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Fanizza F, Campanile M, Forloni G, Giordano C, Albani D. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based organ-on-a-chip as personalized drug screening tools: A focus on neurodegenerative disorders. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221095339. [PMID: 35570845 PMCID: PMC9092580 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221095339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) technology shows great potential to revolutionize the
drugs development pipeline by mimicking the physiological environment and
functions of human organs. The translational value of OoC is further enhanced
when combined with patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to
develop more realistic disease models, paving the way for the development of a
new generation of patient-on-a-chip devices. iPSCs differentiation capacity
leads to invaluable improvements in personalized medicine. Moreover, the
connection of single-OoC into multi-OoC or body-on-a-chip allows to investigate
drug pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics through the study of multi-organs
cross-talks. The need of a breakthrough thanks to this technology is
particularly relevant within the field of neurodegenerative diseases, where the
number of patients is increasing and the successful rate in drug discovery is
worryingly low. In this review we discuss current iPSC-based OoC as drug
screening models and their implication in development of new therapies for
neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Campanile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Zhang Q, Bei HP, Zhao M, Dong Z, Zhao X. Shedding light on 3D printing: Printing photo-crosslinkable constructs for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Riddle RB, Jennbacken K, Hansson KM, Harper MT. Endothelial inflammation and neutrophil transmigration are modulated by extracellular matrix composition in an inflammation-on-a-chip model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6855. [PMID: 35477984 PMCID: PMC9046410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are often characterised by excessive neutrophil infiltration from the blood stream to the site of inflammation, which damages healthy tissue and prevents resolution of inflammation. Development of anti-inflammatory drugs is hindered by lack of in vitro and in vivo models which accurately represent the disease microenvironment. In this study, we used the OrganoPlate to develop a humanized 3D in vitro inflammation-on-a-chip model to recapitulate neutrophil transmigration across the endothelium and subsequent migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells formed confluent vessels against collagen I and geltrex mix, a mix of basement membrane extract and collagen I. TNF-α-stimulation of vessels upregulated inflammatory cytokine expression and promoted neutrophil transmigration. Intriguingly, major differences were found depending on the composition of the ECM. Neutrophils transmigrated in higher number and further in geltrex mix than collagen I, and did not require an N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) gradient for transmigration. Inhibition of neutrophil proteases inhibited neutrophil transmigration on geltrex mix, but not collagen I. These findings highlight the important role of the ECM in determining cell phenotype and response to inhibitors. Future work could adapt the ECM composition for individual diseases, producing accurate models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Riddle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karin Jennbacken
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenny M Hansson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew T Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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A new insight into a thermoplastic microfluidic device aimed at improvement of oxygenation process and avoidance of shear stress during cell culture. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:15. [PMID: 35277762 PMCID: PMC8917112 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Keeping the oxygen concentration at the desired physiological limits is a challenging task in cellular microfluidic devices. A good knowledge of affecting parameters would be helpful to control the oxygen delivery to cells. This study aims to provide a fundamental understanding of oxygenation process within a hydrogel-based microfluidic device considering simultaneous mass transfer, medium flow, and cellular consumption. For this purpose, the role of geometrical and hydrodynamic properties was numerically investigated. The results are in good agreement with both numerical and experimental data in the literature. The obtained results reveal that increasing the microchannel height delays the oxygen depletion in the absence of media flow. We also observed that increasing the medium flow rate increases the oxygen concentration in the device; however, it leads to high maximum shear stress. A novel pulsatile medium flow injection pattern is introduced to reduce detrimental effect of the applied shear stress on the cells.
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55
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Wang J, Huang D, Yu H, Cheng Y, Ren H, Zhao Y. Developing tissue engineering strategies for liver regeneration. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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From organ-on-chip to body-on-chip: The next generation of microfluidics platforms for in vitro drug efficacy and toxicity testing. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:41-91. [PMID: 35094781 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The high failure rate in drug development is often attributed to the lack of accurate pre-clinical models that may lead to false discoveries and inconclusive data when the compounds are eventually tested in clinical phase. With the evolution of cell culture technologies, drug testing systems have widely improved, and today, with the emergence of microfluidics devices, drug screening seems to be at the dawn of an important revolution. An organ-on-chip allows the culture of living cells in continuously perfused microchambers to reproduce physiological functions of a particular tissue or organ. The advantages of such systems are not only their ability to recapitulate the complex biochemical interactions between different human cell types but also to incorporate physical forces, including shear stress and mechanical stretching or compression. To improve this model, and to reproduce the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination process of an exogenous compound, organ-on-chips can even be linked fluidically to mimic physiological interactions between different organs, leading to the development of body-on-chips. Although these technologies are still at a young age and need to address a certain number of limitations, they already demonstrated their relevance to study the effect of drugs or toxins on organs, displaying a similar response to what is observed in vivo. The purpose of this review is to present the evolution from organ-on-chip to body-on-chip, examine their current use for drug testing and discuss their advantages and future challenges they will face in order to become an essential pillar of pharmaceutical research.
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Cultivating human tissues and organs over lab-on-a-chip models: Recent progress and applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:205-240. [PMID: 35094775 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo models are indispensable for preclinical studies for various human disease modeling and drug screening, however, face several obstacles such as animal model species differences and ethical clearance. Additionally, it is difficult to accurately predict the organ interaction, drug efficacy, and toxicity using conventional in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. The microfluidic-based systems provide excellent opportunity to recapitulate the human organ/tissue functions under in vitro conditions. The organ/tissue-on-chip models are one of best emerging technologies that offer functional organs/tissues on a microfluidic chip. This technology has potential to noninvasively study the organ physiology, tissue development, and diseases etymology. This chapter comprises the benifits of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures as well as highlights the importance of microfluidic-based lab-on-a-chip technique. The development of different organs/tissues-on-chip models and their biomedical application in various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory-based diseases, cancers, liver and kidney diseases, etc., have also been discussed.
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58
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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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Abstract
Pumpless microfluidic systems are easy-to-use devices that can be used to culture cells that are sensitive to mechanical shear, such as lymphatic endothelial cells. However, previously developed pumpless systems either provide unidirectional shear where the cell culture medium is discarded, or bidirectional shear that produces endothelial cell cultures with disease characteristics. Here, we describe a PDMS-based system that produces cyclically rising and falling shear that is unidirectional, similar to what has been reported in lymphatic vessels. The system can recirculate cell culture medium, making it possible for proteins and growth factors produced by the cell culture to remain in circulation. In addition, we describe the custom-made rotating platform that we used to create this unique flow pattern. Using this rotating platform, the microfluidic device can be used to grow confluent layers of lymphatic endothelial cells under physiologically relevant growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mandy B Esch
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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60
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Russo M, Cejas CM, Pitingolo G. Advances in microfluidic 3D cell culture for preclinical drug development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:163-204. [PMID: 35094774 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is often a very long, costly, and risky process due to the lack of reliability in the preclinical studies. Traditional current preclinical models, mostly based on 2D cell culture and animal testing, are not full representatives of the complex in vivo microenvironments and often fail. In order to reduce the enormous costs, both financial and general well-being, a more predictive preclinical model is needed. In this chapter, we review recent advances in microfluidic 3D cell culture showing how its development has allowed the introduction of in vitro microphysiological systems, laying the foundation for organ-on-a-chip technology. These findings provide the basis for numerous preclinical drug discovery assays, which raise the possibility of using micro-engineered systems as emerging alternatives to traditional models, based on 2D cell culture and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Microfluidics, MEMS, Nanostructures (MMN), CNRS UMR 8231, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes (IPGG) ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris France.
| | - Cesare M Cejas
- Microfluidics, MEMS, Nanostructures (MMN), CNRS UMR 8231, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes (IPGG) ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris France
| | - Gabriele Pitingolo
- Bioassays, Microsystems and Optical Engineering Unit, BIOASTER, Paris France
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61
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Abstract
Cholangiopathies affect the biliary tree via various pathophysiological mechanisms. Research on biliary physiology and pathology, however, is hampered by a lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models. Conventional models, such as two-dimensional (2D) monolayers and organoids, fail to replicate the structural organization of the bile duct, and both the size of the duct and position of cells are difficult to manipulate in a controllable way. Here, we describe a bile duct-on-a-chip (BDOC) that phenocopies the open-ended tubular architecture of the bile duct in three dimensions which, when seeded with either a cholangiocyte cell line or primary cells, demonstrates barrier function similar to bile ducts in vivo. This device represents an in vitro platform to study the pathophysiology of the bile duct using cholangiocytes from a variety of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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62
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Hsu JC, Du Y, Sengupta A, Dong YC, Mossburg KJ, Bouché M, Maidment ADA, Weljie AM, Cormode DP. Effect of Nanoparticle Synthetic Conditions on Ligand Coating Integrity and Subsequent Nano-Biointeractions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58401-58410. [PMID: 34846845 PMCID: PMC8715381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most current nanoparticle formulations have relatively low clearance efficiency, which may hamper their likelihood for clinical translation. Herein, we sought to compare the clearance and cellular distribution profiles between sub-5 nm, renally-excretable silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S-NPs) synthesized via either a bulk, high temperature, or a microfluidic, room temperature approach. We found that the thermolysis approach led to significant ligand degradation, but the surface coating shell was unaffected by the microfluidic synthesis. We demonstrated that the clearance was improved for Ag2S-NPs with intact ligands, with less uptake in the liver. Moreover, differential distribution in hepatic cells was observed, where Ag2S-NPs with degraded coatings tend to accumulate in Kupffer cells and those with intact coatings are more frequently found in hepatocytes. Therefore, understanding the impact of synthetic processes on ligand integrity and subsequent nano-biointeractions will aid in designing nanoparticle platforms with enhanced clearance and desired distribution profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Hsu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yu Du
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuxi C Dong
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Katherine J Mossburg
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mathilde Bouché
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew D A Maidment
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Lee SY, Kim D, Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041505. [PMID: 34703969 PMCID: PMC8520487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in drug metabolism and homeostasis. The metabolism and biotransformation can not only affect the efficacy of drugs but also result in hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury. Understanding the complex physiology of the liver and the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver diseases is essential for drug development. Conventional in vitro models have limitations in the ability to predict drug effects, due to the lack of physiological relevance. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip platform has been developed to reproduce the microarchitecture and in vivo environment of the liver. These efforts have improved the physiological relevance of the liver tissue used in the platform and have demonstrated its applicability to drug screening and disease models. In this review, we summarize the recent development of liver-on-a-chip models that closely mimic the in vivo liver environments and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
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64
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Long Y, Niu Y, Liang K, Du Y. Mechanical communication in fibrosis progression. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:70-90. [PMID: 34810063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical hallmarks of fibrotic microenvironments are both outcomes and causes of fibrosis progression. Understanding how cells sense and transmit mechanical cues in the interplay with extracellular matrix (ECM) and hemodynamic forces is a significant challenge. Recent advances highlight the evolvement of intracellular mechanotransduction pathways responding to ECM remodeling and abnormal hemodynamics (i.e., low and disturbed shear stress, pathological stretch, and increased pressure), which are prevalent biomechanical characteristics of fibrosis in multiple organs (e.g., liver, lung, and heart). Here, we envisage the mechanical communication in cell-ECM, cell-hemodynamics and cell-ECM-cell crosstalk (namely paratensile signaling) during fibrosis expansion. We also provide a comprehensive overview of in vitro and in silico engineering systems for disease modeling that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Long
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yudi Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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65
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Wang T, Lü S, Hao Y, Su Z, Long M, Cui Y. Influence of microflow on hepatic sinusoid blood flow and red blood cell deformation. Biophys J 2021; 120:4859-4873. [PMID: 34536388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sinusoids present complex anatomical structures such as the endothelial sieve pores and the Disse space, which govern the microscopic blood flow in the sinusoids and are associated with structural variations in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, the contributions of the permeability of endothelial and collagen layers and the roughness of hepatocyte microvilli to the features of this microflow remain largely unknown. Here, an immersed boundary method coupled with a lattice Boltzmann method was adopted in an in vitro hepatic sinusoidal model, and flow field and erythrocyte deformation analyses were conducted by introducing three new source terms including permeability of the endothelial layer, resistance of hepatocyte microvilli and collagen layers, and deformation of red blood cells (RBCs). Numerical calculations indicated that alterations in endothelial permeability could significantly affect the flow velocity and flow rate distributions in hepatic sinusoids. Interestingly, a biphasic regulating pattern of shear stress occurred simultaneously on the surface of hepatocytes and the lower side of endothelium, i.e., the shear stress increased with increased thickness of hepatocyte microvilli and collagen layer when the endothelial permeability was high but decreased with the increase of the thickness at low endothelial permeability. Additionally, this specified microflow manipulates typical RBC deformation inside the sinusoid, yielding one-third of the variation of deformable index with varied endothelial permeability. These simulations not only are consistent with experimental measurements using in vitro liver sinusoidal chip but also elaborate the contributions of endothelial and collagen layer permeability and wall roughness. Thus, our results provide a basis for further characterizing this microflow and understanding its effects on cellular migration and deformation in the hepatic sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinjing Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zinan Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhong Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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66
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Du K, Li S, Li C, Li P, Miao C, Luo T, Qiu B, Ding W. Modeling nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on a liver lobule chip with dual blood supply. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:228-239. [PMID: 34265474 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a public health concern. To date, the mechanism of NAFLD progression remains unclear, and pharmacological treatment options are scarce. Traditional animal NAFLD models are limited in helping address these problems due to interspecies differences. Liver chips are promising for modeling NAFLD. However, pre-existing liver chips cannot reproduce complex physicochemical microenvironments of the liver effectively; thus, NAFLD modeling based on these chips is incomplete. Herein, we develop a biomimetic liver lobule chip (LC) and then establish a more accurate on-chip NAFLD model. The self-developed LC achieves dual blood supply through the designed hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and the microtissue cultured on the LC forms multiple structures similar to in vivo liver. Based on the LC, NAFLD is modeled. Steatosis is successfully induced and more importantly, changing lipid zonation in a liver lobule with the progression of NAFLD is demonstrated for the first time on a microfluidic chip. In addition, the application of the induced NAFLD model has been preliminarily demonstrated in the prevention and reversibility of promising drugs. This study provides a promising platform to understand NAFLD progression and identify drugs for treating NAFLD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Liver chips are promising for modeling nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, on-chip replicating liver physicochemical microenvironments is still a challenge. Herein, we developed a liver lobule chip with dual blood supply, achieving self-organized liver microtissue that is similar to in vivo tissue. Based on the chip, we successfully modeled NAFLD under physiologically differentiated nutrient supplies. For the first time, the changing lipid zonation in a single liver lobule with the early-stage progression of NAFLD was demonstrated on a liver chip. This study provides a promising platform for modeling liver-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shibo Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ping Li
- Chinese Integrative Medicine Oncology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Chunguang Miao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Weiping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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Dellaquila A, Le Bao C, Letourneur D, Simon‐Yarza T. In Vitro Strategies to Vascularize 3D Physiologically Relevant Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100798. [PMID: 34351702 PMCID: PMC8498873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of 3D models represents a major challenge of tissue engineering and a key prerequisite for their clinical and industrial application. The use of prevascularized models built from dedicated materials could solve some of the actual limitations, such as suboptimal integration of the bioconstructs within the host tissue, and would provide more in vivo-like perfusable tissue and organ-specific platforms. In the last decade, the fabrication of vascularized physiologically relevant 3D constructs has been attempted by numerous tissue engineering strategies, which are classified here in microfluidic technology, 3D coculture models, namely, spheroids and organoids, and biofabrication. In this review, the recent advancements in prevascularization techniques and the increasing use of natural and synthetic materials to build physiological organ-specific models are discussed. Current drawbacks of each technology, future perspectives, and translation of vascularized tissue constructs toward clinics, pharmaceutical field, and industry are also presented. By combining complementary strategies, these models are envisioned to be successfully used for regenerative medicine and drug development in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Elvesys Microfluidics Innovation CenterParis75011France
- Biomolecular PhotonicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chau Le Bao
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Université Sorbonne Paris NordGalilée InstituteVilletaneuseF‐93430France
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Three-Dimensional Liver Culture Systems to Maintain Primary Hepatic Properties for Toxicological Analysis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910214. [PMID: 34638555 PMCID: PMC8508724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major reason for failures in drug development and withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. Two-dimensional cultures of hepatocytes often fail to reliably predict DILI: hepatoma cell lines such as HepG2 do not reflect important primary-like hepatic properties and primary human hepatocytes (pHHs) dedifferentiate quickly in vitro and are, therefore, not suitable for long-term toxicity studies. More predictive liver in vitro models are urgently required in drug development and compound safety evaluation. This review discusses available human hepatic cell types for in vitro toxicology analysis and their usage in established and emerging three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Generally, 3D cultures maintain or improve primary hepatic functions (including expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes) of different liver cells for several weeks of culture, thus allowing long-term and repeated-dose toxicity studies. Spheroid cultures of pHHs have been comprehensively tested, but also other cell types such as HepaRG benefit from 3D culture systems. Emerging 3D culture techniques include usage of induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived hepatocytes and primary-like upcyte cells, as well as advanced culture techniques such as microfluidic liver-on-a-chip models. In-depth characterization of existing and emerging 3D hepatocyte technologies is indispensable for successful implementation of such systems in toxicological analysis.
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69
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Petrillo S, Manco M, Altruda F, Fagoonee S, Tolosano E. Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells at the Crossroad of Iron Overload and Liver Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:474-486. [PMID: 32689808 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Liver fibrosis results from different etiologies and represents one of the most serious health issues worldwide. Fibrosis is the outcome of chronic insults on the liver and is associated with several factors, including abnormal iron metabolism. Recent Advances: Multiple mechanisms underlying the profibrogenic role of iron have been proposed. The pivotal role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in iron-level regulation, as well as their morphological and molecular dedifferentiation occurring in liver fibrosis, has encouraged research on LSECs as prime regulators of very early fibrotic events. Importantly, normal differentiated LSECs may act as gatekeepers of fibrogenesis by maintaining the quiescence of hepatic stellate cells, while LSECs capillarization precedes the onset of liver fibrosis. Critical Issues: In the present review, the morphological and molecular alterations occurring in LSECs after liver injury are addressed in an attempt to highlight how vascular dysfunction promotes fibrogenesis. In particular, we discuss in depth how a vicious loop can be established in which iron dysregulation and LSEC dedifferentiation synergize to exacerbate and promote the progression of liver fibrosis. Future Directions: LSECs, due to their pivotal role in early liver fibrosis and iron homeostasis, show great promises as a therapeutic target. In particular, new strategies can be devised for restoring LSECs differentiation and thus their role as regulators of iron homeostasis, hence preventing the progression of liver fibrosis or, even better, promoting its regression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 474-486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Manco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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70
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Lam DTUH, Dan YY, Chan YS, Ng HH. Emerging liver organoid platforms and technologies. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:27. [PMID: 34341842 PMCID: PMC8329140 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Building human organs in a dish has been a long term goal of researchers in pursue of physiologically relevant models of human disease and for replacement of worn out and diseased organs. The liver has been an organ of interest for its central role in regulating body homeostasis as well as drug metabolism. An accurate liver replica should contain the multiple cell types found in the organ and these cells should be spatially organized to resemble tissue structures. More importantly, the in vitro model should recapitulate cellular and tissue level functions. Progress in cell culture techniques and bioengineering approaches have greatly accelerated the development of advance 3-dimensional (3D) cellular models commonly referred to as liver organoids. These 3D models described range from single to multiple cell type containing cultures with diverse applications from establishing patient-specific liver cells to modeling of chronic liver diseases and regenerative therapy. Each organoid platform is advantageous for specific applications and presents its own limitations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of major liver organoid platforms and technologies developed for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Thuy Uyen Ha Lam
- Laboratory of precision disease therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Yun-Shen Chan
- Laboratory of precision disease therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Laboratory of precision disease therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117559, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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71
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Polidoro MA, Ferrari E, Marzorati S, Lleo A, Rasponi M. Experimental liver models: From cell culture techniques to microfluidic organs-on-chip. Liver Int 2021; 41:1744-1761. [PMID: 33966344 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the most studied organs of the human body owing to its central role in xenobiotic and drug metabolism. In recent decades, extensive research has aimed at developing in vitro liver models able to mimic liver functions to study pathophysiological clues in high-throughput and reproducible environments. Two-dimensional (2D) models have been widely used in screening potential toxic compounds but have failed to accurately reproduce the three-dimensionality (3D) of the liver milieu. To overcome these limitations, improved 3D culture techniques have been developed to recapitulate the hepatic native microenvironment. These models focus on reproducing the liver architecture, representing both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, as well as cell interactions. More recently, Liver-on-Chip (LoC) models have been developed with the aim of providing physiological fluid flow and thus achieving essential hepatic functions. Given their unprecedented ability to recapitulate critical features of the liver cellular environments, LoC have been extensively adopted in pathophysiological modelling and currently represent a promising tool for tissue engineering and drug screening applications. In this review, we discuss the evolution of experimental liver models, from the ancient 2D hepatocyte models, widely used for liver toxicity screening, to 3D and LoC culture strategies adopted for mirroring a more physiological microenvironment for the study of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Marzorati
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ya S, Ding W, Li S, Du K, Zhang Y, Li C, Liu J, Li F, Li P, Luo T, He L, Xu A, Gao D, Qiu B. On-Chip Construction of Liver Lobules with Self-Assembled Perfusable Hepatic Sinusoid Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32640-32652. [PMID: 34225454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although various liver chips have been developed using emerging organ-on-a-chip techniques, it remains an enormous challenge to replicate the liver lobules with self-assembled perfusable hepatic sinusoid networks. Herein we develop a lifelike bionic liver lobule chip (LLC), on which the perfusable hepatic sinusoid networks are achieved using a microflow-guided angiogenesis methodology; additionally, during and after self-assembly, oxygen concentration is regulated to mimic physiologically dissolved levels supplied by actual hepatic arterioles and venules. This liver lobule design thereby produces more bionic liver microstructures, higher metabolic abilities, and longer lasting hepatocyte function than other liver-on-a-chip techniques that are able to deliver. We found that the flow through the unique micropillar design in the cell coculture zone guides the radiating assembly of the hepatic sinusoid, the oxygen concentration affects the morphology of the sinusoid by proliferation, and the oxygen gradient plays a key role in prolonging hepatocyte function. The expected breadth of applications our LLC is suited to is demonstrated by means of preliminarily testing chronic and acute hepatotoxicity of drugs and replicating growth of tumors in situ. This work provides new insights into designing more extensive bionic vascularized liver chips, while achieving longer lasting ex-vivo hepatocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ya
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shibo Li
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Kun Du
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chinese Integrative Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Liqun He
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Dayong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- The Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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73
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Rhyou J, Youn J, Eom S, Kim DS. Facile Fabrication of Electrospun Nanofiber Membrane-Integrated PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Silver Nanowires-Uncured PDMS Adhesive Layer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:965-970. [PMID: 35549208 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although direct electrospinning has been frequently utilized to develop a nanofiber membrane-integrated microfluidic chip, the dielectric substrate material retards the deposition of electrospun nanofibers on the substrate, and the rough surface formed by deposited nanofibers hinders the successful sealing. In this study we introduce a facile fabrication process of an electrospun nanofiber membrane-integrated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip, called a NFM-PDMS chip, by applying the functional layer. The functional layer consists of a silver nanowires (AgNWs)-embedded uncured PDMS adhesive layer (SNUP), which not only effectively concentrates the electric field toward the PDMS substrate, but also provides a smooth surface for robust sealing. The AgNWs in the SNUP play a crucial role as a grounded collector and enable approximately 4× faster electrospinning than the conventional method, forming a free-standing nanofiber membrane. The uncured PDMS adhesive layer in the SNUP maintains the smooth surface after electrospinning and allows the rapid and leakage-free bonding of the NFM-PDMS chip using plasma treatment. A practical application of the NFM-PDMS chip is demonstrated by culturing the human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells. The HaCaT cells are well grown on the free-standing nanofiber membrane under dynamic flow conditions, maintaining good viability over 95% for 7 days of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeol Rhyou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Eom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50,
Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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74
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A versatile microfluidic tool for the 3D culture of HepaRG cells seeded at various stages of differentiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14075. [PMID: 34234159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of livers-on-a-chip aims to provide pharmaceutical companies with reliable systems to perform drug screening and toxicological studies. To that end, microfluidic systems are engineered to mimic the functions and architecture of this organ. In this context we have designed a device that reproduces series of liver microarchitectures, each permitting the 3D culture of hepatocytes by confining them to a chamber that is separated from the medium conveying channel by very thin slits. We modified the structure to ensure its compatibility with the culture of hepatocytes from different sources. Our device was adapted to the migratory and adhesion properties of the human HepaRG cell line at various stages of differentiation. Using this device, it was possible to keep the cells alive for more than 14 days, during which they achieved a 3D organisation and acquired or maintained their differentiation into hepatocytes. Albumin secretion as well as functional bile canaliculi were confirmed on the liver-on-a-chip. Finally, an acetaminophen toxicological assay was performed. With its multiple micro-chambers for hepatocyte culture, this microfluidic device architecture offers a promising opportunity to provide new tools for drug screening applications.
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3D Bioprinting for fabrication of tissue models of COVID-19 infection. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:503-518. [PMID: 34028514 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the world has witnessed multiple viral pandemics, the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic being the worst and most devastating one, claiming millions of lives worldwide. Physicians, scientists, and engineers worldwide have joined hands in dealing with the current situation at an impressive speed and efficiency. One of the major reasons for the delay in response is our limited understanding of the mechanism of action and individual effects of the virus on different tissues and organs. Advances in 3D bioprinting have opened up a whole new area to explore and utilize the technology in fabricating models of these tissues and organs, recapitulating in vivo environment. These biomimetic models can not only be utilized in learning the infection pathways and drug toxicology studies but also minimize the need for animal models and shorten the time span for human clinical trials. The current review aims to integrate the existing developments in bioprinting techniques, and their implementation to develop tissue models, which has implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future translation of these models has also been discussed with respect to the pandemic.
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76
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Yao T, Zhang Y, Lv M, Zang G, Ng SS, Chen X. Advances in 3D cell culture for liver preclinical studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:643-651. [PMID: 33973620 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D cell culture model is an indispensable tool in the study of liver biology in the field of health and disease and the development of clinically relevant products for liver therapies. The 3D culture model captures critical factors of the microenvironmental niche required by hepatocytes for exhibiting optimal phenotypes, thus enabling the pursuit of a range of preclinical studies that are not entirely feasible in conventional 2D cell models. In this review, we highlight the major attributes associated with and the components needed for the development of a functional 3D liver culture model for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Mengjiao Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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77
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Luo C, Lü D, Zheng L, Zhang F, Zhang X, Lü S, Zhang C, Jia X, Shu X, Li P, Li Z, Long M. Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by coupling substrate stiffness and microtopography. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3776-3790. [PMID: 33876166 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00174d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical or physical cues are associated with the growth and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). While the substrate stiffness or topography independently affects the differentiation of ESCs, their cooperative regulation on lineage-specific differentiation remains largely unknown. Here, four topographical configurations on stiff or soft polyacrylamide hydrogel were combined to direct hepatic differentiation of human H1 cells via a four-stage protocol, and the coupled impacts of stiffness and topography were quantified at distinct stages. Data indicated that the substrate stiffness is dominant in stemness maintenance on stiff gel and hepatic differentiation on soft gel while substrate topography assists the differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells in positive correlation with the circularity of H1 clones initially formed on the substrate. The differentiated cells exhibited liver-specific functions such as maintaining the capacities of CYP450 metabolism, glycogen synthesis, ICG engulfment, and repairing liver injury in CCl4-treated mice. These results implied that the coupling of substrate stiffness and topography, combined with the biochemical signals, is favorable to improve the efficiency and functionality of hepatic differentiation of human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Luo
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xiaohua Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhan Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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78
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Lee-Montiel FT, Laemmle A, Charwat V, Dumont L, Lee CS, Huebsch N, Okochi H, Hancock MJ, Siemons B, Boggess SC, Goswami I, Miller EW, Willenbring H, Healy KE. Integrated Isogenic Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Liver and Heart Microphysiological Systems Predict Unsafe Drug-Drug Interaction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667010. [PMID: 34025426 PMCID: PMC8138446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems (MPSs) mimicking human organ function in vitro are an emerging alternative to conventional monolayer cell culture and animal models for drug development. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to capture the diversity of human genetics and provide an unlimited supply of cells. Combining hiPSCs with microfluidics technology in MPSs offers new perspectives for drug development. Here, the integration of a newly developed liver MPS with a cardiac MPS—both created with the same hiPSC line—to study drug–drug interaction (DDI) is reported. As a prominent example of clinically relevant DDI, the interaction of the arrhythmogenic gastroprokinetic cisapride with the fungicide ketoconazole was investigated. As seen in patients, metabolic conversion of cisapride to non-arrhythmogenic norcisapride in the liver MPS by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 was inhibited by ketoconazole, leading to arrhythmia in the cardiac MPS. These results establish integration of hiPSC-based liver and cardiac MPSs to facilitate screening for DDI, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity, isogenic in the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe T Lee-Montiel
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Laemmle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena Charwat
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Laure Dumont
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caleb S Lee
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Brian Siemons
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Steven C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ishan Goswami
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Evan W Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Liver Center and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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79
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Arez F, Rodrigues AF, Brito C, Alves PM. Bioengineered Liver Cell Models of Hepatotropic Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:773. [PMID: 33925701 PMCID: PMC8146083 DOI: 10.3390/v13050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses and liver-stage malaria are within the liver infections causing higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The highly restricted tropism of the major human hepatotropic pathogens-namely, the human hepatitis B and C viruses and the Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites-has hampered the development of disease models. These models are crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of infection and governing host-pathogen interaction, as well as for fostering drug development. Bioengineered cell models better recapitulate the human liver microenvironment and extend hepatocyte viability and phenotype in vitro, when compared with conventional two-dimensional cell models. In this article, we review the bioengineering tools employed in the development of hepatic cell models for studying infection, with an emphasis on 3D cell culture strategies, and discuss how those tools contributed to the level of recapitulation attained in the different model layouts. Examples of host-pathogen interactions uncovered by engineered liver models and their usefulness in drug development are also presented. Finally, we address the current bottlenecks, trends, and prospect toward cell models' reliability, robustness, and reproducibility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bioengineering/methods
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Drug Discovery
- Hepatitis/drug therapy
- Hepatitis/etiology
- Hepatitis/metabolism
- Hepatitis/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/pathology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/parasitology
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/etiology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Arez
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (F.A.); (A.F.R.); (C.B.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana F. Rodrigues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (F.A.); (A.F.R.); (C.B.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (F.A.); (A.F.R.); (C.B.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (F.A.); (A.F.R.); (C.B.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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80
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Correia Carreira S, Taghavi M, Pavez Loriè E, Rossiter J. FleXert: A Soft, Actuatable Multiwell Plate Insert for Cell Culture under Stretch. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2225-2245. [PMID: 33843187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous multiwell plate inserts are widely used in biomedical research to study transport processes or to culture cells/tissues at the air-liquid interface. These inserts are made of rigid materials and used under static culture conditions, which are unrepresentative of biological microenvironments. Here, we present FleXert, a soft, actuatable cell culture insert that interfaces with six-well plates. It is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and comprises a porous PDMS membrane as cell/tissue support. FleXerts can be pneumatically actuated using a standard syringe pump, imparting tensile strains of up to 30%. A wide range of actuation patterns can be achieved by varying the air pressure and pumping rate. Facile surface functionalization of FleXert's porous PDMS membrane with fibronectin enables adhesion of human dermal fibroblasts and strains developing on FleXert's membrane are successfully transduced to the cell layer. 3D tissue models, such as fibroblast-laden collagen gels, can also be anchored to PDMS following polydopamine coating. Furthermore, collagen-coated FleXert membranes support the establishment of a human skin model, demonstrating the material's excellent biocompatibility required for tissue engineering. In contrast to existing technologies, FleXerts do not require costly fabrication equipment or custom-built culture chambers, making them a versatile and low-cost solution for tissue engineering and biological barrier penetration studies under physiological strain. This paper is an extensive toolkit for multidisciplinary mechanobiology studies, including detailed instructions for a wide variety of methods such as device fabrication, theoretical modeling, cell culture, and image analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Correia Carreira
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Taghavi
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, T Block, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Pavez Loriè
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rossiter
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, T Block, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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81
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Sun M, Han K, Hu R, Liu D, Fu W, Liu W. Advances in Micro/Nanoporous Membranes for Biomedical Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001545. [PMID: 33511718 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porous membrane materials at the micro/nanoscale have exhibited practical and potential value for extensive biological and medical applications associated with filtration and isolation, cell separation and sorting, micro-arrangement, in-vitro tissue reconstruction, high-throughput manipulation and analysis, and real-time sensing. Herein, an overview of technological development of micro/nanoporous membranes (M/N-PMs) is provided. Various membrane types and the progress documented in membrane fabrication techniques, including the electrochemical-etching, laser-based technology, microcontact printing, electron beam lithography, imprinting, capillary force lithography, spin coating, and microfluidic molding are described. Their key features, achievements, and limitations associated with micro/nanoporous membrane (M/N-PM) preparation are discussed. The recently popularized applications of M/N-PMs in biomedical engineering involving the separation of cells and biomolecules, bioparticle operations, biomimicking, micropatterning, bioassay, and biosensing are explored too. Finally, the challenges that need to be overcome for M/N-PM fabrication and future applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Kai Han
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Wenzhu Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Wenming Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan 410013 China
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82
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Sung JH. Multi-organ-on-a-chip for pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetic study of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:969-986. [PMID: 33764248 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1908996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK) of drugs is imperative for successful development of new pharmaceutics. Although conventional in vitro methods for predicting the PK and TK of drugs are well established, limitations still exist and more advanced chip-based in vitro platforms combined with mathematical models can help researchers overcome the limitations. Areas covered: We will review recent progress in the development of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms for predicting PK and TK of drugs, as well as mathematical approaches that can be combined with these platforms for experiment design, data analysis and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for application to humans. Expert opinion: Although there remain some challenges to be addressed, the remarkable progress in the area of multi-organ-on-a-chip in recent years indicate that we will see tangible outcomes that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, sejong, Republic of Korea
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83
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Kopec AK, Yokokawa R, Khan N, Horii I, Finley JE, Bono CP, Donovan C, Roy J, Harney J, Burdick AD, Jessen B, Lu S, Collinge M, Sadeghian RB, Derzi M, Tomlinson L, Burkhardt JE. Microphysiological systems in early stage drug development: Perspectives on current applications and future impact. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:99-114. [PMID: 33642521 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are making advances to provide more standardized and predictive physiologically relevant responses to test articles in living tissues and organ systems. The excitement surrounding the potential of MPS to better predict human responses to medicines and improving clinical translation is overshadowed by their relatively slow adoption by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Collaboration between multiorganizational consortia and regulators is necessary to build an understanding of the strengths and limitations of MPS models and closing the current gaps. Here, we review some of the advances in MPS research, focusing on liver, intestine, vascular system, kidney and lung and present examples highlighting the context of use for these systems. For MPS to gain a foothold in drug development, they must have added value over existing approaches. Ideally, the application of MPS will augment in vivo studies and reduce the use of animals via tiered screening with less reliance on exploratory toxicology studies to screen compounds. Because MPS support multiple cell types (e.g. primary or stem-cell derived cells) and organ systems, identifying when MPS are more appropriate than simple 2D in vitro models for understanding physiological responses to test articles is necessary. Once identified, MPS models require qualification for that specific context of use and must be reproducible to allow future validation. Ultimately, the challenges of balancing complexity with reproducibility will inform the promise of advancing the MPS field and are critical for realization of the goal to reduce, refine and replace (3Rs) the use of animals in nonclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kopec
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Nasir Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ikuo Horii
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Japan
| | - James E Finley
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Carol Donovan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Jessica Roy
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Julie Harney
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Mark Collinge
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Mazin Derzi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., MA, USA
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84
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Li W, Li P, Li N, Du Y, Lü S, Elad D, Long M. Matrix stiffness and shear stresses modulate hepatocyte functions in a fibrotic liver sinusoidal model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G272-G282. [PMID: 33296275 PMCID: PMC8609567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00379.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity has important effects on cell behaviors and increases sharply in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatic blood flow is essential in maintaining hepatocytes' (HCs) functions. However, it is still unclear how matrix stiffness and shear stresses orchestrate HC phenotype in concert. A fibrotic three-dimensional (3-D) liver sinusoidal model is constructed using a porous membrane sandwiched between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers with respective flow channels. The HCs are cultured in collagen gels of various stiffnesses in the lower channel, whereas the upper channel is pre-seeded with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and accessible to shear flow. The results reveal that HCs cultured within stiffer matrices exhibit reduced albumin production and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) reductase expression. Low shear stresses enhance synthetic and metabolic functions of HC, whereas high shear stresses lead to the loss of HC phenotype. Furthermore, both mechanical factors regulate HC functions by complementing each other. These observations are likely attributed to mechanically induced mass transport or key signaling molecule of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The present study results provide an insight into understanding the mechanisms of HC dysfunction in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, especially from the viewpoint of matrix stiffness and blood flow.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A fibrotic three-dimensional (3-D) liver sinusoidal model was constructed to mimic different stages of liver fibrosis in vivo and to explore the cooperative effects of matrix stiffness and shear stresses on hepatocyte (HC) functions. Mechanically induced alterations of mass transport mainly contributed to HC functions via typical mechanosensitive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiwen Li
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Du
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Elad
- 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mian Long
- 1Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,2Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,3Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,4School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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85
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Ma L, Wu Y, Li Y, Aazmi A, Zhou H, Zhang B, Yang H. Current Advances on 3D-Bioprinted Liver Tissue Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001517. [PMID: 33073522 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver, the largest gland in the human body, plays a key role in metabolism, bile production, detoxification, and water and electrolyte regulation. The toxins or drugs that the gastrointestinal system absorbs reach the liver first before entering the bloodstream. Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, an in vitro liver tissue model that reproduces the main functions of the liver can be a reliable platform for investigating liver diseases and developing new drugs. In addition, the limitations in traditional, planar monolayer cell cultures and animal tests for evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates can be overcome. Currently, the newly emerging 3D bioprinting technologies have the ability to construct in vitro liver tissue models both in static scaffolds and dynamic liver-on-chip manners. This review mainly focuses on the construction and applications of liver tissue models based on 3D bioprinting. Special attention is given to 3D bioprinting strategies and bioinks for constructing liver tissue models including the cell sources and hydrogel selection. In addition, the main advantages and limitations and the major challenges and future perspectives are discussed, paving the way for the next generation of in vitro liver tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yutong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yuting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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86
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Deng J, Cong Y, Han X, Wei W, Lu Y, Liu T, Zhao W, Lin B, Luo Y, Zhang X. A liver-on-a-chip for hepatoprotective activity assessment. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:064107. [PMID: 33312328 PMCID: PMC7710384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoprotectant is critical for the treatment of liver disease. This study first reported the application of a liver chip in the hepatoprotective effect assessment. We first established a biomimetic sinusoid-on-a-chip by laminating four types of hepatic cell lines (HepG2, HUVEC, LX-2, and U937 cells) in a single microchannel with the help of laminar flow in the microchannel and some micro-fences. This chip was straightforward to fabricate and operate and was able to be long-term cultured. It also demonstrated better hepatic activity (cell viability, albumin synthesis, urea secretion, and cytochrome P450 enzyme activities) over the traditional planar cell culture model. Then, we loaded three hepatoprotectants (tiopronin, bifendatatum, and glycyrrhizinate) into the chip followed by the addition of acetaminophen as a toxin. We successfully observed the hepatoprotective effect of these hepatoprotectants in the chip, and we also found that bifendatatum predominantly reduced alanine transaminase secretion, tiopronin predominantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase secretion, and glycyrrhizinate predominantly reduced aspartate transaminase secretion, which revealed the different mechanisms of these hepatoprotectants and provided a clue for following molecular biological study of the protecting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Wei
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics & Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Biotechnologhy Division, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Biotechnologhy Division, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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87
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Moradi E, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Solati-Hashjin M. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human liver tissue. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:67-83. [PMID: 32890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body with complex microarchitecture and function that plays critical roles in drug metabolism. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by various drugs is the main reason for late-stage drug failures. Moreover, liver diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world, with the number of new cases arising each year. Although animal models have been used to understand human drug metabolism and toxicity before clinical trials, tridimensional microphysiological systems, such as liver-on-a-chip (Liver Chip) platforms, could better recapitulate features of human liver physiology and pathophysiology and thus, are often more predictive of human outcome. Liver Chip devices have shown promising results in mimicking in vivo condition by recapitulating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, maintaining high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and emulating native liver functions. Here, we first review the cellular constituents and physiology of the liver and then critically discuss the state-of-the-art chip-based liver models and their applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We finally address the pending issues of existing platforms and touch upon future directions for developing new, advanced on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanollah Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
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88
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Meng Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Shen C. Hydrogel microfluidic-based liver-on-a-chip: Mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of liver. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:612-621. [PMID: 33017042 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver is fed by nutrition via diffusion across the vascular wall from blood flow. However, hepatocytes in liver models are directly exposed to the perfusion culture medium, where the shear stress reduces the cell viability and liver-specific functions. By mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of hepatic lobule, we designed a microfluidic liver-on-a-chip based on the di-acrylated pluronic F127 hydrogel. In the hydrogel chip, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and human hepatic stellate cell LX-2 were statically cultured inside the microwells on the outer channel. These hepatic cells were fed by the diffused medium from the adjacent but separated inner channel with endothelial cell monolayers, which was perfused by the medium with physiologically relevant shear stress. As found, the hepatic cells in the liver-on-a-chip rapidly formed spheroids within 1-day incubation and expressed about one to two-fold higher viability/liver-specific functions than the corresponding static culture for at least 8 days. Moreover, the presence of endothelial cells also contributed to the expression of liver-specific functions in the liver-on-a-chip. Therefore, the proposed liver-on-a-chip provides a new concept for construction of 3D liver models in vitro, and shows the potential value for a variety of applications including bio-artificial livers and drug toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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89
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Chen X, Zhang YS, Zhang X, Liu C. Organ-on-a-chip platforms for accelerating the evaluation of nanomedicine. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1012-1027. [PMID: 33102943 PMCID: PMC7566214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine involves the use of engineered nanoscale materials in an extensive range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and can be applied to the treatment of many diseases. Despite the rapid progress and tremendous potential of nanomedicine in the past decades, the clinical translational process is still quite slow, owing to the difficulty in understanding, evaluating, and predicting nanomaterial behaviors within the complex environment of human beings. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to resolve these challenges. Sophisticatedly designed Organ Chip enable in vitro simulation of the in vivo microenvironments, thus providing robust platforms for evaluating nanomedicine. Herein, we review recent developments and achievements in Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations, categorized into seven broad sections based on the target organ systems: respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, excretory, nervous, and vascular, as well as coverage on applications relating to cancer. We conclude by providing our perspectives on the challenges and potential future directions for applications of Organ Chip in nanomedicine. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to understand, evaluate, and predict nanomedicine behaviors within the complex environment. Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations are categorized into seven broad sections based on the targeted body systems. Limitations, challenges, and perspectives of Organ Chip for accelerating the assessment of nanomedicine are discussed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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90
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Jang KJ, Otieno MA, Ronxhi J, Lim HK, Ewart L, Kodella KR, Petropolis DB, Kulkarni G, Rubins JE, Conegliano D, Nawroth J, Simic D, Lam W, Singer M, Barale E, Singh B, Sonee M, Streeter AJ, Manthey C, Jones B, Srivastava A, Andersson LC, Williams D, Park H, Barrile R, Sliz J, Herland A, Haney S, Karalis K, Ingber DE, Hamilton GA. Reproducing human and cross-species drug toxicities using a Liver-Chip. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/517/eaax5516. [PMID: 31694927 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical rodent and nonrodent toxicity models used to support clinical trials of candidate drugs may produce discordant results or fail to predict complications in humans, contributing to drug failures in the clinic. Here, we applied microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology to design a rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip containing species-specific primary hepatocytes interfaced with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, with or without Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, cultured under physiological fluid flow. The Liver-Chip detected diverse phenotypes of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular injury, steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and species-specific toxicities when treated with tool compounds. A multispecies Liver-Chip may provide a useful platform for prediction of liver toxicity and inform human relevance of liver toxicities detected in animal studies to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Janey Ronxhi
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Janna Nawroth
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Damir Simic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Monica Singer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Manisha Sonee
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony J Streeter
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Carl Manthey
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, IPD Biology, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Barry Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Dominic Williams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | - Josiah Sliz
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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91
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Sasikumar S, Chameettachal S, Kingshott P, Cromer B, Pati F. 3D hepatic mimics - the need for a multicentric approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:052002. [PMID: 32460259 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a center of metabolic activity, including the metabolism of drugs, and consequently is prone to drug-induced liver injury. Failure to detect hepatotoxicity of drugs during their development will lead to the withdrawal of the drugs during clinical trials. To avoid such clinical and economic consequences, in vitro liver models that can precisely predict the toxicity of a drug during the pre-clinical phase is necessary. This review describes the different technologies that are used to develop in vitro liver models and the different approaches aimed at mimicking different functional aspects of the liver at the fundamental level. This involves mimicking of the functional and structural units like the sinusoid, the bile canalicular system, and the acinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Sasikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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92
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Li P, Zhou J, Li W, Wu H, Hu J, Ding Q, Lü S, Pan J, Zhang C, Li N, Long M. Characterizing liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrae on soft substrates upon AFM imaging and deep learning. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129702. [PMID: 32814074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) display unique fenestrated morphology. Alterations in the size and number of fenestrae play a crucial role in the progression of various liver diseases. While their features have been visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the in situ imaging methods and off-line analyses are further required for fenestra quantification. METHODS Primary mouse LSECs were cultured on a collagen-I-coated culture dish, or a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel substrate. An AFM contact mode was applied to visualize fenestrae on individual fixed LSECs. Collected images were analyzed using an in-house developed image recognition program based on fully convolutional networks (FCN). RESULTS Key scanning parameters were first optimized for visualizing the fenestrae on LSECs on culture dish, which was also applicable for the LSECs cultured on various hydrogels. The intermediate-magnification morphology images of LSECs were used for developing the FCN-based, fenestra recognition program. This program enabled us to recognize the vast majority of fenestrae from AFM images after twice trainings at a typical accuracy of 81.6% on soft substrate and also quantify the statistics of porosity, number of fenestrae and distribution of fenestra diameter. CONCLUSIONS Combining AFM imaging with FCN training is able to quantify the morphological distributions of LSEC fenestrae on various substrates. SIGNIFICANCE AFM images acquired and analyzed here provided the global information of surface ultramicroscopic structures over an entire cell, which is fundamental in understanding their regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance in fenestra-like evolution of individual cells on stiffness-varied substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China; Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qihan Ding
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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93
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Nam U, Kim S, Park J, Jeon JS. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Vascular Inflammation Model on Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080747. [PMID: 32751936 PMCID: PMC7465530 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the initiation of defense of our body against harmful stimuli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), originating from outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causes inflammation in the animal’s body and can develop several diseases. In order to study the inflammatory response to LPS of blood vessels in vitro, 2D models have been mainly used previously. In this study, a microfluidic device was used to investigate independent inflammatory response of endothelial cells by LPS and interaction of inflamed blood vessel with monocytic THP-1 cells. Firstly, the diffusion of LPS across the collagen gel into blood vessel was simulated using COMSOL. Then, inflammatory response to LPS in engineered blood vessel was confirmed by the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and VE-cadherin of blood vessel, and THP-1 cell adhesion and migration assay. Upregulation of ICAM-1 and downregulation of VE-cadherin in an LPS-treated condition was observed compared to normal condition. In the THP-1 cell adhesion and migration assay, the number of adhered and trans-endothelial migrated THP-1 cells were not different between conditions. However, migration distance of THP-1 was longer in the LPS treatment condition. In conclusion, we recapitulated the inflammatory response of blood vessels and the interaction of THP-1 cells with blood vessels due to the diffusion of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsig Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141S, Korea; (U.N.); (S.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Seunggyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141S, Korea; (U.N.); (S.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Joonha Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141S, Korea; (U.N.); (S.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jessie S. Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141S, Korea; (U.N.); (S.K.); (J.P.)
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-350-3226
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94
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Shurbaji S, G. Anlar G, A. Hussein E, Elzatahry A, C. Yalcin H. Effect of Flow-Induced Shear Stress in Nanomaterial Uptake by Cells: Focus on Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1916. [PMID: 32708521 PMCID: PMC7409087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanomedicines have gained a great deal of attention in diverse biomedical applications, including anti-cancer therapy. Being different from normal tissue, the biophysical microenvironment of tumor cells and cancer cell mechanics should be considered for the development of nanostructures as anti-cancer agents. Throughout the last decades, many efforts devoted to investigating the distinct cancer environment and understanding the interactions between tumor cells and have been applied bio-nanomaterials. This review highlights the microenvironment of cancer cells and how it is different from that of healthy tissue. We gave special emphasis to the physiological shear stresses existing in the cancerous surroundings, since these stresses have a profound effect on cancer cell/nanoparticle interaction. Finally, this study reviews relevant examples of investigations aimed at clarifying the cellular nanoparticle uptake behavior under both static and dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Shurbaji
- Materials Science and Technology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.S.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Gulsen G. Anlar
- College of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Essraa A. Hussein
- Materials Science and Technology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.S.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.S.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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95
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Mao S, Pang Y, Liu T, Shao Y, He J, Yang H, Mao Y, Sun W. Bioprinting of in vitro tumor models for personalized cancer treatment: a review. Biofabrication 2020; 12:042001. [PMID: 32470967 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab97c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studying biological characteristics of tumors and evaluating the treatment effects require appropriate in vitro tumor models. However, the occurrence, progression, and migration of tumors involve spatiotemporal changes, cell-microenvironment and cell-cell interactions, and signal transmission in cells, which makes the construction of in vitro tumor models extremely challenging. In the past few years, advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering methods, especially development of the bioprinting technology, have paved the way for innovative platform technologies for in vitro cancer research. Bioprinting can accurately control the distribution of cells, active molecules, and biomaterials. Furthermore, this technology recapitulates the key characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and constructs in vitro tumor models with bionic structures and physiological systems. These models can be used as robust platforms to study tumor initiation, interaction with the microenvironment, angiogenesis, motility and invasion, as well as intra- and extravasation. Bioprinted tumor models can also be used for high-throughput drug screening and validation and provide the possibility for personalized cancer treatment research. This review describes the basic characteristics of the tumor and its microenvironment and focuses on the importance and relevance of bioprinting technology in the construction of tumor models. Research progress in the bioprinting of monocellular, multicellular, and personalized tumor models is discussed, and comprehensive application of bioprinting in preclinical drug screening and innovative therapy is reviewed. Finally, we offer our perspective on the shortcomings of the existing models and explore new technologies to outline the direction of future development and application prospects of next-generation tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 'Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' 111 -Innovation International Talents Base, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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96
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Wang K, Man K, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Microphysiological Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3231-3257. [PMID: 33204830 PMCID: PMC7668566 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems, including organoids, 3-D printed tissue constructs and organ-on-a-chips (organ chips), are physiologically relevant in vitro models and have experienced explosive growth in the past decades. Different from conventional, tissue culture plastic-based in vitro models or animal models, microphysiological systems recapitulate key microenvironmental characteristics of human organs and mimic their primary functions. The advent of microphysiological systems is attributed to evolving biomaterials, micro-/nanotechnologies and stem cell biology, which enable the precise control over the matrix properties and the interactions between cells, tissues and organs in physiological conditions. As such, microphysiological systems have been developed to model a broad spectrum of organs from microvasculature, eye, to lung and many others to understand human organ development and disease pathology and facilitate drug discovery. Multiorgans-on-a-chip systems have also been developed by integrating multiple associated organ chips in a single platform, which allows to study and employ the organ function in a systematic approach. Here we first discuss the design principles of microphysiological systems with a focus on the anatomy and physiology of organs, and then review the commonly used fabrication techniques and biomaterials for microphysiological systems. Subsequently, we discuss the recent development of microphysiological systems, and provide our perspectives on advancing microphysiological systems for preclinical investigation and drug discovery of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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97
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Nikmaneshi MR, Firoozabadi B, Munn LL. A mechanobiological mathematical model of liver metabolism. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2861-2874. [PMID: 32501531 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a complex role in metabolism and detoxification, and better tools are needed to understand its function and to develop liver-targeted therapies. In this study, we establish a mechanobiological model of liver transport and hepatocyte biology to elucidate the metabolism of urea and albumin, the production/detoxification of ammonia, and consumption of oxygen and nutrients. Since hepatocellular shear stress (SS) can influence the enzymatic activities of liver, the effect of SS on the urea and albumin synthesis are empirically modeled through the mechanotransduction mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the rheology and dynamics of the sinusoid flow can significantly affect liver metabolism. We show that perfusate rheology and blood hematocrit can affect urea and albumin production by changing hepatocyte mechanosensitive metabolism. The model can also simulate enzymatic diseases of the liver such as hyperammonemia I, hyperammonemia II, hyperarginemia, citrollinemia, and argininosuccinicaciduria, which disrupt the urea metabolism and ammonia detoxification. The model is also able to predict how aggregate cultures of hepatocytes differ from single cell cultures. We conclude that in vitro perfusable devices for the study of liver metabolism or personalized medicine should be designed with similar morphology and fluid dynamics as patient liver tissue. This robust model can be adapted to any type of hepatocyte culture to determine how hepatocyte viability, functionality, and metabolism are influenced by liver pathologies and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Nikmaneshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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98
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Elad D, Zaretsky U, Kuperman T, Gavriel M, Long M, Jaffa A, Grisaru D. Tissue engineered endometrial barrier exposed to peristaltic flow shear stresses. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:026107. [PMID: 32548541 PMCID: PMC7269682 DOI: 10.1063/5.0001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic myometrial contractions of the non-pregnant uterus induce intra-uterine peristaltic flows, which have important roles in transport of sperm and embryos during early stages of reproduction. Hyperperistalsis in young females may lead to migration of endometrial cells and development of adenomyosis or endometriosis. We conducted an in vitro study of the biological response of a tissue engineered endometrial barrier exposed to peristaltic wall shear stresses (PWSSs). The endometrial barrier model was co-cultured of endometrial epithelial cells on top of myometrial smooth muscle cells (MSMCs) in custom-designed wells that can be disassembled for mechanobiology experiments. A new experimental setup was developed for exposing the uterine wall in vitro model to PWSSs that mimic the in vivo intra-uterine environment. Peristaltic flow was induced by moving a belt with bulges to deform the elastic cover of a fluid filled chamber that held the uterine wall model at the bottom. The in vitro biological model was exposed to peristaltic flows for 60 and 120 min and then stained for immunofluorescence studies of alternations in the cytoskeleton. Quantification of the F-actin mass in both layers revealed a significant increase with the length of exposure to PWSSs. Moreover, the inner layer of MSMCs that were not in direct contact with the fluid also responded with an increase in the F-actin mass. This new experimental approach can be expanded to in vitro studies of multiple structural changes and genetic expressions, while the tissue engineered uterine wall models are tested under conditions that mimic the in vivo physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Elad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Uri Zaretsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kuperman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mark Gavriel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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99
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Du Y, Khandekar G, Llewellyn J, Polacheck W, Chen CS, Wells RG. A Bile Duct-on-a-Chip With Organ-Level Functions. Hepatology 2020; 71:1350-1363. [PMID: 31465556 PMCID: PMC7048662 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are frequently associated with damage to the barrier function of the biliary epithelium. Here, we report on a bile duct-on-a-chip that phenocopies not only the tubular architecture of the bile duct in three dimensions, but also its barrier functions. APPROACH AND RESULTS We showed that mouse cholangiocytes in the channel of the device became polarized and formed mature tight junctions, that the permeability of the cholangiocyte monolayer was comparable to ex vivo measurements, and that cholangiocytes in the device were mechanosensitive (as demonstrated by changes in calcium flux under applied luminal flow). Permeability decreased significantly when cells formed a compact monolayer with cell densities comparable to those observed in vivo. This device enabled independent access to the apical and basolateral surfaces of the cholangiocyte channel, allowing proof-of-concept toxicity studies with the biliary toxin, biliatresone, and the bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid. The cholangiocyte basolateral side was more vulnerable than the apical side to treatment with either agent, suggesting a protective adaptation of the apical surface that is normally exposed to bile. Further studies revealed a protective role of the cholangiocyte apical glycocalyx, wherein disruption of the glycocalyx with neuraminidase increased the permeability of the cholangiocyte monolayer after treatment with glycochenodeoxycholic acid. CONCLUSIONS This bile duct-on-a-chip captured essential features of a simplified bile duct in structure and organ-level functions and represents an in vitro platform to study the pathophysiology of the bile duct using cholangiocytes from a variety of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Gauri Khandekar
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Jessica Llewellyn
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - William Polacheck
- The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA,The Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA,Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNC
| | - Christopher S. Chen
- The Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA,Tissue Microfabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA,Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Rebecca G. Wells
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Department of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Applied SciencesThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyThe University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
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100
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Burton L, Scaife P, Paine SW, Mellor HR, Abernethy L, Littlewood P, Rauch C. Hydrostatic pressure regulates CYP1A2 expression in human hepatocytes via a mechanosensitive aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C889-C902. [PMID: 32159360 PMCID: PMC7294326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00472.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 75% of xenobiotics are primarily eliminated through metabolism; thus the accurate scaling of metabolic clearance is vital to successful drug development. Yet, when data is scaled from in vitro to in vivo, hepatic metabolic clearance, the primary source of metabolism, is still commonly underpredicted. Over the past decades, with biophysics used as a key component to restore aspects of the in vivo environment, several new cell culture settings have been investigated to improve hepatocyte functionalities. Most of these studies have focused on shear stress, i.e., flow mediated by a pressure gradient. One potential conclusion of these studies is that hepatocytes are naturally "mechanosensitive," i.e., they respond to a change in their biophysical environment. We demonstrate that hepatocytes also respond to an increase in hydrostatic pressure that, we suggest, is directly linked to the lobule geometry and vessel density. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hydrostatic pressure improves albumin production and increases cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2 expression levels in an aryl hydrocarbon-dependent manner in human hepatocytes. Increased albumin production and CYP function are commonly attributed to the impacts of shear stress in microfluidic experiments. Therefore, our results highlight evidence of a novel link between hydrostatic pressure and CYP metabolism and demonstrate that the spectrum of hepatocyte mechanosensitivity might be larger than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Burton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Scaife
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W Paine
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Howard R Mellor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Abernethy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd., Abingdon Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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