51
|
The high-production volume fungicide pyraclostrobin induces triglyceride accumulation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and promotes adipocyte differentiation independent of PPARγ activation, in 3T3-L1 cells. Toxicology 2017; 393:150-159. [PMID: 29127035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin is one of the most heavily used fungicides, and has been detected on a variety of produce, suggesting human exposure occurs regularly. Recently, pyraclostrobin exposure has been linked to a variety of toxic effects, including neurodegeneration and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. As pyraclostrobin inhibits electron transport chain complex III, and as mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with metabolic syndrome (cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity), we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies its adipogenic activity. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated according to standard protocols in the presence of pyraclostrobin, resulting in TG accumulation. However, TG accumulation occurred without activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated nuclear receptor gamma (PPARγ), the canonical pathway mediating adipogenesis. Furthermore, cells failed to express many markers of adipogenesis (PPARγ, lpl, CEBPα), while co-exposure to pyraclostrobin and two different PPARγ antagonists (GW9662, T0070907) failed to mitigate TG accumulation, suggesting TG accumulation occurred through a PPARγ-independent mechanism. Instead, pyraclostrobin reduced steady-state ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, basal mitochondrial respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and spare respiratory capacity, demonstrating mitochondrial dysfunction, while reduced expression of genes involved in glucose transport (Glut-4), glycolysis (Pkm, Pfkl, Pfkm), fatty acid oxidation (Cpt-1b), and lipogenesis (Fasn, Acacα, Acacβ) further suggested a disruption of metabolism. Finally, inhibition of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), a PPARγ coactivator, partially mitigated pyraclostrobin-induced TG accumulation, suggesting TG accumulation is occurring through a CREB-driven mechanism. In contrast, rosiglitazone, a known PPARγ agonist, induced TG accumulation in a PPARγ-dependent manner and enhanced mitochondrial function. Collectively, these results suggest pyraclostrobin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction inhibits lipid homeostasis, resulting in TG accumulation. Exposures that disrupt mitochondrial function may have the potential to contribute to the rising incidence of metabolic syndrome, and thus more research is needed to understand the human health impact of pyraclostrobin exposure.
Collapse
|
52
|
Suk S, Kwon GT, Lee E, Jang WJ, Yang H, Kim JH, Thimmegowda NR, Chung MY, Kwon JY, Yang S, Kim JK, Park JHY, Lee KW. Gingerenone A, a polyphenol present in ginger, suppresses obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat diet-fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:10.1002/mnfr.201700139. [PMID: 28556482 PMCID: PMC5947313 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ginger exerts protective effects on obesity and its complications. Our objectives here are to identify bioactive compounds that inhibit adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in vitro, elucidate the anti-obesity effect of gingerenone A (GA) in diet-induced obesity (DIO), and investigate whether GA affects adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). METHODS AND RESULTS Oil red O staining showed that GA had the most potent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells among ginger components tested at a single concentration (40 μM). Consistent with in vitro data, GA attenuates DIO by reducing fat mass in mice. This was accompanied by a modulation of fatty acid metabolism via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, GA suppressed ATI by inhibiting macrophage recruitment and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GA may be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity and its complications by suppressing adipose expansion and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Suk
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoo Taik Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Jang
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - N. R. Thimmegowda
- Chemical Biology Research Center and World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Seunghee Yang
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ribosomal transcription is regulated by PGC-1alpha and disturbed in Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8513. [PMID: 28819135 PMCID: PMC5561056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α is a versatile inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis and responsive to the changing energy demands of the cell. As mitochondrial ATP production requires proteins that derive from translation products of cytosolic ribosomes, we asked whether PGC-1α directly takes part in ribosomal biogenesis. Here, we show that a fraction of cellular PGC-1α localizes to the nucleolus, the site of ribosomal transcription by RNA polymerase I. Upon activation PGC-1α associates with the ribosomal DNA and boosts recruitment of RNA polymerase I and UBF to the rDNA promoter. This induces RNA polymerase I transcription under different stress conditions in cell culture and mouse models as well as in healthy humans and is impaired already in early stages of human Huntington’s disease. This novel molecular link between ribosomal and mitochondrial biogenesis helps to explain sarcopenia and cachexia in diseases of neurodegenerative origin.
Collapse
|
54
|
Prince CS, Maloyan A, Myatt L. Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B Agonist, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, Improves Mitochondrial Respiration in Placentas From Obese Women. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:452-462. [PMID: 28677406 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117716776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity negatively impacts the placenta, being associated with increased inflammation, decreased mitochondrial respiration, decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TRKB). TRKB induction by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) improves energy expenditure in an obesity animal model. We hypothesized that TRKB activation would improve mitochondrial respiration in trophoblasts from placentas of obese women. Placentas were collected from lean (pre-pregnancy BMI < 25) and obese (pre-pregnancy BMI > 30) women at term following cesarean section delivery without labor. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated and plated, permitting syncytialization. At 72 hours, syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) were treated for 1 hour with 7,8-DHF (10 nM-10 M), TRKB antagonists (ANA-12 (10 nM-1 M), Cyclotraxin B (1 nM-1M)), or vehicle. Mitochondrial respiration was measured using the XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. TRKB, MAPK, and PGC1α were measured using Western blotting. Maternal obesity was associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration in STs; however, 7,8-DHF increased basal, ATP-coupled, maximal, spare capacity, and nonmitochondrial respiration. A 10 μM dose of 7,8-DHF reduced spare capacity in STs from lean women, with no effect on other respiration parameters. 7,8-DHF had no effect on TRKB phosphorylation; however, there was a concentration-dependent decrease of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and increase of PGC1α in STs from obese, but not in lean women. TRKB antagonism attenuated ATP-coupled respiration, maximal respiration, and spare capacity in STs from lean and obese women. 7,8-DHF improves mitochondrial respiration in STs from obese women, suggesting that the obese phenotype in the placenta can be rescued by TRKB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calais S Prince
- 1 Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- 1 Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA.,2 Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- 1 Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA.,3 Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Bhaskaran S, Unnikrishnan A, Ranjit R, Qaisar R, Pharaoh G, Matyi S, Kinter M, Deepa SS. A fish oil diet induces mitochondrial uncoupling and mitochondrial unfolded protein response in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:704-714. [PMID: 28455142 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to the pathogenesis of obesity driven insulin resistance. Dietary conditions that alter fat mass are known to affect white adipocyte mitochondrial function, however, the impact of high calorie diets on white adipocyte mitochondria is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of a diet rich in saturated or polyunsaturated fat on mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a retrograde signaling response that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, in epididymal WAT (eWAT). Mice were fed a low fat diet (LFD), saturated fat diet (SFD) or fish oil (unsaturated fat diet, UFD) and assessed changes in eWAT mitochondria. Compared to mice fed a LFD, SFD-fed mice have reduced mitochondrial biogenesis markers, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes and TCA cycle enzymes, suggesting an impaired mitochondrial function that could contribute to increased fat mass. In contrast, isocaloric UFD-fed mice have increased expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes suggesting that elevated mitochondrial uncoupling and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation could contribute to the reduction in fat mass. Interestingly, expression of UPRmt-associated proteins caseinolytic peptidase (ClpP) and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) are induced by UFD, whereas SFD reduced the expression of ClpP. Based on our data, we propose that induction of UPRmt helps to preserve a functional mitochondria and efficient utilization of fat by UFD whereas a dampened UPRmt response might impair mitochondrial function and promote fat accumulation by SFD. Thus, our findings suggest a potential role of UPRmt in mediating the beneficial effects of fish oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Archana Unnikrishnan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Gavin Pharaoh
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stephanie Matyi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sathyaseelan S Deepa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Browning effects of (-)-epicatechin on adipocytes and white adipose tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:48-59. [PMID: 28576408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that (-)-epicatechin (Epi), a cacao flavanol, induces the browning of fat by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancing indicators of mitochondrial structure and function, increasing fatty acid metabolism and upregulating the expression of brown adipose tissue-specific proteins in a high-fat diet mouse model of obesity and in cultured human adipocytes. Epi treatment significantly improved mitochondrial function, as measured by citrate synthase activity, and also reduced protein acetylation of total and specific regulators in both adipose tissue and human adipocytes. Browning of fat via Epi was evidenced by the increased expression of key thermogenic genes, phosphorylation of upstream regulators of fatty acid oxidation, and reduced triglyceride levels. Properly designed clinical trials are needed to explore the potential of Epi as an agent that promotes the browning of fat.
Collapse
|
57
|
Townsend LK, Knuth CM, Wright DC. Cycling our way to fit fat. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13247. [PMID: 28404813 PMCID: PMC5392531 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is increasingly being recognized as a key regulator of whole body carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In conditions of obesity and insulin resistance mitochondrial content in this tissue is reduced, while treatment with insulin sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase mitochondrial content. It has been known for decades that exercise increases mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and now several laboratories have shown similar effects in adipose tissue. To date the specific mechanisms mediating this effect have not been fully identified. In this review we highlight recent work suggesting that increases in lipolysis and subsequently fatty acid re‐esterification trigger the activation of 5' AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMP) activated protein kinase and ultimately the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. It is our current view that this pathway could be a unifying mechanism linking numerous systemic factors (catecholamines, interleukin‐6, meteorin‐like) to induction of mitochondrial biogenesis following exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Skeletal Muscle Nucleo-Mitochondrial Crosstalk in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040831. [PMID: 28420087 PMCID: PMC5412415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by incomplete beta oxidation and accumulation of fatty acid intermediates in the form of long and medium chain acylcarnitines, may contribute to ectopic lipid deposition and insulin resistance during high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. The present review discusses the roles of anterograde and retrograde communication in nucleo-mitochondrial crosstalk that determines skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations, specifically alterations in mitochondrial number and function in relation to obesity and insulin resistance. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of high fat diet (HFD) feeding on expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes (NEMGs) nuclear receptor factor 1 (NRF-1) and 2 (NRF-2) and peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in the onset and progression of insulin resistance during obesity and how HFD-induced alterations in NEMG expression affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations in relation to beta oxidation of fatty acids. Finally, the potential ability of acylcarnitines or fatty acid intermediates resulting from mitochondrial beta oxidation to act as retrograde signals in nucleo-mitochondrial crosstalk is reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
|
59
|
Spahis S, Borys JM, Levy E. Metabolic Syndrome as a Multifaceted Risk Factor for Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:445-461. [PMID: 27302002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is estimated that this multifactorial condition affects 20%-30% of the world's population. A detailed understanding of MetS mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective prevention strategies and adequate intervention tools that could curb its increasing prevalence and limit its comorbidities, particularly in younger age groups. With advances in basic redox biology, oxidative stress (OxS) involvement in the complex pathophysiology of MetS has become widely accepted. Nevertheless, its clear association with and causative effects on MetS require further elucidation. Recent Advances: Although a better understanding of the causes, risks, and effects of MetS is essential, studies suggest that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is a key contributor to this condition. OxS is now understood to be a major underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, ectopic lipid accumulation, and gut microbiota impairment. CRITICAL ISSUES Further studies, particularly in the field of translational research, are clearly required to understand and control the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, especially in the mitochondria, since the various therapeutic trials conducted to date have not targeted this major ROS-generating system, aimed to delay MetS onset, or prevent its progression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Multiple relevant markers need to be identified to clarify the role of ROS in the etiology of MetS. Future clinical trials should provide important proof of concept for the effectiveness of antioxidants as useful therapeutic approaches to simultaneously counteract mitochondrial OxS, alleviate MetS symptoms, and prevent complications. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 445-461.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 Research Center , Ste-Justine MUHC, Montreal, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 Research Center , Ste-Justine MUHC, Montreal, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada .,3 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Heinonen S, Muniandy M, Buzkova J, Mardinoglu A, Rodríguez A, Frühbeck G, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH. Mitochondria-related transcriptional signature is downregulated in adipocytes in obesity: a study of young healthy MZ twins. Diabetologia 2017; 60:169-181. [PMID: 27734103 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Low mitochondrial activity in adipose tissue is suggested to be an underlying factor in obesity and its metabolic complications. We aimed to find out whether mitochondrial measures are downregulated in obesity also in isolated adipocytes. METHODS We studied young adult monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant (n = 14, intrapair difference ΔBMI ≥ 3 kg/m2) and concordant (n = 5, ΔBMI < 3 kg/m2) for BMI, identified from ten birth cohorts of 22- to 36-year-old Finnish twins. Abdominal body fat distribution (MRI), liver fat content (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), insulin sensitivity (OGTT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum lipids and adipokines were measured. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained to analyse the transcriptomics patterns of the isolated adipocytes as well as of the whole adipose tissue. Mitochondrial DNA transcript levels in adipocytes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Western blots of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein levels in adipocytes were performed in obese and lean unrelated individuals. RESULTS The heavier (BMI 29.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2) co-twins of the discordant twin pairs had more subcutaneous, intra-abdominal and liver fat and were more insulin resistant (p < 0.01 for all measures) than the lighter (24.1 ± 0.9 kg/m2) co-twins. Altogether, 2538 genes in adipocytes and 2135 in adipose tissue were significantly differentially expressed (nominal p < 0.05) between the co-twins. Pathway analysis of these transcripts in both isolated adipocytes and adipose tissue revealed that the heavier co-twins displayed reduced expression of genes relating to mitochondrial pathways, a result that was replicated when analysing the pathways behind the most consistently downregulated genes in the heavier co-twins (in at least 12 out of 14 pairs). Consistently upregulated genes in adipocytes were related to inflammation. We confirmed that mitochondrial DNA transcript levels (12S RNA, 16S RNA, COX1, ND5, CYTB), expression of mitochondrial ribosomal protein transcripts and a major mitochondrial regulator PGC-1α (also known as PPARGC1A) were reduced in the heavier co-twins' adipocytes (p < 0.05). OXPHOS protein levels of complexes I and III in adipocytes were lower in obese than in lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes in obesity show global expressional downregulation of oxidative pathways, mitochondrial transcripts and OXPHOS protein levels and upregulation of inflammatory pathways. DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets analysed and generated during the current study are available in the figshare repository, https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3806286.v1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, C424b, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maheswary Muniandy
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, C424b, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Buzkova
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Lundbom
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Lundbom
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, C424b, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, C424b, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Sylow L, Long JZ, Lokurkar IA, Zeng X, Richter EA, Spiegelman BM. The Cancer Drug Dasatinib Increases PGC-1α in Adipose Tissue but Has Adverse Effects on Glucose Tolerance in Obese Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4184-4191. [PMID: 27589085 PMCID: PMC5086530 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib (Sprycel) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. In this study, we identify dasatinib as a potent inducer of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α mRNA. Dasatinib increased PGC-1α mRNA expression up to 6-fold in 3T3-F442A adipocytes, primary adipocytes, and epididymal white adipose tissue from lean and diet-induced obese mice. Importantly, gene expression translated into increased PGC-1α protein content analyzed in melanoma cells and isolated mitochondria from adipocytes. However, dasatinib treatment had adverse effect on glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese and Ob/Ob mice. This correlated with increased hepatic PGC-1α expression and the gluconeogenesis genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. In conclusion, we show that dasatinib is a potent inducer of PGC-1α mRNA and protein in adipose tissue. However, despite beneficial effects of increased PGC-1α content in adipose tissue, dasatinib significantly impaired glucose tolerance in obese but not lean mice. As far as we are aware, this is the first study to show that dasatinib regulates PGC-1α and causes glucose intolerance in obese mice. This should be considered in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Isha A Lokurkar
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Xing Zeng
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Section of Molecular Physiology (L.S., E.A.R.), Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and Department of Cell Biology (J.L., I.A.L., X.Z., B.M.S.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wan X, Wen JJ, Koo SJ, Liang LY, Garg NJ. SIRT1-PGC1α-NFκB Pathway of Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Benefits of SIRT1-Targeted Therapy in Improving Heart Function in Chagas Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005954. [PMID: 27764247 PMCID: PMC5072651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is presented by increased oxidative/inflammatory stress and decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics. SIRT1 senses the redox changes and integrates mitochondrial metabolism and inflammation; and SIRT1 deficiency may be a major determinant in CCM. To test this, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc), treated with SIRT1 agonists (resveratrol or SRT1720), and monitored during chronic phase (~150 days post-infection). Resveratrol treatment was partially beneficial in controlling the pathologic processes in Chagas disease. The 3-weeks SRT1720 therapy provided significant benefits in restoring the left ventricular (LV) function (stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction etc.) in chagasic mice, though cardiac hypertrophy presented by increased thickness of the interventricular septum and LV posterior wall, increased LV mass, and disproportionate synthesis of collagens was not controlled. SRT1720 treatment preserved the myocardial SIRT1 activity and PGC1α deacetylation (active-form) that were decreased by 53% and 9-fold respectively, in chagasic mice. Yet, SIRT1/PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., mitochondrial DNA content, and expression of subunits of the respiratory complexes and mtDNA replication machinery) was not improved in chronically-infected/SRT1720-treated mice. Instead, SRT1720 therapy resulted in 2-10-fold inhibition of Tc-induced oxidative (H2O2 and advanced oxidation protein products), nitrosative (inducible nitric oxide synthase, 4-hydroxynonenal, 3-nitrotyrosine), and inflammatory (IFNγ, IL1β, IL6 and TNFα) stress and inflammatory infiltrate in chagasic myocardium. These benefits were delivered through SIRT1-dependent inhibition of NFκB transcriptional activity. We conclude that Tc inhibition of SIRT1/PGC1α activity was not a key mechanism in mitochondrial biogenesis defects during Chagas disease. SRT1720-dependent SIRT1 activation led to suppression of NFκB transcriptional activity, and subsequently, oxidative/nitrosative and inflammatory pathology were subdued, and antioxidant status and LV function were enhanced in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
| | - Jian-jun Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
| | - Sue-Jie Koo
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lisa Yi Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, Texas
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Singh SP, Schragenheim J, Cao J, Falck JR, Abraham NG, Bellner L. PGC-1 alpha regulates HO-1 expression, mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis: Role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:8-18. [PMID: 27418542 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, predominantly as a result of cardiovascular complications. Increased adiposity is a systemic condition characterized by increased oxidative stress (ROS), increased inflammation, inhibition of anti-oxidant genes such as HO-1 and increased degradation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). We previously demonstrated that EETs attenuate mitochondrial ROS. We postulate that EETs increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), which controls mitochondrial function, oxidative metabolism and induction of HO-1. METHODS Cultured murine adipocytes and mice fed a high fat (HF) diet were used to assess functional relationship between EETs, HO-1 and (PGC-1α) using an EET analogue (EET-A) and lentivirus to knock down the PPARGC1A gene. RESULTS EET-A increased PGC-1α and HO-1 in cultured adipocytes and increased the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and adipocyte browning (UCP1 and PRDM16, respectively). PGC-1α knockdown prevented EET-A-induced HO-1expression, suggesting that PGC-1α is upstream of HO-1. MRI data obtained from fat tissues showed that EET-A administration to mice on a HF diet significantly reduced total body fat content, subcutaneous and visceral fat deposits and reduced the VAT: SAT ratio. Moreover EET-A normalized the VO2 and RQ (VCO2/VO2) in mice fed a HF diet, an effect that was completely prevented in PGC-1α deficient mice. In addition, EET-A increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function as measured by OPA1, MnSOD, Mfn1, Mfn2, and SIRT3, an effect that was inhibited by knockdown of PGC-1α. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings show that EET-A increased PGC-1α thereby increasing mitochondrial viability, increased fusion potential thereby providing metabolic protection and increased VO2 consumption in HF-induced obesity in mice, thus demonstrating that the EET-mediated increase in HO-1 levels require PGC-1α expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Joseph Schragenheim
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Jian Cao
- First Geriatric Cardiology Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States; Department of Medicine, Marshall University, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, United States.
| | - Lars Bellner
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ravnskjaer K, Madiraju A, Montminy M. Role of the cAMP Pathway in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:29-49. [PMID: 26721678 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) was first described in 1957 as an intracellular second messenger mediating the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis (Berthet et al., J Biol Chem 224(1):463-475, 1957). Since this initial characterization, cAMP has been firmly established as a versatile molecular signal involved in both central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis and nutrient partitioning. Many of these effects appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level, in part through the activation of the transcription factor CREB and its coactivators. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cAMP signaling pathway triggers metabolic programs in insulin-responsive tissues.
Collapse
|
65
|
Kovacova Z, Tharp WG, Liu D, Wei W, Xie H, Collins S, Pratley RE. Adipose tissue natriuretic peptide receptor expression is related to insulin sensitivity in obesity and diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:820-8. [PMID: 26887289 PMCID: PMC5067565 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) bind to two receptors (NPRA-mediator of signaling; NPRC-clearance receptor) whose ratio, NPRR (NPRA/NPRC), determines the NP bioactivity. This study investigated the relationship of NP receptor gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle with obesity and glucose intolerance. Prospectively, the study also assessed whether changes in NP receptor expression and thermogenic gene markers accompanied improvements of insulin sensitivity. METHODS A cross-sectional study of subjects with a wide range of BMI and glucose tolerance (n = 50) was conducted, as well as a randomized 12-week trial of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with pioglitazone (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10). RESULTS NPRR mRNA was significantly lower in adipose tissue of subjects with obesity when compared with lean subjects (P ≤ 0.001). NPRR decreased with progression from normal glucose tolerance to T2DM (P < 0.01) independently of obesity. Treatment of subjects with T2DM with pioglitazone increased NPRR in adipose tissue (P ≤ 0.01) in conjunction with improvements in insulin sensitivity and increases of the thermogenic markers PPARγ coactivator-1α and uncoupling protein 1 (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Decreased adipose tissue NPRR was associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. This relationship was not observed for skeletal muscle NPRR. Pharmacological improvement of insulin sensitivity in subjects with T2DM was tied to improvement in NPRR and increased expression of genes involved in thermogenic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kovacova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - William G Tharp
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Wan Wei
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Hui Xie
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sheila Collins
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6067349. [PMID: 27073398 PMCID: PMC4814709 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6067349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
Collapse
|
67
|
Goh J, Goh KP, Abbasi A. Exercise and Adipose Tissue Macrophages: New Frontiers in Obesity Research? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:65. [PMID: 27379017 PMCID: PMC4905950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem in the twenty-first century. Mutations in genes that regulate substrate metabolism, subsequent dysfunction in their protein products, and other factors, such as increased adipose tissue inflammation, are some underlying etiologies of this disease. Increased inflammation in the adipose tissue microenvironment is partly mediated by the presence of cells from the innate and adaptive immune system. A subset of the innate immune population in adipose tissue include macrophages, termed adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), which are central players in adipose tissue inflammation. Being extremely plastic, their responses to diverse molecular signals in the microenvironment dictate their identity and functional properties, where they become either pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2). Endurance exercise training exerts global anti-inflammatory responses in multiple organs, including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different mechanisms that drive ATM-mediated inflammation in obesity and present current evidence of how exercise training, specifically endurance exercise training, modulates the polarization of ATMs from an M1 to an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorming Goh
- Combat Protection and Performance Program, DSO National Laboratories, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Jorming Goh,
| | - Kian Peng Goh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Asghar Abbasi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Heinonen S, Buzkova J, Muniandy M, Kaksonen R, Ollikainen M, Ismail K, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen E, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Suomalainen A, Pietiläinen KH. Impaired Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Adipose Tissue in Acquired Obesity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3135-45. [PMID: 25972572 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low mitochondrial number and activity have been suggested as underlying factors in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, the stage at which mitochondrial dysfunction manifests in adipose tissue after the onset of obesity remains unknown. Here we examined subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) samples from healthy monozygotic twin pairs, 22.8-36.2 years of age, who were discordant (ΔBMI >3 kg/m(2), mean length of discordance 6.3 ± 0.3 years, n = 26) and concordant (ΔBMI <3 kg/m(2), n = 14) for body weight, and assessed their detailed mitochondrial metabolic characteristics: mitochondrial-related transcriptomes with dysregulated pathways, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amount, mtDNA-encoded transcripts, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein levels. We report global expressional downregulation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways with concomitant downregulation of mtDNA amount, mtDNA-dependent translation system, and protein levels of the OXPHOS machinery in the obese compared with the lean co-twins. Pathway analysis indicated downshifting of fatty acid oxidation, ketone body production and breakdown, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which inversely correlated with adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolic pathways, and OXPHOS proteins in SAT are downregulated in acquired obesity, and are associated with metabolic disturbances already at the preclinical stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Buzkova
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maheswary Muniandy
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kaksonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Siluetti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khadeeja Ismail
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesse Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Vuolteenaho
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Reynolds TH, Banerjee S, Sharma VM, Donohue J, Couldwell S, Sosinsky A, Frulla A, Robinson A, Puri V. Effects of a High Fat Diet and Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on Cidea and Cidec Expression in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130259. [PMID: 26176546 PMCID: PMC4503728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cidea and Cidec play an important role in regulating triglyceride storage in liver and adipose tissue. It is not known if the Cidea and Cidec genes respond to a high fat diet (HFD) or exercise training, two interventions that alter lipid storage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a HFD and voluntary wheel running (WR) on Cidea and Cidec mRNA and protein expression in adipose tissue and liver of mice. A HFD promoted a significant increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNA levels in adipose tissue and liver. The increase in Cidea and Cidec mRNAs in adipose tissue and liver in response to a HFD was prevented by WR. Similar to the changes in Cidea mRNA, Cidea protein levels in adipose tissue significantly increased in response to a HFD, a process that was, again, prevented by WR. However, in adipose tissue the changes in Cidec mRNA did not correspond to the changes in Cidec protein levels, as a HFD decreased Cidec protein abundance. Interestingly, in adipose tissue Cidea protein expression was significantly related to body weight (R=.725), epididymal adipose tissue (EWAT) mass (R=.475) and insulin resistance (R=.706), whereas Cidec protein expression was inversely related to body weight (R=-.787), EWAT mass (R=-.706), and insulin resistance (R=-.679). Similar to adipose tissue, Cidea protein expression in liver was significantly related to body weight (R=.660), EWAT mass (R=.468), and insulin resistance (R=.599); however, unlike adipose tissue, Cidec protein levels in liver were not related to body weight or EWAT mass and only moderately associated with insulin resistance (R=-.422, P=0.051). Overall, our findings indicate that Cidea is highly associated with adiposity and insulin resistance, whereas Cidec is related to insulin sensitivity. The present study suggests that Cide proteins might play an important functional role in the development of obesity, hepatic steatosis, as well as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Reynolds
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| | - Vishva Mitra Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| | - Jacob Donohue
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Couldwell
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Sosinsky
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Ashton Frulla
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Allegra Robinson
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, United States of America
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Besseiche A, Riveline JP, Gautier JF, Bréant B, Blondeau B. Metabolic roles of PGC-1α and its implications for type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:347-57. [PMID: 25753246 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator expressed in brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, skeletal and cardiac muscles, and the brain. This review presents data illustrating how PGC-1α regulates metabolic adaptations and participates in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies in mice have shown that increased PGC-1α expression may be beneficial or deleterious, depending on the tissue: in adipose tissue, it promotes thermogenesis and thus protects against energy overload, such as seen in diabetes and obesity; in muscle, PGC-1α induces a change of phenotype towards oxidative metabolism. In contrast, its role is clearly deleterious in the liver and pancreas, where it induces hepatic glucose production and inhibits insulin secretion, changes that promote diabetes. Previous studies by our group have also demonstrated the role of PGC-1α in the fetal origins of T2D. Overexpression of PGC-1α in β cells during fetal life in mice is sufficient to induce β-cell dysfunction in adults, leading to glucose intolerance. PGC-1α also is associated with glucocorticoid receptors in repressing expression of Pdx1, a key β-cell transcription factor. In conclusion, PGC-1α participates in the onset of diabetes through regulation of major metabolic tissues. Yet, it may not represent a useful target for therapeutic strategies against diabetes as it exerts both beneficial and deleterious actions on glucose homoeostasis, and because PGC-1α modulation is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in cellular adaptation shows that greater comprehension of PGC-1α actions is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Besseiche
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J-P Riveline
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - J-F Gautier
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - B Bréant
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - B Blondeau
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Li ZS, Noda K, Fujita E, Manabe Y, Hirata T, Sugawara T. The green algal carotenoid siphonaxanthin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the accumulation of lipids in white adipose tissue of KK-Ay mice. J Nutr 2015; 145:490-8. [PMID: 25733464 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siphonaxanthin, a xanthophyll present in green algae, has been shown to possess antiangiogenic and apoptosis-inducing activities. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the antiobesity effects of siphonaxanthin by using a 3T3-L1 cell culture system and in diabetic KK-Ay mice. METHODS 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated with or without 5 μmol/L siphonaxanthin, and lipid accumulation and critical gene expressions for adipogenesis were examined. In vivo, 4-wk-old male KK-Ay mice were administered daily oral treatment of 1.3 mg siphonaxanthin for 6 wk and body weight, visceral fat weight, serum variables, and gene expressions involved in lipid metabolism were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the other carotenoids evaluated, siphonaxanthin potently inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Siphonaxanthin significantly suppressed lipid accumulation at noncytotoxic concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μmol/L by 29% and 43%, respectively. The effects of siphonaxanthin were largely limited to the early stages of adipogenesis. Siphonaxanthin significantly inhibited protein kinase B phosphorylation by 48% and 72% at 90 and 120 min, respectively. The expressions of key adipogenesis genes, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (Cebpa), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (Pparg), fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1), were elevated by 1.6- to 166-fold during adipogenesis. After 8 d of adipocyte differentiation, siphonaxanthin significantly lowered gene expression of Cebpa, Pparg, Fabp4, and Scd1 by 94%, 83%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. Moreover, oral administration of siphonaxanthin to KK-Ay mice significantly reduced the total weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) by 13%, especially the mesenteric WAT by 28%. Furthermore, siphonaxanthin administration reduced lipogenesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue. Siphonaxanthin was observed to highly accumulate in mesenteric WAT, and the accumulation in the mesenteric WAT was almost 2- and 3-fold that in epididymal (P = 0.14) and perirenal (P < 0.05) WAT, respectively. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that siphonaxanthin may effectively regulate adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and diabetic KK-Ay mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Si Li
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Kenji Noda
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Eriko Fujita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and Department of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Rohrbach S, Aslam M, Niemann B, Schulz R. Impact of caloric restriction on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and new therapeutic options to mimic its effects. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:2964-92. [PMID: 24611611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the most reliable intervention to extend lifespan and prevent age-related disorders in various species from yeast to rodents. Short- and long-term CR confers cardio protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in young and even in aged rodents. A few human trials suggest that CR has the potential to mediate improvement of cardiac or vascular function and induce retardation of cardiac senescence also in humans. The underlying mechanisms are diverse and have not yet been clearly defined. Among the known mediators for the benefits of CR are NO, the AMP-activated PK, sirtuins and adiponectin. Mitochondria, which play a central role in such complex processes within the cell as apoptosis, ATP-production or oxidative stress, are centrally involved in many aspects of CR-induced protection against ischaemic injury. Here, we discuss the relevant literature regarding the protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury conferred by CR. Furthermore, we will discuss drug targets to mimic CR and the possible role of calorie restriction in preserving cardiovascular function in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Khadir A, Tiss A, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M, Al-Khairi I, Cherian P, John J, Kavalakatt S, Warsame S, Al-Madhoun A, Al-Ghimlas F, Elkum N, Behbehani K, Dermime S, Dehbi M. MAP kinase phosphatase DUSP1 is overexpressed in obese humans and modulated by physical exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E71-83. [PMID: 25370852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00577.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulation of the stress defense system are cardinal features of obesity, a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), known also as MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), is implicated in metabolism and energy expenditure. Mice lacking DUSP1 are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. However, the expression of DUSP1 has not been investigated in human obesity. In the current study, we compared the expression pattern of DUSP1 between lean and obese nondiabetic human subjects using subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The levels of DUSP1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in obese subjects with concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) and PGC-1α and an increase in the levels of phospho-JNK (p-JNK) and phospho-ERK (p-ERK). Moreover, obese subjects had higher levels of circulating DUSP1 protein that correlated positively with various obesity indicators, triglycerides, glucagon, insulin, leptin, and PAI-1 (P < 0.05) but negatively with V̇O(2max) and high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). The observation that DUSP1 was overexpressed in obese subjects prompted us to investigate whether physical exercise could reduce its expression. In this study, we report for the first time that physical exercise significantly attenuated the expression of DUSP1 in both the SAT and PBMCs, with a parallel increase in the expression of PGC-1α and a reduction in the levels of p-JNK and p-ERK along with attenuated inflammatory response. Collectively, our data suggest that DUSP1 upregulation is strongly linked to adiposity and that physical exercise modulates its expression. This gives further evidence that exercise might be useful as a strategy for managing obesity and preventing its associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Tiss
- Deptartment of Biomedical Research
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naser Elkum
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Deptartment of Biomedical Research, Fitness and Rehabilitation Center, and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Said Dermime
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Mohammed Dehbi
- Diabetes Research Centre, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Mozhey OI, Zatolokin PA, Vasilenko MA, Litvinova LS, Kirienkova EV, Mazunin IO. Evaluating the number of mitochondrial DNA copies in leukocytes and adipocytes from metabolic syndrome patients: Pilot study. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
75
|
Nelson VLB, Jiang YP, Dickman KG, Ballou LM, Lin RZ. Adipose tissue insulin resistance due to loss of PI3K p110α leads to decreased energy expenditure and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1205-16. [PMID: 24691033 PMCID: PMC4025064 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00625.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly insulin-responsive organ that contributes to metabolic regulation. Insulin resistance in the adipose tissue affects systemic lipid and glucose homeostasis. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) mediates downstream insulin signaling in adipose tissue, but its physiological role in vivo remains unclear. Using Cre recombinase driven by the aP2 promoter, we created mice that lack the class 1A PI3K catalytic subunit p110α or p110β specifically in the white and brown adipose tissue. The loss of p110α, not p110β, resulted in increased adiposity, glucose intolerance and liver steatosis. Mice lacking p110α in adipose tissue exhibited a decrease in energy expenditure but no change in food intake or activity compared with control animals. This low energy expenditure is a consequence of low cellular respiration in the brown adipocytes caused by a decrease in expression of key mitochondrial genes including uncoupling protein-1. These results illustrate a critical role of p110α in the regulation of energy expenditure through modulation of cellular respiration in the brown adipose tissue and suggest that compromised insulin signaling in adipose tissue might be involved in the onset of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L B Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Ya-Ping Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and
| | - Lisa M Ballou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Richard Z Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Duivenvoorde LPM, van Schothorst EM, Swarts HJM, Keijer J. Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility of Old and Adult Mice Using Three Noninvasive, Indirect Calorimetry-Based Treatments. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:282-93. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
77
|
Abstract
Type II diabetes and its complications are a tremendous health burden throughout the world. Our understanding of the changes that lead to glucose imbalance and insulin resistance and ultimately diabetes remain incompletely understood. Many signaling and transcriptional pathways have been identified as being important to maintain normal glucose balance, including that of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1) family. This family of transcriptional coactivators strongly regulates mitochondrial and metabolic biology in numerous organs. The use of genetic models of PGC-1s, including both tissue-specific overexpression and knock-out models, has helped to reveal the specific roles that these coactivators play in each tissue. This review will thus focus on the PGC-1s and recently developed genetic rodent models that have highlighted the importance of these molecules in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C. Rowe
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Zolt Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Wu MT, Chou HN, Huang CJ. Dietary fucoxanthin increases metabolic rate and upregulated mRNA expressions of the PGC-1alpha network, mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion genes in white adipose tissues of mice. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:964-82. [PMID: 24534841 PMCID: PMC3944525 DOI: 10.3390/md12020964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism for how fucoxanthin (FX) suppressed adipose accumulation is unclear. We aim to investigate the effects of FX on metabolic rate and expressions of genes related to thermogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis and homeostasis. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, four groups of mice were respectively fed a high sucrose (50% sucrose) or a high-fat diet (23% butter + 7% soybean oil) supplemented with or without 0.2% FX. FX significantly increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. The mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effecter a (CIDEA), PPARα, PPARγ, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) were significantly upregulated in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and epididymal WAT (eWAT) by FX. Mitochondrial biogenic genes, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2, were increased in eWAT by FX. Noticeably, FX upregulated genes of mitochondrial fusion, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mfn2 and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), but not mitochondrial fission, Fission 1, in both iWAT and eWAT. In conclusion, dietary FX enhanced the metabolic rate and lowered adipose mass irrespective of the diet. These were associated with upregulated genes of the PGC-1α network and mitochondrial fusion in eWAT and iWAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Nong Chou
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-jang Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Gillberg L, Jacobsen SC, Rönn T, Brøns C, Vaag A. PPARGC1A DNA methylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue in low birth weight subjects--impact of 5 days of high-fat overfeeding. Metabolism 2014; 63:263-71. [PMID: 24262291 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased DNA methylation of the metabolic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) has been reported in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects and from low birth weight (LBW) subjects with an increased risk of T2D. High-fat overfeeding increases PPARGC1A DNA methylation in muscle in a birth weight dependent manner. However, PPARGC1A DNA methylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in LBW subjects has not previously been investigated. Our objective was to determine PPARGC1A DNA methylation and mRNA expression in basal and insulin-stimulated SAT from LBW and matched normal birth weight (NBW) subjects during control and high-fat overfeeding. MATERIALS/METHODS Nineteen young healthy men with LBW and 26 NBW controls were studied after both a 5-day high-fat overfeeding and a control diet in a randomized crossover setting. DNA methylation was assessed with bisulfite sequencing and mRNA expression with quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Following high-fat overfeeding, increased SAT PPARGC1A DNA methylation was observed in LBW subjects but not in NBW controls. Basal SAT PPARGC1A mRNA expression was unaffected by diet and similar in the two groups. However, LBW subjects showed an increased SAT PPARGC1A mRNA expression during insulin-stimulation. SAT PPARGC1A methylation correlated inversely with mRNA expression during insulin-stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The study adds to the increasing awareness of PPARGC1A DNA methylation being flexible and influenced by high-fat overfeeding in a birth weight dependent manner with muscle and fat responding differently. Further data are needed to understand the role of PPARGC1A DNA methylation in insulin resistance and developmental programming of T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn Gillberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Tagensvej 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Stine C Jacobsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Tagensvej 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Tina Rönn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Brøns
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Tagensvej 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Tagensvej 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Hoppeler H, Baum O, Lurman G, Mueller M. Molecular mechanisms of muscle plasticity with exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1383-412. [PMID: 23733647 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use. Low-intensity endurance type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized mainly by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In low-intensity exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of a multitude of genes with Ca(2+) signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several parallel signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, perceived as being the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. High-load training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTOR mainly influenced by an insulin/growth factor-dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Exercise-induced muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. Crucial nodes of strength and endurance exercise signaling networks are shared making these training modes interdependent. Robustness of exercise-related signaling is the consequence of signaling being multiple parallel with feed-back and feed-forward control over single and multiple signaling levels. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle phenotypic plasticity. We lack understanding of the precise interactions among partners of signaling networks and accordingly models to predict signaling outcome of entire networks. A major current challenge is to verify and apply available knowledge gained in model systems to predict human phenotypic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Dietary stimulators of the PGC-1 superfamily and mitochondrial biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. A mini-review. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:271-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
82
|
Magnolia extract (BL153) ameliorates kidney damage in a high fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:367040. [PMID: 24381715 PMCID: PMC3863519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/367040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrated that obesity is a risk factor for renal structural and functional changes, leading to the end-stage renal disease which imposes a heavy economic burden on the community. However, no effective therapeutic method for obesity-associated kidney disease is available. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of a magnolia extract (BL153) for treating obesity-associated kidney damage in a high fat diet- (HFD-) induced mouse model. The results showed that inflammation markers (tumor necrosis factor-α and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and oxidative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) were all significantly increased in the kidney of HFD-fed mice compared to mice fed with a low fat diet (LFD). Additionally, proteinuria and renal structure changes in HFD-fed mice were much more severe than that in LFD-fed mice. However, all these alterations were attenuated by BL153 treatment, accompanied by upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and hexokinase II (HK II) expression in the kidney. The present study indicates that BL153 administration may be a novel approach for renoprotection in obese individuals by antiinflammation and anti-oxidative stress most likely via upregulation of PGC-1α and HK II signal in the kidney.
Collapse
|
83
|
Thompson MM, Manning HC, Ellacott KLJ. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is regulated in white and brown adipose tissue by obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79980. [PMID: 24260329 PMCID: PMC3832377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is an outer-mitochondrial membrane transporter which has many functions including participation in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of cellular energy, and is the rate-limiting step in the uptake of cholesterol. TSPO expression is dysregulated during disease pathologies involving changes in tissue energy demands such as cancer, and is up-regulated in activated macrophages during the inflammatory response. Obesity is associated with decreased energy expenditure, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation which collectively contribute to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, we hypothesized that dysregulation of TSPO in adipose tissue may be a feature of disease pathology in obesity. Radioligand binding studies revealed a significant reduction in TSPO ligand binding sites in mitochondrial extracts from both white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mouse models of obesity (diet-induced and genetic) compared to control animals. We also confirmed a reduction in TSPO gene expression in whole tissue extracts from WAT and BAT. Immunohistochemistry in WAT confirmed TSPO expression in adipocytes but also revealed high-levels of TSPO expression in WAT macrophages in obese animals. No changes in TSPO expression were observed in WAT or BAT after a 17 hour fast or 4 hour cold exposure. Treatment of mice with the TSPO ligand PK11195 resulted in regulation of metabolic genes in WAT. Together, these results suggest a potential role for TSPO in mediating adipose tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misty M. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kate L. J. Ellacott
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Murholm M, Isidor MS, Basse AL, Winther S, Sørensen C, Skovgaard-Petersen J, Nielsen MM, Hansen AS, Quistorff B, Hansen JB. Retinoic acid has different effects on UCP1 expression in mouse and human adipocytes. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 24059847 PMCID: PMC3849012 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased adipose thermogenesis is being considered as a strategy aimed at preventing or reversing obesity. Thus, regulation of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene in human adipocytes is of significant interest. Retinoic acid (RA), the carboxylic acid form of vitamin A, displays agonist activity toward several nuclear hormone receptors, including RA receptors (RARs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). Moreover, RA is a potent positive regulator of UCP1 expression in mouse adipocytes. Results The effects of all-trans RA (ATRA) on UCP1 gene expression in models of mouse and human adipocyte differentiation were investigated. ATRA induced UCP1 expression in all mouse white and brown adipocytes, but inhibited or had no effect on UCP1 expression in human adipocyte cell lines and primary human white adipocytes. Experiments with various RAR agonists and a RAR antagonist in mouse cells demonstrated that the stimulatory effect of ATRA on UCP1 gene expression was indeed mediated by RARs. Consistently, a PPARδ agonist was without effect. Moreover, the ATRA-mediated induction of UCP1 expression in mouse adipocytes was independent of PPARγ coactivator-1α. Conclusions UCP1 expression is differently affected by ATRA in mouse and human adipocytes. ATRA induces UCP1 expression in mouse adipocytes through activation of RARs, whereas expression of UCP1 in human adipocytes is not increased by exposure to ATRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Murholm
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kinfe HH, Belay YH, Joseph JS, Mukwevho E. Evaluation of the Influence of thiosemicarbazone-triazole hybrids on genes implicated in lipid oxidation and accumulation as potential anti-obesity agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5275-8. [PMID: 23988353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazone-triazole hybrids 1a-h are efficiently synthesised and evaluated for their influence on the expression of genes, cpt-1, acc-1 and pgc-1, which are essential in lipid metabolism. The test results show that hybrids 1c and 1g exhibited relatively high influence on the expression of cpt-1 and pgc-1 and suppression of acc-1 as desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henok H Kinfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland park 2006, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Collison KS, Makhoul NJ, Zaidi MZ, Inglis A, Andres BL, Ubungen R, Saleh S, Al-Mohanna FA. Prediabetic changes in gene expression induced by aspartame and monosodium glutamate in Trans fat-fed C57Bl/6 J mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:44. [PMID: 23783067 PMCID: PMC3727955 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human diet has altered markedly during the past four decades, with the introduction of Trans hydrogenated fat, which extended the shelf-life of dietary oils and promoted a dramatic increase in elaidic acid (Trans-18.1) consumption. Food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) and aspartame (ASP) were introduced to increase food palatability and reduce caloric intake. Nutrigenomics studies in small-animal models are an established platform for analyzing the interactions between various macro- and micronutrients. We therefore investigated the effects of changes in hepatic and adipose tissue gene expression induced by the food additives ASP, MSG or a combination of both additives in C57Bl/6 J mice fed a Trans fat-enriched diet. METHODS Hepatic and adipose tissue gene expression profiles, together with body characteristics, glucose parameters, serum hormone and lipid profiles were examined in C57Bl/6 J mice consuming one of the following four dietary regimens, commencing in utero via the mother's diet: [A] Trans fat (TFA) diet; [B] MSG + TFA diet; [C] ASP + TFA diet; [D] ASP + MSG + TFA diet. RESULTS Whilst dietary MSG significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and serum leptin levels in TFA-fed mice, the combination of ASP + MSG promoted the highest increase in visceral adipose tissue deposition, serum free fatty acids, fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and TNFα levels. Microarray analysis of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed a reduction in hepatic and adipose tissue PPARGC1a expression concomitant with changes in PPARGC1a-related functional networks including PPARα, δ and γ. We identified 73 DEGs common to both adipose and liver which were upregulated by ASP + MSG in Trans fat-fed mice; and an additional 51 common DEGs which were downregulated. CONCLUSION The combination of ASP and MSG may significantly alter adiposity, glucose homeostasis, hepatic and adipose tissue gene expression in TFA-fed C57Bl/6 J mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Collison
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine J Makhoul
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marya Z Zaidi
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Inglis
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bernard L Andres
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosario Ubungen
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Saleh
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO BOX 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O, Kopecky J. Stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in white fat independent of UCP1: A key to lean phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:986-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
88
|
Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Bisoffi M, Conn CA, Trujillo KA. Ubiquinol rescues simvastatin-suppression of mitochondrial content, function and metabolism: implications for statin-induced rhabdomyolysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 711:1-9. [PMID: 23624330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Statin medications diminish cholesterol biosynthesis and are commonly prescribed to reduce cardiovascular disease. Statins also reduce production of ubiquinol, a vital component of mitochondrial energy production; ubiquinol reduction may contribute to rhabdomyolysis. Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with either ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control, or simvastatin at 5 µM or 10 µM, or simvastatin at 5 µM with ubiquinol at 0.5 µM or 1.0 µM for 24 h or 48 h. PGC-1α RNA levels were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was determined using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Metabolism was determined by quantification of extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate. Treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with simvastatin significantly reduced oxidative, total metabolism, and cellular ATP content in a time- and dose-dependent manner which was rescued by concurrent treatment with ubiquinol. Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced mitochondrial content as well as cell viability which were both rescued by simultaneous treatment with ubiquinol. This work demonstrates that the addition of ubiquinol to current statin treatment regimens may protect muscle cells from myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Voigt A, Agnew K, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J, Klaus S. Short-term, high fat feeding-induced changes in white adipose tissue gene expression are highly predictive for long-term changes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1423-34. [PMID: 23413212 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE We aimed to evaluate the predictability of short-term (5 days) changes in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) gene expression for long-term (12 weeks) changes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed semisynthetic diets containing 10 (low-fat diet) or 40 (HFD) energy% of fat. Global gene expression in eWAT was analyzed using microarrays and confirmed by quantitative PCR. As expected, HFD feeding resulted in increased body fat accumulation and reduced glucose tolerance after 12 weeks. A total of 4678 transcripts were significantly changed by HFD after 12 weeks and 973 after 5 days, with an overlap of 764 transcripts encoding 549 genes. Of these, 79% were downregulated and 21% were upregulated by HFD, all in the same direction and highly correlated (r(2) = 0.90) between the time points. Pathway analysis showed downregulation of the main identified processes: lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. Mest (mesoderm-specific transcript) was highly upregulated, confirming its role as an early marker of fat cell expansion. CONCLUSION The high predictive value of short-term gene expression changes for long-term effects of high fat feeding is a promising step to establish robust early biomarkers that could shorten animal trials to assess health-promoting food compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Voigt
- Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wu CW, Biggar KK, Storey KB. Biochemical adaptations of mammalian hibernation: exploring squirrels as a perspective model for naturally induced reversible insulin resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 46:1-13. [PMID: 23314346 PMCID: PMC3854349 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An important disease among human metabolic disorders is type 2 diabetes mellitus. This disorder involves multiple physiological defects that result from high blood glucose content and eventually lead to the onset of insulin resistance. The combination of insulin resistance, increased glucose production, and decreased insulin secretion creates a diabetic metabolic environment that leads to a lifetime of management. Appropriate models are critical for the success of research. As such, a unique model providing insight into the mechanisms of reversible insulin resistance is mammalian hibernation. Hibernators, such as ground squirrels and bats, are excellent examples of animals exhibiting reversible insulin resistance, for which a rapid increase in body weight is required prior to entry into dormancy. Hibernator studies have shown differential regulation of specific molecular pathways involved in reversible resistance to insulin. The present review focuses on this growing area of research and the molecular mechanisms that regulate glucose homeostasis, and explores the roles of the Akt signaling pathway during hibernation. Here, we propose a link between hibernation, a well-documented response to periods of environmental stress, and reversible insulin resistance, potentially facilitated by key alterations in the Akt signaling network, PPAR-γ/PGC-1α regulation, and non-coding RNA expression. Coincidentally, many of the same pathways are frequently found to be dysregulated during insulin resistance in human type 2 diabetes. Hence, the molecular networks that may regulate reversible insulin resistance in hibernating mammals represent a novel approach by providing insight into medical treatment of insulin resistance in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-W Wu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Tizioto PC, Meirelles SL, Tulio RR, Rosa AN, Alencar MM, Medeiros SR, Siqueira F, Feijó GLD, Silva LOC, Torres Junior RAA, Regitano LCA. Candidate genes for production traits in Nelore beef cattle. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4138-44. [PMID: 23079978 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.19.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Meat quality is an important trait for the beef industry. Backfat thickness, ribeye area, and shear force are traits measured late in life, and the investigation of molecular markers associated with these traits can help breeding programs. In cattle, some polymorphisms have been related to production traits. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the presence of polymorphisms in the candidate genes insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and peroxisome proliferative active receptor gamma coactivator 1 A (PPARGC1A) and associate them with production traits in reference families of Nelore cattle. We used 270 steers descendent from 20 sires that were chosen to represent variability in this breed. The investigation of marker effects on the traits was performed using a mixed model under the restricted maximum likelihood method. A significant allele substitution effect was found for IGF1 and yearling weight (P ≤ 0.017). The mean allele substitution effect was 6.9 kg, with the 229 allele associated with reduced yearling weight in this Nelore population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Tizioto
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Barberena MA, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K, Conn CA. Treatment of human muscle cells with popular dietary supplements increase mitochondrial function and metabolic rate. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:101. [PMID: 23148693 PMCID: PMC3545995 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a common pathology with increasing incidence, and is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Several treatment options for obesity are currently available ranging from behavioral modifications to pharmaceutical agents. Many popular dietary supplements claim to enhance weight loss by acting as metabolic stimulators, however direct tests of their effect on metabolism have not been performed. Purpose This work identified the effects popular dietary supplements on metabolic rate and mitochondrial biosynthesis in human skeletal muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with popular dietary supplements at varied doses for 24 hours. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), an important stimulator of mitochondrial biosynthesis, was quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was measured using flow cytometry confirmed with confocal microscopy. Glycolytic metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxidative metabolism was quantified by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Total relative metabolism was quantified using WST-1 end point assay. Results Treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with dietary supplements OxyElite Pro (OEP) or Cellucore HD (CHD) induced PGC-1α leading to significantly increased mitochondrial content. Glycolytic and oxidative capacities were also significantly increased following treatment with OEP or CHD. Conclusion This is the first work to identify metabolic adaptations in muscle cells following treatment with popular dietary supplements including enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis, and glycolytic, oxidative and total metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Bisoffi M, Conn CA, Trujillo KA. Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:142. [PMID: 23107305 PMCID: PMC3515476 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyunsaturated fatty acids are popular dietary supplements advertised to contribute to weight loss by increasing fat metabolism in liver, but the effects on overall muscle metabolism are less established. We evaluated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or combination omega 3 on metabolic characteristics in muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with either DMSO control, or CLA or combination omega 3 for 24 or 48 hours. RNA was determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was determined using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates. Results Omega 3 significantly induced metabolic genes as well as oxidative metabolism (oxygen consumption), glycolytic capacity (extracellular acidification), and metabolic rate compared with control. Both treatments significantly increased mitochondrial content. Conclusion Omega 3 fatty acids appear to enhance glycolytic, oxidative, and total metabolism. Moreover, both omega 3 and CLA treatment significantly increase mitochondrial content compared with control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Development of insulin resistance in mice lacking PGC-1α in adipose tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9635-40. [PMID: 22645355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207287109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression and mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Whether this association is causally involved in the development of insulin resistance or is only a consequence of this condition has not been clearly determined. Here we studied the effects of adipose-specific deficiency of PGC-1α on systemic glucose homeostasis. Loss of PGC-1α in white fat resulted in reduced expression of the thermogenic and mitochondrial genes in mice housed at ambient temperature, whereas gene expression patterns in brown fat were not altered. When challenged with a high-fat diet, insulin resistance was observed in the mutant mice, characterized by reduced suppression of hepatic glucose output. Resistance to insulin was also associated with an increase in circulating lipids, along with a decrease in the expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism and fatty acid uptake in adipose tissues. Taken together, these data demonstrate a critical role for adipose PGC-1α in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and a potentially causal involvement in the development of insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
95
|
Michel S, Wanet A, De Pauw A, Rommelaere G, Arnould T, Renard P. Crosstalk between mitochondrial (dys)function and mitochondrial abundance. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2297-310. [PMID: 21928343 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A controlled regulation of mitochondrial mass through either the production (biogenesis) or the degradation (mitochondrial quality control) of the organelle represents a crucial step for proper mitochondrial and cell function. Key steps of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control are overviewed, with an emphasis on the role of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases that keep mitochondria fully functional, provided the mitochondrial activity impairment is not excessive. In this case, the whole organelle is degraded by mitochondrial autophagy or "mitophagy." Beside the maintenance of adequate mitochondrial abundance and functions for cell homeostasis, mitochondrial biogenesis might be enhanced, through discussed signaling pathways, in response to various physiological stimuli, like contractile activity, exposure to low temperatures, caloric restriction, and stem cells differentiation. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction might also initiate a retrograde response, enabling cell adaptation through increased mitochondrial biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Michel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in body weight homeostasis, inflammation, and insulin resistance via serving as a fat-buffering system, regulating lipid storage and mobilization and releasing a large range of adipokines and cytokines. Adipose tissue is also the major inflammation-initiated site in obesity. Adipose-derived adipokines and cytokines are known to be involved in the modulation of a wide range of important physiological processes, particularly immune response, glucose and lipid homeostasis and insulin resistance. Adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an imbalanced secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines and cytokines, decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, dysregulation of lipid storage and release and mitochondrial dysfunction, has been linked to obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Proteomic technology has been a powerful tool for identifying key components of the adipose proteome, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the proteomic characterization of adipose tissue and discussed the identified proteins that potentially play important roles in insulin resistance and lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
|
97
|
Chen M, Macpherson A, Owens J, Wittert G, Heilbronn LK. Obesity alone or with type 2 diabetes is associated with tissue specific alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression of PPARGC1A and IGF2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-0866-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
98
|
Reusens B, Theys N, Remacle C. Alteration of mitochondrial function in adult rat offspring of malnourished dams. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:149-57. [PMID: 21954419 PMCID: PMC3180527 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i9.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under-nutrition as well as over-nutrition during pregnancy has been associated with the development of adult diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Both epigenetic modifications and programming of the mitochondrial function have been recently proposed to explain how altered intrauterine metabolic environment may produce such a phenotype. This review aims to report data reported in several animal models of fetal malnutrition due to maternal low protein or low calorie diet, high fat diet as well as reduction in placental blood flow. We focus our overview on the β cell. We highlight that, notwithstanding early nutritional events, mitochondrial dysfunctions resulting from different alteration by diet or gender are programmed. This may explain the higher propensity to develop obesity and diabetes in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reusens
- Brigitte Reusens, Nicolas Theys, Claude Remacle, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Mercader J, Palou A, Bonet ML. Resveratrol enhances fatty acid oxidation capacity and reduces resistin and Retinol-Binding Protein 4 expression in white adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:828-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
100
|
Koponen T, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Pirinen E, Hohtola E, Paananen J, Vuohelainen S, Tusa M, Pirnes-Karhu S, Heikkinen S, Virkamäki A, Uimari A, Alhonen L, Laakso M. The activation of hepatic and muscle polyamine catabolism improves glucose homeostasis. Amino Acids 2011; 42:427-40. [PMID: 21814795 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial biogenesis and energy expenditure regulator, PGC-1α, has been previously reported to be induced in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver of mice overexpressing spermidine/spermine N (1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT). The activation of PGC-1α in these mouse lines leads to increased number of mitochondria, improved glucose homeostasis, reduced WAT mass and elevated basal metabolic rate. The constant activation of polyamine catabolism produces a futile cycle that greatly reduces the ATP pools and induces 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which in turn activates PGC-1α in WAT. In this study, we have investigated the effects of activated polyamine catabolism on the glucose and energy metabolisms when targeted to specific tissues. For that we used a mouse line overexpressing SSAT under the endogenous SSAT promoter, an inducible SSAT overexpressing mouse model using the metallothionein I promoter (MT-SSAT), and a mouse model with WAT-specific SSAT overexpression (aP2-SSAT). The results demonstrated that WAT-specific SSAT overexpression was sufficient to increase the number of mitochondria, reduce WAT mass and protect the mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity. However, the improvement in the glucose homeostasis is achieved only when polyamine catabolism is enhanced at the same time in the liver and skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that the tissue-specific targeting of activated polyamine catabolism may reveal new possibilities for the development of drugs boosting mitochondrial metabolism and eventually for treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taina Koponen
- Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|