alterations of Notch signaling halt their differentiation and leads to acinar to ductal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Cras-Méneur
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA
| | - Megan Conlon
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Department of Surgery, General Surgery Division 4304 Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5936, USA
| | - Marina Pasca Di Magliano
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Department of Surgery, General Surgery Division 4304 Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109-5936, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism 1400 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136-1031, USA
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Viana-Huete V, Guillén C, García-Aguilar A, García G, Fernández S, Kahn CR, Benito M. Essential Role of IGFIR in the Onset of Male Brown Fat Thermogenic Function: Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Differential Organ-Specific Insulin Sensitivity. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1495-511. [PMID: 26910308 PMCID: PMC6285213 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brown fat is a thermogenic tissue that generates heat to maintain body temperature in cold environments and dissipate excess energy in response to overfeeding. We have addressed the role of the IGFIR in the brown fat development and function. Mice lacking IGFIR exhibited normal brown adipose tissue/body weight in knockout (KO) vs control mice. However, lack of IGFIR decreased uncoupling protein 1 expression in interscapular brown fat and beige cells in inguinal fat. More importantly, the lack of IGFIR resulted in an impaired cold acclimation. No differences in the total fat volume were found in the KO vs control mice. Epididymal fat showed larger adipocytes but with a lower number of adipocytes in KO vs control mice at age 12 months. In addition, KO mice showed a sustained moderate hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia upon time and hepatic insulin insensitivity associated with lipid accumulation, with the outcome of a global insulin resistance. In addition, we found that the expression of uncoupling protein 3 in the skeletal muscle was decreased and its expression was increased in the heart in parallel with the expression of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Upon nonobesogenic high-fat diet, we found a severe insulin resistance in the liver and in the skeletal muscle, but unchanged insulin sensitivity in the heart. In conclusion, our data suggest that IGFIR it is not an essential growth factor in the brown fat development in the presence of the IR and very high plasma levels of IGF-I, but it is indispensable for full brown fat functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Viana-Huete
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Carlos Guillén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ana García-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gema García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Silvia Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - C R Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Complutense University-Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Spanish Diabetes and Metabolic Research Network (V.V.-H., C.G., A.G.-A., G.G., S.F., M.B.), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; and Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Bringhenti I, Ornellas F, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. The insulin-signaling pathway of the pancreatic islet is impaired in adult mice offspring of mothers fed a high-fat diet. Nutrition 2016; 32:1138-43. [PMID: 27155954 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mothers fed a high-fat (HF) diet can cause different adverse alterations in their offspring. The study aimed to verify the pancreatic islet structure and insulin-signaling pathway in adulthood of offspring of mothers fed a HF diet during the pregnancy. METHODS Female mice (mothers) were randomly assigned to receive either standard chow (Mo-SC) or a HF diet (Mo-HF) ad libitum. After 2 mo on the experimental diets, 3-mo-old female mice were mated with male C57 BL/6 mice that were fed a SC diet. The male offspring was evaluated at 6 mo old. RESULTS At 6 mo of age, Mo-HF offspring had an increment in body mass and adiposity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriacylglycerolemia, higher levels of insulin, and leptin with a concomitant decrease in adiponectin levels. In the islet, we observed an alteration in the structure characterized by the migration of some alpha cells from the edge to the core of the islet in association with an increase in the masses of the islet, beta cell, and alpha cell, featuring a pancreatic islet remodeling. Additionally, the Mo-HF offspring demonstrated a decrease in IRS1, PI3 k p-Akt, Pd-1, and Glut2 protein expressions compared to Mo-SC offspring. However, an increase was observed in FOXO1 and insulin protein expressions in Mo-HF offspring compared to Mo-SC offspring. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that a maternal HF diet is responsible for remodeling the islet structure coupled with an adverse carbohydrate metabolism and impairment of the insulin-signaling pathway in adult male mice offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Bringhenti
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ornellas
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Thankamony A, Jensen RB, O’Connell SM, Day F, Kirk J, Donaldson M, Ivarsson SA, Söder O, Roche E, Hoey H, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Juul A. Adiposity in Children Born Small for Gestational Age Is Associated With β-Cell Function, Genetic Variants for Insulin Resistance, and Response to Growth Hormone Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:131-42. [PMID: 26588449 PMCID: PMC6225985 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance is associated with lower adiposity in adults. Insulin resistance, and therefore adiposity, may alter sensitivity to GH. We aimed to determine the relationship between adiposity, genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance or insulin secretion, and response to GH treatment in short children born small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS In 89 short prepubertal SGA children (age, 6.2 ± 1.6 y; 55 boys) treated with GH for 1 year in a multicenter study, body fat percentage was estimated at baseline and 1 year using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The main outcome measures were treatment-related changes in height, IGF-1 standard deviation score, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and disposition index. Combined multiallele gene scores based on single nucleotide polymorphisms with known associations with lower insulin sensitivity (gene scores for insulin resistance [GS-InRes]) and insulin secretion (gene scores for insulin secretion [GS-InSec]) were analyzed for their relationships with adiposity. RESULTS Mean percentage body fat at baseline was low compared to normative data (P = .045) and decreased even further on GH treatment (baseline vs 1-year z-scores, -0.26 ± 1.2 vs -1.23 ± 1.54; P < .0001). Baseline percentage body fat was positively associated with IGF-1 responses (p-trends = .042), first-year height gains (B [95% confidence interval], 0.61 cm/y [0.28,0.95]; P < .0001), insulin secretion at baseline (p-trends = .020) and 1 year (p-trends = .004), and disposition index at 1 year (p-trends = .024). GS-InRes was inversely associated with body mass index (-0.13 SD score per allele [-0.26, -0.01]; P = .040), body fat (-0.49% per allele [-0.97, -0.007]; P = .047), and limb fat (-0.81% per allele [-1.62, 0.00]; P = .049) at baseline. During GH treatment, GS-InRes was related to a lesser decline in trunk fat (0.38% per allele [0.16, 0.59]; P = .001) and a higher trunk-limb fat ratio at 1 year (0.04 per allele [0.01, 0.08]; P = .008). GS-InSec was positively associated with truncal fat (0.36% per allele [0.09, 0.63]; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Adiposity in SGA children has favorable effects on GH sensitivity and glucose metabolism. The associations with multiallele scores support a causal role of insulin resistance in linking lesser body fat to reduced sensitivity to exogenous GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rikke Beck Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan M O’Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, The National Children’s Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Kirk
- Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Donaldson
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sten-A. Ivarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University of Lund, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Olle Söder
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edna Roche
- Department of Pediatrics, The National Children’s Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilary Hoey
- Department of Pediatrics, The National Children’s Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Modi H, Jacovetti C, Tarussio D, Metref S, Madsen OD, Zhang FP, Rantakari P, Poutanen M, Nef S, Gorman T, Regazzi R, Thorens B. Autocrine Action of IGF2 Regulates Adult β-Cell Mass and Function. Diabetes 2015; 64:4148-57. [PMID: 26384384 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), produced and secreted by adult β-cells, functions as an autocrine activator of the β-cell insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling pathway. Whether this autocrine activity of IGF2 plays a physiological role in β-cell and whole-body physiology is not known. Here, we studied mice with β-cell-specific inactivation of Igf2 (βIGF2KO mice) and assessed β-cell mass and function in aging, pregnancy, and acute induction of insulin resistance. We showed that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was markedly reduced in old female βIGF2KO mice; glucose tolerance was, however, normal because of increased insulin sensitivity. While on a high-fat diet, both male and female βIGF2KO mice displayed lower GSIS compared with control mice, but reduced β-cell mass was observed only in female βIGF2KO mice. During pregnancy, there was no increase in β-cell proliferation and mass in βIGF2KO mice. Finally, β-cell mass expansion in response to acute induction of insulin resistance was lower in βIGF2KO mice than in control mice. Thus, the autocrine action of IGF2 regulates adult β-cell mass and function to preserve in vivo GSIS in aging and to adapt β-cell mass in response to metabolic stress, pregnancy hormones, and acute induction of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honey Modi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Jacovetti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salima Metref
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ole D Madsen
- Hagedorn Research, Diabetes Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Fu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tracy Gorman
- AstraZeneca, High-Content Biology, Discovery Sciences, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bedinger DH, Adams SH. Metabolic, anabolic, and mitogenic insulin responses: A tissue-specific perspective for insulin receptor activators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:143-56. [PMID: 26277398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acts as the major regulator of the fasting-to-fed metabolic transition by altering substrate metabolism, promoting energy storage, and helping activate protein synthesis. In addition to its glucoregulatory and other metabolic properties, insulin can also act as a growth factor. The metabolic and mitogenic responses to insulin are regulated by divergent post-receptor signaling mechanisms downstream from the activated insulin receptor (IR). However, the anabolic and growth-promoting properties of insulin require tissue-specific inter-relationships between the two pathways, and the nature and scope of insulin-regulated processes vary greatly across tissues. Understanding the nuances of this interplay between metabolic and growth-regulating properties of insulin would have important implications for development of novel insulin and IR modulator therapies that stimulate insulin receptor activation in both pathway- and tissue-specific manners. This review will provide a unique perspective focusing on the roles of "metabolic" and "mitogenic" actions of insulin signaling in various tissues, and how these networks should be considered when evaluating selective pharmacologic approaches to prevent or treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Cordoba-Chacon J, Majumdar N, Pokala NK, Gahete MD, Kineman RD. Islet insulin content and release are increased in male mice with elevated endogenous GH and IGF-I, without evidence of systemic insulin resistance or alterations in β-cell mass. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:189-195. [PMID: 25936582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is clear that elevations in circulating GH can lead to an increase in insulin levels. This increase in insulin may be due to GH-mediated insulin resistance and enhanced lipolysis. However, there is also in vitro and in vivo evidence that GH acts directly to increase β-cell proliferation and insulin production. Our laboratory recently developed an animal model with elevated endogenous GH levels associated with a small (25%), but significant, increase in IGF-I (HiGH mice). As expected, insulin levels were elevated in HiGH mice; however, whole body insulin sensitivity was not altered and glucose tolerance was improved. This metabolic phenotype suggests that modest elevations in circulating GH and IGF-I may enhance β-cell mass and/or function, in the absence of systemic insulin resistance, thus improving glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVE To determine if β-cell mass and/or function is altered in HiGH mice. DESIGN Male HiGH mice and their littermate controls were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Body composition and circulating metabolic endpoints were monitored overtime. The pancreas was recovered and processed for assessment of β-cell mass or in vitro basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. RESULTS HiGH mice showed elevated circulating insulin and normal glucose levels, while non-esterified FFA levels and triglycerides were reduced or normal, depending on diet and age. β-cell mass did not differ between HiGH and control mice, within diet. However, islets from HiGH mice contained and released more insulin under basal conditions, as compared to control islets, while the relative glucose-stimulated insulin release did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest moderate elevations in circulating GH and IGF-I can directly increase basal insulin secretion without impacting β-cell mass, independent of changes in whole body insulin sensitivity and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Neena Majumdar
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Naveen K Pokala
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14014, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14014, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14014, Spain
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Escribano O, Gómez-Hernández A, Díaz-Castroverde S, Nevado C, García G, Otero YF, Perdomo L, Beneit N, Benito M. Insulin receptor isoform A confers a higher proliferative capability to pancreatic beta cells enabling glucose availability and IGF-I signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 409:82-91. [PMID: 25797178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main compensatory response to insulin resistance is the pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia to account for increased insulin secretion. In fact, in a previous work we proposed a liver-pancreas endocrine axis with IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor type I) secreted by the liver acting on IRA insulin receptor in beta cells from iLIRKO mice (inducible Liver Insulin Receptor KnockOut) that showed a high IRA/IRB ratio. However, the role of insulin receptor isoforms in the IGF-I-induced beta cell proliferation as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. For this purpose, we have used four immortalized mouse beta cell lines: bearing IR (IRLoxP), lacking IR (IRKO), expressing exclusively IRA (IRA), or alternatively expressing IRB (IRB). Pancreatic beta cell proliferation studies showed that IRA cells are more sensitive than those expressing IRB to the mitogenic response induced by IGF-I, acting through the pathway IRA/IRS-1/2/αp85/Akt/mTORC1/p70S6K. More importantly, IRA beta cells, but not IRB, showed an increased glucose uptake as compared with IRLoxP cells, this effect being likely owing to an enhanced association between Glut-1 and Glut-2 with IRA. Overall, our results strongly suggest a prevalent role of IRA in glucose availability and IGF-I-induced beta cell proliferation mainly through mTORC1. These results could explain, at least partially, the role played by the liver-secreted IGF-I in the compensatory beta cell hyperplasia observed in response to severe hepatic insulin resistance in iLIRKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Escribano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabela Díaz-Castroverde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Nevado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda F Otero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana Perdomo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Beneit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Scheinman EJ, Damouni R, Caspi A, Shen-Orr Z, Tiosano D, LeRoith D. The beneficial effect of growth hormone treatment on islet mass in streptozotocin-treated mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:492-9. [PMID: 25529355 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, characterized by a loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which results in dramatic reductions in insulin secretion and circulating insulin levels. Patients with type 1 diabetes are traditionally treated with insulin injections and insulin pumps ex vivo or undergo transplantation. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to be involved in β-cell function and survival in culture. METHODS Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with streptozotocin and monitored for their weight and blood glucose levels. Fourteen days post-initial injection, these mice were separated into two groups at random. One group was treated with GH while the other treated with vehicle for up to 3 weeks. These mice were compared with mice not treated with streptozotocin. RESULTS Under our experimental conditions, we observed that mice treated with GH had larger islets and higher serum insulin levels than streptozotocin-treated mice treated with saline (0.288 vs. 0.073 ng/mL, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that GH may rescue islets and therefore may possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, although consideration should be made regarding GH's effect on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal J Scheinman
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawan Damouni
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishay Caspi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zila Shen-Orr
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dov Tiosano
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Derek LeRoith
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Jia S, Ivanov A, Blasevic D, Müller T, Purfürst B, Sun W, Chen W, Poy MN, Rajewsky N, Birchmeier C. Insm1 cooperates with Neurod1 and Foxa2 to maintain mature pancreatic β-cell function. EMBO J 2015; 34:1417-33. [PMID: 25828096 PMCID: PMC4492000 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Key transcription factors control the gene expression program in mature pancreatic β-cells, but their integration into regulatory networks is little understood. Here, we show that Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 directly interact and together bind regulatory sequences in the genome of mature pancreatic β-cells. We used Insm1 ablation in mature β-cells in mice and found pronounced deficits in insulin secretion and gene expression. Insm1-dependent genes identified previously in developing β-cells markedly differ from the ones identified in the adult. In particular, adult mutant β-cells resemble immature β-cells of newborn mice in gene expression and functional properties. We defined Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 binding sites associated with genes deregulated in Insm1 mutant β-cells. Remarkably, combinatorial binding of Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 but not binding of Insm1 alone explained a significant fraction of gene expression changes. Human genomic sequences corresponding to the murine sites occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 were enriched in single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with glycolytic traits. Thus, our data explain part of the mechanisms by which β-cells maintain maturity: Combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding identifies regulatory sequences that maintain the mature gene expression program in β-cells, and disruption of this network results in functional failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Jia
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dinko Blasevic
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Purfürst
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Sun
- Scientific Genomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Scientific Genomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- Molecular Mechanisms of Metabolic Disease, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Differentiation of human skin-derived precursor cells into functional islet-like insulin-producing cell clusters. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:595-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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67
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Wuttke A. Lipid Signalling Dynamics at the β-cell Plasma Membrane. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 116:281-90. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wuttke
- Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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68
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Xi Y, Liu S, Bettaieb A, Matsuo K, Matsuo I, Hosein E, Chahed S, Wiede F, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Kulkarni RN, Tiganis T, Haj FG. Pancreatic T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase deficiency affects beta cell function in mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:122-31. [PMID: 25338551 PMCID: PMC4258175 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP, encoded by PTPN2) regulates cytokine-induced pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, the role of TCPTP in pancreatic endocrine function and insulin secretion remains largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the endocrine role of pancreatic TCPTP we generated mice with pancreas Ptpn2/TCPTP deletion (panc-TCPTP KO). RESULTS When fed regular chow, panc-TCPTP KO and control mice exhibited comparable glucose tolerance. However, when challenged with prolonged high fat feeding panc-TCPTP KO mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The defect in GSIS was recapitulated in primary islets ex vivo and after TCPTP pharmacological inhibition or lentiviral-mediated TCPTP knockdown in the glucose-responsive MIN6 beta cells, consistent with this being cell autonomous. Reconstitution of TCPTP in knockdown cells reversed the defect in GSIS demonstrating that the defect was a direct consequence of TCPTP deficiency. The reduced insulin secretion in TCPTP knockdown MIN6 beta cells was associated with decreased insulin content and glucose sensing. Furthermore, TCPTP deficiency led to enhanced tyrosyl phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT 1/3), and substrate trapping studies in MIN6 beta cells identified STAT 1/3 as TCPTP substrates. STAT3 pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA-mediated STAT3 knockdown in TCPTP deficient cells restored GSIS to control levels, indicating that the effects of TCPTP deficiency were mediated, at least in part, through enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation and signalling. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies identify a novel role for TCPTP in insulin secretion and uncover STAT3 as a physiologically relevant target for TCPTP in the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Xi
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kosuke Matsuo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izumi Matsuo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ellen Hosein
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samah Chahed
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Florian Wiede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Fawaz G. Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Hwang JY, Sim X, Wu Y, Liang J, Tabara Y, Hu C, Hara K, Tam CHT, Cai Q, Zhao Q, Jee S, Takeuchi F, Go MJ, Ong RTH, Ohkubo T, Kim YJ, Zhang R, Yamauchi T, So WY, Long J, Gu D, Lee NR, Kim S, Katsuya T, Oh JH, Liu J, Umemura S, Kim YJ, Jiang F, Maeda S, Chan JCN, Lu W, Hixson JE, Adair LS, Jung KJ, Nabika T, Bae JB, Lee MH, Seielstad M, Young TL, Teo YY, Kita Y, Takashima N, Osawa H, Lee SH, Shin MH, Shin DH, Choi BY, Shi J, Gao YT, Xiang YB, Zheng W, Kato N, Yoon M, He J, Shu XO, Ma RCW, Kadowaki T, Jia W, Miki T, Qi L, Tai ES, Mohlke KL, Han BG, Cho YS, Kim BJ. Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies novel variants associated with fasting plasma glucose in East Asians. Diabetes 2015; 64:291-8. [PMID: 25187374 PMCID: PMC4274808 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has been recognized as an important indicator for the overall glycemic state preceding the onset of metabolic diseases. So far, most indentified genome-wide association loci for FPG were derived from populations with European ancestry, with a few exceptions. To extend a thorough catalog for FPG loci, we conducted meta-analyses of 13 genome-wide association studies in up to 24,740 nondiabetic subjects with East Asian ancestry. Follow-up replication analyses in up to an additional 21,345 participants identified three new FPG loci reaching genome-wide significance in or near PDK1-RAPGEF4, KANK1, and IGF1R. Our results could provide additional insight into the genetic variation implicated in fasting glucose regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Integrated Molecular Science on Metabolic Diseases, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center; and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sunha Jee
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Min Jin Go
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rick Twee Hee Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center; and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Epidemiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China Population Genetics, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nanette R Lee
- Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Soriul Kim
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ji Hee Oh
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yeon-Jung Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - James E Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Jae-Bum Bae
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lee
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Terri L Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - So-Hyun Lee
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center; and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center; and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwuk Yoon
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center; and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tetsuro Miki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Human fetal liver stromal cell co-culture enhances the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells into islet-like cell clusters. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:280-94. [PMID: 24395006 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advance in directed differentiation of pancreatic stem cells offers potential to the development of replacement therapy for diabetic patients. However, the existing differentiation protocols are complex, time-consuming, and costly; thus there is a need for alternative protocols. Given the common developmental origins of liver and pancreas, we sought to develop a novel protocol, devoid of growth factors, by using liver stromal cells (LSCs) derived from human fetal liver. We examined the effects of the LSCs on the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells (PPCs) into islet-like cell clusters (ICCs). PPCs and LSCs isolated from 1st to 2nd trimester human fetal tissues underwent co-cultures; differentiation and functionality of ICCs were determined by examining expression of critical markers and secretion of insulin. Co-culture with 2nd but not 1st trimester LSCs enhanced ICC differentiation and functionality without the use of exogenous differentiation 'cocktails'. Differential expression profiles of growth factors from 1st versus 2nd trimester fetal liver were compared. Many morphogenic factors were expressed by LSCs, while insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was identified as one of the key molecules responsible for the ICC differentiation. This is the first report showing that an LSC-induced microenvironment can enhance ICC differentiation and functionality. Further modifications of the stroma microenvironment may offer an alternative, efficient and cost-effective approach to providing islets for transplantation.
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71
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Shim JH, Kim J, Han J, An SY, Jang YJ, Son J, Woo DH, Kim SK, Kim JH. Pancreatic Islet-Like Three-Dimensional Aggregates Derived From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Ameliorate Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:2155-68. [PMID: 25397866 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into pancreatic endoderm. Here we demonstrate that islet-like three-dimensional (3D) aggregates can be derived from the pancreatic endoderm by optimizing our previous protocol. Sequential treatment with Wnt3a, activin A, and noggin induced a transient upregulation of T and MixL1, followed by increased expression of endodermal genes, including FOXA2, SOX17, and CXCR4. Subsequent treatment with retinoic acid highly upregulated PDX1 expression. We also show that inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling by bFGF/activin βB and cotreatment with VEGF and FGF7 produced many 3D cellular clusters that express both SOX17 and PDX1. We found for the first time that proteoglycans and vimentin(+) mesenchymal cells were mainly localized in hESC-derived PDX1(+) clusters. Importantly, treatment with chlorate, an inhibitor of proteoglycan sulfation, together with inhibition of Notch signaling significantly increased the expression of Neurog3 and NeuroD1, promoting a transition from PDX1(+) progenitor cells toward mature pancreatic endocrine cells. Purified dithizone(+) 3D aggregates generated by our refined protocol produced pancreatic hormones and released insulin in response to both glucose and pharmacological drugs in vitro. Furthermore, the islet-like 3D aggregates decreased blood glucose levels and continued to exhibit pancreatic features after transplantation into diabetic mice. Generation of islet-like 3D cell aggregates from human pluripotent stem cells may overcome the shortage of cadaveric donor islets for future cases of clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Hyun Shim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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72
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Differential organ phenotypes after postnatal Igf1r gene conditional deletion induced by tamoxifen in UBC-CreERT2; Igf1r fl/fl double transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:279-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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Zhang J, Liu F. Tissue-specific insulin signaling in the regulation of metabolism and aging. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:485-95. [PMID: 25087968 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, insulin signaling regulates glucose homeostasis and plays an essential role in metabolism, organ growth, development, fertility, and lifespan. The defects in this signaling pathway contribute to various metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, reducing the insulin signaling pathway has been found to increase longevity and delay the aging-associated diseases in various animals, ranging from nematodes to mice. These seemly paradoxical findings raise an interesting question as to how modulation of the insulin signaling pathway could be an effective approach to improve metabolism and aging. In this review, we summarize current understanding on tissue-specific functions of insulin signaling in the regulation of metabolism and lifespan. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations in modulating tissue-specific insulin signaling pathway to improve metabolism and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education; Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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74
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Xie J, El Sayed NM, Qi C, Zhao X, Moore CE, Herbert TP. Exendin-4 stimulates islet cell replication via the IGF1 receptor activation of mTORC1/S6K1. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:105-15. [PMID: 24994913 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists, such as exendin-4, potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and are currently used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, GLP1R agonists also have the ability to augment β-cell mass. In this report, we provide evidence that in the presence of glucose, exendin-4 stimulates rodent islet cell DNA replication via the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and that this is mediated by the protein kinase B (PKB)-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). We show that activation of this pathway is caused by the autocrine or paracrine activation of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), as siRNA-mediated knockdown of the IGF1R effectively blocked exendin-4-stimulated PKB and mTORC1 activation. In contrast, pharmacological inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor has no discernible effect on exendin-4-stimulated PKB or mTORC1 activation. Therefore, we conclude that GLP1R agonists stimulate β-cell proliferation via the PKB-dependent stimulation of mTORC1/S6K1 whose activation is mediated through the autocrine/paracrine activation of the IGF1R. This work provides a better understanding of the molecular basis of GLP1 agonist-induced β-cell proliferation which could potentially be exploited in the identification of novel drug targets that increase β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xie
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Norhan M El Sayed
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Cheng Qi
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Xuechan Zhao
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Claire E Moore
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Terence P Herbert
- Department of Cell Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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75
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Mezza T, Kulkarni RN. The regulation of pre- and post-maturational plasticity of mammalian islet cell mass. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1291-303. [PMID: 24824733 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of mature cells that produce functional insulin represents a major focus and a challenge of current diabetes research aimed at restoring beta cell mass in patients with most forms of diabetes, as well as in ageing. The capacity to adapt to diverse physiological states during life and the consequent ability to cope with increased metabolic demands in the normal regulation of glucose homeostasis is a distinctive feature of the endocrine pancreas in mammals. Both beta and alpha cells, and presumably other islet cells, are dynamically regulated via nutrient, neural and/or hormonal activation of growth factor signalling and the post-transcriptional modification of a variety of genes or via the microbiome to continually maintain a balance between regeneration (e.g. proliferation, neogenesis) and apoptosis. Here we review key regulators that determine islet cell mass at different ages in mammals. Understanding the chronobiology and the dynamics and age-dependent processes that regulate the relationship between the different cell types in the overall maintenance of an optimally functional islet cell mass could provide important insights into planning therapeutic approaches to counter and/or prevent the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mezza
- Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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76
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Abstract
β-Cell mass is a parameter commonly measured in studies of islet biology and diabetes. However, the rigorous quantification of pancreatic β-cell mass using conventional histological methods is a time-consuming process. Rapidly evolving virtual slide technology with high-resolution slide scanners and newly developed image analysis tools has the potential to transform β-cell mass measurement. To test the effectiveness and accuracy of this new approach, we assessed pancreata from normal C57Bl/6J mice and from mouse models of β-cell ablation (streptozotocin-treated mice) and β-cell hyperplasia (leptin-deficient mice), using a standardized systematic sampling of pancreatic specimens. Our data indicate that automated analysis of virtual pancreatic slides is highly reliable and yields results consistent with those obtained by conventional morphometric analysis. This new methodology will allow investigators to dramatically reduce the time required for β-cell mass measurement by automating high-resolution image capture and analysis of entire pancreatic sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - William S Bush
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Shirakawa J, Okuyama T, Yoshida E, Shimizu M, Horigome Y, Tuno T, Hayasaka M, Abe S, Fuse M, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Effects of the antitumor drug OSI-906, a dual inhibitor of IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor, on the glycemic control, β-cell functions, and β-cell proliferation in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2102-11. [PMID: 24712877 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IGF-1 receptor has become a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. The efficacy of OSI-906 (linstinib), a dual inhibitor of IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor, for solid cancers has been examined in clinical trials. The effects of OSI-906, however, on the blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell functions have not yet been reported. We investigated the impact of OSI-906 on glycemic control, insulin secretion, β-cell mass, and β-cell proliferation in male mice. Oral administration of OSI-906 worsened glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner in the wild-type mice. OSI-906 at a dose equivalent to the clinical daily dose (7.5 mg/kg) transiently evoked glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2-deficient mice and mice with diet-induced obesity, both models of peripheral insulin resistance, exhibited more severe glucose intolerance after OSI-906 administration than glucokinase-haploinsufficient mice, a model of impaired insulin secretion. Phloridzin improved the hyperglycemia induced by OSI-906 in mice. In vitro, OSI-906 showed no effect on insulin secretion from isolated islets. After daily administration of OSI-906 for a week to mice, the β-cell mass and β-cell proliferation rate were significantly increased. The insulin signals in the β-cells were apparently unaffected in those mice. Taken together, the results suggest that OSI-906 could exacerbate diabetes, especially in patients with insulin resistance. On the other hand, the results suggest that the β-cell mass may expand in response to chemotherapy with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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78
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Thankamony A, Capalbo D, Marcovecchio ML, Sleigh A, Jørgensen SW, Hill NR, Mooslehner K, Yeo GSH, Bluck L, Juul A, Vaag A, Dunger DB. Low circulating levels of IGF-1 in healthy adults are associated with reduced β-cell function, increased intramyocellular lipid, and enhanced fat utilization during fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2198-207. [PMID: 24617714 PMCID: PMC4413372 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low serum IGF-1 levels have been linked to increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. However, the physiological role of IGF-1 in glucose metabolism is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore glucose and lipid metabolism associated with variations in serum IGF-1 levels. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS IGF-1 levels were measured in healthy, nonobese male volunteers aged 18 to 50 years from a biobank (n = 275) to select 24 subjects (age 34.8 ± 8.9 years), 12 each in the lowest (low-IGF) and highest (high-IGF) quartiles of age-specific IGF-1 SD scores. Evaluations were undertaken after a 24-hour fast and included glucose and glycerol turnover rates using tracers, iv glucose tolerance test to estimate peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) and acute insulin and C-peptide responses (indices of insulin secretion), magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs), calorimetry, and gene expression studies in a muscle biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Acute insulin and C-peptide responses, IS, and glucose and glycerol rate of appearance (Ra) were evaluated. RESULTS Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels and glucose Ra were reduced (all P < .05) in low-IGF compared with high-IGF subjects, indicating increased hepatic IS. Acute insulin and C-peptide responses were lower (both P < .05), but similar peripheral IS resulted in reduced insulin secretion adjusted for IS in low-IGF subjects (P = 0.044). Low-IGF subjects had higher overnight levels of free fatty acids (P = .028) and β-hydroxybutyrate (P = .014), increased accumulation of IMCLs in tibialis anterior muscle (P = .008), and a tendency for elevated fat oxidation rates (P = .058); however, glycerol Ra values were similar. Gene expression of the fatty acid metabolism pathway (P = .0014) was upregulated, whereas the GLUT1 gene was downregulated (P = .005) in the skeletal muscle in low-IGF subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that serum IGF-1 levels could be an important marker of β-cell function and glucose as well as lipid metabolic responses during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics (A.T., D.C., M.L.M., K.M., D.B.D.) and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (A.S.), University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (G.S.H.Y.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; MRC Human Nutrition Research of Growth and Reproduction (L.B.); and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre (D.B.D.), Cambridge, CB1 9NL, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (S.W.J., A.V.), Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Denmark; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (N.R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom; and Department of Growth and Reproduction (A.J.), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DK-2100 Denmark
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79
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Högler W, Martin DD, Crabtree N, Nightingale P, Tomlinson J, Metherell L, Rosenfeld R, Hwa V, Rose S, Walker J, Shaw N, Barrett T, Frystyk J. IGFALS gene dosage effects on serum IGF-I and glucose metabolism, body composition, bone growth in length and width, and the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human IGF-I administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E703-12. [PMID: 24423360 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acid labile subunit (ALS) deficiency, caused by IGFALS mutations, is a subtype of primary IGF-I deficiency (PIGFD) and has been associated with insulin resistance (IR) and osteopenia. Whether patients respond to recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) is unknown. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study determined the 14-hour pharmacokinetic response of free and total IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to a single sc dose of rhIGF-I (120 μg/kg) in four ALS-deficient patients, compared with severe PIGFD, moderate PIGFD, and controls. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, fasting blood levels, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and metacarpal radiogrammetry were performed in the four patients and 12 heterozygous family members. RESULTS IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increased above baseline (P < .05) for 2.5 hours, returning to baseline 7 hours after rhIGF-I injection. Mean (SD) IGF-I Z-score increased by 2.49 (0.90), whereas IGFBP-3 Z-score increased by 0.57 (0.10) only. IGF-I elimination rates in ALS deficiency were similar, but the IGF-I increment was lower than those for severe PIGFD. Significant gene dosage effects were found for all IGF-I peptides, height, forearm muscle size, and metacarpal width. Bone analysis showed that ALS deficiency creates a phenotype of slender bones with normal size-corrected density. Abnormal glucose handling and IR was found in three of four patients and 6 of 12 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These gene dosage effects demonstrate that one functional IGFALS allele is insufficient to maintain normal ALS levels, endocrine IGF-I action, full growth potential, muscle size, and periosteal expansion. Similar gene dosage effects may exist for parameters of IR. Despite similar IGF-I elimination compared with severe PIGFD, ALS-deficient patients cannot mount a similar response. Alternative ways of rhIGF-I administration should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Högler
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (W.H., N.S., T.B.) and Nuclear Medicine (N.C.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, B4 6NH Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (D.D.M.), University Children's Hospital, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (P.N.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.T., T.B.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute (L.M.), Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (R.R.), Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Paediatrics (S.R.), Heartlands Hospital, B9 5SS Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (J.W.), Portsmouth Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom; and Medical Research Laboratory (J.F.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
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80
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Jensen RB, Thankamony A, O'Connell SM, Salgin B, Kirk J, Donaldson M, Ivarsson SA, Söder O, Roche E, Hoey H, Dunger DB, Juul A. Baseline IGF-I levels determine insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during the first year on growth hormone therapy in children born small for gestational age. Results from a North European Multicentre Study (NESGAS). Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:38-46. [PMID: 23860366 DOI: 10.1159/000353438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developmental programming alters growth and metabolic outcome in children born small for gestational age (SGA). We explored insulin and glucose metabolism in SGA children treated with a fixed GH dose over 1 year. METHODS In the North European Small for Gestational Age Study (NESGAS), 110 short SGA children received GH at 67 µg/kg/day for 1 year. Insulin secretion was assessed by acute insulin response (AIR), insulin sensitivity (IS) by HOMA and disposition index (DI) by insulin secretion adjusted for IS. RESULTS First-year GH therapy led to increases in height and IGF-I standard deviation score (SDS), and reductions in IS (p < 0.0001). Compensatory increases in AIR (p < 0.0001) were insufficient and resulted in reduced DI (p = 0.032). Children in the highest IGF-I SDS tertile at baseline were the least insulin sensitive at baseline (p = 0.024) and 1 year (p = 0.006). IGF-I responses after 1 year were positively related to AIR (r = 0.30, p = 0.007) and DI (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION In SGA children treated with a high GH dose for 1 year, baseline IGF-I levels were related to IS whilst gains in height and IGF-I responses were associated with insulin secretion. Defining heterogeneity in IGF-I in SGA children may be useful in predicting growth and metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Beck Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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81
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Mezza T, Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Clemente G, Hu J, Pontecorvi A, Holst JJ, Giaccari A, Kulkarni RN. Insulin resistance alters islet morphology in nondiabetic humans. Diabetes 2014; 63:994-1007. [PMID: 24215793 PMCID: PMC3931397 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by poor glucose uptake in metabolic tissues and manifests when insulin secretion fails to cope with worsening insulin resistance. In addition to its effects on skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue metabolism, it is evident that insulin resistance also affects pancreatic β-cells. To directly examine the alterations that occur in islet morphology as part of an adaptive mechanism to insulin resistance, we evaluated pancreas samples obtained during pancreatoduodenectomy from nondiabetic subjects who were insulin-resistant or insulin-sensitive. We also compared insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and incretin levels between the two groups. We report an increased islet size and an elevated number of β- and α-cells that resulted in an altered β-cell-to-α-cell area in the insulin- resistant group. Our data in this series of studies suggest that neogenesis from duct cells and transdifferentiation of α-cells are potential contributors to the β-cell compensatory response to insulin resistance in the absence of overt diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mezza
- Islet Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Clemente
- Department of Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding authors: Andrea Giaccari, , and Rohit N. Kulkarni,
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Corresponding authors: Andrea Giaccari, , and Rohit N. Kulkarni,
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82
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Chen Z, Morris DL, Jiang L, Liu Y, Rui L. SH2B1 in β-cells regulates glucose metabolism by promoting β-cell survival and islet expansion. Diabetes 2014; 63:585-95. [PMID: 24150605 PMCID: PMC3900537 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IGF-1 and insulin promote β-cell expansion by inhibiting β-cell death and stimulating β-cell proliferation, and the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt pathway mediates insulin and IGF-1 action. Impaired β-cell expansion is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Here, we identified SH2B1, which is highly expressed in β-cells, as a novel regulator of β-cell expansion. Silencing of SH2B1 in INS-1 832/13 β-cells attenuated insulin- and IGF-1-stimulated activation of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway and increased streptozotocin (STZ)-induced apoptosis; conversely, overexpression of SH2B1 had the opposite effects. Activation of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway in β-cells was impaired in pancreas-specific SH2B1 knockout (PKO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). HFD-fed PKO mice also had increased β-cell apoptosis, decreased β-cell proliferation, decreased β-cell mass, decreased pancreatic insulin content, impaired insulin secretion, and exacerbated glucose intolerance. Furthermore, PKO mice were more susceptible to STZ-induced β-cell destruction, insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia. These data indicate that SH2B1 in β-cells is an important prosurvival and proproliferative protein and promotes compensatory β-cell expansion in the insulin-resistant state and in response to β-cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David L. Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Corresponding author: Liangyou Rui,
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83
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Yang KT, Bayan JA, Zeng N, Aggarwal R, He L, Peng Z, Kassa A, Kim M, Luo Z, Shi Z, Medina V, Boddupally K, Stiles BL. Adult-onset deletion of Pten increases islet mass and beta cell proliferation in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:352-61. [PMID: 24162585 PMCID: PMC3918745 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adult beta cells have a diminished ability to proliferate. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a lipid phosphatase that antagonises the function of the mitogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The objective of this study was to understand the role of PTEN and PI3K signalling in the maintenance of beta cells postnatally. METHODS We developed a Pten (lox/lox); Rosa26 (lacZ); RIP-CreER (+) model that permitted us to induce Pten deletion by treatment with tamoxifen in mature animals. We evaluated islet mass and function as well as beta cell proliferation in 3- and 12-month-old mice treated with tamoxifen (Pten deleted) vs mice treated with vehicle (Pten control). RESULTS Deletion of Pten in juvenile (3-month-old) beta cells significantly induced their proliferation and increased islet mass. The expansion of islet mass occurred concomitantly with the enhanced ability of the Pten-deleted mice to maintain euglycaemia in response to streptozotocin treatment. In older mice (>12 months of age), deletion of Pten similarly increased islet mass and beta cell proliferation. This novel finding suggests that PTEN-regulated mechanisms may override the age-onset diminished ability of beta cells to respond to mitogenic stimulation. We also found that proteins regulating G1/S cell-cycle transition, such as cyclin D1, cyclin D2, p27 and p16, were altered when PTEN was lost, suggesting that they may play a role in PTEN/PI3K-regulated beta cell proliferation in adult tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The signals regulated by the PTEN/PI3K pathway are important for postnatal maintenance of beta cells and regulation of their proliferation in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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84
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Charalambous M, da Rocha ST, Hernandez A, Ferguson‐Smith AC. Perturbations to the IGF1 growth pathway and adult energy homeostasis following disruption of mouse chromosome 12 imprinting. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:174-87. [PMID: 24034272 PMCID: PMC3992899 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim Disruption to insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathways during early life causes growth retardation and defects of developing metabolic organs that can alter set points of energy homeostasis for a lifetime. Inheritance of two maternal copies of human chromosome 14q32.2 (Temple syndrome) causes severe foetal growth retardation and post-natal failure to thrive. Disruption of imprinted gene dosage in the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 12 also affects growth. Here, we investigated whether altering chromosome 12-imprinted gene dosage can affect IGF signalling. Methods We investigated mice with a transgene insertion at the imprinted domain of chromosome 12. This lesion causes misexpression of neighbouring genes such that the expression of non-coding RNAs is elevated, and levels of delta-like homologue 1 (Dlk1), retrotransposon-like 1 (Rtl1) and deiodinase 3 (Dio3) transcripts are reduced. Results We observed three key phenotypes in these mice: (i) embryonic growth retardation associated with altered expression of IGF1 binding proteins, (ii) peri-natal failure to thrive accompanied by hypothyroidism and low serum IGF1. Unexpectedly this phenotype was growth hormone independent. (iii) Adult animals had reduced glucose tolerance as a result of endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Conclusions We propose that all of these phenotypes are attributable to impaired IGF action and show for the first time that the chromosome 12 cluster in the mouse is an imprinted locus that modulates the IGF signalling pathway. We propose that growth retardation observed in human Temple syndrome might have a similar cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Charalambous
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - S. T. da Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - A. Hernandez
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough MEUSA
| | - A. C. Ferguson‐Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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85
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Role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in pancreatic β-cell mass regulation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:425-69. [PMID: 24559928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exquisite regulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is essential to maintain metabolic homeostasis. β-Cell mass must be accordingly adapted to metabolic needs and can be largely modified under different situations. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes has been consistently identified as key modulators of β-cell mass. mTOR can be found into two different complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Under systemic insulin resistance, mTORC1/mTORC2 signaling in β-cells is needed to increase β-cell mass and insulin secretion. However, type 2 diabetes arises when these compensatory mechanisms fail, being the role of mTOR complexes still obscure in β-cell failure. In this chapter, we introduce the protein composition and regulation of mTOR complexes and their role in pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, we describe their main signaling effectors through the review of numerous animal models, which indicate the essential role of mTORC1/mTORC2 in pancreatic β-cell mass regulation.
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86
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Huang Y, Chang Y. Regulation of pancreatic islet beta-cell mass by growth factor and hormone signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:321-49. [PMID: 24373242 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction and destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells is a hallmark of diabetes. Better understanding of cellular signals in beta cells will allow development of therapeutic strategies for diabetes, such as preservation and expansion of beta-cell mass and improvement of beta-cell function. During the past several decades, the number of studies analyzing the molecular mechanisms, including growth factor/hormone signaling pathways that impact islet beta-cell mass and function, has increased exponentially. Notably, somatolactogenic hormones including growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their receptors (GHR, PRLR, and IGF-1R) are critically involved in beta-cell growth, survival, differentiation, and insulin secretion. In this chapter, we focus more narrowly on GH, PRL, and IGF-1 signaling, and GH-IGF-1 cross talk. We also discuss how these signaling aspects contribute to the regulation of beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis. In particular, our novel findings of GH-induced formation of GHR-JAK2-IGF-1R protein complex and synergistic effects of GH and IGF-1 on beta-cell signaling, proliferation, and antiapoptosis lead to a new concept that IGF-1R may serve as a proximal component of GH/GHR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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87
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Zeng N, Yang KT, Bayan JA, He L, Aggarwal R, Stiles JW, Hou X, Medina V, Abad D, Palian BM, Al-Abdullah I, Kandeel F, Johnson DL, Stiles BL. PTEN controls β-cell regeneration in aged mice by regulating cell cycle inhibitor p16ink4a. Aging Cell 2013; 12:1000-11. [PMID: 23826727 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration diminishes with age, concurrent with declining hormone levels including growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). We investigated the molecular basis for such decline in pancreatic β-cells where loss of proliferation occurs early in age and is proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. We studied the regeneration capacity of β-cells in mouse model where PI3K/AKT pathway downstream of insulin/IGF-1 signaling is upregulated by genetic deletion of Pten (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) specifically in insulin-producing cells. In this model, PTEN loss prevents the decline in proliferation capacity in aged β-cells and restores the ability of aged β-cells to respond to injury-induced regeneration. Using several animal and cell models where we can manipulate PTEN expression, we found that PTEN blocks cell cycle re-entry through a novel pathway leading to an increase in p16(ink4a), a cell cycle inhibitor characterized for its role in cellular senescence/aging. A downregulation in p16(ink4a) occurs when PTEN is lost as a result of cyclin D1 induction and the activation of E2F transcription factors. The activation of E2F transcriptional factors leads to methylation of p16(ink4a) promoter, an event that is mediated by the upregulation of polycomb protein, Ezh2. These analyses establish a novel PTEN/cyclin D1/E2F/Ezh2/p16(ink4a) signaling network responsible for the aging process and provide specific evidence for a molecular paradigm that explain how decline in growth factor signals such as IGF-1 (through PTEN/PI3K signaling) may control regeneration and the lack thereof in aging cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zeng
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Kai-Ting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | - Jennifer-Ann Bayan
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Lina He
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Richa Aggarwal
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Joseph W. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Vivian Medina
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Danny Abad
- Islet Transplant Center; City of Hope; Duarte CA 91010 USA
| | - Beth M. Palian
- Department of Biochemistry; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | | | - Fouad Kandeel
- Islet Transplant Center; City of Hope; Duarte CA 91010 USA
| | - Deborah L. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- Department of Pathology; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
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Abstract
In healthy individuals, insulin resistance is associated with physiological conditions such as pregnancy or body weight gain and triggers an increase in beta cell number and insulin secretion capacity to preserve normoglycaemia. Failure of this beta cell compensation capacity is a fundamental cause of diabetic hyperglycaemia. Incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the plasticity of adult beta cells mechanisms and how these cells fail during the pathogenesis of diabetes strongly limits the ability to develop new beta cell-specific therapies. Here, current knowledge of the signalling pathways controlling beta cell plasticity is reviewed, and possible directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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89
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Stein J, Milewski WM, Dey A. The negative cell cycle regulators, p27(Kip1), p18(Ink4c), and GSK-3, play critical role in maintaining quiescence of adult human pancreatic β-cells and restrict their ability to proliferate. Islets 2013; 5:156-69. [PMID: 23896637 PMCID: PMC4049839 DOI: 10.4161/isl.25605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult human pancreatic β-cells are primarily quiescent (G0) yet the mechanisms controlling their quiescence are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate, by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, abundant levels of the critical negative cell cycle regulators, p27(Kip1) and p18(Ink4c), 2 key members of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor family, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine-threonine protein kinase, in islet β-cells of adult human pancreatic tissue. Our data show that p27(Kip1) localizes primarily in β-cell nuclei, whereas, p18(Ink4c) is mostly present in β-cell cytosol. Additionally, p-p27(S10), a phosphorylated form of p27(Kip1), which was shown to interact with and to sequester cyclinD-CDK4/6 in the cytoplasm, is present in substantial amounts in β-cell cytosol. Our immunofluorescence analysis displays similar distribution pattern of p27(Kip1), p-p27(S10), p18(Ink4c) and GSK-3 in islet β-cells of adult mouse pancreatic tissue. We demonstrate marked interaction of p27(Kip1) with cyclin D3, an abundant D-type cyclin in adult human islets, and vice versa as well as with its cognate kinase partners, CDK4 and CDK6. Likewise, we show marked interaction of p18(Ink4c) with CDK4. The data collectively suggest that inhibition of CDK function by p27(Kip1) and p18(Ink4c) contributes to human β-cell quiescence. Consistent with this, we have found by BrdU incorporation assay that combined treatments of small molecule GSK-3 inhibitor and mitogen/s lead to elevated proliferation of human β-cells, which is caused partly due to p27(Kip1) downregulation. The results altogether suggest that ex vivo expansion of human β-cells is achievable via increased proliferation for β-cell replacement therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Stein
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Wieslawa M Milewski
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Arunangsu Dey
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- College of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Arunangsu Dey,
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Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the possibility of a direct autocrine effect of insulin on the pancreatic β-cell. Indeed, there have been numerous intriguing articles and several eloquent reviews written on the subject (1-3); however, the concept is still controversial. Although many in vitro experiments, a few transgenic mouse studies, and some human investigations would be supportive of the notion, there exist different insights, other studies, and circumstantial evidence that question the concept. Therefore, the idea of autocrine action of insulin remains a conundrum. Here we outline a series of thoughts, insights, and alternative interpretations of the available experimental evidence. We ask, how convincing are these, and what are the confusing issues? We agree that there is a clear contribution of certain downstream elements in the insulin signaling pathway for β-cell function and survival, but the question of whether insulin itself is actually the physiologically relevant ligand that triggers this signal transduction remains unsettled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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91
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Is dynamic autocrine insulin signaling possible? A mathematical model predicts picomolar concentrations of extracellular monomeric insulin within human pancreatic islets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64860. [PMID: 23798995 PMCID: PMC3682990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling is essential for -cell survival and proliferation in vivo. Insulin also has potent mitogenic and anti-apoptotic actions on cultured -cells, with maximum effect in the high picomolar range and diminishing effect at high nanomolar doses. In order to understand whether these effects of insulin are constitutive or can be subjected to physiological modulation, it is essential to estimate the extracellular concentration of monomeric insulin within an intact islet. Unfortunately, the in vivo concentration of insulin monomers within the islet cannot be measured directly with current technology. Here, we present the first mathematical model designed to estimate the levels of monomeric insulin within the islet extracellular space. Insulin is released as insoluble crystals that exhibit a delayed dissociation into hexamers, dimers, and eventually monomers, which only then can act as signaling ligands. The rates at which different forms of insulin dissolve in vivo have been estimated from studies of peripheral insulin injection sites. We used this and other information to formulate a mathematical model to estimate the local insulin concentration within a single islet as a function of glucose. Model parameters were estimated from existing literature. Components of the model were validated using experimental data, if available. Model analysis predicted that the majority of monomeric insulin in the islet is that which has been returned from the periphery, and the concentration of intra-islet monomeric insulin varies from 50–300 pM when glucose is in the physiological range. Thus, our results suggest that the local concentration of monomeric insulin within the islet is in the picomolar ‘sweet spot’ range of insulin doses that activate the insulin receptor and have the most potent effects on -cells in vitro. Together with experimental data, these estimations support the concept that autocrine/paracrine insulin signalling within the islet is dynamic, rather than constitutive and saturated.
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Kolic J, Spigelman AF, Plummer G, Leung E, Hajmrle C, Kin T, Shapiro AMJ, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE. Distinct and opposing roles for the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase catalytic subunits p110α and p110β in the regulation of insulin secretion from rodent and human beta cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1339-49. [PMID: 23568272 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinases (PI3Ks) regulate beta cell mass, gene transcription, and function, although the contribution of the specific isoforms is unknown. As reduced type 1A PI3K signalling is thought to contribute to impaired insulin secretion, we investigated the role of the type 1A PI3K catalytic subunits α and β (p110α and -β) in insulin granule recruitment and exocytosis in rodent and human islets. METHODS The p110α and p110β subunits were inhibited pharmacologically or by small hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated knockdown, and were directly infused or overexpressed in mouse and human islets, beta cells and INS-1 832/13 cells. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), single-cell exocytosis, Ca(2+) signalling, plasma membrane granule localisation, and actin density were monitored. RESULTS Inhibition or knockdown of p110α increased GSIS. This was not due to altered Ca(2+) responses, depolymerisation of cortical actin or increased cortical granule density, but to enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis. Intracellular infusion of recombinant PI3Kα (p110α/p85β) blocked exocytosis. Conversely, knockdown (but not pharmacological inhibition) of p110β blunted GSIS, reduced cortical granule density and impaired exocytosis. Exocytosis was rescued by direct intracellular infusion of recombinant PI3Kβ (p110β/p85β) even when p110β catalytic activity was inhibited. Conversely, both the wild-type p110β and a catalytically inactive mutant directly facilitated exocytosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Type 1A PI3K isoforms have distinct and opposing roles in the acute regulation of insulin secretion. While p110α acts as a negative regulator of beta cell exocytosis and insulin secretion, p110β is a positive regulator of insulin secretion through a mechanism separate from its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kolic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
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93
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Cigliola V, Chellakudam V, Arabieter W, Meda P. Connexins and β-cell functions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 99:250-9. [PMID: 23176806 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of pancreatic islets requires that numerous β-cells are properly coordinated. With evolution, many mechanisms have converged, which now allow individual β-cells to sense the state of activity of their neighbors as well as the changes taking place in the extracellular medium, and to regulate accordingly their own function. Here, we review one such mechanism for intercellular coordination, which depends on connexins. These integral membrane proteins accumulate at sites of close apposition between adjacent islet cell membranes, referred to as gap junctions. Recent evidence demonstrates that connexin-dependent signaling is relevant for the in vivo control of insulin biosynthesis and release, as well as for the survival of β-cells under stressing conditions. The data suggest that alterations of this signaling may be implicated in the β-cell alterations which characterize most forms of diabetes, raising the tantalizing possibility that targeting of the direct intercellular communications β-cells establish within each pancreatic islet may provide a novel, therapeutically useful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1 rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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94
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Meda P. Protein-mediated interactions of pancreatic islet cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:621249. [PMID: 24278783 PMCID: PMC3820362 DOI: 10.1155/2013/621249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans collectively form the endocrine pancreas, the organ that is soley responsible for insulin secretion in mammals, and which plays a prominent role in the control of circulating glucose and metabolism. Normal function of these islets implies the coordination of different types of endocrine cells, noticeably of the beta cells which produce insulin. Given that an appropriate secretion of this hormone is vital to the organism, a number of mechanisms have been selected during evolution, which now converge to coordinate beta cell functions. Among these, several mechanisms depend on different families of integral membrane proteins, which ensure direct (cadherins, N-CAM, occludin, and claudins) and paracrine communications (pannexins) between beta cells, and between these cells and the other islet cell types. Also, other proteins (integrins) provide communication of the different islet cell types with the materials that form the islet basal laminae and extracellular matrix. Here, we review what is known about these proteins and their signaling in pancreatic β -cells, with particular emphasis on the signaling provided by Cx36, given that this is the integral membrane protein involved in cell-to-cell communication, which has so far been mostly investigated for effects on beta cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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95
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Gannagé-Yared MH, Klammt J, Chouery E, Corbani S, Mégarbané H, Abou Ghoch J, Choucair N, Pfäffle R, Mégarbané A. Homozygous mutation of the IGF1 receptor gene in a patient with severe pre- and postnatal growth failure and congenital malformations. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:K1-7. [PMID: 23045302 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous mutations in the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) gene lead to partial resistance to IGF1 and contribute to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) with postnatal growth failure. To date, homozygous mutations of this receptor have not been described. SUBJECT A 13.5-year-old girl born from healthy first-cousin parents presented with severe IUGR and persistent short stature. Mild intellectual impairment, dysmorphic features, acanthosis nigricans, and cardiac malformations were also present. METHODS Auxological and endocrinological profiles were measured. All coding regions of the IGF1R gene including intron boundaries were amplified and directly sequenced. Functional characterization was performed by immunoblotting using patient's fibroblasts. RESULTS IGF1 level was elevated at 950NG/ML (+7 S.D.). Fasting glucose level was normal associated with high insulin levels at baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting triglyceride levels were elevated. sequencing of the IGF1R gene led to the identification of a homozygous variation in exon 2: c.119G>T (p.Arg10Leu). As a consequence, IGF1-dependent receptor autophosphorylation and downstream signaling were reduced in patient's fibroblasts. Both parents were heterozygous for the mutation. CONCLUSION The homozygous mutation of the IGF1R is associated with severe IUGR, dysmorphic features, and insulin resistance, while both parents were asymptomatic heterozygous carriers of the same mutation.
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96
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Zhang J, Zhang N, Liu M, Li X, Zhou L, Huang W, Xu Z, Liu J, Musi N, DeFronzo RA, Cunningham JM, Zhou Z, Lu XY, Liu F. Disruption of growth factor receptor-binding protein 10 in the pancreas enhances β-cell proliferation and protects mice from streptozotocin-induced β-cell apoptosis. Diabetes 2012; 61:3189-98. [PMID: 22923474 PMCID: PMC3501856 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Defects in insulin secretion and reduction in β-cell mass are associated with type 2 diabetes in humans, and understanding the basis for these dysfunctions may reveal strategies for diabetes therapy. In this study, we show that pancreas-specific knockout of growth factor receptor-binding protein 10 (Grb10), which is highly expressed in pancreas and islets, leads to elevated insulin/IGF-1 signaling in islets, enhanced β-cell mass and insulin content, and increased insulin secretion in mice. Pancreas-specific disruption of Grb10 expression also improved glucose tolerance in mice fed with a high-fat diet and protected mice from streptozotocin-induced β-cell apoptosis and body weight loss. Our study has identified Grb10 as an important regulator of β-cell proliferation and demonstrated that reducing the expression level of Grb10 could provide a novel means to increase β-cell mass and reduce β-cell apoptosis. This is critical for effective therapeutic treatment of both type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- From the Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; the
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and the
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Wei Huang
- From the Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; the
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- From the Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; the
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - John M. Cunningham
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and the
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- From the Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; the
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
| | - Feng Liu
- From the Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; the
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; the
- Corresponding author: Feng Liu,
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97
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Hong SW, Lee J, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Repression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-c is involved in the protective effects of exendin-4 in pancreatic β-cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:242-52. [PMID: 22820130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a long-acting agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, is a novel anti-diabetic drug that prevents β-cells against various toxicities. However, the mechanism and molecules mediating the protection procession of Ex-4 are not fully understood. We investigated the protective effect of Ex-4 against lipotoxicity, mediated by a repression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, a regulator of genes expression involved in fat and cholesterol synthesis. To observe the effect of Ex-4, we evaluated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and apoptosis in the MIN6 pancreatic β-cell line, which were cultured in DMEM medium containing 500 μM palmitate, with or without 10 nM Ex-4. We also examined the roles of SREBP-1c in lipotoxicity model by knockdown with si-RNA. Treatment with Ex-4 improved insulin secretion and survival as well as reduced SREBP-1c expression and activity in palmitate-treated MIN6 cells. This improvement was accompanied with an upregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and LY294.002, a specific inhibitor of PI3 kinase, abrogated effects of Ex-4 on insulin secretion. Moreover, SREBP-1c in nuclei was increased by the inhibition of PI3 kinase. Lipotoxic effects of palmitate in the insulin secretion and apoptosis were significantly prevented by SREBP-1 knockdown. In conclusion, Ex-4 protects β-cell against palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, by inhibiting SREBP-1c expression and activity through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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98
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Welters HJ, El Ouaamari A, Kawamori D, Meyer J, Hu J, Smith DM, Kulkarni RN. Rosiglitazone promotes PPARγ-dependent and -independent alterations in gene expression in mouse islets. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4593-9. [PMID: 22807489 PMCID: PMC3512010 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The glitazone class of insulin-sensitizing agents act, in part, by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in adipocytes. However, it is unclear whether the expression of PPARγ in the islets is essential for their potential β-cell-sparing properties. To investigate the in vivo effects of rosiglitazone on β-cell biology, we used an inducible, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 enhancer element-driven, Cre recombinase to knockout PPARγ expression specifically in adult β-cells (PPARgKO). Subjecting the PPARgKO mice to a chow diet led to virtually undetectable changes in glucose or insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by minimal changes in islet gene expression. Similarly, challenging the mutant mice with a high-fat diet and treatment with rosiglitazone did not alter insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, islet size, or proliferation in the knockout mice despite PPARγ-dependent and -independent changes in islet gene expression. These data suggest that PPARγ expression in the β-cells is unlikely to be directly essential for normal β-cell function or the insulin-sensitizing actions of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Welters
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom.
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99
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Goldfine AB, Kulkarni RN. Modulation of β-cell function: a translational journey from the bench to the bedside. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 Suppl 3:152-60. [PMID: 22928576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both decreased insulin secretion and action contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. The insulin receptor and insulin signalling proteins are present in the rodent and human β-cell and modulate cell growth and function. Insulin receptors and insulin signalling proteins in β-cells are critical for compensatory islet growth in response to insulin resistance. Rodents with tissue-specific knockout of the insulin receptor in the β-cell (βIRKO) show reduced first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and with aging develop glucose intolerance and diabetes, phenotypically similar to the process seen in human T2D. Expression of multiple insulin signalling proteins is reduced in islets of patients with T2D. Insulin potentiates GSIS in isolated human β-cells. Recent studies in humans in vivo show that pre-exposure to insulin increases GSIS, and this effect is diminished in persons with insulin resistance or T2D. β-Cell function correlates to whole-body insulin sensitivity. Together, these findings suggest that pancreatic β-cell dysfunction could be caused by a defect in insulin signalling within β-cell, and β-cell insulin resistance may lead to a loss of β-cell function and/or mass, contributing to the pathophysiology of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Goldfine
- Section of Clinical Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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100
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Olivier AK, Yi Y, Sun X, Sui H, Liang B, Hu S, Xie W, Fisher JT, Keiser NW, Lei D, Zhou W, Yan Z, Li G, Evans TIA, Meyerholz DK, Wang K, Stewart ZA, Norris AW, Engelhardt JF. Abnormal endocrine pancreas function at birth in cystic fibrosis ferrets. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3755-68. [PMID: 22996690 DOI: 10.1172/jci60610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF) that worsens prognosis. The lack of an animal model for CF-related diabetes (CFRD) has made it difficult to dissect how the onset of pancreatic pathology influences the emergence of CFRD. We evaluated the structure and function of the neonatal CF endocrine pancreas using a new CFTR-knockout ferret model. Although CF kits are born with only mild exocrine pancreas disease, progressive exocrine and endocrine pancreatic loss during the first months of life was associated with pancreatic inflammation, spontaneous hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Interestingly, prior to major exocrine pancreas disease, CF kits demonstrated significant abnormalities in blood glucose and insulin regulation, including diminished first-phase and accentuated peak insulin secretion in response to glucose, elevated peak glucose levels following glucose challenge, and variably elevated insulin and C-peptide levels in the nonfasted state. Although there was no difference in lobular insulin and glucagon expression between genotypes at birth, significant alterations in the frequencies of small and large islets were observed. Newborn cultured CF islets demonstrated dysregulated glucose-dependent insulin secretion in comparison to controls, suggesting intrinsic abnormalities in CF islets. These findings demonstrate that early abnormalities exist in the regulation of insulin secretion by the CF endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, College of Public Health, and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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