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Genetically Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Harboring Transmembrane Scaffolds Exhibit Differences in Their Size, Expression Levels of Specific Surface Markers and Cell-Uptake. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122564. [PMID: 36559058 PMCID: PMC9783873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are versatile nanomaterials suitable for disease-targeted drug delivery and therapy. Native EVs, however, usually do not interact specifically with target cells or harbor therapeutic drugs, which limits their potential for clinical applications. These functions can be introduced to EVs by genetic manipulation of membrane protein scaffolds, although the efficiency of these manipulations and the impacts they have on the properties of EVs are for the most part unknown. In this study, we quantify the effects of genetic manipulations of different membrane scaffolds on the physicochemical properties, molecular profiles, and cell uptake of the EVs. METHODS Using a combination of gene fusion, molecular imaging, and immuno-based on-chip analysis, we examined the effects of various protein scaffolds, including endogenous tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) and exogenous vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG), on the efficiency of integration in EV membranes, the physicochemical properties of EVs, and EV uptake by recipient cells. RESULTS Fluorescence imaging and live cell monitoring showed each scaffold type was integrated into EVs either in membranes of the endocytic compartment, the plasma membrane, or both. Analysis of vesicle size revealed that the incorporation of each scaffold increased the average diameter of vesicles compared to unmodified EVs. Molecular profiling of surface markers in engineered EVs using on-chip assays showed the CD63-GFP scaffold decreased expression of CD81 on the membrane surface compared to control EVs, whereas its expression was mostly unchanged in EVs bearing CD9-, CD81-, or VSVG-GFP. The results from cell uptake studies demonstrated that VSVG-engineered EVs were taken up by recipient cells to a greater degree than control EVs. CONCLUSION We found that the incorporation of different molecular scaffolds in EVs altered their physicochemical properties, surface protein profiles, and cell-uptake functions. Scaffold-induced changes in the physical and functional properties of engineered EVs should therefore be considered in engineering EVs for the targeted delivery and uptake of therapeutics to diseased cells.
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Bai J, Wei X, Zhang X, Wu C, Wang Z, Chen M, Wang J. Microfluidic strategies for the isolation and profiling of exosomes. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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53
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Hallal S, Tűzesi Á, Grau GE, Buckland ME, Alexander KL. Understanding the extracellular vesicle surface for clinical molecular biology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12260. [PMID: 36239734 PMCID: PMC9563386 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-membrane enclosed nanoparticles that play significant roles in health and disease. EVs are abundant in body fluids and carry an array of molecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and glycans) that reflect the identity and activity of their cell-of-origin. While the advent of high throughput omics technologies has allowed in-depth characterisation of EV compositions, how these molecular species are spatially distributed within EV structures is not well appreciated. This is particularly true of the EV surface where a plethora of molecules are reported to be both integral and peripherally associated to the EV membrane. This coronal layer or 'atmosphere' that surrounds the EV membrane contributes to a large, highly interactive and dynamic surface area that is responsible for facilitating EV interactions with the extracellular environment. The EV coronal layer harbours surface molecules that reflect the identity of parent cells, which is likely a highly valuable property in the context of diagnostic liquid biopsies. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the mechanical, electrostatic and molecular properties of the EV surface that offer significant biomarker potential and contribute to a highly dynamic interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hallal
- Neurosurgery DepartmentChris O'Brien LifehouseCamperdownNSWAustralia,Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Ágota Tűzesi
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Michael E. Buckland
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Kimberley L. Alexander
- Neurosurgery DepartmentChris O'Brien LifehouseCamperdownNSWAustralia,Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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54
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Zhou M, Li YJ, Tang YC, Hao XY, Xu WJ, Xiang DX, Wu JY. Apoptotic bodies for advanced drug delivery and therapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:394-406. [PMID: 36167267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for multiple biomedical applications. Major types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies (ABs). ABs are conferred most properties from parent cells in the final stages of apoptosis. A wide variety of sources and stable morphological features are endowed to ABs by the rigorous apoptotic program. ABs accommodate more functional biomolecules by relying on the larger volume and maintaining their naturalness in circulation. The predominant body surface ratio of ABs facilitates their recognition by recipient cells and is advantageous for interactions with microenvironments. ABs can modulate and alleviate symptoms of numerous diseases for their origins, circulation, and high biocompatibility. In addition, ABs have been emerging in disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, regenerative therapy, and drug delivery. Here, we aim to present a thorough discussion on current knowledge about ABs. Of particular interest, we will summarize the application of AB-based strategies for diagnosis and disease therapy. Perspectives for the development of ABs in biomedical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yan Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Suthar J, Alvarez-Fernandez A, Taylor A, Fornerod MJ, Williams GR, Guldin S. Silica Inverse Opal Nanostructured Sensors for Enhanced Immunodetection of Extracellular Vesicles by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:12951-12961. [PMID: 36185167 PMCID: PMC9513796 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized circulating assemblies that contain biomarkers considered promising for early diagnosis within neurology, cardiology, and oncology. Recently, acoustic wave biosensors, in particular based on quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), have emerged as a sensitive, label-free, and selective EV characterization platform. A rational approach to further improving sensing detection limits relies on the nanostructuration of the sensor surfaces. To this end, inorganic inverse opals (IOs) derived from colloidal self-assembly present a highly tunable and scalable nanoarchitecture of suitable feature sizes and surface chemistry. This work systematically investigates their use in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) for enhanced QCM-D EV detection. Precise tuning of the architecture parameters delivered improvements in detection performance to sensitivities as low as 6.24 × 107 particles/mL. Our findings emphasize that attempts to enhance acoustic immunosensing via increasing the surface area by 3D nanostructuration need to be carefully analyzed in order to exclude solvent and artifact entrapment effects. Moreover, the use of 2D nanostructured electrodes to compartmentalize analyte anchoring presents a particularly promising design principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London,
Bloomsbury, 29-39 Brunswick
Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Alaric Taylor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Maximiliano J. Fornerod
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London,
Bloomsbury, 29-39 Brunswick
Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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56
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Kaur S, Livak F, Daaboul G, Anderson L, Roberts DD. Single vesicle analysis of CD47 association with integrins and tetraspanins on extracellular vesicles released by T lymphoblast and prostate carcinoma cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12265. [PMID: 36107309 PMCID: PMC9477112 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 regulates the trafficking of specific coding and noncoding RNAs into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the RNA contents of CD47+ EVs differ from that of CD63+ EVs released by the same cells. Single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing combined with immunofluorescent imaging was used to analyse the colocalization of tetraspanins, integrins, and CD47 on EVs produced by wild type and CD47-deficient Jurkat T lymphoblast and PC3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. On Jurkat cell-derived EVs, β1 and α4 integrin subunits colocalized predominantly with CD47 and CD81 but not with CD63 and CD9, conserving the known lateral interactions between these proteins in the plasma membrane. Although PC3 cell-derived EVs lacked detectable α4 integrin, specific association of CD81 with β1 and CD47 was preserved. Loss of CD47 expression in Jurkat cells significantly reduced β1 and α4 levels on EVs produced by these cells while elevating CD9+ , CD63+ , and CD81+ EVs. In contrast, loss of CD47 in PC3 cells decreased the abundance of CD63+ and CD81+ EVs. These data establish that CD47+ EVs are mostly distinct from EVs bearing the tetraspanins CD63 and CD9, but CD47 also indirectly regulates the abundance of EVs bearing these non-interacting tetraspanins via mechanisms that remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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57
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Fordjour FK, Guo C, Ai Y, Daaboul GG, Gould SJ. A shared, stochastic pathway mediates exosome protein budding along plasma and endosome membranes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102394. [PMID: 35988652 PMCID: PMC9512851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of ∼30 to 150 nm that are secreted by all cells, abundant in all biofluids, and play important roles in health and disease. However, details about the mechanism of exosome biogenesis are unclear. Here, we carried out a cargo-based analysis of exosome cargo protein biogenesis in which we identified the most highly enriched exosomal cargo proteins and then followed their biogenesis, trafficking, and exosomal secretion to test different hypotheses for how cells make exosomes. We show that exosome cargo proteins bud from cells (i) in exosome-sized vesicles regardless of whether they are localized to plasma or endosome membranes, (ii) ∼5-fold more efficiently when localized to the plasma membrane, (iii) ∼5-fold less efficiently when targeted to the endosome membrane, (iv) by a stochastic process that leads to ∼100-fold differences in their abundance from one exosome to another, and (v) independently of small GTPase Rab27a, the ESCRT complex–associated protein Alix, or the cargo protein CD63. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cells use a shared, stochastic mechanism to bud exosome cargoes along the spectrum of plasma and endosome membranes and far more efficiently from the plasma membrane than the endosome. Our observations also indicate that the pronounced variation in content between different exosome-sized vesicles is an inevitable consequence of a stochastic mechanism of small vesicle biogenesis, that the origin membrane of exosome-sized extracellular vesicles simply cannot be determined, and that most of what we currently know about exosomes has likely come from studies of plasma membrane-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Fordjour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiwei Ai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Okada-Tsuchioka M, Kajitani N, Omori W, Kurashige T, Boku S, Takebayashi M. Tetraspanin heterogeneity of small extracellular vesicles in human biofluids and brain tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 627:146-151. [PMID: 36037746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released from most cell types delimited by a lipid bilayer. Small EVs (sEVs) are nanosized (<200 nm) and include exosomes. Brain-derived sEVs may provide a source for new biomarkers of brain status. CD9, CD63, and CD81 are major members of the tetraspanin family frequently used as sEV markers. However, according to a recent report, tetraspanins were not equally expressed in all sEVs, but rather show heterogeneity that reflects the expression levels in their secretory cells. We therefore investigated tetraspanin heterogeneity of sEVs in biofluids commonly used for clinical laboratory tests, and those in the brain. Expression levels and distributions of CD9, CD63 and CD81 on sEVs were determined in serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from each healthy donor, and in post-mortem brain tissue samples. We found heterogeneous mixes of sEVs with various tetraspanin combinations among sEVs, and the predominant types and heterogeneous patterns of tetraspanins were specific to sample type. Hierarchical clustering revealed that brain sEVs were similar to those in the CSF, but different from those in peripheral blood. Our findings both provide basic information and contribute to the development of biomarkers for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, 737-0023, Japan.
| | - Naoto Kajitani
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, 737-0023, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Wataru Omori
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, 737-0023, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurashige
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, 737-0023, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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Frigerio R, Musicò A, Strada A, Bergamaschi G, Panella S, Grange C, Marelli M, Ferretti AM, Andriolo G, Bussolati B, Barile L, Chiari M, Gori A, Cretich M. Comparing digital detection platforms in high sensitivity immune-phenotyping of extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e53. [PMID: 38939054 PMCID: PMC11080918 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite their clinical potential, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) struggle to take the scene as a preeminent source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy. Limitations in the use of EVs origin from their inherent complexity and heterogeneity and from the sensitivity demand in detecting low to very low abundant disease-specific sub-populations. Such need can be met by digital detection, namely capable to reach the single-molecule sensitivity. Here we set to compare, side by side, two digital detection platforms that have recently gained increasing importance in the field of EVs. The platforms, both commercially available, are based on the principles of the Single Particle Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensing (SP-IRIS) and the Single Molecule Array technology (SiMoA) respectively. Sensitivity in immune-phenotyping of a well characterized EV sample is reported, discussing possible applicative implications and rationales for alternative or complementary use of the two platforms in biomarker discovery or validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frigerio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Angelo Musicò
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Strada
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Stefano Panella
- Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleLuganoSwitzerland
| | | | - Marcello Marelli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Anna M. Ferretti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Gabriella Andriolo
- Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Lucio Barile
- Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) ‐ Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanoItaly
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Detailed Characterization of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Different Cell Types Based on Tetraspanin Composition by ExoView R100 Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158544. [PMID: 35955677 PMCID: PMC9369185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) hold enormous potential as biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic agents. However, due to previous limitations in the phenotypic characterization of sEV at the single vesicle level, knowledge of cell type-specific sEV signatures remains sparse. With the introduction of next-generation sEV analysis devices, such as the single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS)-based ExoView R100 platform, single sEV analyses are now possible. While the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81 were generally considered pan-sEV markers, it became clear that sEV of different cell types contain several combinations and amounts of these proteins on their surfaces. To gain better insight into the complexity and heterogeneity of sEV, we used the ExoView R100 platform to analyze the CD9/CD63/CD81 phenotype of sEV released by different cell types at a single sEV level. We demonstrated that these surface markers are sufficient to distinguish cell-type-specific sEV phenotypes. Furthermore, we recognized that tetraspanin composition in some sEV populations does not follow a random pattern. Notably, the tetraspanin distribution of sEV derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alters depending on cell culture conditions. Overall, our data provide an overview of the cell-specific characteristics of sEV populations, which will increase the understanding of sEV physiology and improve the development of new sEV-based therapeutic approaches.
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61
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Zhao J, An Q, Zhu X, Yang B, Gao X, Niu Y, Zhang L, Xu K, Ma D. Research status and future prospects of extracellular vesicles in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:230. [PMID: 35659085 PMCID: PMC9166483 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by the invasion of exocrine glands such as lacrimal and salivary glands, abnormal proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, and infiltration of tissue lymphocytes. With the development of modern medicine, although research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pSS has made significant progress, its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Meanwhile, in the era of individualized treatment, it remains essential to further explore early diagnosis and treatment methods. Exosomes, small vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, are a subtype of extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells and present in various body fluids. Exosomes contribute to a variety of biological functions, including intercellular signal transduction and pathophysiological processes, and may play a role in immune tolerance. Therefore, exosomes are key to understanding the pathogenesis of diseases. Exosomes can also be used as a therapeutic tool for pSS because of their biodegradability, low immunogenicity and toxicity, and the ability to bypass the blood–brain barrier, implying the prospect of a broad application in the context of pSS. Here, we systematically review the isolation, identification, tracing, and mode of action of extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, as well as the research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Qi An
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xueqing Zhu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Baoqi Yang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Xinnan Gao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yuhu Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, 56, Xinjian South Rd., Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
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Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Lu Y, Jurchuk S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:2827-2863. [PMID: 35880114 PMCID: PMC9128385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles endogenously secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a specific molecular cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids derived from cells of origin and play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Upon release, they may be found in different body fluids that can be easily accessed via noninvasive methodologies. Due to the unique information encoded in their molecular cargo, they may reflect the state of the parent cell and therefore EVs are recognized as a rich source of biomarkers for early diagnostics involving liquid biopsy. However, body fluids contain a mixture of EVs released by different types of healthy and diseased cells, making the detection of the EVs of interest very challenging. Recent research efforts have been focused on the detection and characterization of diagnostically relevant subpopulations of EVs, with emphasis on label-free methods that simplify sample preparation and are free of interfering signals. Therefore, in this paper, we review the recent progress of the label-free optical methods employed for the detection, counting, and morphological and chemical characterization of EVs. We will first briefly discuss the biology and functions of EVs, and then introduce different optical label-free techniques for rapid, precise, and nondestructive characterization of EVs such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy. In the end, we will discuss their applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and provide an outlook on the future impact and challenges of these technologies to the field of liquid biopsy via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yao Lu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, 1006, Montreal, QC, H3C6W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jurchuk
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, Rm#350, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 University St., MC362, Montreal, H3A 0E9l, Canada
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63
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Risk stratification of patients with SARS-CoV-2 by tissue factor expression in circulating extracellular vesicles. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 145:106999. [PMID: 35597450 PMCID: PMC9116046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory response following SARS-CoV-2 infection results in substantial increase of amounts of intravascular pro-coagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs) expressing tissue factor (CD142) on their surface. CD142-EV turned out to be useful as diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients. Here we aimed at studying the prognostic capacity of CD142-EV in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expression of CD142-EV was evaluated in 261 subjects admitted to hospital for pneumonia and with a positive molecular test for SARS-CoV-2. The study population consisted of a discovery cohort of selected patients (n = 60) and an independent validation cohort including unselected consecutive enrolled patients (n = 201). CD142-EV levels were correlated with post-hospitalization course of the disease and compared to the clinically available 4C Mortality Score as referral. CD142-EV showed a reliable performance to predict patient prognosis in the discovery cohort (AUC = 0.906) with an accuracy of 81.7%, that was confirmed in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.736). Kaplan-Meier curves highlighted a high discrimination power in unselected subjects with CD142-EV being able to stratify the majority of patients according to their prognosis. We obtained a comparable accuracy, being not inferior in terms of prediction of patients' prognosis and risk of mortality, with 4C Mortality Score. The expression of surface vesicular CD142 and its reliability as prognostic marker was technically validated using different immunocapture strategies and assays. The detection of CD142 on EV surface gains considerable interest as risk stratification tool to support clinical decision making in COVID-19.
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64
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Xie S, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis, Cargo-Sorting Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050498. [PMID: 35629824 PMCID: PMC9144303 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. The study of EVs has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ≈100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. Different molecular families have been shown to be involved in the formation of exosomes and subsequent secretion of exosomes, which largely leads to the complexity of the form, structure and function of exosomes. In addition, because of their low immunogenicity and ability to transfer a variety of bioactive components to recipient cells, exosomes are regarded as effective drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the known mechanisms of exosomes biogenesis, cargo loading, exosomes release and bioengineering, which is of great importance for further exploration into the clinical applications of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Li Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.X.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-2634; Fax: +86-10-6273-2634
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65
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Highly Sensitive Nanomagnetic Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles by Immunochromatographic Strips: A Tool for Liquid Biopsy. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091579. [PMID: 35564289 PMCID: PMC9101557 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising agents for liquid biopsy—a non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of cancer and evaluation of therapy response. However, EV potential is limited by the lack of sufficiently sensitive, time-, and cost-efficient methods for their registration. This research aimed at developing a highly sensitive and easy-to-use immunochromatographic tool based on magnetic nanoparticles for EV quantification. The tool is demonstrated by detection of EVs isolated from cell culture supernatants and various body fluids using characteristic biomarkers, CD9 and CD81, and a tumor-associated marker—epithelial cell adhesion molecules. The detection limit of 3.7 × 105 EV/µL is one to two orders better than the most sensitive traditional lateral flow system and commercial ELISA kits. The detection specificity is ensured by an isotype control line on the test strip. The tool’s advantages are due to the spatial quantification of EV-bound magnetic nanolabels within the strip volume by an original electronic technique. The inexpensive tool, promising for liquid biopsy in daily clinical routines, can be extended to other relevant biomarkers.
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66
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Song M, Zhang X, Gao Y, Wan B, Wang J, Li J, Song Y, Shen X, Wang L, Huang M, Wang X. RNA sequencing reveals the emerging role of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosome lncRNAs in acute lung injury. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13159. [PMID: 35378935 PMCID: PMC8976476 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes possess different properties in different diseases, which are mediated through microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), among others. By sequencing the differentially expressed lncRNAs in BALF exosomes, we seek potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). Methods Considering that human and rat genes are about 80% similar, ALI was induced using lipopolysaccharide in six male Wistar rats, with six rats as control (all weighing 200 ± 20 g and aged 6-8 weeks). BALF exosomes were obtained 24 h after ALI. The exosomes in BALF were extracted by ultracentrifugation. The differential expression of BALF exosomal lncRNAs in BALF was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to predict the functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs, which were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Compared with the control group, the ALI group displayed a higher wet/dry ratio, tumor necrosis factor-α levels, and interleukin-6 levels (all P < 0.001). The airway injection of exosomes in rats led to significant infiltration by neutrophils. A total of 2,958 differentially expressed exosomal lncRNAs were identified, including 2,524 upregulated and 434 downregulated ones. Five lncRNAs confirmed the reliability of the sequencing data. The top three GO functions were phagocytic vesicle membrane, regulation of receptor biosynthesis process, and I-SMAD binding. Salmonella infection, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and osteoclast differentiation were the most enriched KEGG pathways. The lncRNA-miRNA interaction network of the five confirmed lncRNAs could be predicted using miRDB. Conclusions BALF-derived exosomes play an important role in ALI development and help identify potential therapeutic targets related to ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuchang People’s Hospital, Xuchang, Henan, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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67
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Chen J, Tan Q, Yang Z, Jin Y. Engineered extracellular vesicles: potentials in cancer combination therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:132. [PMID: 35292030 PMCID: PMC8922858 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of secretory vesicles with cell-derived membrane and contents. Due to the cargo delivery capability, EVs can be designed as drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy. Biocompatibility and immune compatibility endow EVs with unique advantages compared with other nanocarriers. With the development of this field, multiple ingenious modification methods have been developed to obtain engineered EVs with desired performance. Application of engineered EVs in cancer therapy has gradually shifted from monotherapy to combinational therapy to fight against heterogeneous cancer cells and complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, the strong plasticity and load capacity of engineered EV make it potential to achieve various combinations of cancer treatment methods. In this review, we summarize the existing schemes of cancer combination therapy realized by engineered EVs, highlight the mechanisms and representative examples of these schemes and provide guidance for the future application of engineered EVs to design more effective cancer combination treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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68
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van Niel G, Carter DRF, Clayton A, Lambert DW, Raposo G, Vader P. Challenges and directions in studying cell-cell communication by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:369-382. [PMID: 35260831 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. They have important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and show considerable promise as novel biomarkers of disease, as therapeutic agents and as drug delivery vehicles. Intriguingly, however, understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the many observed functions of EVs remains far from comprehensive, at least partly due to technical challenges in working with these small messengers. Here, we highlight areas of consensus as well as contentious issues in our understanding of the intracellular and intercellular journey of EVs: from biogenesis, release and dynamics in the extracellular space, to interaction with and uptake by recipient cells. We define knowledge gaps, identify key questions and challenges, and make recommendations on how to address these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France. .,GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France.
| | - David R F Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Healthy Lifespan Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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69
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Wang T, Xing Y, Cheng Z, Yu F. Analysis of Single Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications with Especial Emphasis on Cancer Investigations. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Paganini C, Hettich B, Kopp MR, Eördögh A, Capasso Palmiero U, Adamo G, Touzet N, Manno M, Bongiovanni A, Rivera‐Fuentes P, Leroux J, Arosio P. Rapid Characterization and Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles by Fluorescence-Based Microfluidic Diffusion Sizing. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100021. [PMID: 34109753 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases. The characterization of EVs requires a series of orthogonal techniques that are overall time- and material-consuming. Here, a microfluidic device is presented that exploits the combination of diffusion sizing and multiwavelength fluorescence detection to simultaneously provide information on EV size, concentration, and composition. The latter is achieved with the nonspecific staining of lipids and proteins combined with the specific staining of EV markers such as EV-associated tetraspanins via antibodies. The device can be operated as a single-step immunoassay thanks to the integrated separation and quantification of free and EV-bound fluorophores. This microfluidic technique is capable of detecting and quantifying components associated to EV subtypes and impurities and thus to measure EV purity in a time scale of minutes, requiring less than 5 µL of sample and minimal sample handling before the analysis. Moreover, the analysis is performed directly in solution without immobilization steps. Therefore, this method can accelerate screening of EV samples and aid the evaluation of sample reproducibility, representing an important complementary tool to the current array of biophysical methods for EV characterization, particularly valuable for instance for bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Paganini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Britta Hettich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Marie R.G. Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Adam Eördögh
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPFL CH C2 425, Bâtiment CH, Station 6 Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Umberto Capasso Palmiero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation National Research Council of Italy Via Ugo La Malfa 153 Palermo 90146 Italy
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Department of Environmental Science IT Sligo Ash Lane Sligo F91 YW50 Ireland
| | - Mauro Manno
- Institute of Biophysics National Research Council of Italy Via Ugo La Malfa 153 Palermo 90146 Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation National Research Council of Italy Via Ugo La Malfa 153 Palermo 90146 Italy
| | - Pablo Rivera‐Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPFL CH C2 425, Bâtiment CH, Station 6 Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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71
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Jin X, Fu R, Du W, Shan X, Mao Z, Deng A, Lin X, Su Y, Yang H, Lv W, Zhong H, Huang G. Rapid, Highly Sensitive, and Label-Free Pathogen Assay System Using a Solid-Phase Self-Interference Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Chip and Hyperspectral Interferometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2926-2933. [PMID: 35107980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a useful pathogen identification method. Several label-free detection methods for RPA amplicons have been developed in recent years. However, these methods still lack sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, or simplicity. In this study, we propose a rapid, highly sensitive, and label-free pathogen assay system based on a solid-phase self-interference RPA chip (SiSA-chip) and hyperspectral interferometry. The SiSA-chips amplify and capture RPA amplicons on the chips, rather than irrelevant amplicons such as primer dimers, and the SiSA-chips are then analysed by hyperspectral interferometry. Optical length increases of SiSA-chips are used to demonstrate RPA detection results, with a limit of detection of 1.90 nm. This assay system can detect as few as six copies of the target 18S rRNA gene of Plasmodium falciparum within 20 min, with a good linear relationship between the detection results and the concentration of target genes (R2 = 0.9903). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of the dhfr gene of Plasmodium falciparum is also possible using the SiSA-chip, with as little as 1% of mutant gene distinguished from wild-type loci (m/wt). This system offers a high-efficiency (20 min), high-sensitivity (6 copies/reaction), high-specificity (1% m/wt), and low-cost (∼1/50 of fluorescence assays for RPA) diagnosis method for pathogen DNA identification. Therefore, this system is promising for fast identification of pathogens to help diagnose infectious diseases, including SNP genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongxin Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenli Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeyin Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anni Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqi Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China
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72
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Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicles with Complement Alterations in GRN/ C9orf72 and Sporadic Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030488. [PMID: 35159297 PMCID: PMC8834212 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge research suggests endosomal/immune dysregulation in GRN/C9orf72-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). In this retrospective study, we investigated plasma small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and complement proteins in 172 subjects (40 Sporadic FTLD, 40 Intermediate/Pathological C9orf72 expansion carriers, and 49 Heterozygous/Homozygous GRN mutation carriers, 43 controls). Plasma sEVs (concentration, size) were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis; plasma and sEVs C1q, C4, C3 proteins were quantified by multiplex assay. We demonstrated that genetic/sporadic FTLD share lower sEV concentrations and higher sEV sizes. The diagnostic performance of the two most predictive variables (sEV concentration/size ratio) was high (AUC = 0.91, sensitivity 85.3%, specificity 81.4%). C1q, C4, and C3 cargo per sEV is increased in genetic and sporadic FTLD. C4 (cargo per sEV, total sEV concentration) is increased in Sporadic FTLD and reduced in GRN+ Homozygous, suggesting its specific unbalance compared with Heterozygous cases. C3 plasma level was increased in genetic vs. sporadic FTLD. Looking at complement protein compartmentalization, in control subjects, the C3 and C4 sEV concentrations were roughly half that in respect to those measured in plasma; interestingly, this compartmentalization was altered in different ways in patients. These results suggest sEVs and complement proteins as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate neurodegeneration in FTLD.
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73
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Deng F, Ratri A, Deighan C, Daaboul G, Geiger PC, Christenson LK. Single-Particle Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Characterization of Individual Extracellular Vesicles and Population Dynamics. JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS : JOVE 2022:10.3791/62988. [PMID: 35068480 PMCID: PMC8968924 DOI: 10.3791/62988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-sized vesicles with a lipid bilayer that are secreted by most cells. EVs carry a multitude of different biological molecules, including protein, lipid, DNA, and RNA, and are postulated to facilitate cell-to-cell communication in diverse tissues and organs. Recently, EVs have attracted significant attention as biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutic agents for various diseases. Many methods have been developed for EV characterization. However, current methods for EV analysis all have different limitations. Thus, developing efficient and effective methods for EV isolation and characterization remains one of the crucial steps for this cutting-edge research field as it matures. Here, we provide a detailed protocol outlining a single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS), as a method that is capable of detecting and characterizing EVs from unpurified biological sources and purified EVs by other methodologies. This advanced technique can be used for multi-level and comprehensive measurements for the analysis of EV size, EV count, EV phenotype, and biomarker colocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Deng
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anamika Ratri
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS
| | | | | | - Paige C. Geiger
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS
| | - Lane K. Christenson
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas City, KS
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Rufino-Ramos D, Lule S, Mahjoum S, Ughetto S, Cristopher Bragg D, Pereira de Almeida L, Breakefield XO, Breyne K. Using genetically modified extracellular vesicles as a non-invasive strategy to evaluate brain-specific cargo. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121366. [PMID: 35033904 PMCID: PMC8886823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of techniques to trace brain cell behavior in vivo hampers the ability to monitor status of cells in a living brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized membrane-surrounded vesicles, released by virtually all brain cells might be able to report their status in easily accessible biofluids, such as blood. EVs communicate among tissues using lipids, saccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid cargo that reflect the state and composition of their source cells. Currently, identifying the origin of brain-derived EVs has been challenging, as they consist of a rare population diluted in an overwhelming number of blood and peripheral tissue-derived EVs. Here, we developed a sensitive platform to select out pre-labelled brain-derived EVs in blood as a platform to study the molecular fingerprints of brain cells. This proof-of-principle study used a transducible construct tagging tetraspanin (TSN) CD63, a membrane-spanning hallmark of EVs equipped with affinity, bioluminescent, and fluorescent tags to increase detection sensitivity and robustness in capture of EVs secreted from pre-labelled cells into biofluids. Our platform enables unprecedented efficient isolation of neural EVs from the blood. These EVs derived from pre-labelled mouse brain cells or engrafted human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) were submitted to multiplex analyses, including transcript and protein levels, in compliance with the multibiomolecule EV carriers. Overall, our novel strategy to track brain-derived EVs in a complex biofluid opens up new avenues to study EVs released from pre-labelled cells in near and distal compartments into the biofluid source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rufino-Ramos
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sevda Lule
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - D Cristopher Bragg
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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75
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Melling GE, Conlon R, Pantazi P, Dellar ER, Samuel P, Baena-Lopez LA, Simpson JC, Carter DRF. Confocal microscopy analysis reveals that only a small proportion of extracellular vesicles are successfully labelled with commonly utilised staining methods. Sci Rep 2022; 12:262. [PMID: 34997141 PMCID: PMC8741769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing genuine extracellular vesicle (EV) uptake is crucial for understanding the functional roles of EVs. This study measured the bona fide labelling of EVs utilising two commonly used fluorescent dyes, PKH26 and C5-maleimide-Alexa633. MCF7 EVs tagged with mEmerald-CD81 were isolated from conditioned media by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterised using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), MACsPlex immunocapture assay and immunoblots. These fluorescently tagged EVs were subsequently stained with C5-maleimide-Alexa633 or PKH26, according to published protocols. Colocalisation of dual-labelled EVs was assessed by confocal microscopy and quantified using the Rank-Weighted Colocalisation (RWC) algorithm. We observed strikingly poor colocalisation between mEmerald-CD81-tagged EVs and C5-Maleimide-Alexa633 (5.4% ± 1.8) or PKH26 (4.6% ± 1.6), that remained low even when serum was removed from preparations. Our data confirms previous work showing that some dyes form contaminating aggregates. Furthermore, uptake studies showed that maleimide and mEmerald-CD81-tagged EVs can be often located into non-overlapping subcellular locations. By using common methods to isolate and stain EVs we observed that most EVs remained unstained and most dye signal does not appear to be EV associated. Our work shows that there is an urgent need for optimisation and standardisation in how EV researchers use these tools to assess genuine EV signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Melling
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ross Conlon
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Science Centre West, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Science Centre West, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - David R F Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK.
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76
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Recent Advances in Exosome Analysis Assisted by Functional Nucleic Acid-based Signal Amplification Technologies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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77
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van der Pol E, Welsh JA, Nieuwland R. Minimum information to report about a flow cytometry experiment on extracellular vesicles: Communication from the ISTH SSC subcommittee on vascular biology. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:245-251. [PMID: 34637195 PMCID: PMC8729195 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Working Group (http://www.evflowcytometry.org) is formed by members of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). This working group of flow cytometry experts develops guidelines for best practices regarding flow cytometry detection of extracellular vesicles. To improve rigor and standardization, this working group published a framework outlining the minimal information to report about a flow cytometry experiment on extracellular vesicles (MIFlowCyt-EV) in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, the ISEV journal, in 2020. In parallel, an article explaining MIFlowCyt-EV was published in Cytometry Part A, one of the ISAC journals, and now will be introduced to the ISTH as an SSC Communication in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The goal of this SSC Communication is to explain why flow cytometry is becoming the instrument of choice to characterize single extracellular vesicles, the obstacles that have been identified and (mostly) overcome by developing procedures to calibrate flow cytometers, and the relevance of reporting minimal information to improve reliability and reproducibility of experiments in which flow cytometers are used for characterization of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology SectionLaboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical CentersLocation AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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78
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Piffoux M, Silva AKA, Gazeau F, Salmon H. Potential of on‐chip analysis and engineering techniques for extracellular vesicle bioproduction for therapeutics. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Piffoux
- Department of Medical Oncology Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France
- INSERM UMR 1197‐Interaction cellules souches‐niches: physiologie tumeurs et réparation tissulaire Villejuif France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Amanda K. A. Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Hugo Salmon
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
- Université de Paris, T3S, INSERM Paris France
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79
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Zhang Q, Liu Z, Han X, Li Y, Xia T, Zhu Y, Li Z, Wang L, Hao L, Hu F, Cao Y, Han C, Zhu Z. Circulatory exosomal tRF-Glu-CTC-005 and tRF-Gly-GCC-002 serve as predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2021; 117:512-521. [PMID: 34955241 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify circulating plasma exosomal transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs) as the predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). DESIGN Case and control prospective study. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Twelve patients with NOA with successful sperm retrieval by micro-TESE, 18 patients with NOA with failed sperm retrieval by micro-TESE, and 12 normozoospermic fertile controls. INTERVENTION(S) Blood samples were collected from participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The abundance of tRFs normalized as counts per million of the total aligned reads with the next-generation sequencing system; candidate tRF levels were validated through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; predictive accuracy was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve analysis. The nomogram was built for ranking. RESULT(S) The plasma circulating exosomal tRF-Gly-GCC-002 and tRF-Glu-CTC-005 manifested the most confident differential expression between patients with NOA with successful sperm retrieval by micro-TESE and patients with NOA with failed sperm retrieval by micro-TESE. The target gene prediction of these 2 tRFs followed by the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated the functional enrichment of neuroendocrine protein metabolism and striatum/subpallium development. The herpes simplex virus 1 infection pathway was also involved. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analysis demonstrated a promising predictive accuracy: tRF-Gly-GCC-002, AUC of 0.921, and tRF-Glu-CTC-005, AUC of 0.954. A regression model was built and presented with the nomogram for further assessment. CONCLUSION(S) This study described the exosomal tRF-Gly-GCC-002 and tRF-Glu-CTC-005 expression values, indicated a promising predictive effect for accessibility of sperm retrieval through micro-TESE from patients with NOA, and highlighted tRF-Gly-GCC-002 and tRF-Glu-CTC-005 as useful biomarkers in patients with NOA seeking in vitro conception with their residual sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Medical Technology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xia
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbei Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Hu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijuan Cao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Key Laboratory of Genetic Foundation and Clinical Application, Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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80
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Reid LV, Spalluto CM, Watson A, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as a Shared Disease Mechanism Contributing to Multimorbidity in Patients With COPD. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754004. [PMID: 34925327 PMCID: PMC8675939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Individuals with COPD typically experience a progressive, debilitating decline in lung function as well as systemic manifestations of the disease. Multimorbidity, is common in COPD patients and increases the risk of hospitalisation and mortality. Central to the genesis of multimorbidity in COPD patients is a self-perpetuating, abnormal immune and inflammatory response driven by factors including ageing, pollutant inhalation (including smoking) and infection. As many patients with COPD have multiple concurrent chronic conditions, which require an integrative management approach, there is a need to greater understand the shared disease mechanisms contributing to multimorbidity. The intercellular transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has recently been proposed as an important method of local and distal cell-to-cell communication mediating both homeostatic and pathological conditions. EVs have been identified in many biological fluids and provide a stable capsule for the transfer of cargo including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Of these cargo, microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short 17-24 nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, have been amongst the most extensively studied. There is evidence to support that miRNA are selectively packaged into EVs and can regulate recipient cell gene expression including major pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis. Furthermore changes in EV cargo including miRNA have been reported in many chronic diseases and in response to risk factors including respiratory infections, noxious stimuli and ageing. In this review, we discuss the potential of EVs and EV-associated miRNA to modulate shared pathological processes in chronic diseases. Further delineating these may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with COPD and multimorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Reid
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Mirella Spalluto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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81
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Boireau W, Elie-Caille C. [Extracellular vesicles: Definition, isolation and characterization]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:1092-1100. [PMID: 34928211 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originate from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and play a crucial role in intercellular communications. They are found in the environment of cells and tissues, and contribute to the complexity of different biological media, in particular biofluids. Due to their high diversity of cell origin, size range, concentration and composition, EVs offer some of the most important challenges in (pre-)analytical fields. To tackle these challenges, many works deal with the development and implementation of a wide variety of approaches, technologies and methodologies to enrich, isolate, quantify and characterize EVs and their subsets. Nevertheless, other components such as lipoproteins or viruses in complex samples, can interfere with EVs qualification, and make difficult, even today, to standardize biochemical and physical approaches for this purpose. The present chapter presents EVs and the mostly used technics for their isolation and characterization. Performances of methods in terms of resolution, discrimination, throughput and also ability to be or not applied in clinics, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Boireau
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Céline Elie-Caille
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
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82
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Saad MG, Beyenal H, Dong WJ. Exosomes as Powerful Engines in Cancer: Isolation, Characterization and Detection Techniques. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:518. [PMID: 34940275 PMCID: PMC8699402 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Ji Dong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.G.S.); (H.B.)
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83
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Jiang C, Fu Y, Liu G, Shu B, Davis J, Tofaris GK. Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 34855021 PMCID: PMC8638654 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles that play a crucial role in molecular trafficking, intercellular transport and the egress of unwanted proteins. They have been implicated in many diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. EVs are detected in all bodily fluids, and their protein and nucleic acid content offers a means of assessing the status of the cells from which they originated. As such, they provide opportunities in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis or the stratification of diseases as well as an objective monitoring of therapies. The simultaneous assaying of multiple EV-derived markers will be required for an impactful practical application, and multiplexing platforms have evolved with the potential to achieve this. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the currently available multiplexing platforms for EV analysis, with a primary focus on miniaturized and integrated devices that offer potential step changes in analytical power, throughput and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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84
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Sola L, Brambilla D, Mussida A, Consonni R, Damin F, Cretich M, Gori A, Chiari M. A bi-functional polymeric coating for the co-immobilization of proteins and peptides on microarray substrates. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339138. [PMID: 34753566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performance of the microarray technique in screening the affinity and reactivity of molecules towards a specific target, is highly affected by the coupling chemistry adopted to bind probes to the surface. However, the surface functionality limits the biomolecules that can be attached to the surface to a single type of molecule, thus forcing the execution of separate analyses to compare the performance of different species in recognizing their targets. Here we introduce a new N, N-dimethylacrylamide-based polymeric coating, bearing simultaneously different functionalities (N-acryloyloxysuccinimide and azide groups) to allow an easy and straightforward method to co-immobilize proteins and oriented peptides on the same substrate. The bi-functional copolymer has been obtained by partial post polymerization modification of the functional groups of a common precursor. A NMR characterization of the copolymer was conducted to quantify the percentage of NAS that has been transformed into azido groups. The polymer was used to coat surfaces onto which both native antibodies and alkyne modified peptides were immobilized, to perform the phenotype characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This strategy represents a convenient method to reduce the number of analysis, thus possible systematic or random errors, besides offering a drastic shortage in time, reagents and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sola
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Brambilla
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussida
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Damin
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
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85
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Tiozzo C, Bustoros M, Lin X, Manzano De Mejia C, Gurzenda E, Chavez M, Hanna I, Aguiari P, Perin L, Hanna N. Placental extracellular vesicles-associated microRNA-519c mediates endotoxin adaptation in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:681.e1-681.e20. [PMID: 34181894 PMCID: PMC8633060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy represents a unique challenge for the maternal-fetal immune interface, requiring a balance between immunosuppression, which is essential for the maintenance of a semiallogeneic fetus, and proinflammatory host defense to protect the maternal-fetal interface from invading organisms. Adaptation to repeated inflammatory stimuli (endotoxin tolerance) may be critical in preventing inflammation-induced preterm birth caused by exaggerated maternal inflammatory responses to mild or moderate infections that are common during pregnancy. However, the exact mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of tolerance to repeated infections are not completely understood. MicroRNAs play important roles in pregnancy with several microRNAs implicated in gestational tissue function and in pathologic pregnancy conditions. MicroRNA-519c, a member of the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster, is a human-specific microRNA mainly expressed in the placenta. However, its role in pregnancy is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the role of "endotoxin tolerance" failure in the pathogenesis of an exaggerated inflammatory response often seen in inflammation-mediated preterm birth. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-519c, a placenta-specific microRNA, as a key regulator of endotoxin tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. STUDY DESIGN Using a placental explant culture system, samples from term and second-trimester placentas were treated with lipopolysaccharide. After 24 hours, the conditioned media were collected for analysis, and the placental explants were re-exposed to repeated doses of lipopolysaccharide for 3 days. The supernatant was analyzed for inflammatory markers, the presence of extracellular vesicles, and microRNAs. To study the possible mechanism of action of the microRNAs, we evaluated the phosphodiesterase 3B pathway involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha production using a microRNA mimic and phosphodiesterase 3B small interfering RNA transfection. Finally, we analyzed human placental samples from different gestational ages and from women affected by inflammation-associated pregnancies. RESULTS Our data showed that repeated exposure of the human placenta to endotoxin challenges induced a tolerant phenotype characterized by decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha and up-regulated interleukin-10 levels. This reaction was mediated by the placenta-specific microRNA-519c packaged within placental extracellular vesicles. Lipopolysaccharide treatment increased the extracellular vesicles that were positive for the exosome tetraspanin markers, namely CD9, CD63, and CD81, and secreted primarily by trophoblasts. Primary human trophoblast cells transfected with a microRNA-519c mimic decreased phosphodiesterase 3B, whereas a lack of phosphodiesterase 3B, achieved by small interfering RNA transfection, led to decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha production. These data support the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory action of microRNA-519c was mediated by a down-regulation of the phosphodiesterase 3B pathway, leading to inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Furthermore, human placentas from normal and inflammation-associated pregnancies demonstrated that a decreased placental microRNA-519c level was linked to infection-induced inflammatory pathologies during pregnancy. CONCLUSION We identified microRNA-519c, a human placenta-specific microRNA, as a novel regulator of immune adaptation associated with infection-induced preterm birth at the maternal-fetal interface. Our study serves as a basis for future experiments to explore the potential use of microRNA-519c as a biomarker for infection-induced preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Mark Bustoros
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY; Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Claudia Manzano De Mejia
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Ellen Gurzenda
- Research and Academic Center, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Martin Chavez
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Iman Hanna
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Paola Aguiari
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY.
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Gulati A, Jeyaraman N, G.S P, Jain R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Avenue in Knee Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2021; 13:1572S-1585S. [PMID: 33016114 PMCID: PMC8808857 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520962567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis is the leading cause of functional disability in adults. The goals of knee osteoarthritis management are directed toward symptomatic pain relief along with the attainment of the functional quality of life. The treatment strategy ranges from conservative to surgical management with reparative and restorative techniques. The emergence of cell-based therapies has paved the way for the usage of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cartilage disorders. Currently, global researchers are keen on their research on nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery. MSC-derived exosomes act as a directed therapy to halt the disease progression and to provide a pain-free range of movements with increased quality of cartilage on regeneration. International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and the European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health and Disease have formed guidelines to foster the use of the growing therapeutic potential of exosomal therapy in osteoarthritis. Although regenerative therapies with MSC are being seen to hold a future in the management of osteoarthritis, extracellular vesicle-based technology holds the key to unlock the potential toward knee preservation and regeneration. The intricate composition and uncertain functioning of exosomes are inquisitive facets warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopedics, School of
Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India
- Madhan Jeyaraman, Department of Orthopedics,
School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, 201306, India.
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Government Hospital, Velayuthampalayam,
Karur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Gulati
- Kalpana Chawla Government Medical
College, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Prajwal G.S
- JJM Medical College, Davangere,
Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Jain
- School of Medical Sciences and Research,
Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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87
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Cawley JL, Blauch ME, Collins SM, Nice JB, Xie Q, Jordan LR, Brown AC, Wittenberg NJ. Nanoarrays of Individual Liposomes and Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles by Liftoff Nanocontact Printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103338. [PMID: 34655160 PMCID: PMC8678320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analytical characterization of small biological particles, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is complicated by their extreme heterogeneity in size, lipid, membrane protein, and cargo composition. Analysis of individual particles is essential for illuminating particle property distributions that are obscured by ensemble measurements. To enable high-throughput analysis of individual particles, liftoff nanocontact printing (LNCP) is used to define hexagonal antibody and toxin arrays that have a 425 nm dot size, on average, and 700 nm periodicity. The LNCP process is rapid, simple, and does not require access to specialized nanofabrication tools. These densely packed, highly ordered arrays are used to capture liposomes and bacterial outer membrane vesicles on the basis of their surface biomarkers, with a maximum of one particle per array dot, resulting in densely packed arrays of particles. Despite the high particle density, the underlying antibody or toxin array ensured that neighboring individual particles are optically resolvable. Provided target particle biomarkers and suitable capture molecules are identified, this approach can be used to generate high density arrays of a wide variety of small biological particles, including other types of EVs like exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Cawley
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Megan E Blauch
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Shannon M Collins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Justin B Nice
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Angela C Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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88
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Changes in Exosomal miRNA Composition in Thyroid Cancer Cells after Prolonged Exposure to Real Microgravity in Space. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312841. [PMID: 34884646 PMCID: PMC8657878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as space travel and exploration have been a goal since humankind looked up to the stars, the challenges coming with it are manifold and difficult to overcome. Therefore, researching the changes the human organism undergoes following exposure to weightlessness, on a cellular or a physiological level, is imperative to reach the goal of exploring space and new planets. Building on the results of our CellBox-1 experiment, where thyroid cancer cells were flown to the International Space Station, we are now taking advantage of the newest technological opportunities to gain more insight into the changes in cell–cell communication of these cells. Analyzing the exosomal microRNA composition after several days of microgravity might elucidate some of the proteomic changes we have reported earlier. An array scan of a total of 754 miRNA targets revealed more than 100 differentially expressed miRNAs in our samples, many of which have been implicated in thyroid disease in other studies.
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89
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Priest L, Peters JS, Kukura P. Scattering-based Light Microscopy: From Metal Nanoparticles to Single Proteins. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11937-11970. [PMID: 34587448 PMCID: PMC8517954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to detect, image, and quantify nanoscopic objects and molecules with visible light has undergone dramatic improvements over the past few decades. While fluorescence has historically been the go-to contrast mechanism for ultrasensitive light microscopy due to its superior background suppression and specificity, recent developments based on light scattering have reached single-molecule sensitivity. They also have the advantages of universal applicability and the ability to obtain information about the species of interest beyond its presence and location. Many of the recent advances are driven by novel approaches to illumination, detection, and background suppression, all aimed at isolating and maximizing the signal of interest. Here, we review these developments grouped according to the basic principles used, namely darkfield imaging, interferometric detection, and surface plasmon resonance microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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90
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Donzelli J, Proestler E, Riedel A, Nevermann S, Hertel B, Guenther A, Gattenlöhner S, Savai R, Larsson K, Saul MJ. Small extracellular vesicle-derived miR-574-5p regulates PGE2-biosynthesis via TLR7/8 in lung cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12143. [PMID: 34596365 PMCID: PMC8485338 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays an essential role in lung cancer (LC). One of the major players in cell-cell-communication is small extracellular vesicles (sEV). SEV trigger various biological responses by transporting cellular cargo to target cells. One essential sEV component are microRNAs (miRs), whose transport has recently attracted increasing research interest. We report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), a key inflammatory lipid mediator, specifically induces the sorting of miR-574-5p in sEV of A549 and 2106T cells. We found that sEV-derived miR-574-5p activates Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7/8, thereby decreasing PGE2 -levels. In contrast, intracellular miR-574-5p induces PGE2 -biosynthesis. Consequently, the combination of intracellular and sEV-derived miR-574-5p controls PGE2 -levels via a feedback loop. This was only observed in adeno- but not in squamous cell carcinoma, indicating a cell-specific response to sEV-derived miRs, which might be due to unique tetraspanin compositions. Hence, we describe a novel function of miR-574-5p unique to adenocarcinoma. Intracellular miR-574-5p induces PGE2 and thus the secretion of sEV-derived miR-574-5p, which in turn decreases PGE2 -biosynthesis in recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Donzelli
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Eva Proestler
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Anna Riedel
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Sheila Nevermann
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Brigitte Hertel
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal MedicineMember of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)Member of Cardio‐Pulmonary Institute (CPI)Justus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | | | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Internal MedicineMember of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)Member of Cardio‐Pulmonary Institute (CPI)Justus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
- Department of Lung Development and RemodellingMember of the DZLMember of CPIMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in CancerogenesisInstitute for Lung Health (ILH)Justus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Karin Larsson
- Rheumatology UnitDepartment of MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Meike J. Saul
- Department of BiologyTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
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91
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Koster HJ, Rojalin T, Powell A, Pham D, Mizenko RR, Birkeland AC, Carney RP. Surface enhanced Raman scattering of extracellular vesicles for cancer diagnostics despite isolation dependent lipoprotein contamination. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14760-14776. [PMID: 34473170 PMCID: PMC8447870 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03334d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the emerging diagnostic utility of extracellular vesicles (EVs), it is important to account for non-EV contaminants. Lipoprotein present in EV-enriched isolates may inflate particle counts and decrease sensitivity to biomarkers of interest, skewing chemical analyses and perpetuating downstream issues in labeling or functional analysis. Using label free surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), we confirm that three common EV isolation methods (differential ultracentrifugation, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and size exclusion chromatography) yield variable lipoprotein content. We demonstrate that a dual-isolation method is necessary to isolate EVs from the major classes of lipoprotein. However, combining SERS analysis with machine learning assisted classification, we show that the disease state is the main driver of distinction between EV samples, and largely unaffected by choice of isolation. Ultimately, this study describes a convenient SERS assay to retain accurate diagnostic information from clinical samples by overcoming differences in lipoprotein contamination according to isolation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Koster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Alyssa Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Dina Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Rachel R Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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92
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Mizenko RR, Brostoff T, Rojalin T, Koster HJ, Swindell HS, Leiserowitz GS, Wang A, Carney RP. Tetraspanins are unevenly distributed across single extracellular vesicles and bias sensitivity to multiplexed cancer biomarkers. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:250. [PMID: 34419056 PMCID: PMC8379740 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tetraspanin expression of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is often used as a surrogate for their detection and classification, a practice that typically assumes their consistent expression across EV sources. Results Here we demonstrate that there are distinct patterns in colocalization of tetraspanin expression of EVs enriched from a variety of in vitro and in vivo sources. We report an optimized method for the use of single particle antibody-capture and fluorescence detection to identify subpopulations according to tetraspanin expression and compare our findings with nanoscale flow cytometry. We found that tetraspanin profile is consistent from a given EV source regardless of isolation method, but that tetraspanin profiles are distinct across various sources. Tetraspanin profiles measured by flow cytometry do not totally agree, suggesting that limitations in subpopulation detection significantly impact apparent protein expression. We further analyzed tetraspanin expression of single EVs captured non-specifically, revealing that tetraspanin capture can bias the apparent multiplexed tetraspanin profile. Finally, we demonstrate that this bias can have significant impact on diagnostic sensitivity for tumor-associated EV surface markers. Conclusion Our findings may reveal key insights into protein expression heterogeneity of EVs that better inform EV capture and detection platforms for diagnostic or other downstream use. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00987-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Terza Brostoff
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Hanna J Koster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Gary S Leiserowitz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA.
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93
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Adriano B, Cotto NM, Chauhan N, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Milk exosomes: Nature's abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2479-2490. [PMID: 33553829 PMCID: PMC7856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benilde Adriano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Nycol M. Cotto
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
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94
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Silva AM, Lázaro‐Ibáñez E, Gunnarsson A, Dhande A, Daaboul G, Peacock B, Osteikoetxea X, Salmond N, Friis KP, Shatnyeva O, Dekker N. Quantification of protein cargo loading into engineered extracellular vesicles at single-vesicle and single-molecule resolution. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12130. [PMID: 34377376 PMCID: PMC8329990 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have been intensively explored for therapeutic delivery of proteins. However, methods to quantify cargo proteins loaded into engineered EVs are lacking. Here, we describe a workflow for EV analysis at the single-vesicle and single-molecule level to accurately quantify the efficiency of different EV-sorting proteins in promoting cargo loading into EVs. Expi293F cells were engineered to express EV-sorting proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). High levels of GFP loading into secreted EVs was confirmed by Western blotting for specific EV-sorting domains, but quantitative single-vesicle analysis by Nanoflow cytometry detected GFP in less than half of the particles analysed, reflecting EV heterogeneity. Anti-tetraspanin EV immunostaining in ExoView confirmed a heterogeneous GFP distribution in distinct subpopulations of CD63+, CD81+, or CD9+ EVs. Loading of GFP into individual vesicles was quantified by Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy. The combined results demonstrated TSPAN14, CD63 and CD63/CD81 fused to the PDGFRβ transmembrane domain as the most efficient EV-sorting proteins, accumulating on average 50-170 single GFP molecules per vesicle. In conclusion, we validated a set of complementary techniques suitable for high-resolution analysis of EV preparations that reliably capture their heterogeneity, and propose highly efficient EV-sorting proteins to be used in EV engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M. Silva
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisa Lázaro‐Ibáñez
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Structure and BiophysicsDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | | | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaAlderley ParkUK
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaAlderley ParkUK
| | - Kristina Pagh Friis
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery BiologyDiscovery SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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95
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Saftics A, Kurunczi S, Peter B, Szekacs I, Ramsden JJ, Horvath R. Data evaluation for surface-sensitive label-free methods to obtain real-time kinetic and structural information of thin films: A practical review with related software packages. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102431. [PMID: 34330074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial layers are important in a wide range of applications in biomedicine, biosensing, analytical chemistry and the maritime industries. Given the growing number of applications, analysis of such layers and understanding their behavior is becoming crucial. Label-free surface sensitive methods are excellent for monitoring the formation kinetics, structure and its evolution of thin layers, even at the nanoscale. In this paper, we review existing and commercially available label-free techniques and demonstrate how the experimentally obtained data can be utilized to extract kinetic and structural information during and after formation, and any subsequent adsorption/desorption processes. We outline techniques, some traditional and some novel, based on the principles of optical and mechanical transduction. Our special focus is the current possibilities of combining label-free methods, which is a powerful approach to extend the range of detected and deduced parameters. We summarize the most important theoretical considerations for obtaining reliable information from measurements taking place in liquid environments and, hence, with layers in a hydrated state. A thorough treamtmaent of the various kinetic and structural quantities obtained from evaluation of the raw label-free data are provided. Such quantities include layer thickness, refractive index, optical anisotropy (and molecular orientation derived therefrom), degree of hydration, viscoelasticity, as well as association and dissociation rate constants and occupied area of subsequently adsorbed species. To demonstrate the effect of variations in model conditions on the observed data, simulations of kinetic curves at various model settings are also included. Based on our own extensive experience with optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), we have developed dedicated software packages for data analysis, which are made available to the scientific community alongside this paper.
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96
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Yamauchi T, Moroishi T. The Yin and Yang of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles in tumour immunity. J Biochem 2021; 169:155-161. [PMID: 33226400 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are naturally released from various types of cells. EVs contain a wide variety of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, which facilitate intercellular communication in diverse biological processes. In the tumour microenvironment, EVs have been shown to play important roles in tumour progression, including immune system-tumour interactions. Although previous studies have convincingly demonstrated the immunosuppressive functions of tumour-derived EVs, some studies have suggested that tumour-derived EVs can also stimulate host immunity, especially in therapeutic conditions. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of EVs with different structural and biological characteristics that may account for the divergent functions of EVs in tumour immunity. In this review article, we provide a brief summary of our current understanding of tumour-derived EVs in immune activation and inhibition. We also highlight the emerging utility of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers and discuss the potential clinical applications of tumour-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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97
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Gualerzi A, Picciolini S, Carlomagno C, Rodà F, Bedoni M. Biophotonics for diagnostic detection of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:229-249. [PMID: 33887403 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are versatile carriers for biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human disorders. Despite the increasing scientific and commercial interest in EV application in diagnostics, traditional biomolecular techniques usually require consistent sample amount, rely on operator-dependent and time- consuming procedures and cannot cope with the nano-size range of EVs, limiting both sensitivity and reproducibility of results. The application of biophotonics, i.e. light-based methods, for the diagnostic detection of EVs has brought to the development of innovative platforms with excellent sensitivity. In this review, we propose an overview of the most promising and emerging technologies used in the field of EV-related biomarker discovery. When tested on clinical samples, the reported biophotonic approaches in most cases have managed to discriminate between nanovesicles and contaminants, achieved much higher resolution compared to traditional procedures, and reached moderate to excellent diagnostic accuracy, thus demonstrating great potentialities for their clinical translation.
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98
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Levy D, Do MA, Zhang J, Brown A, Lu B. Orchestrating Extracellular Vesicle With Dual Reporters for Imaging and Capturing in Mammalian Cell Culture. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:680580. [PMID: 34222335 PMCID: PMC8249585 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.680580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent technological advancements have enabled live-cell imaging of intracellular organelles to monitor their biogenesis in mammalian cells. However, applying this method to gain insight into extracellular organelles, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), presents unique challenges that require special considerations in design and engineering. Results: We have developed a dual-reporter system that combines genetic fusion, fluorescence microcopy and magnetic beads capture of EVs to study the biogenesis of EVs in mammalian cell cultures. First, we genetically produced a series of reporters by fusing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and an affinity peptide (6xHis), with either the endogenous transmembrane protein, CD63, or EVs targeting vesicular stomatitis viral glycoprotein (VSVG). Transfection of these reporters into human 293T cells resulted in expression and integration of these reporters into pre-exosome compartments, which were subsequently released into the culture medium. Confocal imaging and nano-particle tracking analysis demonstrated that EVs were appropriately labeled and exhibited a single dominant peak in the 80–110 nm size range, indicating that isolated EVs were comprised of micro-vesicles and/or exosome subpopulations. Incubation of isolated EVs with nickel-coated magnetic beads resulted in successful capture of GFP-positive EVs. Finally, addition of EVs into culture medium was able to reveal the cellular uptake of GFP-labeled EVs by recipient cells. Taken together, our dual-reporter system provides a powerful method for both monitoring and capturing of EVs in mammalian cell culture systems. Conclusion: A dual-reporter system provides a robust tool to study the life cycle of EVs in mammalian cells from biogenesis and excretion to cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Mai Anh Do
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Annie Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
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99
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Bordanaba-Florit G, Royo F, Kruglik SG, Falcón-Pérez JM. Using single-vesicle technologies to unravel the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3163-3185. [PMID: 34135505 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous lipid containers with a complex molecular cargo comprising several populations with unique roles in biological processes. These vesicles are closely associated with specific physiological features, which makes them invaluable in the detection and monitoring of various diseases. EVs play a key role in pathophysiological processes by actively triggering genetic or metabolic responses. However, the heterogeneity of their structure and composition hinders their application in medical diagnosis and therapies. This diversity makes it difficult to establish their exact physiological roles, and the functions and composition of different EV (sub)populations. Ensemble averaging approaches currently employed for EV characterization, such as western blotting or 'omics' technologies, tend to obscure rather than reveal these heterogeneities. Recent developments in single-vesicle analysis have made it possible to overcome these limitations and have facilitated the development of practical clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the benefits and challenges inherent to the current methods for the analysis of single vesicles and review the contribution of these approaches to the understanding of EV biology. We describe the contributions of these recent technological advances to the characterization and phenotyping of EVs, examination of the role of EVs in cell-to-cell communication pathways and the identification and validation of EVs as disease biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the potential of innovative single-vesicle imaging and analysis methodologies using microfluidic devices, which promise to deliver rapid and effective basic and practical applications for minimally invasive prognosis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bordanaba-Florit
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Félix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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100
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Jiang Y, Andronico LA, Jung SR, Chen H, Fujimoto B, Vojtech L, Chiu DT. High-Throughput Counting and Superresolution Mapping of Tetraspanins on Exosomes Using a Single-Molecule Sensitive Flow Technique and Transistor-like Semiconducting Polymer Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13470-13475. [PMID: 33797851 PMCID: PMC8215978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for high-throughput counting and superresolution mapping of surface proteins on exosomes is described. The method combines a single-molecule sensitive flow technique and an adaptive superresolution imaging method. Exosomes stained with membrane dye and dye-conjugated antibodies were analyzed using a microfluidic platform at a flow rate of 100 exosome s-1 to determine size and protein copy number. Superresolution mapping was performed with exosomes labeled with novel transistor-like, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots), which exhibit spontaneous blinking with <5 nm localization error and a broad range of optical-adjustable duty cycles. Based on the copy numbers extracted from the flow analysis, the switch-on frequency of the Pdots were finely adjusted so that structures of hundreds of exosomes were obtained within five minutes. The high throughput and high sensitivity of this method offer clear advantages for characterization of exosomes and similar biological vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Luca A Andronico
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Haobin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Bryant Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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