51
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Yang S, Arrode-Bruses G, Frank I, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Martinelli E, Ho EA. Anti-α 4β 7 monoclonal antibody-conjugated nanoparticles block integrin α 4β 7 on intravaginal T cells in rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/34/eabb9853. [PMID: 32937372 PMCID: PMC7442472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous administration of anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody in macaques decreases simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaginal infection and reduces gut SIV loads. Because of potential side effects of systemic administration, a prophylactic strategy based on mucosal administration of anti-α4β7 antibody may be safer and more effective. With this in mind, we developed a novel intravaginal formulation consisting of anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) loaded in a 1% hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel (NP-α4β7 gel). When intravaginally administered as a single dose in a rhesus macaque model, the formulation preferentially bound to CD4+ or CD3+ T cells expressing high levels of α4β7, and occupied ~40% of α4β7 expressed by these subsets and ~25% of all cells expressing α4β7 Blocking of the α4β7 was restricted to the vaginal tract without any changes detected systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St. S A, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Geraldine Arrode-Bruses
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, 455 1st Avenue #7, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St. S A, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 1C5, Canada.
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52
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Ahmed N, Elsonbaty A, Adel W, Baleanu D, Rafiq M. Stability analysis and numerical simulations of spatiotemporal HIV CD4+ T cell model with drug therapy. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:083122. [PMID: 32872796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an extended spatiotemporal model of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) CD4+ T cell with a drug therapy effect is proposed for the numerical investigation. The stability analysis of equilibrium points is carried out for temporal and spatiotemporal cases where stability regions in the space of parameters for each case are acquired. Three numerical techniques are used for the numerical simulations of the proposed HIV reaction-diffusion system. These techniques are the backward Euler, Crank-Nicolson, and a proposed structure preserving an implicit technique. The proposed numerical method sustains all the important characteristics of the proposed HIV model such as positivity of the solution and stability of equilibria, whereas the other two methods have failed to do so. We also prove that the proposed technique is positive, consistent, and Von Neumann stable. The effect of different values for the parameters is investigated through numerical simulations by using the proposed method. The stability of the proposed model of the HIV CD4+ T cell with the drug therapy effect is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Amr Elsonbaty
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Adel
- Department of Mathematics and Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Dumitru Baleanu
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
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53
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Chemudupati M, Kenney AD, Smith AC, Fillinger RJ, Zhang L, Zani A, Liu SL, Anderson MZ, Sharma A, Yount JS. Butyrate Reprograms Expression of Specific Interferon-Stimulated Genes. J Virol 2020; 94:e00326-20. [PMID: 32461320 PMCID: PMC7394905 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate is an abundant metabolite produced by gut microbiota. While butyrate is a known histone deacetylase inhibitor that activates expression of many genes involved in immune system pathways, its effects on virus infections and on the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response have not been adequately investigated. We found that butyrate increases cellular infection with viruses relevant to human and animal health, including influenza virus, reovirus, HIV-1, human metapneumovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Mechanistically, butyrate suppresses levels of specific antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products, such as RIG-I and IFITM3, in human and mouse cells without inhibiting IFN-induced phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of the STAT1 and STAT2 transcription factors. Accordingly, we discovered that although butyrate globally increases baseline expression of more than 800 cellular genes, it strongly represses IFN-induced expression of 60% of ISGs and upregulates 3% of ISGs. Our findings reveal that there are differences in the IFN responsiveness of major subsets of ISGs depending on the presence of butyrate in the cell environment, and overall, they identify a new mechanism by which butyrate influences virus infection of cells.IMPORTANCE Butyrate is a lipid produced by intestinal bacteria. Here, we newly show that butyrate reprograms the innate antiviral immune response mediated by type I interferons (IFNs). Many of the antiviral genes induced by type I IFNs are repressed in the presence of butyrate, resulting in increased virus infection and replication. Our research demonstrates that metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, such as butyrate, can have complex effects on cellular physiology, including dampening of an inflammatory innate immune pathway resulting in a proviral cellular environment. Our work further suggests that butyrate could be broadly used as a tool to increase growth of virus stocks for research and for the generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna C Smith
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Fillinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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54
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Gorny MK. Search for antiviral functions of potentially protective antibodies against V2 region of HIV-1. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2033-2041. [PMID: 32701369 PMCID: PMC7553674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1787070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the only successful RV144 vaccine trial to date, high levels of antibodies (Abs) against the V2 region of the virus envelope protein gp120 correlated with reduced HIV-1 infection. The protective role of V2 Abs has not yet been determined, and the antiviral function of V2 Abs that mediate protection against HIV-1 in humans or SHIV infection in rhesus macaques remains unclear. V2 Abs do not neutralize resistant tier 2 viruses; their Fc-mediated activities are modest and similar to those of another anti-envelope Abs, and inhibition of the gp120–α4β7 integrin interaction is ineffective in both animals and clinical trials. Moreover, in protection experiments in monkeys, levels of V1V2 vaccine-induced V2 Abs do not correlate with plasma viral load. Together, these observations suggest that V2 Abs may not control SHIV infection in rhesus macaques and that V2 Abs may instead be a surrogate marker of other protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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55
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Pino M, Uppada SB, Pandey K, King C, Nguyen K, Shim I, Rogers K, Villinger F, Paiardini M, Byrareddy SN. Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1275. [PMID: 32765488 PMCID: PMC7379916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections compromise gut immunological barriers, inducing high levels of inflammation and a severe depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Expression of α4β7 integrin promotes homing of activated T cells to intestinal sites where they become preferentially infected; blockade of α4β7 with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prior to infection has been reported to reduce gut SIV viremia in rhesus macaques (RMs). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) administration in antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected RMs reduces gut inflammation and improves gut integrity. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb therapies could synergize to reduce inflammation and HIV persistence. We co-administered two intravenous doses of rhesus anti-α4β7 mAb (50 mg/kg) combined with seven weekly subcutaneous infusions of IL-21-IgFc (100 μg/kg) in four healthy, SIV-uninfected RMs to evaluate the safety and immunological profiles of this intervention in blood and gut. Co-administration of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb showed no toxicity at the given dosages as assessed by multiple hematological and chemical parameters and did not alter the bioavailability of the therapeutics or result in the generation of antibodies against the anti-α4β7 mAb or IL-21-IgFc. Upon treatment, the frequency of CD4 memory T cells expressing β7 increased in blood and decreased in gut, consistent with an inhibition of activated CD4 T-cell homing to the gut. Furthermore, the frequency of T cells expressing proliferation and immune activation markers decreased in blood and, more profoundly, in gut. The combined IL-21 plus anti-α4β7 mAb therapy is well-tolerated in SIV-uninfected RMs and reduces the gut homing of α4β7+ CD4 T cells as well as the levels of gut immune activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Biomarkers
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Humans
- Immunity/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/adverse effects
- Interleukins/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash Babu Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inbo Shim
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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56
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Kasarpalkar N, Deb B, Kumar P, Bhor VM. The Role of Integrin α 4β 7 Signaling in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Pathogenesis and Viral Entry in Primary CD4 + T Cells As Revealed by Comparative Phosphoproteomic Signatures. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:437-450. [PMID: 32522079 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α4β7, a CD4 independent receptor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp120, defines a subset of CD4+T cells preferentially targeted by HIV. It is also considered as a promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 infection. Despite its role in HIV acquisition and disease progression, HIV-1-mediated integrin α4β7 signaling has not been elucidated so far. In view of this, we determined phosphoproteomic signatures of HIV-1 gp120 signaling as well as signaling mediated by the integrin α4β7 ligand, mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), in primary CD4+ T cells. This is the first comprehensive report on MAdCAM-1 signaling, which is believed to enhance HIV-1 replication. Importantly, we identified proteins associated with both classical and nonclassical integrin functions. We observed that HIV-1 gp120 signaling is associated with proteins that have previously not been associated with HIV-1 pathogenesis and thus, need to be explored further. There was a significant overlap in proteins identified by both MAdCAM-1 and HIV-1 gp120 signaling, which most likely represents cellular processes triggered upon interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with integrin α4β7. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of processes that could facilitate viral replication as well as viral entry through endocytosis. Although these results warrant independent replication and further validation, they suggest the presence of additional potential therapeutic targets. These results also suggest that combinatorial approaches for targeting both HIV-1 gp120 and MAdCAM-1 signaling may be necessary for efficient control of HIV-1 infection as well as novel innovation strategies in HIV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Kasarpalkar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Barnali Deb
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Vikrant M Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Mumbai, India
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57
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Mohammadi A, Bagherichimeh S, Perry MC, Fazel A, Tevlin E, Huibner S, Tharao W, Coburn B, Kaul R. The impact of cervical cytobrush sampling on cervico-vaginal immune parameters and microbiota relevant to HIV susceptibility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8514. [PMID: 32444843 PMCID: PMC7244754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunology and microbiota of the female genital tract (FGT) are key determinants of HIV susceptibility. Cervical cytobrush sampling is a relatively non-invasive method permitting the longitudinal assessment of endocervical immune cells, but effects on FGT immunology are unknown. Blood, cervico-vaginal secretions and cervical cytobrushes were collected from sexually transmitted infection (STI)-free women at baseline and after either 6 hours or 48 hours. Endocervical immune cell subsets were assessed by flow cytometry, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by multiplex ELISA. The density of Lactobacillus species and key bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterial taxa were determined by qPCR. Paired changes were assessed before and after cytobrush sampling. After 6 hours there were significant increases in CD4 + T cell, antigen presenting cell (APC) and neutrophil numbers; APC elevations persisted at 48 hours, while neutrophil and CD4 + T cell numbers returned to baseline. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased at 6 hours and returned to baseline by 48 hours. No significant changes were observed in the absolute abundance of Lactobacillus species or BV-associated bacteria at either time point. Overall, cytobrush sampling altered genital immune parameters at 6 hours, but only APC number increases persisted at 48 hours. This should be considered in longitudinal analyses of FGT immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - S Bagherichimeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M C Perry
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Fazel
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E Tevlin
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Huibner
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W Tharao
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - B Coburn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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58
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Joachim A, Ahmed MIM, Pollakis G, Rogers L, Hoffmann VS, Munseri P, Aboud S, Lyamuya EF, Bakari M, Robb ML, Wahren B, Sandstrom E, Nilsson C, Biberfeld G, Geldmacher C, Held K. Induction of Identical IgG HIV-1 Envelope Epitope Recognition Patterns After Initial HIVIS-DNA/MVA-CMDR Immunization and a Late MVA-CMDR Boost. Front Immunol 2020; 11:719. [PMID: 32411138 PMCID: PMC7198863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 trial, to date the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial demonstrating a modestly reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, antibody responses toward the HIV Envelope protein (Env) variable (V) 2 and V3 regions were shown to be correlated with a reduced risk of infection. These potentially protective antibody responses, in parallel with the vaccine efficacy, however, waned quickly. Dissecting vaccine-induced IgG recognition of antigenic regions and their variants within the HIV-1 Env from different vaccine trials will aid in designing future HIV-1 immunogens and vaccination schedules. We, therefore, analyzed the IgG response toward linear HIV-1 Env epitopes elicited by a multi-clade, multigene HIVIS-DNA priming, and heterologous recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-CMDR) boosting regimen (HIVIS03) and assessed whether a late MVA-CMDR boost 3 years after completion of the initial vaccination schedule (HIVIS06) restored antibody responses toward these epitopes. Here we report that vaccination schedule in the HIVIS03 trial elicited IgG responses against linear epitopes within the V2 and V3 tip as well as against the gp41 immunodominant region in a high proportion of vaccinees. Antibodies against the V2 and gp41 Env regions were restricted to variants with close homology to the MVA-CMDR immunogen sequence, while V3 responses were more cross-reactive. Boosting with a late third MVA-CMDR after 3 years effectively restored waned IgG responses to linear Env epitopes and induced targeting of identical antigenic regions and variants comparable to the previous combined HIVIS-DNA/MVA-CMDR regimen. Our findings support the notion that anti-HIV-1 Env responses, associated with a reduced risk of infection in RV144, could be maintained by regular boosting with a single dose of MVA-CMDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections (HPRU EZI), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena S Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Munseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius F Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Rockville, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Sandstrom
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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59
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Liu Q, Lusso P. Integrin α4β7 in HIV-1 infection: A critical review. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:627-632. [PMID: 32272507 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0120-208r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a series of observations linking α4β7, the principal gut-homing integrin, with various aspects of HIV-1 infection have generated considerable interest in the field of HIV-1 research. After the initial report that the major HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, can bind to α4β7, intensive research efforts have been focused on the role of α4β7 as a key factor in HIV-1 pathogenesis and as a potential target for prevention and treatment. The interaction between α4β7 and its natural ligand, MAdCAM-1, directs infected CD4+ T cells and HIV-1 virions carrying incorporated α4β7 to the gut mucosa, which may facilitate HIV-1 seeding and replication in the intestinal compartment during the early stages of infection. In addition, cells that express high levels of α4β7, such as Th17 cells, represent preferential targets for infection, and their frequency in the circulation was shown to correlate with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression. A number of in vivo studies in nonhuman primates have investigated whether blockage of α4β7 may affect SIV transmission and pathogenesis. Administration of a primatized anti-α4β7 antibody that blocks MAdCAM-1 binding to α4β7 was reported to reduce SIV mucosal transmission in rhesus macaques. However, the mechanism responsible for such a protective effect is still undefined, and conflicting results have been reported on the effects of the same antibody, in combination with ART, during the early chronic phase of SIV infection. Thus, despite a series of tantalizing results accrued over the past decade, the jury is still out on the role of α4β7 in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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60
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Yang C, Lan R, Wang X, Zhao Q, Li X, Bi J, Wang J, Yang G, Lin Y, Liu J, Yin G. Integrin β3, a RACK1 interacting protein, is critical for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and NF-κB activation in Marc-145 cells. Virus Res 2020; 282:197956. [PMID: 32247758 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is one of the most economically harmful diseases in modern pig production worldwide. Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) was previously shown to be indispensable for the PRRSV replication and NF-κB activation in Marc-145 cells. Here we identified a membrane protein, integrin β3 (ITGB3), as a RACK1-interacting protein. PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells upregulated the ITGB3 expression. Abrogation of ITGB3 by siRNA knockdown or antibody blocking inhibited PRRSV infection and NF-κB activation, while on the other hand, overexpression of ITGB3 enhanced PRRSV infection and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, inhibition of ITGB3 alleviated the cytopathic effects and reduced the TCID50 titer in Marc-145 cells. We also showed that RACK1 and ITGB3 were NF-κB target genes during PRRSV infection, and that they regulated each other. Our data indicated that ITGB3, presumably as a co-receptor, played an imperative role during PRRSV infection and NF-κB activation in Marc-145 cells. PRRSV infection activates a positive feedback loop involving the activation of NF-κB and upregulation of ITGB3 and RACK1 in Marc-145 cells. The findings would advance our elaborated understanding of the molecular host-pathogen interaction mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection in swine and suggest ITGB3 and NF-κB signaling pathway as potential therapeutic targets for PRRS control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Lan
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong City, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xidan Li
- Karolinska Institute, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Stockholm, SE-14157, Sweden
| | - Junlong Bi
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong City, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Guishu Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gefen Yin
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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61
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Qian Y, Che X, Jiang J, Wang Z. Mechanisms of Blood-Retinal Barrier Disruption by HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:26-32. [PMID: 30873925 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190315163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA or antigens can be detected in the intraocular tissues of HIV-1 patients even under effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In vivo, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) establishes a critical, physiological guardian against microbial invasion of the eye, but may be compromised in the presence of HIV-1. The envelope glycoprotein gp120 is exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope, essential for virus entry into cells by the attachment to specific cell surface receptors. The BRB disruption by glycoprotein gp120 has been widely recognized, which is toxic to human retinal epithelial cells (RPE) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The present review elaborates on various mechanisms of BRB disruption induced by HIV gp120, which may represent potential targets for the prevention of ocular HIV complications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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62
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Shen X, Laher F, Moodie Z, McMillan AS, Spreng RL, Gilbert PB, Huang Y, Yates NL, Grunenberg N, Juliana McElrath M, Allen M, Pensiero M, Mehra VL, Der Meeren OV, Barnett SW, Phogat S, Gray GE, Bekker LG, Corey L, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Vaccine Sequences Impact V1V2 Antibody Responses: A Comparison of Two Poxvirus Prime gp120 Boost Vaccine Regimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2093. [PMID: 32034163 PMCID: PMC7005751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 trial, vaccine-induced V1V2 IgG correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. We investigated circulating antibody specificities in two phase 1 poxvirus prime-protein boost clinical trials conducted in South Africa: HVTN 097 (subtype B/E) and HVTN 100 (subtype C). With cross-subtype peptide microarrays and multiplex binding assays, we probed the magnitude and breadth of circulating antibody responses to linear variable loop 2 (V2) and conformational V1V2 specificities. Antibodies targeting the linear V2 epitope, a correlate of decreased HIV-1 risk in RV144, were elicited up to 100% and 61% in HVTN 097 and HVTN 100, respectively. Despite higher magnitude of envelope-specific responses in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097 (p’s < 0.001), the magnitude and positivity for V2 linear epitope and V1V2 proteins were significantly lower in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Meanwhile, responses to other major linear epitopes including the variable 3 (V3) and constant 5 (C5) epitopes were higher in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Our data reveal substantial differences in the circulating antibody specificities induced by vaccination in these two canarypox prime-protein boost trials. Our findings suggest that the choice of viral sequences in prime-boost vaccine regimens, and potentially adjuvants and immunogen dose, influence the elicitation of V2-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arthur S McMillan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijay L Mehra
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Susan W Barnett
- GSK Vaccines (formerly Novartis Vaccines), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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63
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Easterhoff D, Pollara J, Luo K, Janus B, Gohain N, Williams LD, Tay MZ, Monroe A, Peachman K, Choe M, Min S, Lusso P, Zhang P, Go EP, Desaire H, Bonsignori M, Hwang KK, Beck C, Kakalis M, O’Connell RJ, Vasan S, Kim JH, Michael NL, Excler JL, Robb ML, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Arthos J, Rao M, Joyce MG, Ofek G, Ferrari G, Haynes BF. HIV vaccine delayed boosting increases Env variable region 2-specific antibody effector functions. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131437. [PMID: 31996483 PMCID: PMC7098725 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 HIV-1 phase III trial, vaccine efficacy directly correlated with the magnitude of the variable region 2-specific (V2-specific) IgG antibody response, and in the presence of low plasma IgA levels, with the magnitude of plasma antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Reenrollment of RV144 vaccinees in the RV305 trial offered the opportunity to define the function, maturation, and persistence of vaccine-induced V2-specific and other mAb responses after boosting. We show that the RV144 vaccine regimen induced persistent V2 and other HIV-1 envelope-specific memory B cell clonal lineages that could be identified throughout the approximately 11-year vaccination period. Subsequent boosts increased somatic hypermutation, a critical requirement for antibody affinity maturation. Characterization of 22 vaccine-induced V2-specific mAbs with epitope specificities distinct from previously characterized RV144 V2-specific mAbs CH58 and CH59 found increased in vitro antibody-mediated effector functions. Thus, when inducing non-neutralizing antibodies, one method by which to improve HIV-1 vaccine efficacy may be through late boosting to diversify the V2-specific response to increase the breadth of antibody-mediated anti-HIV-1 effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin Janus
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Monroe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina Peachman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Susie Min
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eden P. Go
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Beck
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matina Kakalis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Mahidol Bangkok School of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Mahidol Bangkok School of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - James Tartaglia
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Arthos
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
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64
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V2-Directed Vaccine-like Antibodies from HIV-1 Infection Identify an Additional K169-Binding Light Chain Motif with Broad ADCC Activity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3123-3135.e6. [PMID: 30540944 PMCID: PMC6342559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that bind residue K169 in the V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope correlated with reduced risk of infection in the RV144 vaccine trial but were restricted to two ED-motif-encoding light chain genes. Here, we identify an HIV-infected donor with high-titer V2 peptide-binding antibodies and isolate two antibody lineages (CAP228-16H/19F and CAP228-3D) that mediate potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Both lineages use the IGHV5-51 heavy chain germline gene, similar to the RV144 antibody CH58, but one lineage (CAP228-16H/19F) uses a light chain without the ED motif. A cocrystal structure of CAP228-16H bound to a V2 peptide identified a IGLV3-21 gene-encoded DDxD motif that is used to bind K169, with a mechanism that allows CAP228-16H to recognize more globally relevant V2 immunotypes. Overall, these data further our understanding of the development of cross-reactive, V2-binding, antiviral antibodies and effectively expand the human light chain repertoire able to respond to RV144-like immunogens.
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65
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Abstract
: Given the challenges of life-long adherence to suppressive HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and possibilities of comorbidities, such as HIV association neurocognitive disorder, HIV remission and eradication are desirable goals for people living with HIV. In some individuals, there is evidence that HIV persists and replicates in the CNS, impacting the success of HIV remission interventions. This article addresses the role of HIV CNS latency on HIV eradication, examines the effects of early ART, latency-modifying agents, antibody-based and T-cell enhancing therapies on the CNS as well as ART interruption in remission studies. We propose the integration of CNS monitoring into such studies in order to clarify the short-term and long-term neurological safety of experimental agents and treatment interruption, and to better characterize their effects on HIV CNS persistence.
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66
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Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors ensuring the mechanical connection between cells and the extracellular matrix. In addition to the anchorage of cells to the extracellular matrix, these receptors have critical functions in intracellular signaling, but are also taking center stage in many physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we provide some historical, structural, and physiological notes so that the diverse functions of these receptors can be appreciated and put into the context of the emerging field of mechanobiology. We propose that the exciting journey of the exploration of these receptors will continue for at least another new generation of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bachmann
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva , Switzerland ; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Fimlab Laboratories , Tampere , Finland
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67
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Uzzan M, Tokuyama M, Rosenstein AK, Tomescu C, SahBandar IN, Ko HM, Leyre L, Chokola A, Kaplan-Lewis E, Rodriguez G, Seki A, Corley MJ, Aberg J, La Porte A, Park EY, Ueno H, Oikonomou I, Doron I, Iliev ID, Chen BK, Lui J, Schacker TW, Furtado GC, Lira SA, Colombel JF, Horowitz A, Lim JK, Chomont N, Rahman AH, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Mehandru S. Anti-α4β7 therapy targets lymphoid aggregates in the gastrointestinal tract of HIV-1-infected individuals. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/461/eaau4711. [PMID: 30282696 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut homing CD4+ T cells expressing the integrin α4β7 are early viral targets and contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, likely by seeding the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with HIV. Although simianized anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibodies have shown promise in preventing or attenuating the disease course of simian immunodeficiency virus in nonhuman primate studies, the mechanisms of drug action remain elusive. We present a cohort of individuals with mild inflammatory bowel disease and concomitant HIV-1 infection receiving anti-α4β7 treatment. By sampling the immune inductive and effector sites of the GI tract, we have discovered that anti-α4β7 therapy led to a significant and unexpected attenuation of lymphoid aggregates, most notably in the terminal ileum. Given that lymphoid aggregates serve as important sanctuary sites for maintaining viral reservoirs, their attrition by anti-α4β7 therapy has important implications for HIV-1 therapeutics and eradication efforts and defines a rational basis for the use of anti-α4β7 therapy in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Uzzan
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minami Tokuyama
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adam K Rosenstein
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Ivo N SahBandar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Huaibin M Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Anupa Chokola
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emma Kaplan-Lewis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Akihiro Seki
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael J Corley
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Judith Aberg
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Annalena La Porte
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eun-Young Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ioannis Oikonomou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Itai Doron
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Divison, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Divison, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer Lui
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Glaucia C Furtado
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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68
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Wittine K, Saftić L, Peršurić Ž, Kraljević Pavelić S. Novel Antiretroviral Structures from Marine Organisms. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193486. [PMID: 31561445 PMCID: PMC6804230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of significant advancements and success in antiretroviral therapies directed against HIV infection, there is no cure for HIV, which scan persist in a human body in its latent form and become reactivated under favorable conditions. Therefore, novel antiretroviral drugs with different modes of actions are still a major focus for researchers. In particular, novel lead structures are being sought from natural sources. So far, a number of compounds from marine organisms have been identified as promising therapeutics for HIV infection. Therefore, in this paper, we provide an overview of marine natural products that were first identified in the period between 2013 and 2018 that could be potentially used, or further optimized, as novel antiretroviral agents. This pipeline includes the systematization of antiretroviral activities for several categories of marine structures including chitosan and its derivatives, sulfated polysaccharides, lectins, bromotyrosine derivatives, peptides, alkaloids, diterpenes, phlorotannins, and xanthones as well as adjuvants to the HAART therapy such as fish oil. We critically discuss the structures and activities of the most promising new marine anti-HIV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Wittine
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for high-throughput technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Lara Saftić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for high-throughput technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Željka Peršurić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for high-throughput technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Centre for high-throughput technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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69
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Sivro A, Schuetz A, Sheward D, Joag V, Yegorov S, Liebenberg LJ, Yende-Zuma N, Stalker A, Mwatelah RS, Selhorst P, Garrett N, Samsunder N, Balgobin A, Nawaz F, Cicala C, Arthos J, Fauci AS, Anzala AO, Kimani J, Bagaya BS, Kiwanuka N, Williamson C, Kaul R, Passmore JAS, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Ansari A, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, McKinnon LR. Integrin α 4β 7 expression on peripheral blood CD4 + T cells predicts HIV acquisition and disease progression outcomes. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/425/eaam6354. [PMID: 29367348 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is central to HIV pathogenesis, and the integrin α4β7 promotes the homing of immune cells to this site, including those that serve as viral targets. Data from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) animal models suggest that α4β7 blockade provides prophylactic and therapeutic benefits. We show that pre-HIV infection frequencies of α4β7+ peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, independent of other T cell phenotypes and genital inflammation, were associated with increased rates of HIV acquisition in South African women. A similar acquisition effect was observed in a Kenyan cohort and in nonhuman primates (NHPs) after intravaginal SIV challenge. This association was stronger when infection was caused by HIV strains containing V2 envelope motifs with a preference for α4β7 binding. In addition, pre-HIV α4β7+ CD4+ T cells predicted a higher set-point viral load and a greater than twofold increased rate of CD4+ T cell decline. These results were confirmed in SIV-infected NHPs. Increased frequencies of pre-HIV α4β7+ CD4+ T cells were also associated with higher postinfection expression of lipopolysaccharide binding protein, a microbial translocation marker, suggestive of more extensive gut damage. CD4+ T cells expressing α4β7 were rapidly depleted very early in HIV infection, particularly from the GI mucosa, and were not restored by early antiretroviral therapy. This study provides a link between α4β7 expression and HIV clinical outcomes in humans, in line with observations made in NHPs. Given the availability of a clinically approved anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, these data support further evaluation of targeting α4β7 integrin as a clinical intervention during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute, Silver Spring, MD 20817, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Daniel Sheward
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergey Yegorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lenine J Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ruth S Mwatelah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Anisha Balgobin
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Aggrey Omu Anzala
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Nairobi 00202, Kenya.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Bernard S Bagaya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute-International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute-International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G IL7, Canada
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town 8005, South Africa
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- South East Asia Research Collaboration in HIV (SEARCH), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute, Silver Spring, MD 20817, USA.,South East Asia Research Collaboration in HIV (SEARCH), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,University of Amsterdam, 1000 GG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aftab Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
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70
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Iwamoto N, Mason RD, Song K, Gorman J, Welles HC, Arthos J, Cicala C, Min S, King HAD, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Foulds KE, Kwong PD, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Roederer M. Blocking α 4β 7 integrin binding to SIV does not improve virologic control. Science 2019; 365:1033-1036. [PMID: 31488690 PMCID: PMC9513815 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
A study in nonhuman primates reported that infusions of an antibody against α4β7 integrin, in combination with antiretroviral therapy, showed consistent, durable control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus macaques. The antibody used has pleiotropic effects, so we set out to gain insight into the underlying mechanism by comparing this treatment to treatment with non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the SIV envelope glycoprotein that only block α4β7 binding to SIV Env but have no other host-directed effects. Similar to the initial study, we used an attenuated strain of SIV containing a stop codon in nef. The study used 30 macaques that all began antiretroviral therapy and then were divided into five groups to receive different antibody treatments. Unlike the published report, we found no sustained virologic control by these treatments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Iwamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaimei Song
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugh C Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susie Min
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah A D King
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron J Belli
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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71
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Sneller MC, Clarridge KE, Seamon C, Shi V, Zorawski MD, Justement JS, Blazkova J, Huiting ED, Proschan MA, Mora JR, Shetzline M, Moir S, Lane HC, Chun TW, Fauci AS. An open-label phase 1 clinical trial of the anti-α 4β 7 monoclonal antibody vedolizumab in HIV-infected individuals. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:scitranslmed.aax3447. [PMID: 31488581 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial clinical benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART), complete eradication of HIV has not been possible. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissues may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The integrin α4β7 facilitates homing of T lymphocytes to the gut by binding to the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) expressed on venules in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. CD4+ T cells with increased expression of α4β7 are susceptible to HIV infection and may be key players in subsequent virus dissemination. Data from nonhuman primate models infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have suggested that blockade of the α4β7/MAdCAM-1 interaction may be effective at preventing SIV infection and may have beneficial effects in animals with established viral infection. To explore whether these findings could be reproduced in HIV-infected individuals after interruption of ART, we conducted an open-label phase 1 clinical trial of vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody against α4β7 integrin. Vedolizumab infusions in 20 HIV-infected individuals were well tolerated with no serious adverse events related to the study drug. After interruption of ART, the median time to meeting protocol criteria to restart therapy was 13 weeks. The median duration of plasma viremia of <400 copies/ml was 5.4 weeks. Only a single subject in the trial experienced prolonged suppression of plasma viremia after interruption of ART. These results suggest that blockade of α4β7 may not be an effective strategy for inducing virological remission in HIV-infected individuals after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine E Clarridge
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marek D Zorawski
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jesse Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin D Huiting
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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72
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Di Mascio M, Lifson JD, Srinivasula S, Kim I, DeGrange P, Keele BF, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Wang Y, Proschan M, Lane HC, Fauci AS. Evaluation of an antibody to α4β7 in the control of SIVmac239-nef-stop infection. Science 2019; 365:1025-1029. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with short-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and partially overlapping infusions of antibody to integrin α4β7 was reported to induce durable posttreatment viral suppression. In an attempt to replicate those observations, we treated macaques infected with the same virus and with the same ART and monoclonal antibody (mAb) regimens (anti-α4β7 versus control mAb). Sequencing demonstrated that the virus used was actually SIVmac239-nef-stop, not wild-type SIVmac239. A positive correlation was found at 2 weeks after infection between the frequency of repair of attenuated Nef-STOP virus to pathogenic Nef-OPEN and plasma SIV RNA levels. Levels of plasma viremia before the first antibody infusion and preinfection levels of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells, but not treatment with antibody to α4β7 , correlated with levels of viral replication upon discontinuation of all treatments. Follow-up plasma viremia, peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts, and lymph node and rectal tissue viral load were not significantly different between anti-α4β7 and control mAb groups.
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73
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Vega BA, Belinka BA, Kachlany SC. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera ®): Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090489. [PMID: 31454891 PMCID: PMC6784247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral pathogen that produces the RTX toxin, leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera®). A. actinomycetemcomitans is strongly associated with the development of localized aggressive periodontitis. LtxA acts as a virulence factor for A. actinomycetemcomitans to subvert the host immune response by binding to the β2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) on white blood cells (WBCs), causing cell death. In this paper, we reviewed the state of knowledge on LtxA interaction with WBCs and the subsequent mechanisms of induced cell death. Finally, we touched on the potential therapeutic applications of LtxA (trade name Leukothera®) toxin therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Vega
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Actinobac Biomed, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - Scott C Kachlany
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Actinobac Biomed, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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74
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Duerr R, Gorny MK. V2-Specific Antibodies in HIV-1 Vaccine Research and Natural Infection: Controllers or Surrogate Markers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030082. [PMID: 31390725 PMCID: PMC6789775 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials have lacked efficacy and empirical vaccine lead targets are scarce. Thus far, the only independent correlate of reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition in humans is elevated levels of V2-specific antibodies identified in the modestly protective RV144 vaccine trial. Ten years after RV144, human and non-human primate vaccine studies have reassessed the potential contribution of V2-specific antibodies to vaccine efficacy. In addition, studies of natural HIV-1 infection in humans have provided insight into the development of V1V2-directed antibody responses and their impact on clinical parameters and disease progression. Functionally diverse anti-V2 monoclonal antibodies were isolated and their structurally distinct V2 epitope regions characterized. After RV144, a plethora of research studies were performed using different model systems, immunogens, protocols, and challenge viruses. These diverse studies failed to provide a clear picture regarding the contribution of V2 antibodies to vaccine efficacy. Here, we summarize the biological functions and clinical findings associated with V2-specific antibodies and discuss their impact on HIV vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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75
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Wittner M, Schlicker V, Libera J, Bockmann JH, Horvatits T, Seiz O, Kummer S, Manthey CF, Hüfner A, Kantowski M, Rösch T, Degen O, Huber S, Eberhard JM, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Comparison of the integrin α4β7 expression pattern of memory T cell subsets in HIV infection and ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220008. [PMID: 31356607 PMCID: PMC6663001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-α4β7 therapy with vedolizumab (VDZ) has been suggested as possible immune intervention in HIV. Relatively little is known about the α4β7-integrin (α4β7) expression of different T-cell subsets in different anatomical compartments of healthy individuals, patients with HIV or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Surface expression of α4β7 as well as the frequency of activation, homing and exhaustion markers of T cells were assessed by multicolour flow cytometry in healthy volunteers (n = 15) compared to HIV infected patients (n = 52) or patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 14), 6 of whom treated with vedolizumab. In addition, lymph nodal cells (n = 6), gut-derived cells of healthy volunteers (n = 5) and patients with UC (n = 6) were analysed. Additionally, we studied longitudinal PBMC samples of an HIV patient who was treated with vedolizumab for concomitant UC. Overall, only minor variations of the frequency of α4β7 on total CD4+ T cells were detectable regardless of the disease status or (VDZ) treatment status in peripheral blood and the studied tissues. Peripheral α4β7+ CD4+ T cells of healthy individuals and patients with UC showed a higher activation status and were more frequently CCR5+ than their α4β7- counterparts. Also, the frequency of α4β7+ cells was significantly lower in peripheral blood CD4+ effector memory T cells of HIV-infected compared to healthy individuals and this reduced frequency did not recover in HIV patients on ART. Conversely, the frequency of peripheral blood naïve α4β7+ CD4+ T cells was significantly reduced under VDZ treatment. The results of the current study will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of α4β7 expression pattern on T cells in HIV and UC and will be useful for future studies investigating VDZ as possible HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wittner
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
| | - Veronika Schlicker
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
| | - Jana Libera
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Bockmann
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Horvatits
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Seiz
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kummer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
| | - Carolin F. Manthey
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Hüfner
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Kantowski
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rösch
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Degen
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Eberhard
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Borstel, Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zolla-Pazner S, Alvarez R, Kong XP, Weiss S. Vaccine-induced V1V2-specific antibodies control and or protect against infection with HIV, SIV and SHIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 14:309-317. [PMID: 30994501 PMCID: PMC6542703 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In humans, only one independent immunologic correlate of reduced risk of HIV infection has been identified: a robust antibody (Ab) response to the V1V2 domain of the gp120 envelope (Env) protein. In recent years, the presence and level of V1V2-specific Abs has also been correlated with protection from SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we review the multitude of studies showing the in-vivo protective effects of V1V2 Abs and review their immunologic characteristics and antiviral functions. RECENT FINDINGS Structural and immunologic studies have defined four epitope families in the V1V2 domain: one epitope family, V2q, which preferentially presents as a quaternary structure of the Env trimer, and another epitope family (V2qt) which requires the quaternary trimeric Env structure; these two epitope types are recognized by two families of monoclonal Abs (mAbs)-V2q-specific and V2qt-specific mAbs-which display broad and potent neutralizing activity. A third epitope family, V2i, is present as a discontinuous conformational structure that overlays the α4β7 integrin binding motif, and a fourth epitope family (V2p) exists on V2 peptides. Antibodies specific for V2i and V2p epitopes display only poor neutralizing activity but effectively mediate other antiviral activities and have been correlated with control of and/or protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV. Notably, V2q and V2qt Abs have not been induced by any vaccines, but V2p and V2i Abs have been readily induced with various vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SUMMARY The correlation of vaccine-induced V2p and V2i Abs with protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV suggests that these Ab types are extremely important to induce with prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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77
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Chen B. Molecular Mechanism of HIV-1 Entry. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:878-891. [PMID: 31262533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein [Env; trimeric (gp160)3 cleaved to (gp120/gp41)3] attaches the virion to a susceptible cell and induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to initiate infection. It interacts with the primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4) to allow viral entry by triggering large structural rearrangements and unleashing the fusogenic potential of gp41 to induce membrane fusion. Recent advances in structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors have revealed molecular details of HIV-1 entry and yielded new mechanistic insights. In this review, I summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss possible pathways for productive viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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78
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Balasubramaniam M, Pandhare J, Dash C. Immune Control of HIV. JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCES (WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIF.) 2019; 1:4-37. [PMID: 31468033 PMCID: PMC6714987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the immune cells expressing the cluster of differentiation 4 cell surface glycoprotein (CD4+ cells) causes progressive decline of the immune system and leads to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The ongoing global HIV/AIDS pandemic has already claimed over 35 million lives. Even after 37 years into the epidemic, neither a cure is available for the 37 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) nor is a vaccine discovered to avert the millions of new HIV infections that continue to occur each year. If left untreated, HIV infection typically progresses to AIDS and, ultimately, causes death in a majority of PLHIV. The recommended combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses virus replication and viremia, prevents or delays progression to AIDS, reduces transmission rates, and lowers HIV-associated mortality and morbidity. However, because cART does not eliminate HIV, and an enduring pool of infected resting memory CD4+ T cells (latent HIV reservoir) is established early on, any interruption to cART leads to a relapse of viremia and disease progression. Hence, strict adherence to a life-long cART regimen is mandatory for managing HIV infection in PLHIV. The HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells expressing the CD8 glycoprotein (CD8+ CTL) limit the virus replication in vivo by recognizing the viral antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on the infected cell surface and killing those cells. Nevertheless, CTLs fail to durably control HIV-1 replication and disease progression in the absence of cART. Intriguingly, <1% of cART-naive HIV-infected individuals called elite controllers/HIV controllers (HCs) exhibit the core features that define a HIV-1 "functional cure" outcome in the absence of cART: durable viral suppression to below the limit of detection, long-term non-progression to AIDS, and absence of viral transmission. Robust HIV-1-specific CTL responses and prevalence of protective HLA alleles associated with enduring HIV-1 control have been linked to the HC phenotype. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the CTL-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication and disease progression in HCs carrying specific protective HLA alleles may yield promising insights towards advancing the research on HIV cure and prophylactic HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN – 37208. USA
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79
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Calenda G, Frank I, Arrode-Brusés G, Pegu A, Wang K, Arthos J, Cicala C, Rogers KA, Shirreff L, Grasperge B, Blanchard JL, Maldonado S, Roberts K, Gettie A, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Mascola JR, Martinelli E. Delayed vaginal SHIV infection in VRC01 and anti-α4β7 treated rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007776. [PMID: 31083697 PMCID: PMC6533011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VRC01 protects macaques from vaginal SHIV infection after a single high-dose challenge. Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just prior to, and during repeated vaginal exposures to SIVmac251 partially protected macaques from vaginal SIV infection and rescued CD4+ T cells. To investigate the impact of combining VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 on SHIV infection, 3 groups of macaques were treated with a suboptimal dosing of VRC01 alone or in combination with Rh-α4β7 or with control antibodies prior to the initiation of weekly vaginal exposures to a high dose (1000 TCID50) of SHIVAD8-EO. The combination Rh-α4β7-VRC01 significantly delayed SHIVAD8-EO vaginal infection. Following infection, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques maintained higher CD4+ T cell counts and exhibited lower rectal SIV-DNA loads compared to controls. Interestingly, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques had fewer IL-17-producing cells in the blood and the gut during the acute phase of infection. Moreover, higher T cell responses to the V2-loop of the SHIVAD8-EO envelope in the VRC01-Rh-α4β7 group inversely correlated with set point viremia. The combination of suboptimal amounts of VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 delayed infection, altered antiviral immune responses and minimized CD4+ T cell loss. Further exploration of the effect of combining bNAbs with Rh-α4β7 on SIV/HIV infection and antiviral immune responses is warranted and may lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Géraldine Arrode-Brusés
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James L. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Maldonado
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
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80
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Cao S, Woodrow KA. Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:48-63. [PMID: 29879528 PMCID: PMC6279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a controllable chronic disease, but these therapies are incapable of eradicating the virus to bring about an HIV cure. Multiple strategies have been proposed and investigated to eradicate latent viral reservoirs from various biological sanctuaries. However, due to the complexity of HIV infection and latency maintenance, a single drug is unlikely to eliminate all HIV reservoirs and novel strategies may be needed to achieve better efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we describe HIV latency in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, and present an overview of current strategies for HIV cure with a focus on their challenges for clinical translation. Then we provide a summary of nanotechnology solutions that have been used to address challenges in HIV cure by delivering physicochemically diverse agents for combination therapy or targeting HIV reservoir sites. We also review nanocarrier-based gene delivery and immunotherapy used in cancer treatment but may have potential applications in HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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81
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Swanstrom AE, Del Prete GQ, Deleage C, Elser SE, Lackner AA, Hoxie JA. The SIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Viral Tropism, and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:29-40. [PMID: 29173176 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171124123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is closely linked to interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) with CD4 and chemokine receptor family members, CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction plays a key role in determining anatomic sites that are infected in vivo and the cascade of early and late events that result in chronic immune activation, immunosuppression and ultimately, AIDS. CD4+ T cells are critical to adaptive immune responses, and their early and rapid infection in gut lamina propria and secondary lymphoid tissues in susceptible hosts likely contributes to viral persistence and progression to disease. CD4+ macrophages are also infected, although their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is more controversial. METHODS Pathogenic infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in Asian macaques as models of HIV-1 infection has enabled the impact of cellular tropism on pathogenesis to be directly probed. This review will highlight examples in which experimental interventions during SIV infection or the introduction of viral mutations have altered cellular tropism and, subsequently, pathogenesis. RESULTS Alterations to the interaction of Env and its cellular receptors has been shown to result in changes to CD4 dependence, coreceptor specificity, and viral tropism for gut CD4+ T cells and macrophages. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings have yielded novel insights into the critical role of the viral Env and tropism as a driver of pathogenesis and host control and have helped to identify new areas for targeted interventions in therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Samra E Elser
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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82
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Vedolizumab-mediated integrin α4β7 blockade does not control HIV-1SF162 rebound after combination antiretroviral therapy interruption in humanized mice. AIDS 2019; 33:F1-F12. [PMID: 30829743 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The combined combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and anti-α4β7 RM-Act-1 antibody therapy allows macaques to durably control simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) rebound after withdrawal of the interventions. Here, we aimed to investigate whether vedolizumab (VDZ), a clinical-grade humanized anti-α4β7 antibody, would have similar effects in controlling live HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. DESIGN AND METHODS The integrin α4β7 blockade by VDZ was evaluated on human primary memory CD4+ T (MEMT) cells and retinoic acid-induced gut-homing α4β7+MEMT cells (α4β7+MEMT) in vitro. The antiretroviral activity of VDZ was determined using pseudotyped R5-tropic HIV-1SF162, which displays binding activity to α4β7. The preventive and immunotherapeutic efficacies of VDZ were further investigated in humanized mice using the live HIV-1SF162 strain compared with RM-Act-1. RESULTS VDZ effectively and dose-dependently blocked the binding of mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), the native ligand of α4β7, to α4β7+MEMT cells. HIV-1SF162 not only displayed binding capacity to α4β7-expressing cells, but also showed an increased infectivity in retinoic acid-induced α4β7+MEMT cells pretreated with VDZ. Moreover, VDZ failed to prevent live HIV-1SF162 infection and did not reduce the peak viral load when administrated prior to viral challenge in humanized mice. Lastly, in immunotherapeutic settings, the withdrawal of combined cART with either VDZ or RM-Act-1 resulted in an uncontrolled HIV-1SF162 rebound in humanized mice, whereas the α4β7 molecules remained significantly blocked on circulating CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION VDZ neither prevents nor controls HIV-1SF162 infection both in vitro and in humanized mice. Our findings have significant implications to the clinical application of VDZ in HIV-1 preventive and immunotherapeutic interventions.
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83
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Naamati A, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJ, Marelli S, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ. Functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection in primary human CD4+ T cells. eLife 2019; 8:41431. [PMID: 30857592 PMCID: PMC6414203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate host cells to enhance their replication, and the identification of cellular factors targeted by viruses has led to key insights into both viral pathogenesis and cell biology. In this study, we develop an HIV reporter virus (HIV-AFMACS) displaying a streptavidin-binding affinity tag at the surface of infected cells, allowing facile one-step selection with streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. We use this system to obtain pure populations of HIV-infected primary human CD4+ T cells for detailed proteomic analysis, and quantitate approximately 9000 proteins across multiple donors on a dynamic background of T cell activation. Amongst 650 HIV-dependent changes (q < 0.05), we describe novel Vif-dependent targets FMR1 and DPH7, and 192 proteins not identified and/or regulated in T cell lines, such as ARID5A and PTPN22. We therefore provide a high-coverage functional proteomic atlas of HIV infection, and a mechanistic account of host factors subverted by the virus in its natural target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Naamati
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jd Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Delecluse S, Tsai MH, Shumilov A, Bencun M, Arrow S, Beshirova A, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Lasitschka F, Bulut OC, Münz C, Zeier M, Behrends U, Delecluse HJ. Epstein-Barr Virus Induces Expression of the LPAM-1 Integrin in B Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:e01618-18. [PMID: 30541846 PMCID: PMC6384065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01618-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects the oropharynx but, surprisingly, frequently induces B cell proliferation in the gut of immunosuppressed individuals. We found that EBV infection in vitro induces the expression of the LPAM-1 integrin on tonsillar B cells and increases it on peripheral blood cells. Similarly, LPAM-1 was induced in the tonsils of patients undergoing primary infectious mononucleosis. EBV-induced LPAM-1 bound to the MAdCAM-1 addressin, which allows B cell homing to the gastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Thus, we hypothesized that EBV-induced LPAM-1 could induce relocation of infected B cells from the tonsil to the GALT. In situ hybridization with an EBER-specific probe revealed the frequent presence of EBV-infected cells in the pericolic lymph nodes of healthy individuals. Relocation of infected B cells into the GALT would expand the EBV reservoir, possibly protecting it from T cells primed in the oropharynx, and explain why EBV induces lymphoid tumors in the gut.IMPORTANCE EBV causes tumors in multiple organs, particularly in the oro- and nasopharyngeal area but also in the digestive system. This virus enters the body in the oropharynx and establishes a chronic infection in this area. The observation that the virus causes tumors in the digestive system implies that the infected cells can move to this organ. We found that EBV infection induces the expression of integrin beta 7 (ITGB7), an integrin that associates with integrin alpha 4 to form the LPAM-1 dimer. LPAM-1 is key for homing of B cells to the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that induction of this molecule is the mechanism through which EBV-infected cells enter this organ. In favor of this hypothesis, we could also detect EBV-infected cells in the lymph nodes adjacent to the colon and in the appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- Nierenzentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Shumilov
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maja Bencun
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Arrow
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aisha Beshirova
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Tissue Bank of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olcay Cem Bulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Uta Behrends
- Children's Hospital Schwabing, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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85
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Early steps of HIV infection are mediated by the binding of the envelope to mucosal receptors as α4β7 and the C-type lectins DC-SIGN and langerin. Previously Env-specific B-cell responses have been reported in highly exposed seronegative individuals (HESN). METHOD Here, we studied gp120-specific antibodies ability to block HIV interaction with α4β7, DC-SIGN and/or langerinin HESN. New cell-based assays were developed to analyze whether antibodies that can alter gp120 binding to α4β7, DC-SIGN and/or langerin are induced in HESN. A mucosal blocking score (MBS) was defined based on the ability of antibodies to interfere with gp120/α4β7, gp120/DC-SIGN, and gp120/langerin binding. A new MBS was evaluated in a cohort of 86 HESN individuals and compared with HIV+ patients or HIV- unexposed healthy individuals. RESULTS Antibodies reducing gp120 binding to both α4β7 and DC-SIGN were present in HESN serum but also in mucosal secretions, whereas antibodies from HIV+ patients facilitated gp120 binding to DC-SIGN. Any correlation was observed between MBS and the capacity of antibodies to neutralize infection of α4β7 CD4+ T cells with primary isolates. CONCLUSIONS MBS is significantly associated with protection in HESN and might reflect altered HIV spreading to mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
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86
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Calenda G, Villegas G, Reis A, Millen L, Barnable P, Mamkina L, Kumar N, Roberts K, Kalir T, Martinelli E, Sperling R, Teleshova N. Mucosal Susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Proliferative and Secretory Phases of the Menstrual Cycle. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:335-347. [PMID: 30600686 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors underlying HIV acquisition in women remain incompletely understood. This study evaluated ex vivo mucosal HIV-1BaL infection (ectocervix, endocervix), T cell frequencies and phenotype (ectocervix, endocervix, peripheral blood), and HIV-1BaL-induced tissue immune responses (ectocervix) in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle using samples obtained from women undergoing hysterectomies. Tissue infectivity (number of productively infected explants) and infection level following 500 and/or fifty 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) HIV-1BaL challenge were similar in the proliferative and secretory phases. Although not associated with infection outcomes, higher frequencies of HIV target CD4+α4β7+ T cells, and stronger HIV-1BaL-induced proinflammatory responses were detected in ectocervix in the secretory versus proliferative phase. Independently of the cycle phase, serum E2 concentrations were inversely associated with ectocervical and endocervical tissue infection levels following high-dose 500 TCID50 HIV-1BaL challenge, with frequencies of CD4+α4β7+ T cells in endocervix, and with HIV-induced interleukin (IL)2R and IL4 in ectocervix. Although serum P4 concentrations and P4/E2 ratios were neither associated with tissue infection level nor infectivity, high P4 concentrations and/or P4/E2 ratios correlated with high frequencies of CD4+α4β7+ T cells in ectocervix, low frequencies of CD4+CD103+ blood T cells, low CD4+LFA-1+ T cells in endocervix, and high proinflammatory (IL1β, IL17, tumor necrosis factor α) ectocervical tissue responses to HIV-1BaL. The data suggest an inhibitory effect of E2 on mucosal HIV infection, provide insights into potential mechanisms of E2-mediated anti-HIV activity, and highlight P4-associated immune changes in the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | | | - Alexandra Reis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lily Millen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Patrick Barnable
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Mamkina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Narender Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Tamara Kalir
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Rhoda Sperling
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
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87
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Heger E, Schuetz A, Vasan S. HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials: RV144 and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1075:3-30. [PMID: 30030787 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, microbicides, and other preventive strategies, a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection remains desperately needed. Development of an effective vaccine is challenged by several immunologic features of HIV-1 evidenced by the failure of five of the six HIV-1 candidate vaccine efficacy trials to date. This chapter reviews these efficacy trials with a focus on the Phase 3 RV144 trial in Thailand, the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial to show a moderate protective effect of 31% with respect to placebo administration. Although modest, this protection has allowed for the study of potential immunologic correlates of protection to improve development of future HIV-1 pox-protein and other vaccine strategies. Trials in Thailand and South Africa have built upon the RV144 framework to provide additional immunologic insights which enable current and future efficacy testing of related vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heger
- US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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88
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Burnie J, Guzzo C. The Incorporation of Host Proteins into the External HIV-1 Envelope. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010085. [PMID: 30669528 PMCID: PMC6356245 DOI: 10.3390/v11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of biologically active host proteins into HIV-1 is a well-established phenomenon, particularly due to the budding mechanism of viral egress in which viruses acquire their external lipid membrane directly from the host cell. While this mechanism might seemingly imply that host protein incorporation is a passive uptake of all cellular antigens associated with the plasma membrane at the site of budding, this is not the case. Herein, we review the evidence indicating that host protein incorporation can be a selective and conserved process. We discuss how HIV-1 virions displaying host proteins on their surface can exhibit a myriad of altered phenotypes, with notable impacts on infectivity, homing, neutralization, and pathogenesis. This review describes the canonical and emerging methods to detect host protein incorporation, highlights the well-established host proteins that have been identified on HIV-1 virions, and reflects on the role of these incorporated proteins in viral pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting. Despite many advances in HIV treatment and prevention, there remains a global effort to develop increasingly effective anti-HIV therapies. Given the broad range of biologically active host proteins acquired on the surface of HIV-1, additional studies on the mechanisms and impacts of these incorporated host proteins may inform the development of novel treatments and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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89
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Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:76-91. [PMID: 31431807 PMCID: PMC6701936 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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90
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HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Induce the Production of TNF-α and IL-10 in Human Monocytes by Activating Calcium Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17215. [PMID: 30464243 PMCID: PMC6249280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HIV-1 infection leads inevitably to a chronic hyper-immune-activation. However, the nature of the targeted receptors and the pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated. We demonstrate that X4-tropic gp120 induced the production of TNF-α and IL-10 by monocytes through activation of a cell membrane receptor, distinct from the CD4, CXCR4, and MR receptors. Gp120 failed to stimulate IL-10 and TNF-α production by monocytes in Ca2+ free medium. This failure was total for IL-10 and partial for TNF-α. However, IL-10 and TNF-α production was fully restored following the addition of exogenous calcium. Accordingly, addition of BAPTA-AM and cyclosporine-A, fully and partially inhibited IL-10 and TNF-α respectively. The PKA pathway was crucial for IL-10 production but only partially involved in gp120-induced TNF-α. The PLC pathway was partially and equivalently involved in gp120-induced TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, the inhibition of PI3K, ERK1/2, p38 MAP-kinases and NF-κB pathways totally abolished the production of both cytokines. In conclusion, this study revealed the crucial calcium signaling pathway triggered by HIV-1 gp120 to control the production of these two cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The finding could help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate the chronic hyper-immune-activation observed in HIV-1 infected patients.
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91
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Veazey RS, Lackner AA. Nonhuman Primate Models and Understanding the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS. ILAR J 2018; 58:160-171. [PMID: 29228218 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using nonhuman primates (NHPs) as models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has resulted in tremendous achievements not only in the prevention and treatment of HIV, but also in biomedical research more broadly. Once considered a death sentence, HIV infection is now fairly well controlled with combination antiretroviral treatments, almost all of which were first tested for efficacy and safety in nonhuman primates or other laboratory animals. Research in NHP has led to "dogma changing" discoveries in immunology, infectious disease, and even our own genetics. We now know that many of our genes are retroviral remnants, or developed in response to archaic HIV-like retroviral infections. Early studies involving blood from HIV patients and in experiments in cultured tissues contributed to confusion regarding the cause of AIDS and impeded progress in the development of effective interventions. Research on the many retroviruses of different NHP species have broadened our understanding of human immunology and perhaps even our origins and evolution as a species. In combination with recent advances in molecular biology and computational analytics, research in NHPs has unique potential for discoveries that will directly lead to new cures for old human and animal diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
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92
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Common helical V1V2 conformations of HIV-1 Envelope expose the α4β7 binding site on intact virions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4489. [PMID: 30367034 PMCID: PMC6203816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The α4β7 integrin is a non-essential HIV-1 adhesion receptor, bound by the gp120 V1V2 domain, facilitating rapid viral dissemination into gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Antibodies blocking this interaction early in infection can improve disease outcome, and V1V2-targeted antibodies were correlated with moderate efficacy reported from the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial. Monoclonal α4β7-blocking antibodies recognise two slightly different helical V2 conformations, and current structural data suggests their binding sites are occluded in prefusion envelope trimers. Here, we report cocrystal structures of two α4β7-blocking antibodies from an infected donor complexed with scaffolded V1V2 or V2 peptides. Both antibodies recognised the same helix-coil V2 conformation as RV144 antibody CH58, identifying a frequently sampled alternative conformation of full-length V1V2. In the context of Envelope, this α-helical form of V1V2 displays highly exposed α4β7-binding sites, potentially providing a functional role for non-native Envelope on virion or infected cell surfaces in HIV-1 dissemination, pathogenesis, and vaccine design. Antibodies blocking the V1V2 domain of HIV Envelope from binding integrin are associated with positive disease outcomes. Here, Wibmer et al. determine the structure of full length V1V2 bound to these antibodies, revealing an alternative fold of V1V2 with exposed integrin-binding sites that functions on non-native Envelope.
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93
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Hioe CE, Kumar R, Upadhyay C, Jan M, Fox A, Itri V, Peachman KK, Rao M, Liu L, Lo NC, Tuen M, Jiang X, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. Modulation of Antibody Responses to the V1V2 and V3 Regions of HIV-1 Envelope by Immune Complex Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2441. [PMID: 30416503 PMCID: PMC6212562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic HIV vaccines must elicit antibodies (Abs) against the virus envelope glycoproteins (Env) to effectively prevent HIV infection. We investigated a vaccine platform that utilizes immune complexes made of Env proteins gp120 and monoclonal Abs (mAbs) against different gp120 epitopes. We previously observed alterations in V3 antigenicity upon formation of certain gp120/mAb complexes and demonstrated the ability of these complexes to modulate the elicitation of V3 Ab responses. However, the effects on the V1V2 domain, an important target for Abs that correlate with vaccine-induced protection against HIV, have not been studied, nor have immune complex vaccines made with non-B subtype Env. This study compared subtypes B (JRFL) and CRF_01.AE (A244) Env gp120 proteins in complex with selected gp120-specific mAbs. Allosteric and antigenic changes were detected on these immune complexes, indicating that gp120/mAb interaction induces alterations on the Env surface that may modify the Env immunogenic properties. To evaluate this idea, mice were immunized with gp120/mAb complexes or their uncomplexed gp120 counterparts. The overall serum IgG titers elicited against gp120 were comparable, but a marked skewing toward V1V2 or V3 was evident and dependent on the gp120 strain and the specificity of the mAb used to form the complexes. Compared with uncomplexed gp120JRFL, gp120JRFL complexed with CD4bs or V1V2 mAbs, but not with C2 or V3 mAbs, elicited V3 Abs of greater titers and breadth, and Abs more capable of neutralizing tier 1 virus. Epitope mapping revealed a shift to a more conserved site in the V3 crown. However, the complexes did not enhance V1V2 Ab response, and the elicited V1V2 Abs were not cross-reactive. This profile contrasts with Ab responses to gp120A244/mAb complexes. Notably, gp120A244/mAb complexes induced higher levels of V1V2 Abs with some cross-reactivity, while also stimulating weak or strain-specific V3 Abs. Sera from gp120A244/mAb complex-immunized animals displayed no measurable virus neutralization but did mediate Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, albeit at levels similar to that induced by gp120A244 alone. These data indicate the potential utility of immune complexes as vaccines to shape Ab responses toward or away from Env sites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E Hioe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Fox
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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94
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Mediouni S, Jablonski JA, Tsuda S, Richard A, Kessing C, Andrade MV, Biswas A, Even Y, Tellinghuisen T, Choe H, Cameron M, Stevenson M, Valente ST. Potent suppression of HIV-1 cell attachment by Kudzu root extract. Retrovirology 2018; 15:64. [PMID: 30236131 PMCID: PMC6149077 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a constant need to improve antiretrovirals against HIV since therapy is limited by cost, side effects and the emergence of drug resistance. Kudzu is a climbing vine from which the root extract (Pueraria lobata), rich in isoflavones and saponins, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for a variety of purposes, from weight loss to alcoholism prevention. Here we show that Kudzu root extract significantly inhibits HIV-1 entry into cell lines, primary human CD4+T lymphocytes and macrophages, without cell-associated toxicity. Specifically, Kudzu inhibits the initial attachment of the viral particle to the cell surface, a mechanism that depends on the envelope glycoprotein gp120 but is independent from the HIV-1 cell receptor CD4 and co-receptors CXCR4/CCR5. This activity seems selective to lentiviruses since Kudzu inhibits HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus, but does not interfere with Hepatitis C, Influenza, Zika Brazil and adenovirus infection. Importantly, depending on the dose, Kudzu can act synergistically or additively with the current antiretroviral cocktails against HIV-1 and can block viruses resistant to the fusion inhibitor Enfuvirtide. Together our results highlight Kudzu's root extract value as a supplement to current antiretroviral therapy against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - J A Jablonski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - S Tsuda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - A Richard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - C Kessing
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - M V Andrade
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Biswas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Y Even
- The Botanist's Beach Farm, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Tellinghuisen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - M Stevenson
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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95
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Márquez-Coello M, Montes-de-Oca Arjona M, Fernández-Gutiérrez Del Álamo C, Ruiz-Sánchez C, Girón-González JA. Peripheral Th17 cells expressing β7 intestinal homing receptor in recent and chronic HIV infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:350-360. [PMID: 30101536 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct an analysis of peripheral blood Th17 cells with the ability to home to gut mucosa (CD4+ Th17+ β7+ ) during recent or chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The relationship between HIV load and systemic inflammation markers was studied. Twenty-five patients with recent (n = 10) or chronic (n = 15) untreated HIV infections; 30 treated HIV-infected patients with undetectable HIV load at the time of inclusion and 30 healthy controls were included. Bacterial translocation markers (16S rDNA), soluble CD14 (sCD14) and interleukin (IL)-6 monocyte activation parameters, CD4/CD8 ratio and T helper type 17 (Th17) subpopulations [CD4+ Th17+ expressing the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) or β7] were analysed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). 16S rDNA was detected in all patients. Significantly increased serum levels of sCD14 and IL-6 and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio were observed in patients. Similar percentages of CD4+ IL-23R+ and CD4+ Th17+ β7+ cells were observed in healthy controls and patients at baseline. After 12 months of therapy, patients with a recent HIV infection showed significant increases of CD4+ IL-23R+ and CD4+ Th17+ β7+ cell percentages and a decrease in IL-6 levels, although 16S rDNA continued to be detectable in all patients. No significant differences were observed in Th17 subpopulations in patients with chronic HIV infection after therapy. Early initiation of ART helps to increase the number of Th17 cells with the ability to home to the intestinal mucosa and to partially restore gut mucosal homeostasis. These results provide a rationale for initiating ART during the acute phase of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Márquez-Coello
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Montes-de-Oca Arjona
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Gutiérrez Del Álamo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - C Ruiz-Sánchez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - J A Girón-González
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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96
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McCarty B, Mwamzuka M, Marshed F, Generoso M, Alvarez P, Ilmet T, Kravietz A, Ahmed A, Borkowsky W, Unutmaz D, Khaitan A. Low Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children Correlate With Advancing HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1901. [PMID: 30197641 PMCID: PMC6117426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial for B cell differentiation and antigen-specific antibody production. Dysregulation of Tfh-mediated B cell help weakens B cell responses in HIV infection. Moreover, Tfh cells in the lymph node and peripheral blood comprise a significant portion of the latent HIV reservoir. There is limited data on the effects of perinatal HIV infection on Tfh cells in children. We examined peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cell frequencies and phenotype in HIV-infected children and their associations with disease progression, immune activation, and B cell differentiation. Methods In a Kenyan cohort of 76 perinatally HIV-infected children, comprised of 43 treatment-naïve (ART−) and 33 on antiretroviral therapy (ART+), and 42 healthy controls (HIV−), we identified memory pTfh cells, T cell activation markers, and B cell differentiation states using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Soluble CD163 and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein plasma levels were quantified by ELISA. Results ART− children had reduced levels of pTfh cells compared with HIV− children that increased with antiretroviral therapy. HIV+ children had higher programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression on pTfh cells, regardless of treatment status. Low memory pTfh cells with elevated PD-1 levels correlated with advancing HIV disease status, indicated by increasing HIV viral loads and T cell and monocyte activation, and decreasing %CD4 and CD4:CD8 ratios. Antiretroviral treatment, particularly when started at younger ages, restored pTfh cell frequency and eliminated correlations with disease progression, but failed to lower PD-1 levels on pTfh cells and their associations with CD4 T cell percentages and activation. Altered B cell subsets, with decreased naïve and resting memory B cells and increased activated and tissue-like memory B cells in HIV+ children, correlated with low memory pTfh cell frequencies. Last, HIV+ children had decreased proportions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells that associated with low %CD4 and CD4:CD8 ratios. Conclusion Low memory pTfh cell frequencies with high PD-1 expression in HIV+ children correlate with worsening disease status and an activated and differentiated B cell profile. This perturbed memory pTfh cell population may contribute to weak vaccine and HIV-specific antibody responses in HIV+ children. Restoring Tfh cell capacity may be important for novel pediatric HIV cure and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret McCarty
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew Generoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patricia Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiina Ilmet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Kravietz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - William Borkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Alka Khaitan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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97
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Lamb CA, O'Byrne S, Keir ME, Butcher EC. Gut-Selective Integrin-Targeted Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:S653-S668. [PMID: 29767705 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors with bidirectional signalling capabilities that can bind to adhesion molecules in order to mediate homing of leukocytes to peripheral tissues. Gut-selective leukocyte homing is facilitated by interactions between α4β7 and its ligand, mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1], while retention of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues is mediated by αEβ7 binding to its ligand E-cadherin. Therapies targeting gut-selective trafficking have shown efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], confirming the importance of leukocyte trafficking in disease pathobiology. This review will provide an overview of integrin structure, function and signalling, and highlight the role that these molecules play in leukocyte homing and retention. Anti-integrin therapeutics, including gut-selective antibodies against the β7 integrin subunit [etrolizumab] and the α4β7 integrin heterodimer [vedolizumab and abrilumab], and the non-gut selective anti-α4 integrin [natalizumab], will be discussed, as well as novel targeting approaches using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lamb
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sharon O'Byrne
- Global Medical Affairs, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary E Keir
- Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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98
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Chissumba RM, Luciano A, Namalango E, Bauer A, Bhatt N, Wahren B, Nilsson C, Geldmacher C, Scarlatti G, Jani I, Kestens L. Regulatory T cell abundance and activation status before and after priming with HIVIS-DNA and boosting with MVA-HIV/rgp140/GLA-AF may impact the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune responses. Immunobiology 2018; 223:792-801. [PMID: 30121146 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) in the context of HIV vaccines. Tregs can be differentiated into resting (FoxP3+CD45RA+ - rTregs), activated (FoxP3HighCD45RA- - aTregs) and memory (FoxP3LowCD45RA- - mTregs). Tregs, as CD4 T cells, are also frequent targets for HIV infection. We studied how the abundance and phenotypes of Tregs in terms of activation status and expression of HIV-1 binding molecules would have changed during vaccination in healthy volunteers participating in a phase IIa HIV vaccine clinical trial. Subjects were primed three times with HIVIS-DNA and boosted twice with MVA-CMDR-HIV alone (n = 12) or MVA-CMDR combined with protein CN54rgp140 (n = 13). The proportions of β7 integrin in all CD4 T cells and in the Tregs subset decreased moderately after the final vaccination (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively) and the rTregs proportion within the total Tregs were also decreased after the final vaccination (p = 0.038). All these proportions returned to normal values within the three months after the final vaccination. The magnitude of HIV-Envelope-specific IFNγ + T cells after vaccination (r = 0.66; p = 0.021) correlated directly with the proportion of Tregs, and correlated inversely correlated with ratios of Th17/Tregs (r = -0.75; p = 0.0057) and Th17/mTregs (r = -0.78; p = 0.0065). Higher titers of IgG gp140 antibodies were observed in subjects with higher mTregs proportions (r = 0.52; p = 0.022). Interestingly, pre-vaccination levels of mTregs correlated with vaccine-induced Env-binding antibodies (r = 0.57; p = 0.01) and presence of neutralizing antibodies (r = 0.61; p = 0.01), while the pre-vaccination Th17/mTregs ratio correlated inversely with the magnitude of cellular IFN-γ ELISpot responses (r = -0.9; p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that pre- and post-vaccination Tregs, their activation status, the Th17/Tregs ratio and other host factors affecting Treg abundance, have an impact on the magnitude of HIV vaccine-induced immune responses. Moreover, the DNA-HIVIS/MVA-HIV regimen, alone or in combination with CN54rgp140 induced moderate and temporary alterations of the Tregs activation status. We also show a decrease in expression of the HIV-1 ligand β7 integrin on Tregs and all CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Matavele Chissumba
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Abílio Luciano
- Instituto de Ciências de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Asli Bauer
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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99
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Lertjuthaporn S, Cicala C, Van Ryk D, Liu M, Yolitz J, Wei D, Nawaz F, Doyle A, Horowitch B, Park C, Lu S, Lou Y, Wang S, Pan R, Jiang X, Villinger F, Byrareddy SN, Santangelo PJ, Morris L, Wibmer CK, Biris K, Mason RD, Gorman J, Hiatt J, Martinelli E, Roederer M, Fujikawa D, Gorini G, Franchini G, Arakelyan A, Ansari AA, Pattanapanyasat K, Kong XP, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Select gp120 V2 domain specific antibodies derived from HIV and SIV infection and vaccination inhibit gp120 binding to α4β7. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007278. [PMID: 30153309 PMCID: PMC6130882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The GI tract is preferentially targeted during acute/early HIV-1 infection. Consequent damage to the gut plays a central role in HIV pathogenesis. The basis for preferential targeting of gut tissues is not well defined. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides derived from HIV and SIV gp120 bind directly to integrin α4β7, a gut-homing receptor. Using both cell-surface expressed α4β7 and a soluble α4β7 heterodimer we demonstrate that its specific affinity for gp120 is similar to its affinity for MAdCAM (its natural ligand). The gp120 V2 domain preferentially engages extended forms of α4β7 in a cation -sensitive manner and is inhibited by soluble MAdCAM. Thus, V2 mimics MAdCAM in the way that it binds to α4β7, providing HIV a potential mechanism to discriminate between functionally distinct subsets of lymphocytes, including those with gut-homing potential. Furthermore, α4β7 antagonists developed for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, block V2 binding to α4β7. A 15-amino acid V2 -derived peptide is sufficient to mediate binding to α4β7. It includes the canonical LDV/I α4β7 binding site, a cryptic epitope that lies 7-9 amino acids amino terminal to the LDV/I, and residues K169 and I181. These two residues were identified in a sieve analysis of the RV144 vaccine trial as sites of vaccine -mediated immune pressure. HIV and SIV V2 mAbs elicited by both vaccination and infection that recognize this peptide block V2-α4β7 interactions. These mAbs recognize conformations absent from the β- barrel presented in a stabilized HIV SOSIP gp120/41 trimer. The mimicry of MAdCAM-α4β7 interactions by V2 may influence early events in HIV infection, particularly the rapid seeding of gut tissues, and supports the view that HIV replication in gut tissue is a central feature of HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakaorat Lertjuthaporn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Yolitz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Allison Doyle
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brooke Horowitch
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Yang Lou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristin Biris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Dai Fujikawa
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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100
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Rosado-Sánchez I, Herrero-Fernández I, Genebat M, Del Romero J, Riera M, Podzamczer D, Olalla J, Vidal F, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Leal M, Pacheco YM. HIV-Infected Subjects With Poor CD4 T-Cell Recovery Despite Effective Therapy Express High Levels of OX40 and α4β7 on CD4 T-Cells Prior Therapy Initiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1673. [PMID: 30073002 PMCID: PMC6058017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected subjects with suboptimal CD4 restoration despite suppressive combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) (immunodiscordant subjects) have been classically characterized after a variable period of time under cART. Recently, we have reported that an increased frequency of proliferating CD4 T-cells in these subjects is already present before the cART onset. The potential contribution of peripheral compensatory homeostatic proliferation (HP) is yet unknown. We aimed to analyze the expression of HP-related cellular markers on CD4 T-cells of immunodiscordant subjects before cART. Methods We analyzed the expression of OX40 and α4β7 on peripheral CD4 T-cells from immunodiscordant and control subjects (n = 21 each group) before cART initiation, and also on available follow-up samples (after 24 month of suppressive cART). Additionally, we tested the expression of these markers in an in vitro system for the study of human HP processes. Results Immunodiscordant subjects showed increased levels of OX40 and α4β7 on CD4 T-cells before cART initiation. While the cART tended to reduce these levels, immunodiscordant subjects still maintained comparatively higher levels of OX40 and α4β7 after 24 months under suppressive cART. These HP-related markers were upregulated in vitro during the human HP, especially during the fast HP. Conclusion Our results are compatible with exacerbated HP processes in immunodiscordant subjects, already before the cART onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Rosado-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Herrero-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Melchor Riera
- Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Francesc Vidal
- Joan XXIII University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Section Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Internal Medicine Service, Viamed-Santa Ángela Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda M Pacheco
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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