Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET

Knowledge mapping and research trends of exosomes in pancreatic cancer: a bibliometric analysis and review (2013-2023)

Objective

This review aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis of literature from 2013 to 2023 on the role of exosomes in PC, with the goal of identifying current trends and predicting future hotspots.

Methods

We retrieved relevant publications concerning exosomes in PC, published between 2013 and 2023, from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using VOSviewer(1.6.19), CiteSpace(6.2.R4), and Microsoft Excel (2019).

Results

A total of 624 papers were analyzed, authored by 4017 researchers from 55 countries/regions and 855 institutions, published in 258 academic journals. China (n=285, 34.42%) and the United States (n=183, 24.87%) were the most frequent contributors and collaborated closely. However, publications from China had a relatively low average number of citations (41.45 times per paper). The output of Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked first, with 28 papers (accounting for 4.5% of the total publications). Cancers (n=31, 4.9%); published the most papers in this field. Researcher Margot Zoeller published the most papers (n=12) on this topic. Research hotspots mainly focused on the mechanisms of exosomes in PC onset and progression, the role of exosomes in PC early diagnosis and prognosis, exosomes promote the development of PC chemoresistance, and potential applications of exosomes as drug carriers for PC therapies. We observed a shift in research trends, from mechanistic studies toward clinical trials, suggesting that clinical applications will be the focus of future attention. Emerging topics were pancreatic stellate cells, diagnostic biomarkers, mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles.

Conclusion

Our scientometric and visual analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of exosomes in PC published during 2013-2023. This review identifies the frontiers and future directions in this area over the past decade, and is expected to provide a useful reference for researchers in this field.

Size-Selective Capturing of Exosomes Using DNA Tripods

Fractionating and characterizing target samples are fundamental to the analysis of biomolecules. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing information regarding the cellular birthplace, are promising targets for biology and medicine. However, the requirement for multiple-step purification in conventional methods hinders analysis of small samples. Here, we apply a DNA origami tripod with a defined aperture of binders (e.g., antibodies against EV biomarkers), which allows us to capture the target molecule. Using exosomes as a model, we show that our tripod nanodevice can capture a specific size range of EVs with cognate biomarkers from a broad distribution of crude EV mixtures. We further demonstrate that the size of captured EVs can be controlled by changing the aperture of the tripods. This simultaneous selection with the size and biomarker approach should simplify the EV purification process and contribute to the precise analysis of target biomolecules from small samples.

Protection of neutrophils by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells is enhanced by tumor-associated inflammatory cytokines

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), which are distributed in many tissues including bone marrow, have been reported to play a critical role in tumor development. While bone marrow, the primary site for hematopoiesis, is important for establishing the immune system, whether MSCs in the bone marrow can promote tumor growth via influencing hematopoiesis remains unclear. We observed that the numbers of MSCs and neutrophils were increased in bone marrow in tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, co-culture assay showed that MSCs strongly protected neutrophils from apoptosis and induced their maturation. G-CSF and GM-CSF have been well-documented to be associated with neutrophil formation. We found a remarkably increased level of G-CSF, but not GM-CSF, in the supernatant of MSCs and the serum of tumor-bearing mice. The G-CSF expression can be enhanced with inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) stimulation. Furthermore, we found that IFNγ and TNFα-treated MSCs enhanced their capability of promoting neutrophil survival and maturation. Our results indicate that MSCs display robustly protective effects on neutrophils to contribute to tumor growth in bone niches.

Advancements and trends in exosome research in lung cancer from a bibliometric analysis (2004-2023)

Background

Lung cancer, characterized by its high morbidity and lethality, necessitates thorough research to enhance our understanding of its pathogenesis and discover novel therapeutic approaches. Recent studies increasingly demonstrate that lung cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth, and metastasis through the release of exosomes. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells and contain a variety of bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. This paper presents a comprehensive review of exosome research in lung cancer and its progress through bibliometric analysis.

Methods

Publications related to exosomes in lung cancer patients were systematically searched on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviwers, CiteSpace, and the R package "Bibliometrics". Publications were quantitatively analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2019. The language of publication was restricted to "English" and the search strategy employed TS=(exosomes or exosomes or exosomes) and TS=(lung cancer). The search period commenced on January 1, 2004, and concluded on November 12, 2023, at noon. The selected literature types included Articles and Reviews.

Results

The study encompassed 1699 papers from 521 journals across 71 countries and 2105 institutions. Analysis revealed a consistent upward trend in lung cancer exosome research over the years, with a notable surge in recent times. This surge indicates a growing interest and depth of inquiry into lung cancer exosomes. Major research institutions in China and the United States, including Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, and Utmd Anderson Cancer Center, emerged as crucial research hubs. The annual publication count in this field witnessed a continuous rise, particularly in recent years. Key terms such as lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), microvesicles, intercellular communication, exosomal miRNAs, and oncology dominated the research landscape. Fields like cell biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and oncology exhibited close relation with this research. Clotilde Théry emerged as the most cited author in the field, underlining her significant contributions. These results demonstrate the broad impact of exosome research in lung cancer, with key terms covering not only disease-specific aspects such as lung cancer and NSCLC but also basic biological concepts like microvesicles and intercellular communication. Explorations into exosomal microRNAs and oncology have opened new avenues for lung cancer exosome research. In summary, lung cancer exosome research is poised to continue receiving attention, potentially leading to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention.

Conclusion

Publications on lung cancer exosomes show a rising trend year by year, with China and the United States ranking first and second in terms of the number of publications. However, there is insufficient academic learning cooperation and exchanges between the two sides, and Chinese universities account for a large proportion of research institutions in this field. Jing Li is the most productive author, Clotilde Théry is the most co-cited author, and Cancers is the journal with the highest number of publications. The current focus in the field of lung cancer exosomes is on biomarkers, liquid biopsies, immunotherapy, and tumor microenvironment.

Deciphering pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Unveiling through circulating small extracellular vesicles

The survival rate over a five-year period for rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) is notably lower compared to other neuroendocrine tumors due to late-stage detection, which is a consequence of the absence of suitable diagnostic markers; therefore, there exists a critical need for an early-stage biomarker-specific to PanNETs. This study introduces a novel approach, investigating the impact of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) in PanNET growth and metastasis. As proof of concept, this study shows a correlation between sEV concentration in controls and PanNET. Notably, higher sEV concentrations were observed in PanNETs than in controls (p < 0.0001) with a sensitivity of 100%. Further, apparent differences were observed in the sEV concentrations between controls and grades 1 PanNET (p = 0.005). The expression of sEV markers was confirmed using CD63, TSG101, CD9, Flotillin-1, and GAD65 antibodies. Additionally, the expression of cancer marker BIRC2/cIAP1 (p = 0.002) and autophagy marker Beclin-1 (p = 0.02) were observed in plasma-derived sEVs and PanNET tissue. This study represents the first to indicate the increased secretion of sEV in PanNET patients' blood plasma, proposing potential function of sEV as a new biomarker for early-stage PanNET detection.

Exosomal miR-151-3p in saliva: A potential non-invasive marker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis modulated by Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) in mice

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prominent malignancies that originate in the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa and is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. New circulating biomarkers of exosomal RNA might have great potential for non-invasive early prognosis of GC. Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a typical representative formula of the method of benefiting Qi and strengthening the spleen in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, the effects and mechanism of SJZD in treating GC remain unclear. This study looked for biomarkers of exosomal RNA for early prognosis of GC, and explored the mechanism of SJZD in treating GC. A gastric cancer model with spleen deficiency syndrome was established in nude mice, and the curative effects of SJZD were investigated. Differentially expressed miRNAs in plasma and saliva exosomes were sequenced and analyzed. Potential target genes of these miRNAs were predicted and applied for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment annotation. Overlapping miRNAs in saliva and plasma samples were analyzed, and qRT-PCR was performed for verification. miR-151a-3p was selected, and qRT-PCR further determined that miR-151a-3p was downregulated in saliva and plasma exosomes from the SJZD group. The intersected miR-151a-3p target genes were predicted and enriched in the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. SJZD significantly ameliorates gastric cancer with spleen deficiency syndrome in mouse models, and exosomal miRNAs, particularly miR-151-3p, might be modulated by SJZD in plasma and saliva. The exosomal miR-151-3p in saliva may serve as a non-invasive potential marker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Research advances of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers

BACKGROUND

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-to-cell communication and affect various physiological and pathological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Currently, extensive research has focused on the EVs derived from cell cultures and various body fluids. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the EVs derived from tissues. Tissue EVs can reflect the microenvironment of the specific tissue and the cross-talk of communication among different cells, which can provide more accurate and comprehensive information for understanding the development and progression of diseases.

METHODS

We review the state-of-the-art technologies involved in the isolation and purification of tissue EVs. Then, the latest research progress of tissue EVs in the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development is presented. And finally, the application of tissue EVs in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer is anticipated.

RESULTS

We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various tissue processing and EVs isolation methods, and subsequently analyze the significance of protein characterization in determining the purity of tissue EVs. Furthermore, we focus on outlining the importance of EVs derived from tumor and adipose tissues in tumorigenesis and development, as well as their potential applications in early tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

CONCLUSION

When isolating and characterizing tissue EVs, the most appropriate protocol needs to be specified based on the characteristics of different tissues. Tissue EVs are valuable in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors, and the potential risks associated with tissue EVs need to be considered as therapeutic agents.

Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery

Exosomes are spherical extracellular nanovesicles with an endosomal origin and unilamellar lipid-bilayer structure with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain a large range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid species, depending on the state and origin of the extracellular vesicle (EV)-secreting cell. EVs' function is to encapsulate part of the EV-producing cell content, to transport it through biological fluids to a targeted recipient, and to deliver their cargos specifically within the aimed recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are considered to be potential biological drug-delivery systems that can stably deliver their cargo into targeted cells. Various cell-derived exosomes are produced for medical issues, but their use for therapeutic purposes still faces several problems. Some of these difficulties can be avoided by resorting to hemisynthetic approaches. We highlight here the uses of alternative exosome-mimes involving cell-membrane coatings on artificial nanocarriers or the hybridization between exosomes and liposomes. We also detail the drug-loading strategies deployed to make them drug-carrier systems and summarize the ongoing clinical trials involving exosomes or exosome-like structures. Finally, we summarize the open questions before considering exosome-like disposals for confident therapeutic delivery.

Mesenchymal glioma stem cells trigger vasectasia-distinct neovascularization process stimulated by extracellular vesicles carrying EGFR

Targeting neovascularization in glioblastoma (GBM) is hampered by poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms and unclear linkages to tumour molecular landscapes. Here we report that different molecular subtypes of human glioma stem cells (GSC) trigger distinct endothelial responses involving either angiogenic or circumferential vascular growth (vasectasia). The latter process is selectively triggered by mesenchymal (but not proneural) GSCs and is mediated by a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) able to transfer EGFR/EGFRvIII transcript to endothelial cells. Inhibition of the expression and phosphorylation of EGFR in endothelial cells, either pharmacologically (Dacomitinib) or genetically (gene editing), abolishes their EV responses in vitro and disrupts vasectasia in vivo. Therapeutic inhibition of EGFR markedly extends anticancer effects of VEGF blockade in mice, coupled with abrogation of vasectasia and prolonged survival. Thus, vasectasia driven by intercellular transfer of oncogenic EGFR may represent a new therapeutic target in a subset of GBMs.

Proteomic profiles of peritoneal fluid-derived small extracellular vesicles correlate with patient outcome in ovarian cancer

Cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are capable of modifying the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor progression. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a lethal malignancy that preferentially spreads through the abdominal cavity. Thus, the secretion of such vesicles into the peritoneal fluid could be a determinant factor in the dissemination and behavior of this disease. We designed a prospective observational study to assess the impact of peritoneal fluid-derived sEVs (PFD-sEVs) in OvCa clinical outcome. For this purpose, 2 patient cohorts were enrolled: patients with OvCa who underwent a diagnostic or cytoreductive surgery and nononcological patients, who underwent abdominal surgery for benign gynecological conditions and acted as the control group. Systematic extraction of PFD-sEVs from surgical samples enabled us to observe significant quantitative and qualitative differences associated with cancer diagnosis, disease stage, and platinum chemosensitivity. Proteomic profiling of PFD-sEVs led to the identification of molecular pathways and proteins of interest and to the biological validation of S100A4 and STX5. In addition, unsupervised analysis of PFD-sEV proteomic profiles in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) revealed 2 clusters with different outcomes in terms of overall survival. In conclusion, comprehensive characterization of PFD-sEV content provided a prognostic value with potential implications in HGSOC clinical management.

Platelet Contributions to the (Pre)metastatic Tumor Microenvironment

Alongside their conventional roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, platelets have long been associated with nonhemostatic pathologies, including tumor cell metastasis. Numerous mechanistic studies have since demonstrated that the direct binding of platelets to intravascular tumor cells promotes key hallmarks of metastasis, including survival in circulation and tumor cell arrest at secondary sites. However, platelets also interact with nonmalignant cells that make up the stromal and immune compartments within both primary and metastatic tumors. This review will first provide a brief historical perspective on platelet contributions to metastatic disease before discussing the emerging roles that platelets play in creating microenvironments that likely support successful tumor cell metastasis.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the tubular epithelial cells of the nephron. It has the highest mortality rate among urological cancers. There are no effective therapeutic approaches and no non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. Thus, suitable novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are essential for improving RCC diagnosis/prognosis and treatment. Circulating exosomes such as exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) provide non-invasive prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and valuable therapeutic targets, as they can be easily isolated and quantified and show high sensitivity and specificity. Exosomes secreted by an RCC can exhibit alterations in the miRs' profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a ''signature'' or ''fingerprint'' of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of renal-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in RCC. The present review highlights the studies reporting tumor microenvironment-derived Exo-miRs with therapeutic potential as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in patients with RCC.

Proton pump inhibitors enhance macropinocytosis-mediated extracellular vesicle endocytosis by inducing membrane v-ATPase assembly

Besides participating in diverse pathological and physiological processes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also excellent drug-delivery vehicles. However, clinical drugs modulating EV levels are still lacking. Here, we show that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce EVs by enhancing macropinocytosis-mediated EV uptake. PPIs accelerate intestinal cell endocytosis of autocrine immunosuppressive EVs through macropinocytosis, thereby aggravating inflammatory bowel disease. PPI-induced macropinocytosis facilitates the clearance of immunosuppressive EVs from tumour cells, improving antitumor immunity. PPI-induced macropinocytosis also increases doxorubicin and antisense oligonucleotides of microRNA-155 delivery efficiency by EVs, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects of drug-loaded EVs on tumours and acute liver failure. Mechanistically, PPIs reduce cytosolic pH, promote ATP6V1A (v-ATPase subunit) disassembly from the vacuolar membrane and enhance the assembly of plasma membrane v-ATPases, thereby inducing macropinocytosis. Altogether, our results reveal a mechanism for macropinocytic regulation and PPIs as potential modulators of EV levels, thus regulating their functions.

Notch activation promotes bone metastasis via SPARC inhibition in adenoid cystic carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate bone metastasis induced by Notch signalling pathway dysregulation and to demonstrate that SPARC is a potential therapeutic target in adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) with Notch dysregulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study enrolled 144 AdCC patients. RNA-sequencing and enrichment analyses were performed using 32 AdCC samples. Osteonectin/SPARC and the Notch activation indicator Notch intracellular domain (NICD) were detected using immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and migration assays were conducted using stably NICD over-expressing cells. The effect of SPARC on osteoclast differentiation in NICD cells was investigated using western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and resorption assays.

RESULTS

RNA-sequencing analysis showed that genes down-regulated in Notch-mutant AdCCs, such as SPARC, were enriched in ossification and osteoblast differentiation. Most (75/110, 68.2%) Notch1-wild-type AdCCs showed SPARC over-expression, whereas 30 out of 34 (88.2%) Notch1-mutant tumours showed low SPARC expression. SPARC over-expression was then found negatively to be correlated with NICD expression in 144 AdCCs. NICD over-expression promoted cell growth, migration and osteoclast differentiation, which could be partly reversed by exogenous SPARC.

CONCLUSIONS

Notch activation in AdCC contributes to bone metastasis through SPARC inhibition. The study results suggest that SPARC may represent a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.

The emerging role of liquid biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma detection: advantages and challenges

INTRODUCTION

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), the sixth most widespread malignancy in the world, accounts for 90% of all cases of oral cancer. The primary risk factors are tobacco chewing, alcohol consumption, viral infection, and genetic modifications. OSCC has a high morbidity rate due to the lack of early diagnostic methods. Nowadays, liquid biopsy plays a vital role in the initial diagnosis of oral cancer. ctNAs extracted from saliva and serum/plasma offer meaningful insights into tumor genetics and dynamics. The interplay of these elements in saliva and serum/plasma showcases their significance in advancing noninvasive, effective OSCC detection and monitoring.

AREAS COVERED

This review mainly focused on the role of liquid biopsy as an emerging point in the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC and the current advancements and challenges associated with liquid biopsy.

EXPERT OPINION

Liquid biopsy is regarded as a new, minimally invasive, real-time monitoring tool for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Many biomolecules found in bodily fluids, including ctDNA, ctRNA, CTCs, and EVs, are significant biomarkers to identify cancer in its early stages. Despite these groundbreaking strides, challenges persist. Standardization of sample collection, isolation, processing, and detection methods is imperative for ensuring result reproducibility across diverse studies.

Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in periodontal regeneration

Periodontitis is a prevalent oral ailment that harms both hard and soft tissues of the periodontium, leading to loosening and eventual removal of the teeth. Current clinical treatments have limitations in achieving complete periodontal tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered attention due to their unique characteristics and potential as a promising new therapy for periodontitis. Research suggests that the role of MSCs in regenerative medicine primarily occurs through the paracrine pathway, involving the emission of particles encased by lipids called extracellular vesicles (EVs) abundant in bioactive compounds. These EVs play a vital function in controlling the activities of periodontal tissues and immune system cells, and by influencing the immediate surrounding, thus fostering the healing of periodontal damage and renewal of tissues. EVs obtained from MSCs (MSC-EVs), in the form of a cell-free treatment, offer advantages in terms of stability, reduced immune rejection, and ethical considerations, elevating their potential as a hopeful choice for broad clinical applications. This concise overview highlights the mechanisms of MSC-EVs and the possibilities they hold in clinical application for periodontal regeneration.

Exosomes in tumor-stroma crosstalk: Shaping the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease characterized by a complex interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Within this intricate landscape, exosomes have emerged as pivotal players in the tumor-stroma crosstalk, influencing the immune microenvironment of CRC. These nano-sized vesicles, secreted by both tumoral and stromal cells, serve as molecular transporters, delivering a heterogeneous mix of biomolecules such as RNAs, proteins, and lipids. In the CRC context, exosomes exert dual roles: they promote tumor growth, metastasis, and immune escape by altering immune cell functions and activating oncogenic signaling pathways and offer potential as biomarkers for early CRC detection and treatment targets. This review delves into the multifunctional roles of exosomes in the CRC immune microenvironment, highlighting their potential implications for future therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes.

Extracellular vesicles and prostate cancer management: a narrative review

Background and Objective

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer in the United States. Although new drugs have recently been approved, clinical challenges remain, notably the precise detection and prognostic implications of drug-resistant PCa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale lipid membrane vesicles, are actively secreted into the extracellular milieu by a variety of cell types. Over the past decade, interest in EVs has grown, and emerging evidence suggests that EVs play pivotal roles in cancer biology. In this review, we would like to summarize recent reports on EVs in PCa and discuss the potential clinical applications.

Methods

We performed a non-systematic literature review using the PubMed database to identify articles specifically related to EVs and PCa management.

Key Content and Findings

EVs contain pathogenic components, such as proteins, DNA fragments, mRNA, non-coding RNA, and lipids, all of which can trigger intercellular signaling within tumor microenvironments. Thereby, EVs exert significant effects on several stages of cancer progression, influencing the immune system, angiogenesis, and the establishment of pre-metastatic niches. Furthermore, as EVs are encapsulated, their contents are stable in bodily fluids, and thus EVs have recently attracted attention as a novel kind of liquid biopsy.

Conclusions

We have summarized recent research on how EVs may aid PCa management. To date, we have discovered only the tip of the iceberg. We anticipate that further research will yield innovative therapeutic modalities, thereby aiding all PCa patients.

Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis

Tissue stiffness is a critical prognostic factor in breast cancer and is associated with metastatic progression. Here we show an alternative and complementary hypothesis of tumor progression whereby physiological matrix stiffness affects the quantity and protein cargo of small EVs produced by cancer cells, which in turn drive their metastasis. Primary patient breast tissue produces significantly more EVs from stiff tumor tissue than soft tumor adjacent tissue. EVs released by cancer cells on matrices that model human breast tumors (25 kPa; stiff EVs) feature increased adhesion molecule presentation (ITGα 2 β 1 , ITGα 6 β 4 , ITGα 6 β 1 , CD44) compared to EVs from softer normal tissue (0.5 kPa; soft EVs), which facilitates their binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen IV, and a 3-fold increase in homing ability to distant organs in mice. In a zebrafish xenograft model, stiff EVs aid cancer cell dissemination through enhanced chemotaxis. Moreover, normal, resident lung fibroblasts treated with stiff and soft EVs change their gene expression profiles to adopt a cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. These findings show that EV quantity, cargo, and function depend heavily on the mechanical properties of the extracellular microenvironment.

Targeting TYK2 alleviates Rab27A-induced malignant progression of non-small cell lung cancer via disrupting IFNα-TYK2-STAT-HSPA5 axis

Rab27A is a small GTPase-mediating exosome secretion, which participates in tumorigenesis of multiple cancer types. Understanding the biological role of Rab27A in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is of great importance for oncological research and clinical treatment. In this study, we investigate the function and internal mechanism of Rab27A in NSCLC. Results show that Rab27A is overexpressed in NSCLC, and regulates the tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell motility in vitro and in vivo, and is negatively regulated by miR-124. Further research reveals that upregulated Rab27A can induce the production of IFNα in the medium by mediating exosome secretion. Then IFNα activates TYK2/STAT/HSPA5 signaling to promote NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. This process can be suppressed by TYK2 inhibitor Cerdulatinib. These results suggest that Rab27A is involved in the pathogenesis of NSCLC by regulating exosome secretion and downstream signaling, and inhibitors targeting this axis may become a promising strategy in future clinical practice.

Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy

Liquid biopsy, which is a minimally invasive procedure as an alternative to tissue biopsy, has been introduced as a new diagnostic/prognostic measure. By screening disease-related markers from the blood or other biofluids, it promises early diagnosis, timely prognostication, and effective treatment of the diseases. However, there will be a long way until its realization due to its conceptual and practical challenges. The biomarkers detected by liquid biopsy, such as circulating tumor cell (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), are extraordinarily rare and often obscured by an abundance of normal cellular components, necessitating ultra-sensitive and accurate detection methods for the advancement of liquid biopsy techniques. Optical biosensors based on nanomaterials open an important opportunity in liquid biopsy because of their enhanced sensing performance with simple and practical properties. In this review article, we summarized recent innovations in optical nanomaterials to demonstrate the sensitive detection of protein, peptide, ctDNA, miRNA, exosome, and CTCs. Each study prepares the optical nanomaterials with a tailored design to enhance the sensing performance and to meet the requirements of each biomarker. The unique optical characteristics of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, upconversion NPs, silica NPs, polymeric NPs, and carbon nanomaterials are exploited for sensitive detection mechanisms. These recent advances in liquid biopsy using optical nanomaterials give us an opportunity to overcome challenging issues and provide a resource for understanding the unknown characteristics of the biomarkers as well as the mechanism of the disease.

Anticancer Therapy Targeting Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural lipid nanoparticles secreted by most types of cells. In malignant cancer, EVs derived from cancer cells contribute to its progression and metastasis by facilitating tumor growth and invasion, interfering with anticancer immunity, and establishing premetastasis niches in distant organs. In recent years, multiple strategies targeting cancer-derived EVs have been proposed to improve cancer patient outcomes, including inhibiting EV generation, disrupting EVs during trafficking, and blocking EV uptake by recipient cells. Developments in EV engineering also show promising results in harnessing cancer-derived EVs as anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the origin and functions of cancer-derived EVs and review the recent progress in anticancer therapy targeting these EVs.

Extracellular vesicle-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation via altering host microenvironments

The disordered growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer are mainly attributed to bidirectional cell-cell interactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells are involved in orchestrating the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMNs). Tumor-derived EVs mediate bidirectional communication between tumor and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. EVs carrying mRNAs, small RNAs, microRNAs, DNA fragments, proteins and metabolites determine metastatic organotropism, enhance angiogenesis, modulate stroma cell phenotypes, restructure the extracellular matrix, induce immunosuppression and modify the metabolic environment of organs. Evidence indicates that EVs educate stromal cells in secondary sites to establish metastasis-supportive microenvironments for seeding tumor cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of PMN formation and the underlying mechanisms mediated by EVs. Potential approaches to inhibit cancer metastasis by inhibiting the formation of PMNs are also presented.

Characterising the HLA-I immunopeptidome of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles in patients with melanoma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) frequently express human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules. The immunopeptidomes presented on EV HLA-I are being mapped to provide key information on both specific cancer-related peptides, and for larger immunopeptidomic signatures associated with disease. Utilizing HLA-I immunoisolation and mass spectrometry, we characterised the HLA-I immunopeptidome of EVs derived from the melanoma cancer cell line, ESTDAB-026, and the plasma of 12 patients diagnosed with advanced stage melanoma, alongside 11 healthy controls. The EV HLA-I immunopeptidome derived from melanoma cells features T cell epitopes with known immunogenicity and peptides derived from known tumour associated antigens (TAAs). Both T cell epitopes with known immunogenicity and peptides derived from known TAAs were also identifiable in the melanoma patient samples. Patient stratification into two distinct groups with varying immunological profiles was also observed. The data obtained in this study suggests for the first time that the HLA-I immunopeptidome of EVs derived from blood may aid in the detection of important diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and also provide new immunotherapy targets.

Human dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes decorated titanium scaffolds for promoting bone regeneration

Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles crucial for intercellular communication, hold great promise as a therapeutic avenue in cell-free tissue regeneration. In this study, we identified and utilized exosomes to adorn anodized titanium scaffolds, inducing osteogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The osteogenesis of hDPSCs was stimulated by exosomes derived from hDPSCs that underwent various periods of osteogenic differentiation. After purification, these exosomes were loaded onto anodized titanium scaffolds. Notably, the scaffolds loaded with exosomes deriving from osteogenic differentiated hDPSCs demonstrated superior bone tissue regeneration compared to those loaded with exosomes deriving from hDPSCs within 10-week. RNA-sequencing analysis shed light on the underlying mechanism, revealing that the osteogenic exosomes carried specific cargo, which is due to upregulated miRNAs (Hsa-miR-29c-5p, Hsa-miR-378a-5p, Hsa-miR-10b-5p and Hsa-miR-9-3p) associated with osteogenesis. And down-regulated anti-osteogenic miRNA (Hsa-miR-31-3p, Hsa-miR-221-3p, Hsa-miR-183-5p and Hsa-miR-503-5p). In conclusion, the identification and utilization of exosomes derived from osteogenic differentiated stem cells offer a novel and promising strategy for achieving cell-free bone regeneration.

Novel lncRNA Gm33149 modulates metastatic heterogeneity in melanoma by regulating the miR-5623-3p/Wnt axis via exosomal transfer

The high mortality rate associated with melanoma primarily results from metastasis and recurrence. However, the precise mechanisms driving these processes remain poorly understood. Intercellular communication between cancer cells and non-cancer cells significantly influences the tumor microenvironment and plays a crucial role in metastasis. Therefore, our current study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating the interaction between melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-CSCs during the metastatic colonization process. This study has characterized a novel lncRNA called Gm33149. Importantly, we provide evidence for the first time that Gm33149, originating from highly metastatic melanoma stem cells (OL-SD), can be packaged into exosomes and transferred to low-metastatic nonstem cells (OL). Once internalized by OL cells, Gm33149 exerts its function through a competitive endogenous RNA mechanism (ceRNA) involving miR-5623-3p. Specifically, Gm33149 competitively binds to miR-5623-3p, thereby activating the Wnt signaling pathway and promoting the acquisition of a more aggressive metastatic phenotype by OL cells. In summary, our findings suggest that targeting lncRNA Gm33149 within extracellular vesicles could potentially serve as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Schematic representation of the mechanisms underlying the pro-metastatic activity of lncRNA Gm33149 mediated by exosomal transfer. The figure illustrates the key mechanisms involved in the pro-metastatic activity of lncRNA Gm33149 through exosomal transfer. Melanoma stem cells (OLSD) release exosomes containing lncRNA Gm33149. These exosomes are taken up by non-stem melanoma cells (OL), delivering lncRNA Gm33149 to the recipient cells. Within OL cells, lncRNA Gm33149 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), sequestering miR-5623-3p. This sequestration prevents miR-5623-3p from binding to its target genes, thereby activating the Wnt signaling pathway. The activated Wnt signaling pathway enhances the migration, invasion, and metastatic colonization capabilities of OL cells. The transfer of lncRNA Gm33149 via exosomes contributes to OL cells acquiring "metastatic competency" while promoting their metastatic colonization. These findings underscore the importance of lncRNA Gm33149 in intercellular communication and the metastatic progression of melanoma.

Extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells that facilitate cell signaling. They are categorized based on their biogenesis and size. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), EVs have been extensively studied for their role in both normal physiological functions and diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuronal death. EVs have emerged as potential biomarkers for AD due to their involvement in disease progression. Specifically, EVs derived from neurons, astrocytes, and neuron precursor cells exhibit changes in quantity and composition in AD. Neuron-derived EVs have been found to contain key proteins associated with AD pathology, such as amyloid beta (Aß) and tau. Increased levels of Aß in neuron-derived EVs isolated from the plasma have been observed in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment, suggesting their potential as early biomarkers. However, the analysis of tau in neuron-derived EVs is still inconclusive. In addition to Aß and tau, neuron-derived EVs also carry other proteins linked to AD, including synaptic proteins. These findings indicate that EVs could serve as biomarkers for AD, particularly for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, further research is required to validate their use and explore potential therapeutic applications. To summarize, EVs are small vesicles involved in cell signaling within the CNS. They hold promise as biomarkers for AD, potentially enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Ongoing research aims to refine their use as biomarkers and uncover additional therapeutic applications.

Stress in the metastatic journey - the role of cell communication and clustering in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance

Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent malignancy afflicting women. Despite significant advancements in its diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer metastasis continues to be a leading cause of mortality among women. To metastasize, cancer cells face numerous challenges: breaking away from the primary tumor, surviving in the circulation, establishing in a distant location, evading immune detection and, finally, thriving to initiate a new tumor. Each of these sequential steps requires cancer cells to adapt to a myriad of stressors and develop survival mechanisms. In addition, most patients with breast cancer undergo surgical removal of their primary tumor and have various therapeutic interventions designed to eradicate cancer cells. Despite this plethora of attacks and stresses, certain cancer cells not only manage to persist but also proliferate robustly, giving rise to substantial tumors that frequently culminate in the patient's demise. To enhance patient outcomes, there is an imperative need for a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that empower cancer cells to not only survive but also expand. Herein, we delve into the intrinsic stresses that cancer cells encounter throughout the metastatic journey and the additional stresses induced by therapeutic interventions. We focus on elucidating the remarkable strategies adopted by cancer cells, such as cell-cell clustering and intricate cell-cell communication mechanisms, to ensure their survival.

It is time to implement molecular classification in endometrial cancer

A huge effort has been done in redefining endometrial cancer (EC) risk classes in the last decade. However, known prognostic factors (FIGO staging and grading, biomolecular classification and ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classes stratification) are not able to predict outcomes and especially recurrences. Biomolecular classification has helped in re-classifying patients for a more appropriate adjuvant treatment and clinical studies suggest that currently used molecular classification improves the risk assessment of women with EC, however, it does not clearly explain differences in recurrence profiles. Furthermore, a lack of evidence appears in EC guidelines. Here, we summarize the main concepts why molecular classification is not enough in the management of endometrial cancer, by highlighting some promising innovative examples in scientific literature studies with a clinical potential significant impact.

Knocking down AR promotes osteoblasts to recruit prostate cancer cells by altering exosomal circ-DHPS/miR-214-3p/CCL5 pathway

Tumor-derived exosomes have been shown to play a key role in organ-specific metastasis, and the androgen receptor regulates prostate cancer (PCa) progression. It is unclear whether the androgen receptor regulates the recruitment of prostate cancer cells to the bone microenvironment, even bone metastases, through exosomes. Here, we found that exosomes isolated from PCa cells after knocking down androgen receptor (AR) or enzalutamide treatment can facilitate the migration of prostate cancer cells to osteoblasts. In addition, AR silencing or treatment with the AR antagonist enzalutamide may increase the expression of circular RNA-deoxyhypusine synthase (circ-DHPS) in PCa cells, which can be transported to osteoblasts by exosomes. Circ-DHPS acts as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) against endogenous miR-214-3p to promote C-C chemokine ligand 5 ( CCL5 ) levels in osteoblasts. Increasing the level of CCL5 in osteoblasts could recruit more PCa cells into the bone microenvironment. Thus, blocking the circ-DHPS/miR-214-3p/CCL5 signal may decrease exosome-mediated migration of prostate cancer cells to osteoblasts.

Heating tumors with tumor cell-derived nanoparticles to enhance chemoimmunotherapy for colorectal cancer

Aim: To investigate the mechanism of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and to improve immunotherapy efficacy. Materials & methods: In this study, hybrid vesicles containing DOX (HV-DOX) were prepared by thin-film hydration with extrusion, and the formulated nanoparticles were characterized physically. Furthermore, in vitro experiments and animal models were used to investigate the efficacy and new mechanisms of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Results: DOX improved tumor immunogenicity by alkalinizing lysosomes, inhibiting tumor cell autophagy and inducing ICD. HVs could activate dendritic cell maturation, synergistically enhancing chemotherapeutic immunity. Conclusion: The mechanism of DOX-induced ICD was explored, and antitumor immunity was synergistically activated by HV-DOX to improve chemotherapeutic drug loading and provide relevant antigenic information.

Chronic nickel exposure alters extracellular vesicles to mediate cancer progression via sustained NUPR1 expression

Cancer cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in altering the proximal tumor environment and distal tissues to promote cancer progression. Chronic exposure to nickel (Ni), a human group I carcinogen, results in epigenetic changes that promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells that undergo EMT demonstrate various molecular changes, including elevated levels of the mesenchymal cadherin N-cadherin (N-CAD) and the transcription factor Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1). Moreover, the molecular changes following EMT induce changes in cellular behavior, including anchorage-independent growth, which contributes to cancer cells detaching from tumor bulk during the metastatic process. Here, we present data demonstrating that EVs from Ni-exposed cells induce EMT in recipient BEAS-2B cells in the absence of Ni. Moreover, we show evidence that the EVs from Ni-altered cells package the transcription factor nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1), a transcription factor associated with Ni exposure and cancer progression. Moreover, our data demonstrates that the NUPR1 in the EVs becomes part of the recipient cell proteomic milieu and carry the NUPR1 to the nuclear space of the recipient cell. Interestingly, knockdown of NUPR1 in Ni-transformed cells suppressed NUPR1 packaging in the EVs, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) demonstrated decreased EV release. Reduction of NUPR1 in EVs resulted in diminished EMT capacity that resulted in decreased anchorage independent growth. This study is the first to demonstrate the role of NUPR1 in extracellular vesicle-mediate cancer progression.

Multiple Myeloma Derived Extracellular Vesicle Uptake by Monocyte Cells Stimulates IL-6 and MMP-9 Secretion and Promotes Cancer Cell Migration and Proliferation

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy caused by uncontrolled growth of plasma cells. MM pathogenesis is attributed to crosstalk between plasma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role. In this study, EVs secreted from a panel of MM cell lines were isolated from conditioned media by ultracentrifugation and fluorescently stained EVs were co-cultured with THP-1 monocyte cells. MM EVs from three cell lines displayed a differential yet dose-dependent uptake by THP-1 cells, with H929 EVs displaying the greatest EV uptake compared to MM.1s and U266 EVs suggesting that uptake efficiency is dependent on the cell line of origin. Furthermore, MM EVs increased the secretion of MMP-9 and IL-6 from monocytes, with H929 EVs inducing the greatest effect, consistent with the greatest uptake efficiency. Moreover, monocyte-conditioned media collected following H929 EV uptake significantly increased the migration and proliferation of MM cells. Finally, EV proteome analysis revealed differential cargo enrichment that correlates with disease progression including a significant enrichment of spliceosome-related proteins in H929 EVs compared to the U266 and MM.1s EVs. Overall, this study demonstrates that MM-derived EVs modulate monocyte function to promote tumour growth and metastasis and reveals possible molecular mechanisms involved.

Dormancy of cutaneous melanoma

Many cancer-related deaths including melanoma result from metastases that develop months or years after the initial cancer therapy. Even the most effective drugs and immune therapies rarely eradicate all tumor cells. Instead, they strongly reduce cancer burden, permitting dormant cancer cells to persist in niches, where they establish a cellular homeostasis with their host without causing clinical symptoms. Dormant cancers respond poorly to most drugs and therapies since they do not proliferate and hide in niches. It therefore remains a major challenge to develop novel therapies for dormant cancers. In this review we focus on the mechanisms regulating the initiation of cutaneous melanoma dormancy as well as those which are involved in reawakening of dormant cutaneous melanoma cells. In recent years the role of neutrophils and niche components in reawakening of melanoma cells came into focus and indicate possible future therapeutic applications. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo melanoma dormancy models are needed to make progress in this field and are discussed.

Extracellular-vesicle-packaged S100A11 from osteosarcoma cells mediates lung premetastatic niche formation by recruiting gMDSCs

The premetastatic niche (PMN) contributes to lung-specific metastatic tropism in osteosarcoma. However, the crosstalk between primary tumor cells and lung stromal cells is not clearly defined. Here, we dissect the composition of immune cells in the lung PMN and identify granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (gMDSC) infiltration as positively associated with immunosuppressive PMN formation and tumor cell colonization. Osteosarcoma-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) activate lung interstitial macrophages to initiate the influx of gMDSCs via secretion of the chemokine CXCL2. Proteomic profiling of EVs reveals that EV-packaged S100A11 stimulates the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway in macrophages by interacting with USP9X. High level of S100A11 expression or circulating gMDSCs correlates with the presentation of lung metastasis and poor prognosis in osteosarcoma patients. In summary, we identify a key role of tumor-derived EVs in lung PMN formation, providing potential strategies for monitoring or preventing lung metastasis in osteosarcoma.

Biologically Self-Assembled Tumor Cell-Derived Cancer Nanovaccines as an All-in-One Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy

Tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines introduce tumor cell-derived components as functional units that endow the nanovaccine systems with some advantages, especially providing all potential tumor antigens. However, cumbersome assembly steps, potential risks of exogenous adjuvants, as well as insufficient lymph node (LN) targeting and dendritic cell (DC) internalization limit the efficacy and clinical translation of existing tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines. Herein, we introduced an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer α-mangostin (αM) into tumor cells through poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles and harvested biologically self-assembled tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines (αM-Exos) based on the biological process of tumor cell exocytosing nanoparticles through tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs). Besides presenting multiple potential antigens, αM-Exos inherited abundant 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) upregulated by ER stress, which can not only act as endogenous adjuvants but also improve LN targeting and DC internalization. Following subcutaneous injection, αM-Exos efficiently migrated to LNs and was expeditiously endocytosed by DCs, delivering tumor antigens and adjuvants to DCs synchronously, which then powerfully triggered antitumor immune responses and established long-term immune memory. Our study exhibited an all-in-one biologically self-assembled tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccine platform, and the fully featured cancer nanovaccines assembled efficiently through this platform are promising for desirable cancer immunotherapy.

Development of a nomogram for prediction of central lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent malignant tumor in thyroid carcinoma. The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and establish a nomogram model that can assess the probability of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM).

METHODS

The clinicopathological data of 377 patients with cN0 PTMC were collected and analyzed from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from July 1st, 2019 to December 30th, 2021. All patients were examined by underwent ultrasound (US), found without metastasis to central lymph nodes, and diagnosed with PTMC through pathologic examination. All patients received thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy with therapeutic or prophylactic central lymph node dissection (CLND). R software (Version 4.1.0) was employed to conduct a series of statistical analyses and establish the nomogram.

RESULTS

A total of 119 patients with PTMC had central lymph node metastases (31.56%). After that, age (P < 0.05), gender (P < 0.05), tumor size (P < 0.05), tumor multifocality (P < 0.05), and ultrasound imaging-suggested tumor boundaries (P < 0.05) were identified as the risk factors associated with CLNM. Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the training cohort was 0.703 and that of the validation cohort was 0.656, demonstrating that the prediction ability of this model is relatively good compared to existing models. The calibration curves indicated a good fit for the nomogram model. Finally, the decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that a probability threshold of 0.15-0.50 could benefit patients clinically. The probability threshold used in DCA captures the relative value the patient places on receiving treatment for the disease, if present, compared to the value of avoiding treatment if the disease is not present.

CONCLUSION

CLNM is associated with many risk factors, including age, gender, tumor size, tumor multifocality, and ultrasound imaging-suggested tumor boundaries. The nomogram established in our study has moderate predictive ability for CLNM and can be applied to the clinical management of patients with PTMC. Our findings will provide a better preoperative assessment and treatment strategies for patients with PTMC whether to undergo central lymph node dissection.

Size-exclusion chromatography combined with DIA-MS enables deep proteome profiling of extracellular vesicles from melanoma plasma and serum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in melanoma progression, but their use as clinical biomarkers has been limited by the difficulty of profiling blood-derived EV proteins with high depth of coverage, the requirement for large input amounts, and complex protocols. Here, we provide a streamlined and reproducible experimental workflow to identify plasma- and serum- derived EV proteins of healthy donors and melanoma patients using minimal amounts of sample input. SEC-DIA-MS couples size-exclusion chromatography to EV concentration and deep-proteomic profiling using data-independent acquisition. From as little as 200 µL of plasma per patient in a cohort of three healthy donors and six melanoma patients, we identified and quantified 2896 EV-associated proteins, achieving a 3.5-fold increase in depth compared to previously published melanoma studies. To compare the EV-proteome to unenriched blood, we employed an automated workflow to deplete the 14 most abundant proteins from plasma and serum and thereby approximately doubled protein group identifications versus native blood. The EV proteome diverged from corresponding unenriched plasma and serum, and unlike the latter, separated healthy donor and melanoma patient samples. Furthermore, known melanoma markers, such as MCAM, TNC, and TGFBI, were upregulated in melanoma EVs but not in depleted melanoma plasma, highlighting the specific information contained in EVs. Overall, EVs were significantly enriched in intact membrane proteins and proteins related to SNARE protein interactions and T-cell biology. Taken together, we demonstrated the increased sensitivity of an EV-based proteomic workflow that can be easily applied to larger melanoma cohorts and other indications.

S6K1 deficiency in tumor stroma impairs lung metastasis of melanoma in mice

Accumulating data suggest that ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), an effector in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, plays pleiotropic roles in tumor progression. However, to date, while the tumorigenic function of S6K1 in tumor cells has been well elucidated, its role in the tumor stroma remains poorly understood. We recently showed that S6K1 mediates vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) production in macrophages, thereby supporting tumor angiogenesis and growth. As macrophage-derived VEGF-A is crucial for both tumor cell intravasation and extravasation across the vascular endothelium, our previous findings suggest that stromal S6K1 signaling is required for tumor metastatic spread. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of host S6K1 depletion on tumor metastasis using a murine model of pulmonary metastasis (S6k1-/- mice implanted with B16F10 melanoma). The ablation of S6K1 in the host microenvironment significantly reduced the metastasized B16F10 melanoma cells on the lung surface in both spontaneous and intravenous lung metastasis mouse models without affecting the incidence of metastasis to distant lymph nodes. In addition, stromal S6K1 loss decreased the number of tumor cells circulating in the peripheral blood of mice bearing B16F10 xenografts without affecting the vascular leakage induced by VEGF-A in vivo. These observations demonstrate that S6K1 signaling in host cells other than endothelial cells is required to modulate the host microenvironment to facilitate the metastatic spread of tumors via blood circulation, thus revealing its novel role in the tumor stroma during tumor progression.

Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.

Roles of exosomes in immunotherapy for solid cancers

Although immunotherapy has made breakthrough progress, its efficacy in solid tumours remains unsatisfactory. Exosomes are the main type of extracellular vesicles that can deliver various intracellular molecules to adjacent or distant cells and organs, mediating various biological functions. Studies have found that exosomes can both activate the immune system and inhibit the immune system. The antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) carried in exosomes make it possible to develop them as anticancer vaccines. Exosomes derived from blood, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid can be used as ideal biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In recent years, exosome-based therapy has made great progress in the fields of drug transportation and immunotherapy. Here, we review the composition and sources of exosomes in the solid cancer immune microenvironment and further elaborate on the potential mechanisms and pathways by which exosomes influence immunotherapy for solid cancers. Moreover, we summarize the potential clinical application prospects of engineered exosomes and exosome vaccines in immunotherapy for solid cancers. Eventually, these findings may open up avenues for determining the potential of exosomes for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in solid cancer immunotherapy.

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly.

Advances and challenges in clinical applications of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of substances that feature vesicle-like structures. Initially deemed to be "biological waste", recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of EVs in mediating information communication between cells by transporting bioactive components. Specifically, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) contain components that can be utilized for disease diagnosis and as vaccines to activate the immune system. Moreover, since TEVs have a phospholipid bilayer shell and can transport exogenous substances, they are being increasingly explored as drug delivery vehicles in anti-tumor therapy. TEVs have proven highly compatible with their corresponding tumor cells, allowing for efficient drug delivery and exerting killing effects on tumor cells through various mechanisms such as domino effects, lysosomal pathways, and inhibition of drug efflux from tumor tissues. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in the clinical applications of EVs derived from tumor cells. This paper outlines the current advances and limitations in this field, highlighting the potential of TEVs as a powerful tool for combating cancer.

Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy

Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest interest in the scientific community. Their size, established as an average of 30-150 nm, allows them to be easily uptaken by most cells. According to the type of cells-derived exosomes, they may carry specific biomolecular cargoes used to reprogram the cells they are interacting with. In certain circumstances, exosomes stimulate the immune response by facilitating or amplifying the release of foreign antigens-killing cells, inflammatory factors, or antibodies (immune activation). Meanwhile, in other cases, they are efficiently used by malignant elements such as cancer cells to mislead the immune recognition mechanism, carrying and transferring their cancerous cargoes to distant healthy cells, thus contributing to antigenic invasion (immune suppression). Exosome dichotomic patterns upon immune system regulation present broad advantages in immunotherapy. Its perfect comprehension, from its early biogenesis to its specific interaction with recipient cells, will promote a significant enhancement of immunotherapy employing molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.

Assessment of ATP Metabolism to Adenosine by Ecto-Nucleotidases Carried by Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles

Background

Immunosuppression is a hallmark of cancer progression. Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV), also known as TEX, produce adenosine (ADO) and can mediate tumor-induced immunosuppression.

Methods

Here, the ATP pathway of ADO production (ATP◊ADP◊AMP◊ADO) by ecto-nucleotidases carried in sEV was evaluated by a novel method using N6-etheno-ATP (eATP) and N6-etheno-AMP (eAMP) as substrates. The "downstream" N6-etheno-purines (ePurines) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL).

Results

Human melanoma cell-derived TEX (MTEX) metabolized eATP to N6-etheno-ADP (eADP), eAMP and N6-etheno-Adenosine (eADO) more robustly than control keratinocyte cell-derived sEV (CEX); due to accelerated conversion of eATP to eADP and eADP to eAMP MTEX and CEX similarly metabolized eAMP to eADO. Blocking of the ATP pathway with the selective CD39 inhibitor ARL67156 or pan ecto-nucleotidase inhibitor POM-1 normalized the ATP pathway but neither inhibitor completely abolished it. In contrast, inhibition of CD73 by PSB12379 or AMPCP abolished eADO formation in both MTEX and CEX, suggesting that targeting CD73 is the preferred approach to eliminating ADO produced by sEV.

Conclusions

The noninvasive, sensitive, and specific assay assessing ePurine metabolism ± ecto-nucleotidase inhibitors in TEX enables the personalized identification of the ecto-nucleotidase primarily involved in ADO production in patients with cancer. The assay could guide precision medicine by determining which purine is the preferred target for inhibitory therapeutic interventions.

Exosomes in Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Small extracellular vesicles called exosomes are produced by cells and contain a range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Exosomes have been implicated in the development and spread of cancer, and recent studies have shown that their contents may be exploited as biomarkers for early detection and ongoing surveillance of the disease. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on exosomes as biomarkers of cancer. We discuss the various methods used for exosome isolation and characterization, as well as the different types of biomolecules found within exosomes that are relevant for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We also highlight recent studies that have demonstrated the utility of exosomal biomarkers in different types of cancer, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Overall, exosomes show great promise as noninvasive biomarkers for cancer detection and monitoring. Exosomes have the ability to transform cancer diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms, providing promise for more efficient and individualized. This review seeks to serve as an inspiration for new ideas and research in the never-ending fight against cancer. Moreover, further studies are needed to validate their clinical utility and establish standardized protocols for their isolation and analysis. With continued research and development, exosomal biomarkers have the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Extracellular lipidosomes containing lipid droplets and mitochondria are released during melanoma cell division

BACKGROUND

The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide. Since metastatic melanoma is highly aggressive, it is important to decipher all the biological aspects of melanoma cells. In this context, we have previously shown that metastatic FEMX-I melanoma cells release small (< 150 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes and ectosomes containing the stem (and cancer stem) cell antigenic marker CD133. EVs play an important role in intercellular communication, which could have a micro-environmental impact on surrounding tissues.

RESULTS

We report here a new type of large CD133+ EVs released by FEMX-I cells. Their sizes range from 2 to 6 µm and they contain lipid droplets and mitochondria. Real-time video microscopy revealed that these EVs originate from the lipid droplet-enriched cell extremities that did not completely retract during the cell division process. Once released, they can be taken up by other cells. Silencing CD133 significantly affected the cellular distribution of lipid droplets, with a re-localization around the nuclear compartment. As a result, the formation of large EVs containing lipid droplets was severely compromised.

CONCLUSION

Given the biochemical effect of lipid droplets and mitochondria and/or their complexes on cell metabolism, the release and uptake of these new large CD133+ EVs from dividing aggressive melanoma cells can influence both donor and recipient cells, and therefore impact melanoma growth and dissemination.

An immune-related exosome signature predicts the prognosis and immunotherapy response in ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

Cancer-derived exosomes contribute significantly in intracellular communication, particularly during tumorigenesis. Here, we aimed to identify two immune-related ovarian cancer-derived exosomes (IOCEs) subgroups in ovarian cancer (OC) and establish a prognostic model for OC patients based on immune-related IOCEs.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to obtain RNA-seq data, as well as clinical and prognostic information. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify two IOCEs-associated subgroups. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the overall survival (OS) between IOCEs-high and IOCEs-low subtype. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were conducted to investigate the mechanisms and biological effects of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two subtypes. Besides, an IOCE-related prognostic model of OC was constructed by Lasso regression analysis, and the signature was validated using GSE140082 as the validation set.

RESULTS

In total, we obtained 21 differentially expressed IOCEs in OC, and identified two IOCE-associated subgroups by consensus clustering. IOCE-low subgroup showed a favorable prognosis while IOCE-high subgroup had a higher level of immune cell infiltration and immune response. GSEA showed that pathways in cancer and immune response were mainly enriched in IOCE-high subgroup. Thus, IOCE-high subgroup may benefit more in immunotherapy treatment. In addition, we constructed a risk model based on nine IOCE-associated genes (CLDN4, AKT2, CSPG5, ALDOC, LTA4H, PSMA2, PSMA5, TCIRG1, ANO6).

CONCLUSION

We developed a novel stratification system for OV based on IOCE signature, which could be used to estimate the prognosis as well as immunotherapy for OC patient.

NUPR1 packaged in extracellular vesicles promotes murine triple-negative breast cancer in a type 1 interferon-independent manner

Aim

This study aims to elucidate the involvement of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-derived extracellular vesicles in metastasis. The loss of components in the type 1 interferon (IFN1) signaling pathway has been linked to the promotion of metastasis. However, IFN1 signaling induces immunological dormancy and promotes tumorigenesis. Our hypothesis was that TNBC cells release tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) that promote metastasis in an IFN1-independent manner.

Methods

Two murine TNBC models and transgenic mice were used to examine the role of IFN1 in TNBC progression to metastasis. Reserpine was employed to determine the effect of TEV education on TNBC progression and overall survival. EVs from cancer cells treated with vehicle and reserpine and from the serum of tumor-bearing mice receiving reserpine were examined to determine changes in EV release and EV content.

Results

TNBC cells progress to metastasis in mice lacking the IFN1-induced gene cholesterol-25 hydroxylase (CH25H) or expressing the IFNAR1S526 knock-in that cannot be downregulated. Reserpine suppresses EV release from TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Western blot analysis demonstrated reserpine decreased NUPR1 protein levels in EVs. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that endothelial cells lacking CH25H treated with TEVs exhibited increased NUPR1 expression that was decreased by adding reserpine with the TEVs. NUPR1 overexpression upregulated genes that mediate TEV biogenesis and incorporation. Knockdown of NUPR1 with shRNA decreased the release of TEVs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study suggests that TNBC is driven by aberrant packaging of NUPR1 into TEVs which were transferred into recipient cells to activate pro-metastatic transcription driven by NUPR1.

The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasmatic Exosome Count in Cancer Patients and in Patients with Other Pathologies

The extent of both scientific articles and reviews on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown impressively over the last few decades [...].