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Wang S, Rovira M, Demuru S, Lafaye C, Kim J, Kunnel BP, Besson C, Fernandez-Sanchez C, Serra-Graells F, Margarit-Taule JM, Aymerich J, Cuenca J, Kiselev I, Gremeaux V, Saubade M, Jimenez-Jorquera C, Briand D, Liu SC. Multisensing Wearables for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Electrolyte Biomarkers During Exercise and Analysis on Their Correlation With Core Body Temperature. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:808-817. [PMID: 37318976 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3286528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sweat secreted by the human eccrine sweat glands can provide valuable biomarker information during exercise. Real-time non-invasive biomarker recordings are therefore useful for evaluating the physiological conditions of an athlete such as their hydration status during endurance exercise. This work describes a wearable sweat biomonitoring patch incorporating printed electrochemical sensors into a plastic microfluidic sweat collector and data analysis that shows the real-time recorded sweat biomarkers can be used to predict a physiological biomarker. The system was placed on subjects carrying out an hour-long exercise session and results were compared to a wearable system using potentiometric robust silicon-based sensors and to commercially available HORIBA-LAQUAtwin devices. Both prototypes were applied to the real-time monitoring of sweat during cycling sessions and showed stable readings for around an hour. Analysis of the sweat biomarkers collected from the printed patch prototype shows that their real-time measurements correlate well (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.65) with other physiological biomarkers such as heart rate and regional sweat rate collected in the same session. We show for the first time, that the real-time sweat sodium and potassium concentration biomarker measurements from the printed sensors can be used to predict the core body temperature with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02 °C which is 71% lower compared to the use of only the physiological biomarkers. These results show that these wearable patch technologies are promising for real-time portable sweat monitoring analytical platforms, especially for athletes performing endurance exercise.
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Shitanda I, Muramatsu N, Kimura R, Takahashi N, Watanabe K, Matsui H, Loew N, Motosuke M, Mukaimoto T, Kobayashi M, Mitsuhara T, Sugita Y, Matsuo K, Yanagita S, Suzuki T, Watanabe H, Itagaki M. Wearable Ion Sensors for the Detection of Sweat Ions Fabricated by Heat-Transfer Printing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2889-2895. [PMID: 37318827 PMCID: PMC10391709 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wearable ion sensors for the real-time monitoring of sweat biomarkers have recently attracted increasing research attention. Here, we fabricated a novel chloride ion sensor for real-time sweat monitoring. The printed sensor was heat-transferred onto nonwoven cloth, allowing for easy attachment to various types of clothing, including simple garments. Additionally, the cloth prevents contact between the skin and the sensor and acts as a flow path. The change in the electromotive force of the chloride ion sensor was -59.5 mTV/log CCl-. In addition, the sensor showed a good linear relationship with the concentration range of chloride ions in human sweat. Moreover, the sensor displayed a Nernst response, confirming no changes in the film composition due to heat transfer. Finally, the fabricated ion sensors were applied to the skin of a human volunteer subjected to an exercise test. In addition, a wireless transmitter was combined with the sensor to wirelessly monitor ions in sweat. The sensors showed significant responses to both sweat perspiration and exercise intensity. Thus, our research demonstrates the potential of using wearable ion sensors for the real-time monitoring of sweat biomarkers, which could significantly impact the development of personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Shitanda
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Muramatsu
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rio Kimura
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nanami Takahashi
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research
Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Motosuke
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukaimoto
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Institute
of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University of
Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Momoko Kobayashi
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taketo Mitsuhara
- Department
of Globe Fire Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yamato Sugita
- Department
of Globe Fire Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kensuke Matsuo
- Department
of Globe Fire Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Yanagita
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Institute
of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University of
Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Suzuki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikari Watanabe
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itagaki
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
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Lin PH, Nien HH, Li BR. Wearable Microfluidics for Continuous Assay. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:181-203. [PMID: 36888989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091322-082930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable devices provides approaches for the realization of self-health care. Easily carried wearable devices allow individual health monitoring at any place whenever necessary. There are various interesting monitoring targets, including body motion, organ pressure, and biomarkers. An efficient use of space in one small device is a promising resolution to increase the functions of wearable devices. Through integration of a microfluidic system into wearable devices, embedding complicated structures in one design becomes possible and can enable multifunction analyses within a limited device volume. This article reviews the reported microfluidic wearable devices, introduces applications to different biofluids, discusses characteristics of the design strategies and sensing principles, and highlights the attractive configurations of each device. This review seeks to provide a detailed summary of recent advanced microfluidic wearable devices. The overview of advanced key components is the basis for the development of future microfluidic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Nien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ran Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter of Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Song Z, Zhou S, Qin Y, Xia X, Sun Y, Han G, Shu T, Hu L, Zhang Q. Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:630. [PMID: 37366995 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanxia Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangjiao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tong Shu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, International Health Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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55
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VURAL B, ULUDAĞ İ, İNCE B, ÖZYURT C, ÖZTÜRK F, SEZGİNTÜRK MK. Fluid-based wearable sensors: a turning point in personalized healthcare. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:944-967. [PMID: 38173754 PMCID: PMC10760819 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it has become very popular to develop wearable devices that can monitor biomarkers to analyze the health status of the human body more comprehensively and accurately. Wearable sensors, specially designed for home care services, show great promise with their ease of use, especially during pandemic periods. Scientists have conducted many innovative studies on new wearable sensors that can noninvasively and simultaneously monitor biochemical indicators in body fluids for disease prediction, diagnosis, and management. Using noninvasive electrochemical sensors, biomarkers can be detected in tears, saliva, perspiration, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). In this review, biofluids used for noninvasive wearable sensor detection under four main headings, saliva, sweat, tears, and ISF-based wearable sensors, were examined in detail. This report analyzes nearly 50 recent articles from 2017 to 2023. Based on current research, this review also discusses the evolution of wearable sensors, potential implementation challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berfin VURAL
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale,
Turkiye
| | - İnci ULUDAĞ
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale,
Turkiye
| | - Bahar İNCE
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale,
Turkiye
| | - Canan ÖZYURT
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Lapseki Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale,
Turkiye
| | - Funda ÖZTÜRK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ,
Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Kemal SEZGİNTÜRK
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale,
Turkiye
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56
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Chen Y, Ma B, Zuo Y, Chen G, Hao Q, Zhao C, Liu H. Versatile sweat bioanalysis on demand with hydrogel-programmed wearables. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115412. [PMID: 37236013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat bioanalysis is promising for non-invasive diagnostics of diseases. However, collection of representative sweat samples without disturbing daily life and wearable bioanalysis of targets that are clinically significant are still challenging. In this work, we report on a versatile method for the sweat bioanalysis. The method is based on a thermoresponsive hydrogel which can imperceptibly absorb slowly secreted sweat without stimulation such as heat or sport exercise. The wearable bioanalysis is accomplished by programmed electric heating of hydrogel modules to 42°C to release absorbed sweat or preloaded reagents into a microfluidic detection channel. Using our method, not only one-step detection of glucose but also multi-step immunoassay of cortisol is accomplished within 1 h, even at a very low sweat rate. Our test results are also compared with those obtained with conventional blood samples and stimulated sweat samples to evaluate the applicability of our method to non-invasive clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Yinxiu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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57
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Barhoum A, Sadak O, Ramirez IA, Iverson N. Stimuli-bioresponsive hydrogels as new generation materials for implantable, wearable, and disposable biosensors for medical diagnostics: Principles, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 317:102920. [PMID: 37207377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are excellent water-swollen polymeric materials for use in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors. Hydrogels have unique properties such as low cost, ease of preparation, transparency, rapid response to external conditions, biocompatibility and self-adhesion to the skin, flexibility, and strain sensitivity, making them ideal for use in biosensor platforms. This review provides a detailed overview of advanced applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in biosensor platforms, from hydrogel synthesis and functionalization for bioreceptor immobilization to several important diagnostic applications. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in the fabrication of ultrasensitive fluorescent and electrically conductive hydrogels and their applications in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors for quantitative measurements. Design, modification, and assembly techniques of fluorescent, ionically conductive, and electrically conductive hydrogels to improve performance will be addressed. The advantages and performance improvements of immobilizing bioreceptors (e.g., antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers), and incorporating fluorescent and electrically conductive nanomaterials are described, as are their limitations. Potential applications of hydrogels in implantable, wearable, disposable portable biosensors for quantitative detection of the various bioanalytes (ions, molecules, drugs, proteins, and biomarkers) are discussed. Finally, the global market for hydrogel-based biosensors and future challenges and prospects are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 Y074, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Omer Sadak
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Ivon Acosta Ramirez
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Iverson
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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58
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Rybak D, Su YC, Li Y, Ding B, Lv X, Li Z, Yeh YC, Nakielski P, Rinoldi C, Pierini F, Dodda JM. Evolution of nanostructured skin patches towards multifunctional wearable platforms for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8044-8083. [PMID: 37070933 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of skin patches have promoted the development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics for long-term, continuous healthcare management and targeted therapy. However, the design of electronic skin (e-skin) patches with stretchable components is still challenging and requires an in-depth understanding of the skin-attachable substrate layer, functional biomaterials and advanced self-powered electronics. In this comprehensive review, we present the evolution of skin patches from functional nanostructured materials to multi-functional and stimuli-responsive patches towards flexible substrates and emerging biomaterials for e-skin patches, including the material selection, structure design and promising applications. Stretchable sensors and self-powered e-skin patches are also discussed, ranging from electrical stimulation for clinical procedures to continuous health monitoring and integrated systems for comprehensive healthcare management. Moreover, an integrated energy harvester with bioelectronics enables the fabrication of self-powered electronic skin patches, which can effectively solve the energy supply and overcome the drawbacks induced by bulky battery-driven devices. However, to realize the full potential offered by these advancements, several challenges must be addressed for next-generation e-skin patches. Finally, future opportunities and positive outlooks are presented on the future directions of bioelectronics. It is believed that innovative material design, structure engineering, and in-depth study of fundamental principles can foster the rapid evolution of electronic skin patches, and eventually enable self-powered close-looped bioelectronic systems to benefit mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rybak
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Lv
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhaoling Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Cheun Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pawel Nakielski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jagan Mohan Dodda
- New Technologies - Research Centre (NTC), University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Liu T, Liu L, Gou GY, Fang Z, Sun J, Chen J, Cheng J, Han M, Ma T, Liu C, Xue N. Recent Advancements in Physiological, Biochemical, and Multimodal Sensors Based on Flexible Substrates: Strategies, Technologies, and Integrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21721-21745. [PMID: 37098855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices have been widely used in biomedical applications, the Internet of Things, and other fields, attracting the attention of many researchers. The physiological and biochemical information on the human body reflects various health states, providing essential data for human health examination and personalized medical treatment. Meanwhile, physiological and biochemical information reveals the moving state and position of the human body, and it is the data basis for realizing human-computer interactions. Flexible wearable physiological and biochemical sensors provide real-time, human-friendly monitoring because of their light weight, wearability, and high flexibility. This paper reviews the latest advancements, strategies, and technologies of flexibly wearable physiological and biochemical sensors (pressure, strain, humidity, saliva, sweat, and tears). Next, we systematically summarize the integration principles of flexible physiological and biochemical sensors with the current research progress. Finally, important directions and challenges of physiological, biochemical, and multimodal sensors are proposed to realize their potential applications for human movement, health monitoring, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Zhucheng Jiayue Central Hospital, Shandong 262200, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianqun Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tianjun Ma
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Komkova MA, Poyarkov AA, Eliseev AA, Eliseev AA. Mass transport limitations for electrochemical sensing in low-flux excretory fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115148. [PMID: 36841113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite non-invasive instant monitoring of sweat metabolites is becoming a general trend in early diagnostics and screening, the reliability and accuracy of the on-skin electrochemical biosensors in real-life scenarios still remain questionable. As a rule, mass transport effects in scantily excreted liquids are ignored, when considering the design of such wearable setups. Here we provide a comprehensive investigation of the disruption factors for commonly used Prussian Blue based (bio)sensors under different hydrodynamic conditions (2 × 10-5 - 5 × 100 mm s-1 electrolyte velocity). A huge effect of flow on the (bio)sensors response has been revealed and explained with transport limitations for both analyte influx and reaction product outflux. It suggests no need for improving the sensor sensitivity, while minimizing analyte consumption and enhancing product withdrawal. Some strategies concerning measurement schemes and sensor design ensuring reliable sweat analysis have been discussed and illustrated for lactate and glucose on-skin monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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Huangfu X, Guo Y, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. Hydrovoltaic Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sweat Electrolyte Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207134. [PMID: 36627268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human sweat comprises various electrolytes that are health status indicators. Conventional potentiometric electrolyte sensors require an electrical power source, which is expensive, bulky, and requires a complex architecture. Herein, this work demonstrates an electric nanogenerator fabricated using silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays comprising modified carbon nanoparticles. The SiNW arrays platform is demonstrated as an effective self-powered sensor for sweat electrolyte analysis. It has been shown that an evaporation-induced water flow in nanochannels can yield an open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of 0.45 V and a short-circuit current of 10.2 µA at room temperature as a result of overlapped electric double layers. The electrolyte in the water flow results in a Voc decrease due to the charge shielding effect. The Voc is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration. The fabricated hydrovoltaic device shows the capability for sensing electrolytes in human sweat, which is useful in evaluating the hydration status of volunteers following intense physical exercise. The device depicts a novel response mechanism compared to conventional electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the hydrovoltaic device shows a maximum output power of 1.42 µW, and as such has been successfully shown to drive various electronic devices including light-emitting diodes, a calculator, and an electronic timer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Huangfu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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63
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Xiao J, Wang J, Luo Y, Xu T, Zhang X. Wearable Plasmonic Sweat Biosensor for Acetaminophen Drug Monitoring. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1766-1773. [PMID: 36990683 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the acetaminophen dosage is important to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions such as liver failure and kidney damage. Traditional approaches to monitoring acetaminophen dosage mainly rely on invasive blood collection. Herein, we developed a noninvasive microfluidic-based wearable plasmonic sensor to achieve simultaneous sweat sampling and acetaminophen drug monitoring for vital signs. The fabricated sensor employs an Au nanosphere cone array as the key sensing component, which poses a substrate with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity to noninvasively and sensitively detect the fingerprint of acetaminophen molecules based on its unique SERS spectrum. The developed sensor enabled the sensitive detection and quantification of acetaminophen at concentrations as low as 0.13 μM. We further evaluated the sweat sensor integrated with a Raman spectrometer for monitoring acetaminophen in drug-administered subjects. These results indicated that the sweat sensor could measure acetaminophen levels and reflect drug metabolism. The sweat sensors have revolutionized wearable sensing technology by adopting label-free and sensitive molecular tracking methods for noninvasive and point-of-care drug monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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64
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Cheng Y, Feng S, Ning Q, Li T, Xu H, Sun Q, Cui D, Wang K. Dual-signal readout paper-based wearable biosensor with a 3D origami structure for multiplexed analyte detection in sweat. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:36. [PMID: 36999140 PMCID: PMC10042807 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we design and implement a small, convenient, and noninvasive paper-based microfluidic sweat sensor that can simultaneously detect multiple key biomarkers in human sweat. The origami structure of the chip includes colorimetric and electrochemical sensing regions. Different colorimetric sensing regions are modified with specific chromogenic reagents to selectively identify glucose, lactate, uric acid, and magnesium ions in sweat, as well as the pH value. The regions of electrochemical sensing detect cortisol in sweat by molecular imprinting. The entire chip is composed of hydrophilically and hydrophobically treated filter paper, and 3D microfluidic channels are constructed by using folding paper. The thread-based channels formed after the hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifications are used to control the rate of sweat flow, which in turn can be used to control the sequence of reactions in the differently developing colored regions to ensure that signals of the best color can be captured simultaneously by the colorimetric sensing regions. Finally, the results of on-body experiments verify the reliability of the proposed sweat sensor and its potential for the noninvasive identification of a variety of sweat biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Cheng
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqing Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Ning
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Tangan Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwen Sun
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Wang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
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65
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 PMCID: PMC11223676 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Liu Y, Li X, Yang H, Zhang P, Wang P, Sun Y, Yang F, Liu W, Li Y, Tian Y, Qian S, Chen S, Cheng H, Wang X. Skin-Interfaced Superhydrophobic Insensible Sweat Sensors for Evaluating Body Thermoregulation and Skin Barrier Functions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5588-5599. [PMID: 36745638 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring sweat rate is vital for estimating sweat loss and accurately measuring biomarkers of interest. Although various optical or electrical sensors have been developed to monitor the sensible sweat rate, the quantification of the insensible sweat rate that is directly related to body thermoregulation and skin barrier functions still remains a challenge. This work introduces a superhydrophobic sweat sensor based on a polyacrylate sodium/MXene composite sandwiched between two superhydrophobic textile layers to continuously measure sweat vapor from insensible sweat with high sensitivity and rapid response. The superhydrophobic textile on a holey thin substrate with reduced stiffness and excellent breathability allows the permeation of sweat vapor, while preventing the sensor from being affected by the external water droplets and internal sensible sweat. Integrating the insensible sweat sensor with a flexible wireless communication and powering module further yields a standalone sensing system to continuously monitor insensible sweat rates at different body locations for diverse application scenarios. Proof-of-concept demonstrations on human subjects showcase the feasibility to continuously evaluate the body's thermoregulation and skin barrier functions for the assessment of thermal comfort, disease conditions, and nervous system activity. The results presented in this work also provide a low-cost device platform to detect other health-relevant biomarkers in the sweat (vapor) as the next-generation sweat sensor for smart healthcare and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Hanlin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Peihe Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Fengzhen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yujing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Shun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Shangda Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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67
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Li J, Li M, Chen Z, Shao S, Gu W, Gu Y, Fang Y, Zhao J. Large area roll-to-roll printed semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films for flexible carbon-based electronics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5317-5326. [PMID: 36811360 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A universal roll-to-roll (R2R) printing approach was developed to construct large area (8 cm × 14 cm) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (sc-SWCNT) thin films on flexible substrates (such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper, and Al foils) at a printing speed of 8 m min-1 using highly concentrated sc-SWCNT inks and crosslinked poly-4-vinylphenol (c-PVP) as the adhesion layer. Bottom-gated and top-gated flexible printed p-type TFTs based on R2R printed sc-SWCNT thin films exhibited good electrical properties with a carrier mobility of ∼11.9 cm2 V-1 s-1, Ion/Ioff ratios of ∼106, small hysteresis, and a subthreshold swing (SS) of 70-80 mV dec-1 at low gate operating voltages (±1 V), and excellent mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, the flexible printed complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters demonstrated rail-to-rail voltage output characteristics under an operating voltage as low as VDD = -0.2 V, a voltage gain of 10.8 at VDD = -0.8 V, and power consumption as low as 0.056 nW at VDD = -0.2 V. To the best of our knowledge, the electrical properties of the printed SWCNT TFTs (such as Ion/Ioff ratio, mobility, operating voltage, and mechanical flexibility) and printed CMOS inverters based on the R2R printed sc-SWCNT active layer in this work are excellent compared to those of R2R printed SWCNT TFTs reported in the literature. Consequently, the universal R2R printing method reported in this work could promote the development of fully printed low-cost, large-area, high-output, and flexible carbon-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 166 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Min Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Chen
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Shao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Weibing Gu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Ying Gu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 166 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Fang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
| | - Jianwen Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China.
- Division of Nanodevices and Related Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, PR China
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Kwon HJ, Kim GU, Lim C, Kim JK, Lee SS, Cho J, Koo HJ, Kim BJ, Char K, Son JG. Sequentially Coated Wavy Nanowire Composite Transparent Electrode for Stretchable Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13656-13667. [PMID: 36857324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in fabricating stretchable and transparent electrodes have led to various techniques for establishing next-generation form-factor optoelectronic devices. Wavy Ag nanowire networks with large curvature radii are promising platforms as stretchable and transparent electrodes due to their high electrical conductivity and stretchability even at very high transparency. However, there are disadvantages such as intrinsic nonregular conductivity, large surface roughness, and nanowire oxidation in air. Here, we introduce electrically synergistic but mechanically independent composite electrodes by sequentially introducing conducting polymers and ionic liquids into the wavy Ag nanowire network to maintain the superior performance of the stretchable transparent electrode while ensuring overall conductivity, lower roughness, and long-term stability. In particular, plenty of ionic liquids can be incorporated into the uniformly coated conducting polymer so that the elastic modulus can be significantly lowered and sliding can occur at the nanowire interface, thereby obtaining the high mechanical stretchability of the composite electrode. Finally, as a result of applying the composite film as the stretchable transparent electrode of stretchable organic solar cells, the organic solar cell exhibits a high power conversion efficiency of 11.3% and 89% compared to the initial efficiency even at 20% tensile strain, demonstrating excellent stretching stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Kwon
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-U Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhee Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Kyeong Kim
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Gon Son
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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70
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Li W, Lin K, Chen L, Yang D, Ge Q, Wang Z. Self-Powered Wireless Flexible Ionogel Wearable Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36881511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels are promising soft materials for flexible wearable devices because of their unique features such as ionic conductivity and thermal stability. Ionogels reported to date show excellent sensing sensitivity; however, they suffer from a complicated external power supply. Herein, we report a self-powered wearable device based on an ionogel incorporating poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The three-dimensional (3D) printed PVDF-ionogel exhibits amazing stretchability (1500%), high conductivity (0.36 S/m at 105 Hz), and an extremely low glass transition temperature (-84 °C). Moreover, the flexible wearable devices assembled from the PVDF-ionogel can precisely detect physiological signals (e.g., wrist, gesture, running, etc.) with a self-powered supply. Most significantly, a self-powered wireless flexible wearable device based on our PVDF-ionogel achieves monitoring healthcare of a human by transmitting obtained signals with a Bluetooth module timely and accurately. This work provides a facile and efficient method for fabricating cost-effective wireless wearable devices with a self-powered supply, enabling their potential applications for healthcare, motion detection, human-machine interfaces, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kaibin Lin
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | | | - Qi Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Shajari S, Salahandish R, Zare A, Hassani M, Moossavi S, Munro E, Rashid R, Rosenegger D, Bains JS, Sanati Nezhad A. MicroSweat: A Wearable Microfluidic Patch for Noninvasive and Reliable Sweat Collection Enables Human Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204171. [PMID: 36461733 PMCID: PMC9982588 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects cognition, behavior, and physiology, leading to lasting physical and mental illness. The ability to detect and measure stress, however, is poor. Increased circulating cortisol during stress is mirrored by cortisol release from sweat glands, providing an opportunity to use it as an external biomarker for monitoring internal emotional state. Despite the attempts at using wearable sensors for monitoring sweat cortisol, there is a lack of reliable wearable sweat collection devices that preserve the concentration and integrity of sweat biomolecules corresponding to stress levels. Here, a flexible, self-powered, evaporation-free, bubble-free, surfactant-free, and scalable capillary microfluidic device, MicroSweat, is fabricated to reliably collect human sweat from different body locations. Cortisol levels are detected corresponding to severe stress ranging from 25 to 125 ng mL-1 averaged across multiple body regions and 100-1000 ng mL-1 from the axilla. A positive nonlinear correlation exists between cortisol concentration and stress levels quantified using the perceived stress scale (PSS). Moreover, owing to the sweat variation in response to environmental effects and physiological differences, the longitudinal and personalized profile of sweat cortisol is acquired, for the first time, for various body locations. The obtained sweat cortisol data is crucial for analyzing human stress in personalized and clinical healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Shajari
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- International Microbiome CentreCumming School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Emily Munro
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | - Ruba Rashid
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | | | - Jaideep S. Bains
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
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72
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Naghdi T, Ardalan S, Asghari Adib Z, Sharifi AR, Golmohammadi H. Moving toward smart biomedical sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115009. [PMID: 36565545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biomedical sensors as highly promising devices/tools in early diagnosis and therapy monitoring of many diseases and disorders has recently witnessed unprecedented growth; more and faster than ever. Nonetheless, on the eve of Industry 5.0 and by learning from defects of current sensors in smart diagnostics of pandemics, there is still a long way to go to achieve the ideal biomedical sensors capable of meeting the growing needs and expectations for smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing through eHealth systems. Herein, an overview is provided to highlight the importance and necessity of an inevitable transition in the era of digital health/Healthcare 4.0 towards smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing and how to approach it via new digital technologies including Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, IoT gateways (smartphones, readers), etc. This review will bring together the different types of smartphone/reader-based biomedical sensors, which have been employing for a wide variety of optical/electrical/electrochemical biosensing applications and paving the way for future eHealth diagnostic devices by moving towards smart biomedical sensing. Here, alongside highlighting the characteristics/criteria that should be met by the developed sensors towards smart biomedical sensing, the challenging issues ahead are delineated along with a comprehensive outlook on this extremely necessary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Naghdi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Ardalan
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Asghari Adib
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Sharifi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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73
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Seo S, Jo H, Kim J, Lee B, Bien F. An ultralow power wearable vital sign sensor using an electromagnetically reactive near field. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10502. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seoktae Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyeong Jo
- Department of Electrical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Bonyoung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Franklin Bien
- Department of Electrical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Republic of Korea
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74
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Abstract
Flexible sweat sensors have found widespread potential applications for long-term wear and tracking and real-time monitoring of human health. However, the main substrate currently used in common flexible sweat sensors is thin film, which has disadvantages such as poor air permeability and the need for additional wearables. In this Review, the recent progress of sweat sensors has been systematically summarized by the types of monitoring methods of sweat sensors. In addition, this Review introduces and compares the performance of sweat sensors based on thin film and textile substrates such as fiber/yarn. Finally, opportunities and suggestions for the development of flexible sweat sensors are presented by summarizing the integration methods of sensors and human body monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xin Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yin He
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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75
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Wu J, Liu H, Chen W, Ma B, Ju H. Device integration of electrochemical biosensors. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:346-360. [PMID: 37168735 PMCID: PMC9951169 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors incorporate a recognition element and an electronic transducer for the highly sensitive detection of analytes in body fluids. Importantly, they can provide rapid readouts and they can be integrated into portable, wearable and implantable devices for point-of-care diagnostics; for example, the personal glucose meter enables at-home assessment of blood glucose levels, greatly improving the management of diabetes. In this Review, we discuss the principles of electrochemical biosensing and the design of electrochemical biosensor devices for health monitoring and disease diagnostics, with a particular focus on device integration into wearable, portable and implantable systems. Finally, we outline the key engineering challenges that need to be addressed to improve sensing accuracy, enable multiplexing and one-step processes, and integrate electrochemical biosensing devices in digital health-care pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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76
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Abstract
Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems help assess health status and chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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77
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Chen Y, Li G, Mu W, Wan X, Lu D, Gao J, Wen D. Nonenzymatic Sweat Wearable Uric Acid Sensor Based on N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Au Dual Aerogels. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3864-3872. [PMID: 36745592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sweat wearable sensors enable noninvasive and real-time metabolite monitoring in human health management but lack accuracy and wearable applicability. The rational design of sensing electrode materials will be critical yet challenging. Herein, we report a dual aerogel-based nonenzymatic wearable sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of uric acid (UA) in human sweat. The three-dimensional porous dual-structural aerogels composed of Au nanowires and N-doped graphene nanosheets (noted as N-rGO/Au DAs) provide a large active surface, abundant access to the target, rapid electron transfer pathways, and a high intrinsic activity. Thus, a direct UA electro-oxidation is demonstrated at the N-rGO/Au DAs with a much higher activity than those at the individual gels (i.e., Au and N-rGO). Moreover, the resulting sensing chip displays high performance with a good anti-interfering ability, long-term stability, and excellent flexibility toward the UA detection. With the assistance of a wireless circuit, a wearable sensor is successfully applied in the real-time UA monitoring on human skin. The obtained result is comparable to that evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. This dual aerogel-based nonenzymatic biosensing platform not only holds considerable promise for the reliable sweat metabolite monitoring but also opens an avenue for metal-based aerogels as flexible electrodes in wearable sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Lu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering, and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an710048, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
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78
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Aubry G, Lee HJ, Lu H. Advances in Microfluidics: Technical Innovations and Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:444-467. [PMID: 36625114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Aubry
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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79
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Song Y, Chen J, Zhang R. Heart Rate Estimation from Incomplete Electrocardiography Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:597. [PMID: 36679394 PMCID: PMC9860828 DOI: 10.3390/s23020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most remarkable indicators of physiological health, heart rate (HR) has become an unfailing investigation for researchers. Unlike many existing methods, this article proposes an approach to implement short-time HR estimation from electrocardiography in time series missing patterns. Benefiting from the rapid development of deep learning, we adopted a bidirectional long short-term memory model (Bi-LSTM) and temporal convolution network (TCN) to recover complete heartbeat signals from those with durations are less than one cardiac cycle, and the estimated HR from recovered segment combining the input and the predicted output. We also compared the performance of Bi-LSTM and TCN in PhysioNet dataset. Validating the method over a resting heart rate range of 60−120 bpm in the database without significant arrhythmias and a corresponding range of 30−150 bpm in the database with arrhythmias, we found that networks provide an estimated approach for incomplete signals in a fixed format. These results are consistent with real heartbeats in the normal heartbeat dataset (γ > 0.7, RMSE < 10) and in the arrhythmia database (γ > 0.6, RMSE < 30), verifying that HR could be estimated by models in advance. We also discussed the short-time limits for the predictive model. It could be used for physiological purposes such as mobile sensing in time-constrained scenarios, and providing useful insights for better time series analyses in missing data patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Song
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology, Xiamen University, Ministry of Education, Xiamen 361005, China
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80
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Cao J, Li X, Liu Y, Zhu G, Li RW. Liquid Metal-Based Electronics for On-Skin Healthcare. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010084. [PMID: 36671919 PMCID: PMC9856137 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices are receiving growing interest in modern technologies for realizing multiple on-skin purposes, including flexible display, flexible e-textiles, and, most importantly, flexible epidermal healthcare. A 'BEER' requirement, i.e., biocompatibility, electrical elasticity, and robustness, is first proposed here for all the on-skin healthcare electronics for epidermal applications. This requirement would guide the designing of the next-generation on-skin healthcare electronics. For conventional stretchable electronics, the rigid conductive materials, e.g., gold nanoparticles and silver nanofibers, would suffer from an easy-to-fail interface with elastic substrates due to a Young's modulus mismatch. Liquid metal (LM) with high conductivity and stretchability has emerged as a promising solution for robust stretchable epidermal electronics. In addition, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties of LM are illustrated. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of LM are outlined for pure LM, LM composites, and LM circuits based on the surface tension control. Five dominant epidermal healthcare applications of LM are illustrated, including electrodes, interconnectors, mechanical sensors, thermal management, and biomedical and sustainable applications. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of LM are identified for the future research vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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81
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Gao F, Liu C, Zhang L, Liu T, Wang Z, Song Z, Cai H, Fang Z, Chen J, Wang J, Han M, Wang J, Lin K, Wang R, Li M, Mei Q, Ma X, Liang S, Gou G, Xue N. Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: a review. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36597511 PMCID: PMC9805458 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable sweat sensors allow continuous, real-time, noninvasive detection of sweat analytes, provide insight into human physiology at the molecular level, and have received significant attention for their promising applications in personalized health monitoring. Electrochemical sensors are the best choice for wearable sweat sensors due to their high performance, low cost, miniaturization, and wide applicability. Recent developments in soft microfluidics, multiplexed biosensing, energy harvesting devices, and materials have advanced the compatibility of wearable electrochemical sweat-sensing platforms. In this review, we summarize the potential of sweat for medical detection and methods for sweat stimulation and collection. This paper provides an overview of the components of wearable sweat sensors and recent developments in materials and power supply technologies and highlights some typical sensing platforms for different types of analytes. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of the challenges and a view of the prospective development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Gao
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan Song
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Cai
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing Shuimujiheng Biotechnology Company, 101102 Beijing, China
| | - Kai Lin
- PLA Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, 100142 Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyong Wang
- PLA Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, 100142 Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 215163 Suzhou, China
| | - Xibo Ma
- CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100045 Beijing, China
| | - Guangyang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
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82
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Yu Z, Tang D. Artificial Neural Network-Assisted Wearable Flexible Sweat Patch for Drug Management in Parkinson's Patients Based on Vacancy-Engineered Processing of g-C 3N 4. Anal Chem 2022; 94:18000-18008. [PMID: 36524711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a flexible, low-cost non-enzymatic sweat sensing chip for in situ acquisition of bioinformation in sweat of individuals under exercise conditions to advance personal health monitoring and medication management for patients with Parkinson's disease. This low-cost, flexible, wearable sweat sensor consists of a printed screen electrode modified with g-C3N4 material and an external MSME element. The doping strategy and surface activation strategy of the g-C3N4-based exhibited efficient glucose oxidase-like activity and electrochemical activity when testing l-dopa and glucose in sweat. The optimized signal was transmitted to a smartphone for processing 12 individuals with simulated dosing, enabling continuous monitoring of l-dopa metabolism in sweat and management of dosing. The generalization ability and robustness of models constructed by methods such as multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, and convolutional neural networks were compared cross-sectionally. Deep learning models based on artificial neural networks help develop a user-personalized medication administration reminder system, which provides a promising paradigm for reliable medication supervision for Parkinson's patients in the Internet of Things era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People Republic of China
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83
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Moon JM, Del Caño R, Moonla C, Sakdaphetsiri K, Saha T, Francine Mendes L, Yin L, Chang AY, Seker S, Wang J. Self-Testing of Ketone Bodies, along with Glucose, Using Touch-Based Sweat Analysis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3973-3981. [PMID: 36512725 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxybutyrate (HB) is one of the main physiological ketone bodies that play key roles in human health and wellness. Besides their important role in diabetes ketoacidosis, ketone bodies are currently receiving tremendous attention for personal nutrition in connection to the growing popularity of oral ketone supplements. Accordingly, there are urgent needs for developing a rapid, simple, and low-cost device for frequent onsite measurements of β-hydroxybutyrate (HB), one of the main physiological ketone bodies. However, real-time profiling of dynamically changing HB concentrations is challenging and still limited to laboratory settings or to painful and invasive measurements (e.g., a commercial blood ketone meter). Herein, we address the critical need for pain-free frequent HB measurements in decentralized settings and report on a reliable noninvasive, simple, and rapid touch-based sweat HB testing and on its ability to track dynamic HB changes in secreted fingertip sweat, following the intake of commercial ketone supplements. The new touch-based HB detection method relies on an instantaneous collection of the fingertip sweat at rest on a porous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel that transports the sweat to a biocatalytic layer, composed of the β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) enzyme and its nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cofactor, covering the modified screen-printed carbon working electrode. As a result, the sweat HB can be measured rapidly by the mediated oxidation reaction of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) product. A personalized HB dose-response relationship is demonstrated within a group of healthy human subjects taking commercial ketone supplements, along with a correlation between the sweat and capillary blood HB levels. Furthermore, a dual disposable biosensing device, consisting of neighboring ketone and glucose enzyme electrodes on a single-strip substrate, has been developed toward the simultaneous touch-based detection of dynamically changing sweat HB and glucose levels, following the intake of ketone and glucose drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Moon
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Rafael Del Caño
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba E-14014, Spain
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Kittiya Sakdaphetsiri
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Letícia Francine Mendes
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - An-Yi Chang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Sumeyye Seker
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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84
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Qadir MB, Jalalah M, Shoukat MU, Ahmad A, Khaliq Z, Nazir A, Anjum MN, Rahman A, Khan MQ, Tahir R, Faisal M, Alsaiari M, Irfan M, Alsareii SA, Harraz FA. Nonwoven/Nanomembrane Composite Functional Sweat Pads. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121230. [PMID: 36557137 PMCID: PMC9788416 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a natural body excretion produced by skin glands, and the body cools itself by releasing salty sweat. Wetness in the underarms and feet for long durations causes itchiness and an unpleasant smell. Skin-friendly reusable sweat pads could be used to absorb sweat. Transportation of moisture and functionality is the current challenge that many researchers are working on. This study aims to develop a functional and breathable sweat pad with antimicrobial and quick drying performance. Three layered functional sweat pads (FSP) are prepared in which the inner layer is made of an optimized needle-punched coolmax/polypropylene nonwoven blend. This layer is then dipped in antimicrobial ZnO solution (2, 4, and 6 wt.%), and super absorbent polymer (SAP) is embedded, and this is called a functional nonwoven (FNW1) sheet. Electrospun nanofiber-based nanomembranes of polyamide-6 are optimized for bead-free fibers. They are used as a middle layer to enhance the pad's functionality, and the third layer is again made of needle-punched optimized coolmax/polypropylene nonwoven sheets. A simple nonwoven-based sweat pad (SSP) is also prepared for comparison purposes. Nonwoven sheets are optimized based on better comfort properties, including air/water vapor permeability and moisture management (MMT). Nonwoven webs having a higher proportion of coolmax show better air permeability and moisture transfer from the inner to the outer layer. Antimicrobial activity of the functional nonwoven layer showed 8 mm of bacterial growth, but SSP and FSP showed only 6 mm of growth against Staphylococcus aureus. FSP showed superior comfort and antibacterial properties. This study could be a footstone toward highly functional sweat pads with remarkable comfort properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Qadir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Jalalah
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Shoukat
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Khaliq
- Department of Materials, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (A.N.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (A.N.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anjum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rahman
- Department of Materials, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qamar Khan
- Department of Textile & Clothing, Karachi Campus, National Textile University, Karachi 74900, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Tahir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - M. Faisal
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A. Alsareii
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid A. Harraz
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (A.N.); (F.A.H.)
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85
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Garg M, Pamme N. Microfluidic (bio)-sensors based on 2-D layered materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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Lu Y, Ru S, Li H, Wang G, Xu S. Laser-structured microarray electrodes for durable stretchable lithium-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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87
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Kil MS, Kim SJ, Park HJ, Yoon JH, Jeong JM, Choi BG. Highly Stretchable Sensor Based on Fluid Dynamics-Assisted Graphene Inks for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48072-48080. [PMID: 36222414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene inks have recently attracted attention for the development of printed wearable and flexible electronics and sensors not only because of their high conductivity and low cost but also because they are suitable for high-speed printing. Although reliable and scalable printing technologies are well established, further improvement in graphene inks in terms of electrical conductivity, stretchability/flexibility, and mass production is necessary for sensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, highly stretchable and conductive graphene inks were prepared by an efficient and scalable fluid dynamics-assisted exfoliation of graphite and a mixing process with elastomeric Ecoflex. After printing inks onto textile substrates, the serpentine-patterned conductors exhibited high conductivity and stable resistance even under a mechanically stretched state (a strain of 150%). Electrochemical sensors that detect sodium ions were fabricated on this conducting platform. These sensors indicated high potentiometric sensing ability under different mechanical deformations. To demonstrate the on-body performance of the developed sensors, real-time monitoring of sodium-ion concentration in the sweat of a human subject was carried out during an indoor stationary cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Hee Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gill Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
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88
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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89
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Xie A, Zhu L, Liang Y, Mao J, Liu Y, Chen S. Fiber‐spinning Asymmetric Assembly for Janus‐structured Bifunctional Nanofiber Films towards All‐Weather Smart Textile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208592. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An‐Quan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yunzheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Jian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yijiang Liu
- College of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 Hunan Province P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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90
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Wearable, wireless, multi-sensor device for monitoring tissue circulation after free-tissue transplantation: a multicentre clinical trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16532. [PMID: 36192423 PMCID: PMC9529918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensors have seen remarkable recent technological developments, and their role in healthcare is expected to expand. Specifically, monitoring tissue circulation in patients who have undergone reconstructive surgery is critical because blood flow deficiencies must be rescued within hours or the transplant will fail due to thrombosis/haematoma within the artery or vein. We design a wearable, wireless, continuous, multipoint sensor to monitor tissue circulation. The system measures pulse waves, skin colour, and tissue temperature to reproduce physician assessment. Data are analysed in real time for patient risk using an algorithm. This multicentre clinical trial involved 73 patients who underwent transplant surgery and had their tissue circulation monitored until postoperative day 7. Herein, we show that the overall agreement rate between physician and sensor findings is 99.2%. In addition, the patient questionnaire results indicate that the device is easy to wear. The sensor demonstrates non-invasive, real-time, continuous, multi-point, wireless, and reliable monitoring for postoperative care. This wearable system can improve the success rate of reconstructive surgeries.
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91
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Gotsmy M, Brunmair J, Büschl C, Gerner C, Zanghellini J. Probabilistic quotient’s work and pharmacokinetics’ contribution: countering size effect in metabolic time series measurements. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:379. [PMID: 36114458 PMCID: PMC9482228 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic time course analyses of biofluids are highly relevant for clinical diagnostics. However, many sampling methods suffer from unknown sample sizes, commonly known as size effects. This prevents absolute quantification of biomarkers. Recently, several mathematical post acquisition normalization methods have been developed to overcome these problems either by exploiting already known pharmacokinetic information or by statistical means. Here we present an improved normalization method, MIX, that combines the advantages of both approaches. It couples two normalization terms, one based on a pharmacokinetic model (PKM) and the other representing a popular statistical approach, probabilistic quotient normalization (PQN), in a single model. To test the performance of MIX, we generated synthetic data closely resembling real finger sweat metabolome measurements. We show that MIX normalization successfully tackles key weaknesses of the individual strategies: it (i) reduces the risk of overfitting with PKM, and (ii), contrary to PQN, it allows to compute sample volumes. Finally, we validate MIX by using real finger sweat as well as blood plasma metabolome data and demonstrate that MIX allows to better and more robustly correct for size effects. In conclusion, the MIX method improves the reliability and robustness of quantitative biomarker detection in finger sweat and other biofluids, paving the way for biomarker discovery and hypothesis generation from metabolomic time course data.
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92
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Nan K, Feig VR, Ying B, Howarth JG, Kang Z, Yang Y, Traverso G. Mucosa-interfacing electronics. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:908-925. [PMID: 36124042 PMCID: PMC9472746 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface mucosa that lines many of our organs houses myriad biometric signals and, therefore, has great potential as a sensor-tissue interface for high-fidelity and long-term biosensing. However, progress is still nascent for mucosa-interfacing electronics owing to challenges with establishing robust sensor-tissue interfaces; device localization, retention and removal; and power and data transfer. This is in sharp contrast to the rapidly advancing field of skin-interfacing electronics, which are replacing traditional hospital visits with minimally invasive, real-time, continuous and untethered biosensing. This Review aims to bridge the gap between skin-interfacing electronics and mucosa-interfacing electronics systems through a comparison of the properties and functions of the skin and internal mucosal surfaces. The major physiological signals accessible through mucosa-lined organs are surveyed and design considerations for the next generation of mucosa-interfacing electronics are outlined based on state-of-the-art developments in bio-integrated electronics. With this Review, we aim to inspire hardware solutions that can serve as a foundation for developing personalized biosensing from the mucosa, a relatively uncharted field with great scientific and clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Vivian R. Feig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Julia G. Howarth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ziliang Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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93
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Wei J, Zhang X, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. A Portable Sweat Sensor Based on Carbon Quantum Dots for Multiplex Detection of Cardiovascular Health Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12772-12780. [PMID: 36066349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The future of personalized diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases lies in the use of portable sensors. Portable sensors can acquire biomarker information in biological fluids such as sweat, an approach that mitigates the shortcomings of conventional hospital-centered healthcare. Low sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity remain bottlenecks for the widespread use of portable sensors. Herein, we demonstrate a portable sensor that simultaneously detects Na+, ascorbic acid, and human neuropeptide Y in sweat, all useful biomarkers to index cardiovascular health. The portable sensor comprises a six-electrode system containing three working electrodes, two reference electrodes, and one counter electrode. The working electrodes were prepared by depositing sensing components on carbon quantum dot (CQD) electrodes. The sensing mechanisms were based on selective ion recognition, enzyme catalytic reaction, and immune response, which guarantees specificity to corresponding targets. The CQDs offer massive reactive sites and effectively reduce the interfacial impedance during the sensing reaction, thereby enhancing the three biomarkers' detection sensitivity. As evidence of portable sensor capability, we demonstrate herein its effective simultaneous detection of the three biomarkers in a real sweat from healthy volunteers during routine activities including exercise, extra ascorbic acid ingestion, and extra Na+ ingestion. As such, the sensor shows promise for real-time noninvasive personalized medical diagnostics and metabolic wellness management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xieli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Science Department, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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94
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Yue X, Xu F, Zhang L, Ren G, Sheng H, Wang J, Wang K, Yu L, Wang J, Li G, Lu G, Yu HD. Simple, Skin-Attachable, and Multifunctional Colorimetric Sweat Sensor. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2198-2208. [PMID: 35903889 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In situ analysis of sweat provides a simple, convenient, cost-effective, and noninvasive approach for the early diagnosis of physical illness in humans and is particularly useful in family care. In this study, a flexible and skin-attachable colorimetric sweat sensor for multiplexed analysis is developed using a simple, cost-effective, and convenient method. The obtained sweat sensor can be used to simultaneously detect glucose, lactate, urea, and pH value in sweat, as well as sweat loss and skin temperature. Only 2.5 μL of sweat is enough for the whole test, and the sweat loss and chemical-sensing results can be read out conveniently by naked eyes or a smartphone. In addition, body temperature can also be detected with an additional electrical circuit. Our sweat sensor provides a new, cost-effective, and convenient approach for in vitro diagnosis of multiple components in sweat, and the easy fabrication and cost-effectiveness make our sensor commercializable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yue
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Linrong Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhang Ren
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Huixiang Sheng
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Liuyingzi Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gongqiang Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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95
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Yeung KK, Li J, Huang T, Hosseini II, Al Mahdi R, Alam MM, Sun H, Mahshid S, Yang J, Ye TT, Gao Z. Utilizing Gradient Porous Graphene Substrate as the Solid-Contact Layer To Enhance Wearable Electrochemical Sweat Sensor Sensitivity. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6647-6654. [PMID: 35943807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat monitoring represents an attractive opportunity for personalized healthcare and for evaluating sports performance. One of the limitations with such monitoring, however, is water layer formation upon cycling of ion-selective sensors, leading to degraded sensitivity and long-term instability. Our report is the first to use chemical vapor deposition-grown, three-dimensional, graphene-based, gradient porous electrodes to minimize such water layer formation. The proposed design reduces the ion diffusion path within the polymeric ion-selective membrane and enhances the electroactive surface for highly sensitive, real-time detection of Na+ ions in human sweat with high selectivity. We obtained a 7-fold enhancement in electroactive surface against 2D electrodes (e.g., carbon, gold), yielding a sensitivity of 65.1 ± 0.25 mV decade-1 (n = 3, RSD = 0.39%), the highest to date for wearable Na+ sweat sensors. The on-body sweat sensing performance is comparable to that of ICP-MS, suggesting its feasibility for health evaluation through sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Kan Yeung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Imman I Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Rakib Al Mahdi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Md Masruck Alam
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Terry Tao Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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96
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Fiber‐spinning Asymmetric Assembly for Janus‐structured Bifunctional Nanofiber Films towards All‐Weather Smart Textile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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97
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Wang S, Liu M, Yang X, Lu Q, Xiong Z, Li L, Zheng H, Feng S, Zhang T. An unconventional vertical fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously detecting sweat rate and electrolyte concentration. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114351. [PMID: 35569269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal microfluidic devices with long microchannels have been developed for continuous sweat analysis, which are crucial to assess personal hydration status and underlying health conditions. However, the flow resistance in long channels and the ionic concentration variation significantly affect the accuracy of both the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration measurements. Herein, we present a novel fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously dropwise-detecting the sweat rate and total electrolyte concentration. The unconventional platform consisting of a vertically shortened channel, a pair of embedded electrodes and an absorption layer, is designed to minimize the flow resistance and transform sweat fluidics into uniform micro-droplets for chronological and dropwise detection. Real-time sweat conductance is decoupled from a square-wave-like curve, where the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration can be derived from the interval time and peak value, respectively. Flexible and wearable band devices are demonstrated to show their potential application for hydration status assessment during exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Qifeng Lu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Zuoping Xiong
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lianhui Li
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Simin Feng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 385 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Gusu Laboratory of Materials, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, PR China.
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98
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Hydrogel-extraction technique for non-invasive detection of blue fluorescent substances in plant leaves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13598. [PMID: 35948743 PMCID: PMC9365774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a new hydrogel extraction technique for detecting blue fluorescent substances in plant leaves. These blue fluorescent substances were extracted by placing a hydrogel film on the leaf of a cherry tomato plant infected with Ralstonia solanacearum; herein, chlorogenic acid was confirmed to be a blue fluorescent substance. The wavelength at the maximum fluorescence intensity of the film after the hydrogel extraction was similar to that of the methanolic extract obtained from the infected cherry tomato leaves. Chlorophyll was not extracted from the hydrogel film because no fluorescence peak was observed at 680 nm. Accordingly, the blue fluorescence of the substances extracted from the hydrogel film was not quenched by the strong absorption of chlorophyll in the blue light region. This hydrogel extraction technique can potentially detect small amounts of blue fluorescent substances and the changes in its amount within the leaves of infected plants. These changes in the amount of blue fluorescent substances in the early stages of infection can be used to detect presymptomatic infections. Therefore, hydrogel extraction is a promising technique for the noninvasive detection of infections before onset.
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99
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Zhao Y, Liang Q, Mugo SM, An L, Zhang Q, Lu Y. Self-Healing and Shape-Editable Wearable Supercapacitors Based on Highly Stretchable Hydrogel Electrolytes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201039. [PMID: 35754306 PMCID: PMC9405484 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shape editability combined with a self-healing capability and long-term cycling durability are highly desirable properties for wearable supercapacitors. Most wearable supercapacitors have rigid architecture and lack the capacity for editability into desirable shapes. Through sandwiching hydrogel electrolytes between two electrodes, a suite of wearable supercapacitors that integrate desirable properties namely: repeated shape editability, excellent self-healing capability, and long-term cycling durability is demonstrated. A strategy is proposed to enhance the long-term cycling durability by utilizing hydrogel electrolytes with unique cross-linking structures. The dynamic crosslinking sites are formed by quadruple H bonds and hydrophobic association, stabilizing the supercapacitors from inorganic ion disruption during charge-discharge processes. The fabricated supercapacitors result in the capacitance retention rates of 99.6% and 95.8% after 5000 and 10 000 charge-discharge cycles, respectively, which are much higher than others reported in the literature. Furthermore, the supercapacitor sheets can be repeatedly processed into various shapes without any capacitance loss. The supercapacitors exhibit a 95% capacitance retention rate after five cutting/self-healing cycles, indicative of their excellent self-healing performance. To demonstrate real-life applicability, the wearable supercapacitors are successfully used to power a light-emitting diode and an electronic watch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Quanduo Liang
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Samuel M. Mugo
- Department of Physical SciencesMacEwan UniversityEdmontonABT5J4S2Canada
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
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100
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Ji M, Li J, Wang Y, Li F, Man J, Li J, Zhang C, Peng S, Wang S. Advances in chitosan-based wound dressings: Modifications, fabrications, applications and prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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