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Berk-Rauch HE, Choudhury A, Richards AT, Singh PK, Chen ZL, Norris EH, Strickland S, Ahn HJ. Striatal fibrinogen extravasation and vascular degeneration correlate with motor dysfunction in an aging mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1064178. [PMID: 36967821 PMCID: PMC10034037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1064178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients exhibit signs of motor dysfunction, including gait, locomotion, and balance deficits. Changes in motor function often precede other symptoms of AD as well as correlate with increased severity and mortality. Despite the frequent occurrence of motor dysfunction in AD patients, little is known about the mechanisms by which this behavior is altered.Methods and Results: In the present study, we investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular impairment and motor dysfunction in a mouse model of AD (Tg6799). We found an age-dependent increase of extravasated fibrinogen deposits in the cortex and striatum of AD mice. Interestingly, there was significantly decreased cerebrovascular density in the striatum of the 15-month-old as compared to 7-month-old AD mice. We also found significant demyelination and axonal damage in the striatum of aged AD mice. We analyzed striatum-related motor function and anxiety levels of AD mice at both ages and found that aged AD mice exhibited significant impairment of motor function but not in the younger AD mice.Discussion: Our finding suggests an enticing correlation between extravasated fibrinogen, cerebrovascular damage of the striatum, and motor dysfunction in an AD mouse model, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying motor dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Berk-Rauch
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arnab Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Allison T. Richards
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Hyung Jin Ahn,
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52
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The Active Role of Pericytes During Neuroinflammation in the Adult Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:525-541. [PMID: 35195811 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microvessels in the central nervous system (CNS) have one of the highest populations of pericytes, indicating their crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Pericytes are heterogeneous cells located around brain microvessels; they present three different morphologies along the CNS vascular tree: ensheathing, mesh, and thin-strand pericytes. At the arteriole-capillary transition ensheathing pericytes are found, while mesh and thin-strand pericytes are located at capillary beds. Brain pericytes are essential for the establishment and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the passage of soluble and potentially toxic molecules from the circulatory system to the brain parenchyma. Pericytes play a key role in regulating local inflammation at the CNS. Pericytes can respond differentially, depending on the degree of inflammation, by secreting a set of neurotrophic factors to promote cell survival and regeneration, or by potentiating inflammation through the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and the overexpression of cell adhesion molecules. Under inflammatory conditions, pericytes may regulate immune cell trafficking to the CNS and play a role in perpetuating local inflammation. In this review, we describe pericyte responses during acute and chronic neuroinflammation.
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Harris WJ, Asselin MC, Hinz R, Parkes LM, Allan S, Schiessl I, Boutin H, Dickie BR. In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1051-1083. [PMID: 36437425 PMCID: PMC9931809 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain parenchyma and is fundamental in maintaining brain homeostasis. Increasingly, the BBB is recognised as having a significant role in numerous neurological disorders, ranging from acute disorders (traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed to study the BBB in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The complex multicellular structure and effects of disease are difficult to recreate accurately in vitro, and functional aspects of the BBB cannot be easily studied ex vivo. As such, the value of in vivo methods to study the intact BBB cannot be overstated. This review discusses the structure and function of the BBB and how these are affected in diseases. It then discusses in depth several established and novel methods for imaging the BBB in vivo, with a focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, and high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William James Harris
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Michelle Parkes
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ben Robert Dickie
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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54
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He Y, Li Z, Shi X, Ding J, Wang X. Roles of NG2 Glia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:519-530. [PMID: 36401147 PMCID: PMC10043141 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most prevalent pathologic processes affecting 5% of people over 50 years of age and contributing to 45% of dementia cases. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the pathological roles of chronic hypoperfusion, impaired cerebral vascular reactivity, and leakage of the blood-brain barrier in CSVD. However, the pathogenesis of CSVD remains elusive thus far, and no radical treatment has been developed. NG2 glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, are the fourth type of glial cell in addition to astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the mammalian central nervous system. Many novel functions for NG2 glia in physiological and pathological states have recently been revealed. In this review, we discuss the role of NG2 glia in CSVD and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi He
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, NMU, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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55
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Cashion JM, Young KM, Sutherland BA. How does neurovascular unit dysfunction contribute to multiple sclerosis? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106028. [PMID: 36736923 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Multiple sclerosis clinical care has improved considerably due to the development of disease-modifying therapies that effectively modulate the peripheral immune response and reduce relapse frequency. However, current treatments do not prevent neurodegeneration and disease progression, and efforts to prevent multiple sclerosis will be hampered so long as the cause of this disease remains unknown. Risk factors for multiple sclerosis development or severity include vitamin D deficiency, cigarette smoking and youth obesity, which also impact vascular health. People with multiple sclerosis frequently experience blood-brain barrier breakdown, microbleeds, reduced cerebral blood flow and diminished neurovascular reactivity, and it is possible that these vascular pathologies are tied to multiple sclerosis development. The neurovascular unit is a cellular network that controls neuroinflammation, maintains blood-brain barrier integrity, and tightly regulates cerebral blood flow, matching energy supply to neuronal demand. The neurovascular unit is composed of vessel-associated cells such as endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, however neuronal and other glial cell types also comprise the neurovascular niche. Recent single-cell transcriptomics data, indicate that neurovascular cells, particular cells of the microvasculature, are compromised within multiple sclerosis lesions. Large-scale genetic and small-scale cell biology studies also suggest that neurovascular dysfunction could be a primary pathology contributing to multiple sclerosis development. Herein we revisit multiple sclerosis risk factors and multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and highlight the known and potential roles of neurovascular unit dysfunction in multiple sclerosis development and disease progression. We also evaluate the suitability of the neurovascular unit as a potential target for future disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Cashion
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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56
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Dubayle D, Vanden-Bossche A, Peixoto T, Morel JL. Hypergravity Increases Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Fluorescent Dextran and Antisense Oligonucleotide in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050734. [PMID: 36899870 PMCID: PMC10000817 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest effect of spaceflight is an alteration in vestibular function due to microgravity. Hypergravity exposure induced by centrifugation is also able to provoke motion sickness. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the crucial interface between the vascular system and the brain to ensure efficient neuronal activity. We developed experimental protocols of hypergravity on C57Bl/6JRJ mice to induce motion sickness and reveal its effects on the BBB. Mice were centrifuged at 2× g for 24 h. Fluorescent dextrans with different sizes (40, 70 and 150 kDa) and fluorescent antisense oligonucleotides (AS) were injected into mice retro-orbitally. The presence of fluorescent molecules was revealed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopies in brain slices. Gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR from brain extracts. Only the 70 kDa dextran and AS were detected in the parenchyma of several brain regions, suggesting an alteration in the BBB. Moreover, Ctnnd1, Gja4 and Actn1 were upregulated, whereas Jup, Tjp2, Gja1, Actn2, Actn4, Cdh2 and Ocln genes were downregulated, specifically suggesting a dysregulation in the tight junctions of endothelial cells forming the BBB. Our results confirm the alteration in the BBB after a short period of hypergravity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dubayle
- CNRS, INCC, UMR 8002, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (J.-L.M.)
| | - Arnaud Vanden-Bossche
- INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Tom Peixoto
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (J.-L.M.)
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57
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Cheng J, Jiang J, He B, Lin WJ, Li Y, Duan J, Li H, Huang X, Cai J, Xie J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Xu Y, Hu X, Wu M, Zhuo X, Liu Q, Shi Z, Yu P, Rong X, Ye X, Saw PE, Wu LJ, Simone CB, Chua MLK, Mai HQ, Tang Y. A phase 2 study of thalidomide for the treatment of radiation-induced blood-brain barrier injury. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabm6543. [PMID: 36812346 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a debilitating sequela after radiotherapy to treat head and neck cancer, and 20 to 30% of patients with RIBI fail to respond to or have contraindications to the first-line treatments of bevacizumab and corticosteroids. Here, we reported a Simon's minmax two-stage, single-arm, phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03208413) to assess the efficacy of thalidomide in patients with RIBI who were unresponsive to or had contraindications to bevacizumab and corticosteroid therapies. The trial met its primary endpoint, with 27 of 58 patients enrolled showing ≥25% reduction in the volume of cerebral edema on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-magnetic resonance imaging (FLAIR-MRI) after treatment (overall response rate, 46.6%; 95% CI, 33.3 to 60.1%). Twenty-five (43.1%) patients demonstrated a clinical improvement based on the Late Effects Normal Tissues-Subjective, Objective, Management, Analytic (LENT/SOMA) scale, and 36 (62.1%) experienced cognitive improvement based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. In a mouse model of RIBI, thalidomide restored the blood-brain barrier and cerebral perfusion, which were attributed to the functional rescue of pericytes secondary to elevation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) expression by thalidomide. Our data thus demonstrate the therapeutic potential of thalidomide for the treatment of radiation-induced cerebral vasculature impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingru Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Baixuan He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jinhua Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiatian Xie
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Minyi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaohuang Zhuo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Proton Center, New York, NY 10035, USA
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers, Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
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58
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Du F, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Extracellular matrix proteins in construction and function of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1130127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly impermeable barrier separating circulating blood and brain tissue. A functional BBB is critical for brain health, and BBB dysfunction has been linked to the pathophysiology of diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. A variety of models have been developed to study the formation and maintenance of the BBB, ranging from in vivo animal models to in vitro models consisting of primary cells or cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). These models must consider the composition and source of the cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), including brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), brain pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, and how these cell types interact. In addition, the non-cellular components of the BBB microenvironment, such as the brain vascular basement membrane (BM) that is in direct contact with the NVU, also play key roles in BBB function. Here, we review how extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the brain vascular BM affect the BBB, with a particular focus on studies using hPSC-derived in vitro BBB models, and discuss how future studies are needed to advance our understanding of how the ECM affects BBB models to improve model performance and expand our knowledge on the formation and maintenance of the BBB.
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59
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Sharp FR, DeCarli CS, Jin LW, Zhan X. White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096206. [PMID: 36845656 PMCID: PMC9950279 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that myelin injury contributes to cholesterol release from myelin and cholesterol dysmetabolism which contributes to Abeta dysmetabolism, and combined with genetic and AD risk factors, leads to increased Abeta and amyloid plaques. Increased Abeta damages myelin to form a vicious injury cycle. Thus, white matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism and Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce or worsen AD neuropathology. The amyloid cascade is the leading hypothesis for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The failure of clinical trials based on this hypothesis has raised other possibilities. Even with a possible new success (Lecanemab), it is not clear whether this is a cause or a result of the disease. With the discovery in 1993 that the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE4) was the major risk factor for sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD), there has been increasing interest in cholesterol in AD since APOE is a major cholesterol transporter. Recent studies show that cholesterol metabolism is intricately involved with Abeta (Aβ)/amyloid transport and metabolism, with cholesterol down-regulating the Aβ LRP1 transporter and upregulating the Aβ RAGE receptor, both of which would increase brain Aβ. Moreover, manipulating cholesterol transport and metabolism in rodent AD models can ameliorate pathology and cognitive deficits, or worsen them depending upon the manipulation. Though white matter (WM) injury has been noted in AD brain since Alzheimer's initial observations, recent studies have shown abnormal white matter in every AD brain. Moreover, there is age-related WM injury in normal individuals that occurs earlier and is worse with the APOE4 genotype. Moreover, WM injury precedes formation of plaques and tangles in human Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and precedes plaque formation in rodent AD models. Restoring WM in rodent AD models improves cognition without affecting AD pathology. Thus, we postulate that the amyloid cascade, cholesterol dysmetabolism and white matter injury interact to produce and/or worsen AD pathology. We further postulate that the primary initiating event could be related to any of the three, with age a major factor for WM injury, diet and APOE4 and other genes a factor for cholesterol dysmetabolism, and FAD and other genes for Abeta dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S. DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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60
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Zhao J, Wang X, Li Q, Lu C, Li S. The relevance of serum macrophage migratory inhibitory factor and cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vascular disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1083818. [PMID: 36824264 PMCID: PMC9941340 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1083818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) is a common type of cerebrovascular disease, and an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and stroke. The disease burden is expected to increase further as a result of population aging, an ongoing high prevalence of risk factors (e.g., hypertension), and inadequate management. Due to the poor understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD, there is no effective preventive or therapeutic approach for CSVD. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is related to the occurrence and development of vascular dysfunction diseases. Therefore, MIF may contribute to the pathogenesis of CSVD and VCI. Here, reviewed MIF participation in chronic cerebral ischemia-hypoperfusion and neurodegeneration pathology, including new evidence for CSVD, and its potential role in protection against VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,*Correspondence: Jianhua Zhao,
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Endothelial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032909. [PMID: 36769234 PMCID: PMC9918222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vascular system stringently regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). The components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from pathogenic infections and harmful substances, efflux waste, and exchange substances; however, diseases develop in cases of blood vessel injuries and BBB dysregulation. Vascular pathology is concurrent with the mechanisms underlying aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), which suggests its involvement in these mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed the role of vascular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD and VaD. During the development of the aforementioned diseases, changes occur in the cerebral blood vessel morphology and local cells, which, in turn, alter CBF, fluid dynamics, and vascular integrity. Chronic vascular inflammation and blood vessel dysregulation further exacerbate vascular dysfunction. Multitudinous pathogenic processes affect the cerebrovascular system, whose dysfunction causes cognitive impairment. Knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of clinically relevant vascular biomarkers, which may facilitate vascular imaging for disease prevention and treatment.
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Huang D, Guo Y, Guan X, Pan L, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Dijkhuizen RM, Duering M, Yu F, Boltze J, Li P. Recent advances in arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in patients with vascular cognitive impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:173-184. [PMID: 36284489 PMCID: PMC9903225 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221135353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is a major health concern in aging populations. It impairs patients' independent life and may progress to dementia. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses all cerebrovascular pathologies that contribute to cognitive impairment (CI). Moreover, the majority of CI subtypes involve various aspects of vascular dysfunction. Recent research highlights the critical role of reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the progress of VCI, and the detection of altered CBF may help to detect or even predict the onset of VCI. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a non-invasive, non-ionizing perfusion MRI technique for assessing CBF qualitatively and quantitatively. Recent methodological advances enabling improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and data acquisition have led to an increase in the use of ASL to assess CBF in VCI patients. Combined with other imaging modalities and biomarkers, ASL has great potential for identifying early VCI and guiding prediction and prevention strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in ASL-based perfusion MRI for identifying patients at high risk of VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng’ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and qbig, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Roseborough AD, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Laviolette SR, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN. Fibrinogen primes the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and propagates pro-inflammatory signaling via extracellular vesicles: Implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106001. [PMID: 36646389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain's response to acute injury is characterized by increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and pro-inflammatory microglia signaling, both of which have been linked to poor cognitive outcomes and neurological disease. The damaged BBB has increased leakiness, allowing serum proteins like fibrinogen into the brain, which interacts with local cells in a deleterious manner. At the same time, in response to injury, microglia demonstrate increased NLRP3 inflammasome activity and heightened release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The relationship between increased fibrinogen uptake and microglial inflammasome signaling in the injured brain has not been well described. In this work, we investigate fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming of BV-2 cells and primary adult microglia and propose a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) as propagators of this interaction. Following exposure to fibrinogen microglia significantly upregulate transcription of IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines which was sustained by repeated fibrinogen exposure. Inhibition of fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 signaling was achieved at the transcriptional and assembly level using cannabidiol (CBD) and the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, respectively. EVs released following NLRP3 priming carry IL-1β, IL-18 mRNA and fibrinogen, propagate inflammatory signaling and can be detected in the circulation following BBB disruption in a preclinical stroke model. In conclusion, the interplay between fibrinogen extravasation, microglial NLRP3 signaling, and EV release can perpetuate chronic pro-inflammatory signaling and represents a novel method of inflammatory propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Zhu
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Zhao
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S R Laviolette
- Addictions Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S H Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Mathematical Optimisation of Magnetic Nanoparticle Diffusion in the Brain White Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032534. [PMID: 36768857 PMCID: PMC9917052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a promising drug delivery system to treat brain diseases, as the particle transport trajectory can be manipulated by an external magnetic field. However, due to the complex microstructure of brain tissues, particularly the arrangement of nerve fibres in the white matter (WM), how to achieve desired drug distribution patterns, e.g., uniform distribution, is largely unknown. In this study, by adopting a mathematical model capable of capturing the diffusion trajectories of MNPs, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the effects of key parameters in the MNP delivery on the particle diffusion behaviours in the brain WM microstructures. The results show that (i) a uniform distribution of MNPs can be achieved in anisotropic tissues by adjusting the particle size and magnetic field; (ii) particle size plays a key role in determining MNPs' diffusion behaviours. The magnitude of MNP equivalent diffusivity is reversely correlated to the particle size. The MNPs with a dimension greater than 90 nm cannot reach a uniform distribution in the brain WM even in an external magnitude field; (iii) axon tortuosity may lead to transversely anisotropic MNP transport in the brain WM; however, this effect can be mitigated by applying an external magnetic field perpendicular to the local axon track. This study not only advances understanding to answer the question of how to optimise MNP delivery, but also demonstrates the potential of mathematical modelling to help achieve desired drug distributions in biological tissues with a complex microstructure.
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Kisler K, Sagare AP, Lazic D, Bazzi S, Lawson E, Hsu CJ, Wang Y, Ramanathan A, Nelson AR, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Anti-malaria drug artesunate prevents development of amyloid-β pathology in mice by upregulating PICALM at the blood-brain barrier. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:7. [PMID: 36707892 PMCID: PMC9883925 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PICALM is one of the most significant susceptibility factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In humans and mice, PICALM is highly expressed in brain endothelium. PICALM endothelial levels are reduced in AD brains. PICALM controls several steps in Aβ transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its loss from brain endothelium in mice diminishes Aβ clearance at the BBB, which worsens Aβ pathology, but is reversible by endothelial PICALM re-expression. Thus, increasing PICALM at the BBB holds potential to slow down development of Aβ pathology. METHODS To identify a drug that could increase PICALM expression, we screened a library of 2007 FDA-approved drugs in HEK293t cells expressing luciferase driven by a human PICALM promoter, followed by a secondary mRNA screen in human Eahy926 endothelial cell line. In vivo studies with the lead hit were carried out in Picalm-deficient (Picalm+/-) mice, Picalm+/-; 5XFAD mice and Picalmlox/lox; Cdh5-Cre; 5XFAD mice with endothelial-specific Picalm knockout. We studied PICALM expression at the BBB, Aβ pathology and clearance from brain to blood, cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses, BBB integrity and behavior. RESULTS Our screen identified anti-malaria drug artesunate as the lead hit. Artesunate elevated PICALM mRNA and protein levels in Eahy926 endothelial cells and in vivo in brain capillaries of Picalm+/- mice by 2-3-fold. Artesunate treatment (32 mg/kg/day for 2 months) of 3-month old Picalm+/-; 5XFAD mice compared to vehicle increased brain capillary PICALM levels by 2-fold, and reduced Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels and Aβ and thioflavin S-load in the cortex and hippocampus, and vascular Aβ load by 34-51%. Artesunate also increased circulating Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels by 2-fold confirming accelerated Aβ clearance from brain to blood. Consistent with reduced Aβ pathology, treatment of Picalm+/-; 5XFAD mice with artesunate improved CBF responses, BBB integrity and behavior on novel object location and recognition, burrowing and nesting. Endothelial-specific knockout of PICALM abolished all beneficial effects of artesunate in 5XFAD mice indicating that endothelial PICALM is required for its therapeutic effects. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate increases PICALM levels and Aβ clearance at the BBB which prevents development of Aβ pathology and functional deficits in mice and holds potential for translation to human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Sam Bazzi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Erica Lawson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Ching-Ju Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Anita Ramanathan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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van der Thiel MM, Backes WH, Ramakers IHGB, Jansen JFA. Novel developments in non-contrast enhanced MRI of the perivascular clearance system: What are the possibilities for Alzheimer's disease research? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104999. [PMID: 36529311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral waste clearance system (i.e, glymphatic or intramural periarterial drainage) works through a network of perivascular spaces (PVS). Dysfunction of this system likely contributes to aggregation of Amyloid-β and subsequent toxic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A promising, non-invasive technique to study this system is MRI, though applications in dementia are still scarce. This review focusses on recent non-contrast enhanced (non-CE) MRI techniques which determine and visualise physiological aspects of the clearance system at multiple levels, i.e., cerebrospinal fluid flow, PVS-flow and interstitial fluid movement. Furthermore, various MRI studies focussing on aspects of the clearance system which are relevant to AD are discussed, such as studies on ageing, sleep alterations, and cognitive decline. Additionally, the complementary function of non-CE to CE methods is elaborated upon. We conclude that non-CE studies have great potential to determine which parts of the waste clearance system are affected by AD and in which stages of cognitive impairment dysfunction of this system occurs, which could allow future clinical trials to target these specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M van der Thiel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry &Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Walter H Backes
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Inez H G B Ramakers
- Department of Psychiatry &Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Carmichael ST, Llorente IL. The Ties That Bind: Glial Transplantation in White Matter Ischemia and Vascular Dementia. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:39-47. [PMID: 36357662 PMCID: PMC10119342 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter injury is a progressive vascular disease that leads to neurological deficits and vascular dementia. It comprises up to 30% of all diagnosed strokes, though up to ten times as many events go undiagnosed in early stages. There are several pathologies that can lead to white matter injury. While some studies suggest that white matter injury starts as small infarcts in deep penetrating blood vessels in the brain, others point to the breakdown of endothelial function or the blood-brain barrier as the primary cause of the disease. Whether due to local endothelial or BBB dysfunction, or to local small infarcts (or a combination), white matter injury progresses, accumulates, and expands from preexisting lesions into adjacent white matter to produce motor and cognitive deficits that present as vascular dementia in the elderly. Vascular dementia is the second leading cause of dementia, and white matter injury-attributed vascular dementia represents 40% of all diagnosed dementias and aggravates Alzheimer's pathology. Despite the advances in the last 15 years, there are few animal models of progressive subcortical white matter injury or vascular dementia. This review will discuss recent progress in animal modeling of white matter injury and the emerging principles to enhance glial function as a means of promoting repair and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E Young Drive South, NRB 407, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Irene L Llorente
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Ave, 94304, Palo alto, USA.
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Kantor AB, Akassoglou K, Stavenhagen JB. Fibrin-Targeting Immunotherapy for Dementia. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:647-660. [PMID: 37874085 PMCID: PMC11227370 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. It precedes extracellular deposition of amyloid-β in senile plaques and blood vessel walls, the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein, microglial activation, and neuronal cell death. BBB disruption allows the coagulation protein fibrinogen to leak from the blood into the brain, where it is converted by thrombin cleavage into fibrin and deposits in the parenchyma and CNS vessels. Fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin exposes a cryptic epitope termed P2 which can bind CD11b and CD11c on microglia, macrophages and dendritic cells and trigger an inflammatory response toxic to neurons. Indeed, genetic and pharmacological evidence demonstrates a causal role for fibrin in innate immune cell activation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The P2 inflammatory epitope is spatially and compositionally distinct from the coagulation epitope on fibrin. Mouse monoclonal antibody 5B8, which targets the P2 epitope without interfering with the clotting process, has been shown to reduce neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The selectivity and efficacy of this anti-human fibrin-P2 antibody in animal models supports the development of a monoclonal antibody drug targeting fibrin P2 for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. THN391 is a humanized, affinity-matured antibody which has a 100-fold greater affinity for fibrin P2 and improved development properties compared to the parental 5B8 antibody. It is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Kantor
- Jeffrey Stavenhagen, PhD, Therini Bio, Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA,
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Barisano G. Neuroimaging aspects and clinical significance of giant perivascular spaces in the brain. PRECISION CANCER MEDICINE 2022; 5:31. [PMID: 36619900 PMCID: PMC9817033 DOI: 10.21037/pcm-22-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gürler G, Soylu KO, Yemisci M. Importance of Pericytes in the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2022; 59:S29-S35. [PMID: 36578988 PMCID: PMC9767130 DOI: 10.29399/npa.28171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cell types contribute to pathological changes observed in the brain following cerebral ischemia. Pericytes, as a component of neurovascular unit (NVU) and blood brain barrier (BBB), play a key role for cerebral blood flow control and regulation of vessel permeability. It was shown that pericytes can control cerebral blood flow at the level of capillaries, by their contractile property. Their role in BBB development and maintenance are crucial for guidance of brain vessel development, new vessel formation and stabilization of the newly formed vessels. Additionally, they can contribute to inflammation in response to inflammatory stimuli and can differentiate to various cell types by their multipotent differentiation properties. This cell type which is intimately associated with cerebral circulation also plays important roles during cerebral ischemia. Here, we review the properties and physiological functions of pericytes, how these functions change during ischemia to affect the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and post stroke cognitive impairment. Pericytes are a neglected cell type and they are not unambiguously characterized which in turn led to contradictory findings in the literature. Clear characterization of pericytes by current methods will help better understanding of their role in the pathophysiology of stroke. With the information gained from these efforts it will be possible to develop pericyte specific therapeutic targets and achieve important breakthroughs in clinical recovery in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Gürler
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadir Oğuzhan Soylu
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müge Yemisci
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey,Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey,Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey,Correspondence Address: Müge Yemişci, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nörolojik Bilimler ve Psikiyatri Enstitüsü, 06230 Sıhhiye Ankara, Turkey • E-mail:
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Alruwais NM, Rusted JM, Tabet N, Dowell NG. Evidence of emerging BBB changes in mid-age apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 carriers. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2806. [PMID: 36408825 PMCID: PMC9759141 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have recognized that the loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a major structural biomarker where neurodegenerative disease potentially begins. Using a combination of high-quality neuroimaging techniques, we investigated potential subtle differences in BBB permeability in mid-age healthy people, comparing carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOEε4) genotype, the biggest risk factor for late onset, non-familial AD (LOAD) with APOEε3 carriers, the population norm. METHODS Forty-one cognitively healthy mid-age participants (42-59) were genotyped and pseudo-randomly selected to participate in the study by a third party. Blind to genotype, all participants had a structural brain scan acquisition including gadolinium-based dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging acquired using a T1-weighted 3D vibe sequence. A B1 map and T1 map were acquired as part of the multi-parametric mapping acquisition. RESULTS Non-significant, but subtle differences in blood-brain barrier permeability were identified between healthy mid-age APOEε4 and APOEε3 carriers, matched on age, education, and gender. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated a tendency toward BBB permeability in APOEε4 participants emerging from mid-age, with quantitative differences observable on a number of the measures. While the differences did not reach a statistical significance, the results from this study hint at early changes in ε4 carrier BBB that may help identify at-risk populations and facilitate the development of early interventions to change the trajectory of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourah M Alruwais
- Health science department, College of Applied Studies and Community Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Naji Tabet
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, UK
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Ktena N, Kaplanis SI, Kolotuev I, Georgilis A, Kallergi E, Stavroulaki V, Nikoletopoulou V, Savvaki M, Karagogeos D. Autophagic degradation of CNS myelin maintains axon integrity. Cell Stress 2022; 6:93-107. [PMID: 36478958 PMCID: PMC9707329 DOI: 10.15698/cst2022.12.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(Macro)autophagy is a major lysosome-dependent degradation mechanism which engulfs, removes and recycles unwanted cytoplasmic material, including damaged organelles and toxic protein aggregates. Although a few studies implicate autophagy in CNS demyelinating pathologies, its role, particularly in mature oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin, remains poorly studied. Here, using both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the autophagic machinery, we provide evidence that autophagy is an essential mechanism for oligodendrocyte maturation in vitro. Our study reveals that two core myelin proteins, namely proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) are incorporated into autophagosomes in oligodendrocytes, resulting in their degradation. Furthermore, we ablated atg5, a core gene of the autophagic machinery, specifically in myelinating glial cells in vivo by tamoxifen administration (plp-Cre ERT2 ; atg5 f/f ) and showed that myelin maintenance is perturbed, leading to PLP accumulation. Significant morphological defects in myelin membrane such as decompaction accompanied with increased axonal degeneration are observed. As a result, the mice exhibit behavioral deficits. In summary, our data highlight that the maintenance of adult myelin homeostasis in the CNS requires the involvement of a fully functional autophagic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Ktena
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility (PME), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanouela Kallergi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Stavroulaki
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Maria Savvaki
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
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73
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Choi YK. An Altered Neurovascular System in Aging-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214104. [PMID: 36430581 PMCID: PMC9694120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye has a complex and metabolically active neurovascular system. Repeated light injuries induce aging and trigger age-dependent eye diseases. Damage to blood vessels is related to the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), altered cellular communication, disrupted mitochondrial functions, and exacerbated aggregated protein accumulation. Vascular complications, such as insufficient blood supply and BRB disruption, have been suggested to play a role in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in neuronal cell death. Neuronal loss can induce vision loss. In this review, we discuss the importance of the neurovascular system in the eye, especially in aging-related diseases such as glaucoma, AMD, and AD. Beneficial molecular pathways to prevent or slow down retinal pathologic processes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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74
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Liu S, Yang X, Chen F, Cai ZY. Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit in brain aging. J Biomed Res 2022; 37:153-165. [PMID: 37198158 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept termed the neurovascular unit (NVU) underlines neurovascular coupling. It has been reported that NVU impairment can result in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Aging is a complex and irreversible process caused by programmed and damage-related factors. Loss of biological functions and increased susceptibility to additional neurodegenerative diseases are major characteristics of aging. In this review, we describe the basics of the NVU and discuss the effect of aging on NVU basics. Furthermore, we summarize the mechanisms that increase NVU susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discuss new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and methods of maintaining an intact NVU that may delay or diminish aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zhi-You Cai
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400013, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing 400013, China
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75
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Barisano G, Kisler K, Wilkinson B, Nikolakopoulou AM, Sagare AP, Wang Y, Gilliam W, Huuskonen MT, Hung ST, Ichida JK, Gao F, Coba MP, Zlokovic BV. A "multi-omics" analysis of blood-brain barrier and synaptic dysfunction in APOE4 mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20221137. [PMID: 36040482 PMCID: PMC9435921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease, leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in humans and mice. Remarkably, BBB dysfunction predicts cognitive decline and precedes synaptic deficits in APOE4 human carriers. How APOE4 affects BBB and synaptic function at a molecular level, however, remains elusive. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and phosphoproteome and proteome analysis, we show that APOE4 compared with APOE3 leads to an early disruption of the BBB transcriptome in 2-3-mo-old APOE4 knock-in mice, followed by dysregulation in protein signaling networks controlling cell junctions, cytoskeleton, clathrin-mediated transport, and translation in brain endothelium, as well as transcription and RNA splicing suggestive of DNA damage in pericytes. Changes in BBB signaling mechanisms paralleled an early, progressive BBB breakdown and loss of pericytes, which preceded postsynaptic interactome disruption and behavioral deficits that developed 2-5 mo later. Thus, dysregulated signaling mechanisms in endothelium and pericytes in APOE4 mice reflect a molecular signature of a progressive BBB failure preceding changes in synaptic function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent Wilkinson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William Gilliam
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikko T. Huuskonen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Justin K. Ichida
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA
| | - Marcelo P. Coba
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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76
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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77
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Anwar MM, Özkan E, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5453-5475. [PMID: 34182602 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long-term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esra Özkan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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78
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Huo Y, Wang Y, Guo C, Liu Q, Shan L, Liu M, Wu H, Li G, Lv H, Lu L, Zhou Y, Feng J, Han Y. Deep white matter hyperintensity is spatially correlated to MRI-visible perivascular spaces in cerebral small vessel disease on 7 Tesla MRI. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2022; 8:144-150. [PMID: 36170993 PMCID: PMC10176991 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between perivascular space (PVS) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) has been unclear. Normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) around WMH is also found correlated with the development of focal WMH. This study aims to investigate the topological connections among PVS, deep WMH (dWMH) and NAWM around WMH using 7 Tesla (7T) MRI. METHODS Thirty-two patients with non-confluent WMHs and 16 subjects without WMHs were recruited from our department and clinic. We compared the PVS burden between patients with and without WMHs using a 5-point scale. Then, the dilatation and the number of PVS within a radius of 1 cm around each dWMH were compared with those of a reference site (without WMH) in the contralateral hemisphere. In this study, we define NAWM as an area within the radius of 1 cm around each dWMH. Furthermore, we assessed the spatial relationship between dWMH and PVS. RESULTS Higher PVS scores in the centrum semiovale were found in patients with >5 dWMHs (median 3) than subjects without dWMH (median 2, p = 0.014). We found there was a greater dilatation and a higher number of PVS in NAWM around dWMH than at the reference sites (p<0.001, p<0.001). In addition, 79.59% of the dWMHs were spatially connected with PVS. CONCLUSION dWMH, NAWM surrounding WMH and MRI-visible PVS are spatially correlated in the early stage of cerebral small vessel disease. Future study of WMH and NAWM should not overlook MRI-visible PVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Huo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Georgetown Preparatory School, North Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Shan
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanwu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingdan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yintin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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79
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Hetzer MW, Bersini S. Beyond Static Pipes: Mechanisms and In Vitro Models of Vascular Aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041180. [PMID: 35101902 PMCID: PMC9310951 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is a key player for the maintenance of healthy tissues, suggesting how the physiological decline of blood vessel functionality during aging could be a major contributor of organ degeneration. While basic research studies have begun to pinpoint potential mechanisms of vascular aging, it is now critical to translate them into therapeutically relevant options. Microphysiological systems represent a powerful tool to precisely control which combinations of stimuli are provided to in vitro reconstructed blood vessels and to analyze their functional consequences. After highlighting key aspects of vascular aging, this review discusses in vitro models that are able to recapitulate relevant features of blood vessel damage during aging. Strategies to improve current in vitro systems so that they will more faithfully recapitulate vascular aging are proposed, emphasizing the importance of combining in vivo models with microphysiological systems for an effective translation of vascular aging biomarkers and therapies to the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Simone Bersini
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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80
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Bonney SK, Sullivan LT, Cherry TJ, Daneman R, Shih AY. Distinct features of brain perivascular fibroblasts and mural cells revealed by in vivo two-photon imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:966-978. [PMID: 34929105 PMCID: PMC9125487 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211068528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular fibroblasts (PVFs) are recognized for their pro-fibrotic role in many central nervous system disorders. Like mural cells, PVFs surround blood vessels and express Pdgfrβ. However, these shared attributes hinder the ability to distinguish PVFs from mural cells. We used in vivo two-photon imaging and transgenic mice with PVF-targeting promoters (Col1a1 or Col1a2) to compare the structure and distribution of PVFs and mural cells in cerebral cortex of healthy, adult mice. We show that PVFs localize to all cortical penetrating arterioles and their offshoots (arteriole-capillary transition zone), as well as the main trunk of only larger ascending venules. However, the capillary zone is devoid of PVF coverage. PVFs display short-range mobility along the vessel wall and exhibit distinct structural features (flattened somata and thin ruffled processes) not seen with smooth muscle cells or pericytes. These findings clarify that PVFs and mural cells are distinct cell types coexisting in a similar perivascular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Bonney
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liam T Sullivan
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy J Cherry
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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81
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Montagne A, Barnes SR, Nation DA, Kisler K, Toga AW, Zlokovic BV. Imaging subtle leaks in the blood-brain barrier in the aging human brain: potential pitfalls, challenges, and possible solutions. GeroScience 2022; 44:1339-1351. [PMID: 35469116 PMCID: PMC9213625 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) with gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) have demonstrated subtle blood-brain barrier (BBB) leaks in the human brain during normal aging, in individuals with age-related cognitive dysfunction, genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment, early AD, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), and other neurodegenerative disorders. In these neurological conditions, the BBB leaks, quantified by the unidirectional BBB GBCA tracer's constant Ktrans maps, are typically orders of magnitude lower than in brain tumors, after stroke and/or during relapsing episodes of multiple sclerosis. This puts extra challenges for the DCE-MRI technique by pushing calculations towards its lower limits of detectability. In addition, presently, there are no standardized multivendor protocols or evidence of repeatability and reproducibility. Nevertheless, subtle BBB leaks may critically contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment and dementia associated with AD or SVD, and therefore, efforts to improve sensitivity of detection, reliability, and reproducibility are warranted. A larger number of participants scanned by different MR scanners at different clinical sites are sometimes required to detect differences in BBB integrity between control and at-risk groups, which impose additional challenges. Here, we focus on these new challenges and propose some approaches to normalize and harmonize DCE data between different scanners. In brief, we recommend specific regions to be used for the tracer's vascular input function and DCE data processing and how to find and correct negative Ktrans values that are physiologically impossible. We hope this information will prove helpful to new investigators wishing to study subtle BBB damage in neurovascular and neurodegenerative conditions and in the aging human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Li J, Li M, Ge Y, Chen J, Ma J, Wang C, Sun M, Wang L, Yao S, Yao C. β-amyloid protein induces mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis through the CD36/PINK/PARKIN pathway leading to blood-brain barrier destruction in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:69. [PMID: 35619150 PMCID: PMC9134700 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may occur at the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pericytes are a vital part of the neurovascular unit and the BBB, acting as gatekeepers of the BBB. Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are the central pathological features of AD. CD36 promotes vascular amyloid deposition and leads to vascular brain damage, neurovascular dysfunction, and cognitive deficits. However, the molecular mechanism by which pericytes of the BBB are disrupted remains unclear. Objectives To investigate the effect of low-dose Aβ1-40 administration on pericyte outcome and the molecular mechanism of BBB injury. Methods We selected 6-month-old and 9-month-old APP/PS1 mice and wild-type (WT) mice of the same strain, age, and sex as controls. We assessed the BBB using PET/CT. Brain pericytes were extracted and cocultured with endothelial cells (bEnd.3) to generate an in vitro BBB model to observe the effect of Aβ1-40 on the BBB. Furthermore, we explored the intracellular degradation and related molecular mechanisms of Aβ1-40 in cells. Results BBB permeability and the number of pericytes decreased in APP/PS1 mice. Aβ1-40 increased BBB permeability in an in vivo model and downregulated the expression of CD36, which reversed the Aβ-induced changes in BBB permeability. Aβ1-40 was uptaked in pericytes with high CD36 expression. We observed that this molecule inhibited pericyte proliferation, caused mitochondrial damage, and increased mitophagy. Finally, we confirmed that Aβ1-40 induced pericyte mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis through the CD36/PINK1/Parkin pathway. Conclusion PDGFRβ (a marker of pericytes), CD36, and Aβ colocalized in vitro and in vivo, and Aβ1-40 caused BBB disruption by upregulating CD36 expression in pericytes. The mechanism by which Aβ1-40 destroys the BBB involves the induction of pericyte mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis through the CD36/PINK1/Parkin pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00807-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yangyang Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiamin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chengye Yao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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83
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Barisano G, Lynch KM, Sibilia F, Lan H, Shih NC, Sepehrband F, Choupan J. Imaging perivascular space structure and function using brain MRI. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119329. [PMID: 35609770 PMCID: PMC9233116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we provide an overview of current neuroimaging methods for studying perivascular spaces (PVS) in humans using brain MRI. In recent years, an increasing number of studies highlighted the role of PVS in cerebrospinal/interstial fluid circulation and clearance of cerebral waste products and their association with neurological diseases. Novel strategies and techniques have been introduced to improve the quantification of PVS and to investigate their function and morphological features in physiological and pathological conditions. After a brief introduction on the anatomy and physiology of PVS, we examine the latest technological developments to quantitatively analyze the structure and function of PVS in humans with MRI. We describe the applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods, providing guidance and suggestions on the acquisition protocols and analysis techniques that can be applied to study PVS in vivo. Finally, we review the human neuroimaging studies on PVS across the normative lifespan and in the context of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA..
| | - Kirsten M Lynch
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Francesca Sibilia
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Haoyou Lan
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nien-Chu Shih
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jeiran Choupan
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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84
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Central Nervous System Pericytes Contribute to Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101707. [PMID: 35626743 PMCID: PMC9139243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful neuroprotection is only possible with contemporary microvascular protection. The prevention of disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remains largely elusive. An improved understanding of pericyte (PC) signalling could provide important insight into the function of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and into the injury-provoked responses that modify cell–cell interactions and crosstalk. Due to sharing the same basement membrane with endothelial cells, PCs have a crucial role in the control of endothelial, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor functions and hence blood–brain barrier stability. Both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases impair oxygen delivery and functionally impair the NVU. In this review, the role of PCs in central nervous system health and disease is discussed, considering their origin, multipotency, functions and also dysfunction, focusing on new possible avenues to modulate neuroprotection. Dysfunctional PC signalling could also be considered as a potential biomarker of NVU pathology, allowing us to individualize therapeutic interventions, monitor responses, or predict outcomes.
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85
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Zeng Q, Li K, Luo X, Wang S, Xu X, Jiaerken Y, Liu X, Hong L, Hong H, Li Z, Fu Y, Zhang T, Chen Y, Liu Z, Huang P, Zhang M. The association of enlarged perivascular space with microglia-related inflammation and Alzheimer's pathology in cognitively normal elderly. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105755. [PMID: 35577066 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glymphatic dysfunction may contribute to the accumulation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. Conversely, AD pathologic change might also cause neuroinflammation and aggravate glymphatic dysfunction, forming a loop that accelerates AD progression. In vivo validations are needed to confirm their relationships. METHODS In this study, we included 144 cognitively normal participants with AD pathological biomarker data (baseline CSF Aβ1-42, T-Tau, P-Tau181; plasma P-Tau181 at baseline and at least one follow-up) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Each subject had completed structural MRI scans. Among them, 117 subjects have available neuroinflammatory biomarker (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and 123 subjects have completed two times [18F]-florbetapir PET. The enlarged PVS (EPVS) visual rating scores in basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CS) were assessed on T1-weighted images to reflect glymphatic dysfunction. Intracranial volume and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) volume were also calculated for further analysis. We performed stepwise linear regression models and mediation analyses to estimate the association between EPVS severity, sTREM2, and AD biomarkers. RESULTS CS-EPVS degree was associated with CSF sTREM2, annual change of plasma P-tau181 and total WMH volume, whereas BG-EPVS severity was associated with age, gender and intracranial volume. The sTREM2 mediated the association between CSF P-tau181 and CS-EPVS. CONCLUSION Impaired glymphatic dysfunction could contribute to the accumulation of pathological tau protein. The association between tauopathy and glymphatic dysfunction was mediated by the microglia inflammatory process. These findings may provide evidence for novel treatment strategies of anti-neuroinflammation therapy in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingze Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaicheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Xu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeerfan Jiaerken
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luwei Hong
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hong
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanv Fu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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86
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Cerebral small vessel disease alters neurovascular unit regulation of microcirculation integrity involved in vascular cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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87
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Silva NCBS, Bracko O, Nelson AR, de Oliveira FF, Robison LS, Shaaban CE, Hainsworth AH, Price BR. Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: An early career researcher perspective. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12310. [PMID: 35496373 PMCID: PMC9043906 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is evolving rapidly. Research in VCID encompasses topics aiming to understand, prevent, and treat the detrimental effects of vascular disease burden in the human brain. In this perspective piece, early career researchers (ECRs) in the field provide an overview of VCID, discuss past and present efforts, and highlight priorities for future research. We emphasize the following critical points as the field progresses: (a) consolidate existing neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers, and establish their utility for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions; (b) develop new biomarkers, and new non-clinical models that better recapitulate vascular pathologies; (c) amplify access to emerging biomarker and imaging techniques; (d) validate findings from previous investigations in diverse populations, including those at higher risk of cognitive impairment (e.g., Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous populations); and (e) conduct randomized controlled trials within diverse populations with well-characterized vascular pathologies emphasizing clinically meaningful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nárlon C. Boa Sorte Silva
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthDepartment of Physical TherapyFaculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Oliver Bracko
- Department of BiologyThe University of MiamiCoral GablesFloridaUSA
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Lisa S. Robison
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceNova Southeastern UniversityFort LauderdaleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Atticus H. Hainsworth
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt George's University of London, UKDepartment of NeurologySt George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust LondonLondonUK
| | - Brittani R. Price
- Department of NeuroscienceTufts University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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88
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Zhao Q, Dai W, Chen HY, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV, Lund BT, Montagne A, Bonnin A. Prenatal disruption of blood-brain barrier formation via cyclooxygenase activation leads to lifelong brain inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113310119. [PMID: 35377817 PMCID: PMC9169666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational maternal immune activation (MIA) in mice induces persistent brain microglial activation and a range of neuropathologies in the adult offspring. Although long-term phenotypes are well documented, how MIA in utero leads to persistent brain inflammation is not well understood. Here, we found that offspring of mothers treated with polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] to induce MIA at gestational day 13 exhibit blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction throughout life. Live MRI in utero revealed fetal BBB hyperpermeability 2 d after MIA. Decreased pericyte–endothelium coupling in cerebral blood vessels and increased microglial activation were found in fetal and 1- and 6-mo-old offspring brains. The long-lasting disruptions result from abnormal prenatal BBB formation, driven by increased proliferation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2; Ptgs2)-expressing microglia in fetal brain parenchyma and perivascular spaces. Targeted deletion of the Ptgs2 gene in fetal myeloid cells or treatment with the inhibitor celecoxib 24 h after immune activation prevented microglial proliferation and disruption of BBB formation and function, showing that prenatal COX2 activation is a causal pathway of MIA effects. Thus, gestational MIA disrupts fetal BBB formation, inducing persistent BBB dysfunction, which promotes microglial overactivation and behavioral alterations across the offspring life span. Taken together, the data suggest that gestational MIA disruption of BBB formation could be an etiological contributor to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Weiye Dai
- Master of Science, Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Hui Yu Chen
- Master of Medical Physiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Brett T. Lund
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Axel Montagne
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh BioQuarter, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Bonnin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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89
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Han G, Song L, Ding Z, Wang Q, Yan Y, Huang J, Ma C. The Important Double-Edged Role of Astrocytes in Neurovascular Unit After Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:833431. [PMID: 35462697 PMCID: PMC9021601 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.833431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neurovascular unit (NVU) which is composed of neurons, astrocytes (Ast), microglia (MG), vascular cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), has become an attractive field in ischemic stroke. As the important component of NVU, Ast closely interacts with other constituents, which has been playing double-edged sword roles, beneficial or detrimental after ischemic stroke. Based on the pathophysiological changes, we evaluated some strategies for targeting Ast in treating ischemic stroke. The present review is focused on the roles of Ast in NVU and its complex signaling molecular network after ischemic stroke, which may be a prospective approach to the treatment of ischemic diseases in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Lijuan Song,
| | - Zhibin Ding
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Yuqing Yan,
| | - Jianjun Huang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China
- Jianjun Huang,
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Cungen Ma,
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90
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Isasi E, Figares M, Abudara V, Olivera-Bravo S. Gestational and Lactational Iron Deficiency Anemia Impairs Myelination and the Neurovascular Unit in Infant Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3738-3754. [PMID: 35381889 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent health problem among pregnant women and infants, particularly in the developing countries that causes brain development deficits and poor cognitive outcomes. Since tissue iron depletion may impair myelination and trigger cellular hypoxic signaling affecting blood vessels, we studied myelination and the neurovascular unit (NVU) in infant rats born to mothers fed with an iron deficient (ID) or control diet from embryonic day 5 till weaning. Blood samples and brains of rat pups at postnatal day (PND) 14 and 30 were analyzed. PND 14 ID rats had severe microcytic hypochromic anemia that was almost reversed at PND 30 although hypomyelination and astrocyte immature phenotype in the corpus callosum were significant at that age. In CA1 hippocampal region, PND 14 and PND 30 ID rats showed significant reduced expression of the receptor β of the platelet-derived growth factor localized in pericytes and associated to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) immunopositive capillaries. Shorter AQP4 + capillaries and reduced AQP4 expression were also evidenced in PND 14 and PND 30 ID rats. In addition, pericyte membrane permeability through large-pore channels was transiently increased in ID rats at PND 14 but not at PND 30, while the blood-brain barrier permeability was not affected. Remarkably, transient increased pericyte permeability found in PND 14 ID rats was not directly related to iron depletion, suggesting the involvement of other iron deficiency anemia-induced mechanisms. In summary, severe ID during gestation and lactation produces persistent hypomyelination and significantly affects hippocampal pericytes and astrocytes in the NVU which may trigger impaired neurovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 3318, Italia Av., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martin Figares
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Abudara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 3318, Italia Av., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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91
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Zhou H, Gao F, Yang X, Lin T, Li Z, Wang Q, Yao Y, Li L, Ding X, Shi K, Liu Q, Bao H, Long Z, Wu Z, Vassar R, Cheng X, Li R, Shen Y. Endothelial BACE1 Impairs Cerebral Small Vessels via Tight Junctions and eNOS. Circ Res 2022; 130:1321-1341. [PMID: 35382554 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel injury, including loss of endothelial tight junctions, endothelial dysfunction, and blood-brain barrier breakdown, is an early and typical pathology for Alzheimer disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and hypertension-related cerebral small vessel disease. Whether there is a common mechanism contributing to these cerebrovascular alterations remains unclear. Studies have shown an elevation of BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) in cerebral vessels from cerebral amyloid angiopathy or Alzheimer disease patients, suggesting that vascular BACE1 may involve in cerebral small vessel injury. METHODS To understand the contribution of vascular BACE1 to cerebrovascular impairments, we combined cellular and molecular techniques, mass spectrometry, immunostaining approaches, and functional testing to elucidate the potential pathological mechanisms. RESULTS We observe a 3.71-fold increase in BACE1 expression in the cerebral microvessels from patients with hypertension. Importantly, we discover that an endothelial tight junction protein, occludin, is a completely new substrate for endothelial BACE1. BACE1 cleaves occludin with full-length occludin reductions and occludin fragment productions. An excessive cleavage by elevated BACE1 induces membranal accumulation of caveolin-1 and subsequent caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis, resulting in lysosomal degradation of other tight junction proteins. Meanwhile, membranal caveolin-1 increases the binding to eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), together with raised circulating Aβ (β-amyloid peptides) produced by elevated BACE1, leading to an attenuation of eNOS activity and resultant endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, the initial endothelial damage provokes chronic reduction of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier leakage, microbleeds, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment in endothelial-specific BACE1 transgenic mice. Conversely, inhibition of aberrant BACE1 activity ameliorates tight junction loss, endothelial dysfunction, and memory deficits. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a novel and direct relationship between endothelial BACE1 and cerebral small vessel damage, indicating that abnormal elevation of endothelial BACE1 is a new mechanism for cerebral small vessel disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhou
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (Y.Y.)
| | - Lei Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (L.L., X.D.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (X.D.)
| | - Kaibin Shi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (K.S., Q.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (K.S., Q.L.)
| | - Hong Bao
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zhenyu Long
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zujun Wu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.V.)
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.C.)
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.).,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.).,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.)
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.).,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.S.)
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92
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Li SY, Johnson R, Smyth LC, Dragunow M. Platelet-derived growth factor signalling in neurovascular function and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106187. [PMID: 35217189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors are critical for cerebrovascular development and homeostasis. Abnormalities in this signalling pathway are implicated in neurological diseases, especially those where neurovascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in disease pathologies, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease; the angiogenic nature of this pathway also draws its significance in brain malignancies such as glioblastoma where tumour angiogenesis is profuse. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the actions of the platelet-derived growth factors on neurovascular function, their role in the regulation of perivascular cell types expressing the cognate receptors, neurological diseases associated with aberrance in signalling, and highlight the clinical relevance and therapeutic potentials of this pathway for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ys Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Leon Cd Smyth
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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93
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Yoshikawa M, Aizawa S, Oppenheim RW, Milligan C. Neurovascular unit pathology is observed very early in disease progression in the mutant SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Wang Y, Kisler K, Nikolakopoulou AM, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV. 3K3A-Activated Protein C Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurons From Accelerated Ischemic Injury Caused by Pericyte Deficiency in Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:841916. [PMID: 35431776 PMCID: PMC9005806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.841916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, mural cells of brain capillaries, maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF), and protect neurons against ischemic damage. To further investigate the role of pericytes in ischemia, we induced stroke by 45-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in 6-month-old pericyte-deficient Pdgfrb + /- mice and control Pdgfrb+/+ littermates. Compared to controls, Pdgfrb + /- mice showed a 26% greater loss of CBF during early reperfusion, and 40-50% increase in the infarct and edema volumes and motor neurological score 24 h after tMCAo. These changes were accompanied by 50% increase in both immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen pericapillary deposits in the ischemic cortex 8 h after tMCAo indicating an accelerated BBB breakdown, and 35 and 55% greater losses of pericyte coverage and number of degenerating neurons 24 h after tMCAo, respectively. Treatment of Pdgfrb + /- mice with 3K3A-activated protein C (APC), a cell-signaling analog of plasma protease APC, administered intravenously 10 min and 4 h after tMCAo normalized CBF during the early reperfusion phase and reduced infarct and edema volume and motor neurological score by 55-60%, with similar reductions in BBB breakdown and number of degenerating neurons. Our data suggest that pericyte deficiency results in greater brain injury, BBB breakdown, and neuronal degeneration in stroked mice and that 3K3A-APC protects the brain from accelerated injury caused by pericyte deficiency. These findings may have implications for treatment of ischemic brain injury in neurological conditions associated with pericyte loss such as those seen during normal aging and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose A. Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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95
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Uchida K. Waste Clearance in the Brain and Neuroinflammation: A Novel Perspective on Biomarker and Drug Target Discovery in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050919. [PMID: 35269541 PMCID: PMC8909773 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease with a heterogeneous etiology. The pathology of Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are necessary for disease progression. Many clinical trials on disease-modifying drugs for AD have failed to indicate their clinical benefits. Recent advances in fundamental research have indicated that neuroinflammation plays an important pathological role in AD. Damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the brain induce neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation, causing caspase-1-dependent glial and neuronal cell death. These waste products in the brain are eliminated by the glymphatic system via perivascular spaces, the blood-brain barrier, and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Age-related vascular dysfunction is associated with an impairment of clearance and barrier functions, leading to neuroinflammation. The proteins involved in waste clearance in the brain and peripheral circulation may be potential biomarkers and drug targets in the early stages of cognitive impairment. This short review focuses on waste clearance dysfunction in AD pathobiology and discusses the improvement of waste clearance as an early intervention in prodromal AD and preclinical stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Uchida
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3210; Fax: +81-50-3730-7456
- Institute for Biomedical Research, MCBI, 4-9-29 Matsushiro, Tsukuba 305-0035, Ibaraki, Japan
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96
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Wardlaw JM, Benveniste H, Williams A. Cerebral Vascular Dysfunctions Detected in Human Small Vessel Disease and Implications for Preclinical Studies. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84:409-434. [PMID: 34699267 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-014521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is highly prevalent and a common cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and dementia, yet the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Its clinical expression is highly varied, and prognostic implications are frequently overlooked in clinics; thus, treatment is currently confined to vascular risk factor management. Traditionally, SVD is considered the small vessel equivalent of large artery stroke (occlusion, rupture), but data emerging from human neuroimaging and genetic studies refute this, instead showing microvessel endothelial dysfunction impacting on cell-cell interactions and leading to brain damage. These dysfunctions reflect defects that appear to be inherited and secondary to environmental exposures, including vascular risk factors. Interrogation in preclinical models shows consistent and converging molecular and cellular interactions across the endothelial-glial-neural unit that increasingly explain the human macroscopic observations and identify common patterns of pathology despite different triggers. Importantly, these insights may offer new targets for therapeutic intervention focused on restoring endothelial-glial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences; UK Dementia Research Institute; and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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97
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Barisano G, Montagne A, Kisler K, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier link to human cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:108-115. [PMID: 35450117 PMCID: PMC9017393 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-021-00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is frequently seen in disorders associated with cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent advances in neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers suggest that vascular dysfunction is not an innocent bystander only accompanying neuronal dysfunction. Loss of cerebrovascular integrity, often referred to as breakdown in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), has recently shown to be an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction and possibly underlying mechanism of age-related cognitive decline. Damage to the BBB may initiate or further invoke a range of tissue injuries causing synaptic and neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment that may contribute to AD. Therefore, better understanding of how vascular dysfunction caused by BBB breakdown interacts with amyloid-β and tau AD biomarkers to confer cognitive impairment may lead to new ways of thinking about pathogenesis, and possibly treatment and prevention of early cognitive impairment, dementia and AD, for which we still do not have effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barisano
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Giuseppe Barisano and Axel Montagne
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Giuseppe Barisano and Axel Montagne
| | - Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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98
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Wang J, Fan DY, Li HY, He CY, Shen YY, Zeng GH, Chen DW, Yi X, Ma YH, Yu JT, Wang YJ. Dynamic changes of CSF sPDGFRβ during ageing and AD progression and associations with CSF ATN biomarkers. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:9. [PMID: 35033164 PMCID: PMC8760673 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of brain capillary pericyte is involved in the pathologies and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role of pericyte in early stage of AD pathogenesis remains unclear. Methods We investigated the dynamic changes of soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (sPDGFRβ) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a marker of brain pericyte injury, in transition from normal ageing to early AD in a cognitively unimpaired population aged 20 to 90 years. Association between sPDGFRβ and ATN biomarkers were analyzed. Results In lifetime, CSF sPDGFRβ continually increased since age of 20 years, followed by the increases of phosphorylated tau-181 (P-tau181) and total tau (T-tau) at the age of 22.2 years and 31.7 years, respectively; CSF Aβ42 began to decline since the age of 39.6 years, indicating Aβ deposition. The natural trajectories of biomarkers suggest that pericyte injury is an early event during transition from normal status to AD, even earlier than Aβ deposition. In AD spectrum, CSF sPDGFRβ was elevated in preclinical stage 2 and participants with suspected non-AD pathophysiologies. Additionally, CSF sPDGFRβ was positively associated with P-tau181 and T-tau independently of Aβ42, and significantly strengthened the effects of Aβ42 on P-tau181, suggesting that pericyte injury accelerates Aβ-mediated tau hyperphosphorylation. Conclusions Our results suggest that pericyte injury contributes to AD progression in the early stage in an Aβ-independent pathway. Recovery of pericyte function would be a target for prevention and early intervention of AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00512-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse, China
| | - Hui-Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen-Yang He
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Shen
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Hua Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Wan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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99
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Huuskonen MT, Wang Y, Nikolakopoulou AM, Montagne A, Dai Z, Lazic D, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV. Protection of ischemic white matter and oligodendrocytes in mice by 3K3A-activated protein C. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211372. [PMID: 34846535 PMCID: PMC8635278 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical white matter (WM) stroke accounts for 25% of all strokes and is the second leading cause of dementia. Despite such clinical importance, we still do not have an effective treatment for ischemic WM stroke, and the mechanisms of WM postischemic neuroprotection remain elusive. 3K3A-activated protein C (APC) is a signaling-selective analogue of endogenous blood protease APC that is currently in development as a neuroprotectant for ischemic stroke patients. Here, we show that 3K3A-APC protects WM tracts and oligodendrocytes from ischemic injury in the corpus callosum in middle-aged mice by activating protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR3. We show that PAR1 and PAR3 were also required for 3K3A-APC's suppression of post-WM stroke microglia and astrocyte responses and overall improvement in neuropathologic and functional outcomes. Our data provide new insights into the neuroprotective APC pathway in the WM and illustrate 3K3A-APC's potential for treating WM stroke in humans, possibly including multiple WM strokes that result in vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko T. Huuskonen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhonghua Dai
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jose A. Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- The Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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100
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McConnell HL, Mishra A. Cells of the Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview of the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:3-24. [PMID: 35733036 PMCID: PMC9987262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain is endowed with highly specialized vasculature that is both structurally and functionally unique compared to vasculature supplying peripheral organs. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by endothelial cells of the cerebral vasculature and prevents extravasation of blood products into the brain to protect neural tissue and maintain a homeostatic environment. The BBB functions as part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which is composed of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in addition to the specialized endothelial cells, mural cells, and the basement membrane. Through coordinated intercellular signaling, these cells function as a dynamic unit to tightly regulate brain blood flow, vascular function, neuroimmune responses, and waste clearance. In this chapter, we review the functions of individual NVU components, describe neurovascular coupling as a classic example of NVU function, and discuss archetypal NVU pathophysiology during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Office of Academic Development, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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