51
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Winkels H, Wolf D. Heterogeneity of T Cells in Atherosclerosis Defined by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Cytometry by Time of Flight. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:549-563. [PMID: 33267666 PMCID: PMC7837690 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and accumulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory leukocytes within the intimal layer of the arterial wall is a hallmark of developing and progressing atherosclerosis. While traditionally perceived as macrophage- and foam cell-dominated disease, it is now established that atherosclerosis is a partial autoimmune disease that involves the recognition of peptides from ApoB (apolipoprotein B), the core protein of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol particles, by CD4+ T-helper cells and autoantibodies against LDL and ApoB. Autoimmunity in the atherosclerotic plaque has long been understood as a pathogenic T-helper type-1 driven response with proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Recent developments in high-parametric cell immunophenotyping by mass cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing, and in tools exploring antigen-specificity have established the existence of several unforeseen layers of T-cell diversity with mixed TH1 and T regulatory cells transcriptional programs and unpredicted fates. These findings suggest that pathogenic ApoB-reactive T cells evolve from atheroprotective and immunosuppressive CD4+ T regulatory cells that lose their protective properties over time. Here, we discuss T-cell heterogeneity in atherosclerosis with a focus on plasticity, antigen-specificity, exhaustion, maturation, tissue residency, and its potential use in clinical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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52
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Kamperidis N, Kamperidis V, Zegkos T, Kostourou I, Nikolaidou O, Arebi N, Karvounis H. Atherosclerosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Shared Pathogenesis and Implications for Treatment. Angiology 2020; 72:303-314. [PMID: 33601945 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720974552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often regarded as 2 distinct entities. The commonest manifestation of atherosclerosis is ischemic heart disease (IHD), and an association between IHD and IBD has been reported. Atherosclerosis and IBD share common pathophysiological mechanisms in terms of their genetics, immunology, and contributing environmental factors. Factors associated with atherosclerosis are implicated in the development of IBD and vice versa. Therefore, treatments targeting the common pathophysiology pathways may be effective in both conditions. The current review considers the pathophysiological pathways that are shared between the 2 conditions and discusses the implications for treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kamperidis
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Vasileios Kamperidis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Thomas Zegkos
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Olga Nikolaidou
- Radiology Department, Pananikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Naila Arebi
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haralambos Karvounis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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53
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Li Z, Wu N, Wang J, Zhang Q. Roles of Endovascular Calyx Related Enzymes in Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetic Vascular Complications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590614. [PMID: 33328998 PMCID: PMC7734331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of diabetic patients has rapidly increased. Diabetic vascular complications seriously affect people’s quality of life. Studies found that endothelial dysfunction precedes the vascular complications of diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction is related to glycocalyx degradation on the surface of blood vessels. Heparanase (HPSE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), hyaluronidase (HYAL), hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS), and neuraminidase (NEU) are related to glycocalyx degradation. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and the vascular complications of diabetes from the perspective of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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54
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathology underlying heart attacks, strokes and peripheral artery disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall initiated by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. LDL accumulates in the artery wall, where it can become oxidized to oxLDL. T cell responses to ApoB, a core protein found in LDL and other lipoproteins, are detectable in healthy mice and people. Most of the ApoB-specific CD4T cells are FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In the course of atherosclerosis development, the number of ApoB-reactive T cells expands. At the same time, their phenotype changes, showing cell surface markers, transcription factors and transcriptomes resembling other T-helper lineages like Th17, Th1 and follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells enter germinal centers and provide T cell help to B cells, enabling antibody isotype switch from IgM to IgG and supporting affinity maturation. In people and mice with atherosclerosis, IgG and IgM antibodies to oxLDL are detectable. Higher IgM antibody titers to oxLDL are associated with less, IgG antibodies with more atherosclerosis. Thus, both T and B cells play critical roles in atherosclerosis. Modifying the adaptive immune response to ApoB holds promise for preventing atherosclerosis and reducing disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Inflammation Biology Laboratory, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
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55
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Gong X, Xia L, Su Z. Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease. Immunology 2020; 162:368-376. [PMID: 32967038 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a distinctive population of leucocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in immune-mediated diseases and play crucial roles in tissue remodelling after injury. ILC lineages can be divided into helper ILCs and cytotoxic ILCs. Most helper ILCs are integrated into the fabric of tissues and produce different types of cytokines involving in the pathogenesis of many kinds of cardiovascular disease and form intricate response circuits with adaptive immune cells. However, the specific phenotype and function of helper ILC subsets in cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. In this review, we firstly highlight the distribution of helper ILCs in cardiovascular system and further discuss the potential contribution of helper ILCs in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Gong
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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56
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Schwartz DM, Burma AM, Kitakule MM, Luo Y, Mehta NN. T Cells in Autoimmunity-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588776. [PMID: 33117403 PMCID: PMC7576936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are indisputably critical mediators of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), where they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote vascular pathology. Equally well-established is the fact that autoimmune diseases, which are mediated by autoreactive T cells, substantially increase the risk of developing CVD. Indeed, as immunomodulatory treatments have become more effective at treating end-organ pathology, CVD has become a leading cause of death in patients with autoimmune diseases. Despite this, investigators have only recently begun to probe the mechanisms by which autoreactive T cells promote CVD in the context of autoimmune diseases. T cells are best-studied in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitides, where they react to self-antigen in the vessel wall. However, newer studies indicate that T cells also contribute to the increased CVD risk associated with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Given the central role of T-cell-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the role of these factors in psoriatic CVD is also under investigation. In the future, T cells are likely to represent major targets for the prevention and treatment of CVD in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Muallem Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aarohan M Burma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Moses M Kitakule
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yiming Luo
- Rheumatology Fellowship Program, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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57
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is a complex disease process with lipid as a traditional modifiable risk factor and therapeutic target in treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Recent evidence indicates that genetic influence and host immune response also are vital in this process. How these elements interact and modify each other and if immune response may emerge as a novel modifiable target remain poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous preclinical studies have clearly demonstrated that hypercholesterolemia is essential for atherogenesis, but genetic variations and host immune-inflammatory responses can modulate the pro-atherogenic effect of elevated LDL-C. Clinical studies also suggest that a similar paradigm may also be operational in atherogenesis in humans. More importantly each element modifies the biological behavior of the other two elements, forming a triangular relationship among the three. Modulating any one of them will have downstream impact on atherosclerosis. This brief review summarizes the relationship among lipids, genes, and immunity in atherogenesis and presents evidence to show how these elements affect each other. Modulation of immune response, though in its infancy, has a potential to emerge as a novel clinical strategy in treating ACVD.
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58
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Sun L, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Wang F, Liu S, Liu L, Zhao L, Lu W, Li M, Xu Y. Dendritic Cells and T Cells, Partners in Atherogenesis and the Translating Road Ahead. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1456. [PMID: 32849502 PMCID: PMC7403484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic process associated with arterial inflammation, the accumulation of lipids, plaque formation in vessel walls, and thrombosis with late mortal complications such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence has shown that both innate and adaptive “arms” of the immune system play important roles in regulating the progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that a unique type of innate immune cell, termed dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role as central instigators, whereas adaptive immune cells, called T lymphocytes, are crucial as active executors of the DC immunity in atherogenesis. These two important immune cell types work in pairs to establish pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective immune responses in vascular tissues. Therefore, understanding the role of DCs and T cells in atherosclerosis is extremely important. Here, in this review, we will present a complete overview, based on existing knowledge of these two cell types in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and discuss some of the novel means of targeting DCs and T cells as therapeutic tactics for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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59
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Zernecke A, Winkels H, Cochain C, Williams JW, Wolf D, Soehnlein O, Robbins CS, Monaco C, Park I, McNamara CA, Binder CJ, Cybulsky MI, Scipione CA, Hedrick CC, Galkina EV, Kyaw T, Ghosheh Y, Dinh HQ, Ley K. Meta-Analysis of Leukocyte Diversity in Atherosclerotic Mouse Aortas. Circ Res 2020; 127:402-426. [PMID: 32673538 PMCID: PMC7371244 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse leukocyte infiltrate in atherosclerotic mouse aortas was recently analyzed in 9 single-cell RNA sequencing and 2 mass cytometry studies. In a comprehensive meta-analysis, we confirm 4 known macrophage subsets-resident, inflammatory, interferon-inducible cell, and Trem2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) foamy macrophages-and identify a new macrophage subset resembling cavity macrophages. We also find that monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells-2, and CD (cluster of differentiation)-8 T cells form prominent and separate immune cell populations in atherosclerotic aortas. Many CD4 T cells express IL (interleukin)-17 and the chemokine receptor CXCR (C-X-C chemokine receptor)-6. A small number of regulatory T cells and T helper 1 cells is also identified. Immature and naive T cells are present in both healthy and atherosclerotic aortas. Our meta-analysis overcomes limitations of individual studies that, because of their experimental approach, over- or underrepresent certain cell populations. Mass cytometry studies demonstrate that cell surface phenotype provides valuable information beyond the cell transcriptomes. The present analysis helps resolve some long-standing controversies in the field. First, Trem2+ foamy macrophages are not proinflammatory but interferon-inducible cell and inflammatory macrophages are. Second, about half of all foam cells are smooth muscle cell-derived, retaining smooth muscle cell transcripts rather than transdifferentiating to macrophages. Third, Pf4, which had been considered specific for platelets and megakaryocytes, is also prominently expressed in the main population of resident vascular macrophages. Fourth, a new type of resident macrophage shares transcripts with cavity macrophages. Finally, the discovery of a prominent innate lymphoid cell-2 cluster links the single-cell RNA sequencing work to recent flow cytometry data suggesting a strong atheroprotective role of innate lymphoid cells-2. This resolves apparent discrepancies regarding the role of T helper 2 cells in atherosclerosis based on studies that predated the discovery of innate lymphoid cells-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Heart Center, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clément Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Wüzburg, Germany
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clint S. Robbins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Inhye Park
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
- Division of Cardioascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Myron I. Cybulsky
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey A. Scipione
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elena V. Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA USA
| | - Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Huy Q. Dinh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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60
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Baardman J, Lutgens E. Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070279. [PMID: 32650487 PMCID: PMC7408402 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable of suppressing excessive immune responses to prevent autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. Decreased numbers of Tregs and impaired suppressive function are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, therapeutic strategies to improve Treg number or function could be beneficial to preventing atherosclerotic disease development. A growing body of evidence shows that intracellular metabolism of Tregs is a key regulator of their proliferation, suppressive function, and stability. Here we evaluate the role of Tregs in atherosclerosis, their metabolic regulation, and the links between their metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Baardman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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61
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Biswas TK, VanderLaan PA, Que X, Gonen A, Krishack P, Binder CJ, Witztum JL, Getz GS, Reardon CA. CD1d Selectively Down Regulates the Expression of the Oxidized Phospholipid-Specific E06 IgM Natural Antibody in Ldlr-/- Mice. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030030. [PMID: 32635160 PMCID: PMC7551411 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAbs) are important regulators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation and are thought to have diverse protective roles in a variety of pathological states. E06 is a T15 idiotype IgM NAb exclusively produced by B-1 cells, which recognizes the phosphocholine (PC) head group in oxidized phospholipids on the surface of apoptotic cells and in oxidized LDL (OxLDL), and the PC present on the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Here we report that titers of the E06 NAb are selectively increased several-fold in Cd1d-deficient mice, whereas total IgM and IgM antibodies recognizing other oxidation specific epitopes such as in malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) and OxLDL were not increased. The high titers of E06 in Cd1d-deficient mice are not due to a global increase in IgM-secreting B-1 cells, but they are specifically due to an expansion of E06-secreting splenic B-1 cells. Thus, CD1d-mediated regulation appeared to be suppressive in nature and specific for E06 IgM-secreting cells. The CD1d-mediated regulation of the E06 NAb generation is a novel mechanism that regulates the production of this specific oxidation epitope recognizing NAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K. Biswas
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.K.B.); (P.A.V.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul A. VanderLaan
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.K.B.); (P.A.V.); (P.K.)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (X.Q.); (A.G.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (X.Q.); (A.G.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Paulette Krishack
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.K.B.); (P.A.V.); (P.K.)
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria;
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (X.Q.); (A.G.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Godfrey S. Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.K.B.); (P.A.V.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.G.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Catherine A. Reardon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (T.K.B.); (P.A.V.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.G.); (C.A.R.)
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62
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Data from in vivo imaging, cell-lineage tracing and knockout studies in mice, as well as clinical interventional studies and advanced mRNA sequencing techniques, have drawn attention to the role of T cells as critical drivers and modifiers of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells are commonly found in atherosclerotic plaques. A large body of evidence indicates that T helper 1 (TH1) cells have pro-atherogenic roles and regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-atherogenic roles. However, Treg cells can become pro-atherogenic. The roles in atherosclerosis of other TH cell subsets such as TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, follicular helper T cells and CD28null T cells, as well as other T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, are less well understood. Moreover, some T cells seem to have both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions. In this Review, we summarize the knowledge on T cell subsets, their functions in atherosclerosis and the process of T cell homing to atherosclerotic plaques. Much of our understanding of the roles of T cells in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models. Translating these findings into human disease is challenging but much needed. T cells and their specific cytokines are attractive targets for developing new preventive and therapeutic approaches including potential T cell-related therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saigusa
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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63
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Roy P, Ali AJ, Kobiyama K, Ghosheh Y, Ley K. Opportunities for an atherosclerosis vaccine: From mice to humans. Vaccine 2020; 38:4495-4506. [PMID: 31964554 PMCID: PMC7939143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), is the number one killer globally. The disease pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between metabolic and immune components. Although lipid-lowering drugs such as statins curb the risks associated with CVD, significant residual inflammatory risk remains. Substantial evidence from experimental models and clinical studies has established the role of inflammation and immune effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several stages of the disease are affected by host-mediated antigen-specific adaptive immune responses that play either protective or proatherogenic roles. Therefore, strategies to boost an anti-atherogenic humoral and T regulatory cell response are emerging as preventative or therapeutic strategies to lowering inflammatory residual risks. Vaccination holds promise as an efficient, durable and relatively inexpensive approach to induce protective adaptive immunity in atherosclerotic patients. In this review, we discuss the status and opportunities for a human atherosclerosis vaccine. We describe (1) some of the immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions tested in atherosclerosis (2) the immune targets identified in pre-clinical and clinical investigations (3) immunization strategies evaluated in animal models (4) past and ongoing clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of human atherosclerosis vaccines and (5) strategies to improve and optimize vaccination in humans (antigen selection, formulation, dose and delivery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Roy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amal J Ali
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Pylaeva EA, Osokina AK, Ruleva NY, Pogorelova OA, Tripoten MI, Noeva EA, Balakhonova TV, Masenko VP, Arefieva TI. The severity of internal carotid artery stenosis is associated with the circulating Th17 level. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03856. [PMID: 32395649 PMCID: PMC7210401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Immune and inflammatory reactions contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. The walls of the different arteries and segments of the arteries have heterogeneous haemodynamic and histological features. We aimed to explore the relationship between the circulating T-cell subsets and the abundance of carotid atherosclerosis in different segments of carotid arteries. Methods 70 patients underwent ultrasound duplex scanning to determine the degree of stenosis of the common carotid artery (CCA), the CCA bifurcation or the internal carotid artery (ICA). The blood frequencies of T-, B-, NK-cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), activated T-helpers (Th), IL10-producing Th, Th1 and Th17, as well as blood levels of hsCRP, sCD25, IL10 and IL17a were assessed. Results The frequencies of Th17 were increased in patients with ICA stenosis >35% and >50% vs. patients with ICA stenosis <35%. Th17 blood level ≥0.55 % of lymphocytes was associated with more severe stenosis of ICA (OR 4.3 (1.0–17.6), p < 0.05 for ICA stenosis of 35–50% and 6.8 (1.3–35.0), p < 0.05 for ICA stenosis >50%). BMI positively correlated with the CCA bifurcation stenosis degree (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). Conclusion The severity of ICA stenosis can be associated with the circulating Th17 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Filatova
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology of Institute of Experimental Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - A V Potekhina
- Department of Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Diseases of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - E A Pylaeva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology of Institute of Experimental Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - A K Osokina
- Department of Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Diseases of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - N Yu Ruleva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology of Institute of Experimental Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - O A Pogorelova
- Department of Ultrasound Research Methods of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - M I Tripoten
- Department of Ultrasound Research Methods of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - E A Noeva
- Department of Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Diseases of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - T V Balakhonova
- Department of Ultrasound Research Methods of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - V P Masenko
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulation of Cardiovascular Diseases of Institute of Clinical Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
| | - T I Arefieva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology of Institute of Experimental Cardiology of FSBO, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Russia
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Sato-Okabayashi Y, Isoda K, Heissig B, Kadoguchi T, Akita K, Kitamura K, Shimada K, Hattori K, Daida H. Low-dose oral cyclophosphamide therapy reduces atherosclerosis progression by decreasing inflammatory cells in a murine model of atherosclerosis. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 28:100529. [PMID: 32577494 PMCID: PMC7300380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for most cases of heart disease and stroke in Western countries. The cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) can modulate immune functions, and it has therefore been used to treat patients with autoimmune diseases. Extension of survival of patients with severe atherosclerosis has been reported after CPA treatment, but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Methods and results We have investigated the effects of CPA in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Continuous oral administration of low-dose CPA (20 mg/kg/day) prevented atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed with a high fat diet. After 12 weeks, CPA treatment delayed progression of atherosclerosis in the mice (9.92% vs 3.32%, P < 0.05, n = 7) and reduced the macrophage content of plaques (1.228 vs 0.2975 mm2, P < 0.001). Flow cytometry (FACS) showed that, in peripheral blood and spleen cells, the numbers of B cells and inflammatory T cells (Th1 cells) decreased, and inflammatory monocytes also decreased. However, there were no differences in the bone marrow cells between the two groups. The mRNA levels in the aorta showed significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) (P < 0.05), and tended to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine (argininase-1), but no significant differences between the two groups. High dose CPA has cardiotoxicity, but the dose used in this study did not show significant cardiotoxicity. Conclusions The results demonstrate that oral treatment with CPA inhibits initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mouse model through immunomodulatory effects on lymphoid and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Sato-Okabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Akita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Sharma M, Schlegel MP, Afonso MS, Brown EJ, Rahman K, Weinstock A, Sansbury BE, Corr EM, van Solingen C, Koelwyn GJ, Shanley LC, Beckett L, Peled D, Lafaille JJ, Spite M, Loke P, Fisher EA, Moore KJ. Regulatory T Cells License Macrophage Pro-Resolving Functions During Atherosclerosis Regression. Circ Res 2020; 127:335-353. [PMID: 32336197 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regression of atherosclerosis is an important clinical goal; however, the pathways that mediate the resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and reversal of plaques are poorly understood. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be atheroprotective, yet the numbers of these immunosuppressive cells decrease with disease progression, and whether they contribute to atherosclerosis regression is not known. OBJECTIVE We investigated the roles of Tregs in the resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and plaque contraction during atherosclerosis regression. METHODS AND RESULTS Using multiple independent mouse models of atherosclerosis regression, we demonstrate that an increase in plaque Tregs is a common signature of regressing plaques. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of plaque immune cells revealed that unlike Tregs from progressing plaques that expressed markers of natural Tregs derived from the thymus, Tregs in regressing plaques lacked Nrp1 expression, suggesting that they are induced in the periphery during lipid-lowering therapy. To test whether Tregs are required for resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque regression, Tregs were depleted using CD25 monoclonal antibody in atherosclerotic mice during apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide-mediated lipid lowering. Morphometric analyses revealed that Treg depletion blocked plaque remodeling and contraction, and impaired hallmarks of inflammation resolution, including dampening of the T helper 1 response, alternative activation of macrophages, efferocytosis, and upregulation of specialized proresolving lipid mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our data establish essential roles for Tregs in resolving atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and provide mechanistic insight into the pathways governing plaque remodeling and regression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Martin P Schlegel
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany (M.P.S.)
| | - Milessa S Afonso
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Emily J Brown
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Karishma Rahman
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Ada Weinstock
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M. Spite)
| | - Emma M Corr
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Coen van Solingen
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Lianne C Shanley
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Lauren Beckett
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Daniel Peled
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute (J.J.L.), New York University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M. Spite)
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology (Parasitology) (P.L.), New York University School of Medicine
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
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Li J, Wu J, Zhang M, Zheng Y. Dynamic changes of innate lymphoid cells in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and its association with clinical outcomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5099. [PMID: 32198366 PMCID: PMC7083894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence has implicated the innate immune system in the causation of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly identified members of the lymphoid lineage that are important effectors of innate immunity. The role of ILCs in STEMI has not been explored. We characterized the ILCs present in peripheral blood of 176 STEMI patients and 52 controls. Patients were followed up for up to 23 months. Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of total ILCs and ILC1s were significantly increased compared with controls; contrary to ILC1s, the proportion of ILC2s among total ILCs decreased significantly during the acute phase of STEMI. ILC1s percentage was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). On multivariate Cox regression, the 3rd tertile of ILC1s was associated with a higher MACE rate compared with the 1st tertile (hazard ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval 1.56–3.27; P = 0.014). RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed increased expressions of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Moreover, as active factors secreted by ILC1s, levels of interleukin (IL)−12 and IL-18 were significantly increased in STEMI patients. Increased ILC1s in patients with STEMI was associated with poor outcomes. Our findings suggest that ILC1s may play an important role in STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular disease, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyou Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular disease, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular disease, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Mantani PT, Dunér P, Ljungcrantz I, Nilsson J, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN. ILC2 transfers to apolipoprotein E deficient mice reduce the lipid content of atherosclerotic lesions. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:47. [PMID: 31823769 PMCID: PMC6905041 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expansion of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in hypercholesterolaemic mice protects against atherosclerosis while different ILC2 subsets have been described (natural, inflammatory) based on their suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) and killer-cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. The aim of the current study is to characterize the interleukin 25 (IL25)-induced splenic ILC2 population (Lin-CD45+IL17RB+ICOS+IL7raintermediate) and address its direct role in experimental atherosclerosis by its adoptive transfer to hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/-) mice. RESULTS Immunomagnetically enriched, FACS-sorted ILC2s from the spleens of IL-25 treated apoE-/- mice were stained for KLRG1 and ST2 directly upon cell obtainment or in vitro cell expansion for flow cytometric analysis. IL25-induced splenic ILC2s express high levels of both KLRG1 and ST2. However, both markers are downregulated upon in vitro cell expansion. In vitro expanded splenic ILC2s were intraperitoneally transferred to apoE-/- recipients on high fat diet. ApoE-/- mice that received in vitro expanded splenic ILC2s had decreased lipid content in subvalvular heart and brachiocephalic artery (BCA) plaques accompanied by increased peritoneal B1 cells, activated eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) as well as anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) immunoglobulin (Ig) M in plasma. CONCLUSIONS With the current data we designate the IL25-induced ILC2 population to decrease the lipid content of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice and we directly link the induction of B1 cells and the atheroprotective anti-PC IgM antibodies with ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni T Mantani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden. .,Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pontus Dunér
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Building 91:12, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden. .,Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Kim YU, Kee P, Danila D, Teng BB. A Critical Role of PCSK9 in Mediating IL-17-Producing T Cell Responses in Hyperlipidemia. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e41. [PMID: 31921471 PMCID: PMC6943168 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that atherogenic Ldlr -/- Apobec1 -/- (LDb) double knockout mice lacking both low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-1 (Apobec1) had increased serum IL-17 levels, with T cell programming shifted towards Th17 cells. In this study, we assessed the role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in T cell programming and atherogenesis. We deleted the Pcsk9 gene from LDb mice to generate Ldlr -/- Apobec1 -/- Pcsk9 -/- (LTp) triple knockout mice. Atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and aorta were quantitated. Lymphoid cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, ELISA and real-time PCR. Despite of dyslipidemia, LTp mice developed barely detectable atherosclerotic lesions. The IL-17, was very low in plasma and barely detectable in the aortic sinus in the LTp mice. In the spleen, the number of CD4+CD8- cells and splenocytes were much lower in the LDb mice than LTp mice, whereas, the IL-17-producing cells of γδTCR+ T cells and effector memory CD4+ T cells (CD44hiCD4+) in the spleen were significantly higher in the LDb mice than in the LTp mice. The Rorc mRNA expression levels were elevated in LDb mice compared to LTp mice. When re-stimulated with an anti-CD3 Ab, CD44hiCD4+ T cells from LDb mice secreted more IL-17 than those from LTp mice. T cells from LDb mice (with PCSK9) produce more IL-17 at basal and stimulated conditions when compared with LTp mice (without PCSK9). Despite the dyslipidemic profile and the lack of LDLR, atherogenesis is markedly reduced in LTp mice. These results suggest that PCSK9 is associated with changes in T cell programming that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Uk Kim
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Kee
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Delia Danila
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Center for Human Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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70
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Abstract
There is now overwhelming experimental and clinical evidence that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lessons from genome-wide association studies, advanced in vivo imaging techniques, transgenic lineage tracing mice, and clinical interventional studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms can accelerate or curb atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize and discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with a focus on adaptive immunity. We discuss some limitations of animal models and the need for models that are tailored to better translate to human atherosclerosis and ultimately progress in prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wolf
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Germany (D.W.).,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, CA (K.L.).,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (K.L.)
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Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215293. [PMID: 31653058 PMCID: PMC6862594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, intimal lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and local and systemic inflammation, involving key contributions to from innate and adaptive immunity. The balance between proatherogenic inflammatory and atheroprotective anti-inflammatory responses is modulated by a complex network of interactions among vascular components and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T, B, and foam cells; these interactions modulate the further progression and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion. In this review, we take a global perspective on existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the interplay between the major innate and adaptive immune factors in atherosclerosis. Studies such as this are the basis for the development of new therapies against atherosclerosis.
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72
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Clement M, Raffort J, Lareyre F, Tsiantoulas D, Newland S, Lu Y, Masters L, Harrison J, Saveljeva S, Ma MKL, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Lam BYH, Yeo GSH, Binder CJ, Kaser A, Mallat Z. Impaired Autophagy in CD11b + Dendritic Cells Expands CD4 + Regulatory T Cells and Limits Atherosclerosis in Mice. Circ Res 2019; 125:1019-1034. [PMID: 31610723 PMCID: PMC6844650 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that dysfunctional autophagy in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, plays a detrimental role during atherogenesis, leading to the suggestion that autophagy-stimulating approaches may provide benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Juliette Raffort
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Stephen Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Yuning Lu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Leanne Masters
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - James Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Maria Ozsvar-Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.)
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73
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Gisterå A, Klement ML, Polyzos KA, Mailer RKW, Duhlin A, Karlsson MCI, Ketelhuth DFJ, Hansson GK. Low-Density Lipoprotein-Reactive T Cells Regulate Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Development of Atherosclerosis in Humanized Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Circulation 2019; 138:2513-2526. [PMID: 29997115 PMCID: PMC6254780 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory process initiated when cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is retained in the arterial wall. CD4+ T cells, some of which recognize peptide components of LDL as antigen, are recruited to the forming lesion, resulting in T-cell activation. Although these T cells are thought to be proatherogenic, LDL immunization reduces disease in experimental animals. These seemingly contradictory findings have hampered the development of immune-based cardiovascular therapy. The present study was designed to clarify how activation of LDL-reactive T cells impacts on metabolism and vascular pathobiology. Methods: We have developed a T-cell receptor–transgenic mouse model to characterize the effects of immune reactions against LDL. Through adoptive cell transfers and cross-breeding to hypercholesterolemic mice expressing the antigenic human LDL protein apolipoprotein B-100, we evaluate the effects on atherosclerosis. Results: A subpopulation of LDL-reactive T cells survived clonal selection in the thymus, developed into T follicular helper cells in lymphoid tissues on antigen recognition, and promoted B-cell activation. This led to production of anti-LDL immunoglobulin G antibodies that enhanced LDL clearance through immune complex formation. Furthermore, the cellular immune response to LDL was associated with increased cholesterol excretion in feces and with reduced vascular inflammation. Conclusions: These data show that anti-LDL immunoreactivity evokes 3 atheroprotective mechanisms: antibody-dependent LDL clearance, increased cholesterol excretion, and reduced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria L Klement
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Sweden (M.L.K.)
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reiner K W Mailer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (R.K.W.M.)
| | - Amanda Duhlin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (A.D., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (A.D., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (A.G., M.L.K., K.A.P., R.K.W.M., D.F.J.K., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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74
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Newman JL, Stone JR. Immune checkpoint inhibition alters the inflammatory cell composition of human coronary artery atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2019; 43:107148. [PMID: 31518915 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.107148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has emerged as a promising new approach to treat malignancy. Such therapies can result in autoimmune-related complications such as myocarditis and hepatitis. The impact of ICI on sites of preexisting chronic inflammation has been less clear. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease with a significant inflammatory component. METHODS To determine the effect of ICI on the inflammatory infiltrate in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques, 11 patients who had recently been treated with ICI and subsequently underwent autopsy were matched with 11 cancer patients who had not received ICI treatment. The amount of CD3+ T-lymphocytes, CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and CD68+ macrophages and the ratios of the various cell types in the coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques were compared. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the absolute numbers of CD3+, CD8+, or CD68+ cells in the atherosclerotic plaques. In the plaques of the ICI-treated patients, there was a significant increase in the ratio of CD3+ cells to CD68+ cells (CD3/CD68) (P=.002) and a trend towards an increased CD8/CD68 ratio. The increased CD3/CD68 ratio in the ICI-treated patients resulted in 6 of the 11 patients having lymphocyte-predominate inflammation in contrast to the macrophage-predominate inflammation typically found in atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ICI alters the inflammatory composition of human atherosclerotic plaque and, thus, may influence plaque progression and/or clinical coronary events. SUMMARY In cancer patients, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition is associated with an altered inflammatory cell composition in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques with an increased ratio of CD3+ T cells to CD68+ macrophages. Thus, immune checkpoint inhibition may influence plaque progression and/or clinical coronary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine L Newman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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75
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Li C, Zong W, Zhang M, Tu Y, Zhou Q, Ni M, Li Z, Liu H, Zhang J. Increased Ratio of Circulating T-Helper 1 to T-Helper 2 Cells and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Observational Study. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6034-6042. [PMID: 31407674 PMCID: PMC6703085 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the association between CD4-positive T-helper (Th) cell subsets, T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) determined by coronary artery angiography. Material/Methods Three groups of patients with AMI who underwent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) included patients with stable CAD (n=35), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (n=30), and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) (n=35), and controls (n=33). Measurement of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) was performed. The numbers of circulating CD4-positive Th1 and Th2 cells were measured using flow cytometry. Plasma levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results An increase in the Th1 lymphocyte population was associated with more CAD, and an increased Th1/Th2 ratio was found in patients with NSTEMI and STEMI (controls 7.27±2.98; stable CAD 7.58±2.52; NSTEMI 16.62±2.74; and STEMI 22.32±7.35) (P<0.001). The proportion of Th1 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio increased as the number of affected arteries, the degree of stenosis, and the lesion length increased. At a median follow-up of 18.2 months, patients with CAD and an increased Th1/Th2 ratio had a significant increase in adverse cardiac events compared with patients with a reduced Th1/Th2 ratio (log-rank, P=0.042). Conclusions An increased ratio of circulating Th1 to Th2 cells in patients with AMI was associated with the severity of CAD determined by angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenxia Zong
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanming Tu
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Qiyu Zhou
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Mingke Ni
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Haizhen Liu
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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76
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Wigren M, Rattik S, Yao Mattisson I, Tomas L, Grönberg C, Söderberg I, Alm R, Sundius L, Ljungcrantz I, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J. Lack of Ability to Present Antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules Aggravates Atherosclerosis in ApoE
−/−
Mice. Circulation 2019; 139:2554-2566. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.039288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lukas Tomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Caitriona Grönberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Söderberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Alm
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lena Sundius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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77
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Vila-Caballer M, González-Granado JM, Zorita V, Abu Nabah YN, Silvestre-Roig C, Del Monte-Monge A, Molina-Sánchez P, Ait-Oufella H, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Sanz MJ, Weber C, Kremer L, Gutiérrez J, Mallat Z, Andrés V. Disruption of the CCL1-CCR8 axis inhibits vascular Treg recruitment and function and promotes atherosclerosis in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 132:154-163. [PMID: 31121182 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CC chemokine 1 (CCL1, also called I-309 or TCA3) is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes that plays an important role in inflammatory processes and diseases through binding to its receptor CCR8. Here, we investigated the role of the CCL1-CCR8 axis in atherosclerosis. We found increased expression of CCL1 in the aortas of atherosclerosis-prone fat-fed apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-null mice; moreover, in vitro flow chamber assays and in vivo intravital microscopy demonstrated an essential role for CCL1 in leukocyte recruitment. Mice doubly deficient for CCL1 and Apoe exhibited enhanced atherosclerosis in aorta, which was associated with reduced plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10, an increased splenocyte Th1/Th2 ratio, and a reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) content in aorta and spleen. Reduced Treg recruitment and aggravated atherosclerosis were also detected in the aortas of fat-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice treated with CCR8 blocking antibodies. These findings demonstrate that disruption of the CCL1-CCR8 axis promotes atherosclerosis by inhibiting interleukin 10 production and Treg recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vila-Caballer
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU (CEU Universities), Valencia, Spain
| | - José M González-Granado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Spain; LamImSys Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Zorita
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yafa N Abu Nabah
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Del Monte-Monge
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Spain
| | | | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - María J Andrés-Manzano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Spain
| | - María J Sanz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Valencia and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Spain.
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Abstract
There is now overwhelming experimental and clinical evidence that arteriosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lessons learned from genome-wide association studies, advanced in vivo imaging techniques, transgenic lineage tracing mice models and clinical interventional studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms can accelerate or curb arteriosclerosis. This article summarizes and discusses the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis with a focus on the role of the adaptive immune system. Some limitations of animal models are discussed and the need for models that are tailored to better translate to human atherosclerosis and ultimately progress in prevention and treatment are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wolf
- Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie I, Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - K Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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79
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Vaccination against atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:15-24. [PMID: 30928800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes most heart attacks and strokes, making it the biggest killer in the world. Although cholesterol-lowering drugs have dramatically reduced these major adverse cardiovascular events, there remains a high residual risk called inflammatory risk. Atherosclerosis has an autoimmune component that can be manipulated by immunologic approaches including vaccination. Vaccination is attractive, because it is antigen-specific, does not impair host defense, and provides long-term protection. Several candidate antigens for atherosclerosis vaccine development have been identified and have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis in animal models. In this review, we focus on two different types of atherosclerosis vaccines: antibody-inducing and regulatory T cell-inducing.
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80
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Arefieva TI, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Shchinova AM. Immunotropic Effects and Proposed Mechanism of Action for 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:874-889. [PMID: 30208827 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the major group of lipid-lowering drugs. Along with hypocholesterolemic activity, statins exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that expand their clinical use, particularly, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we critically analyze the data of statin effects on immune cells (e.g., monocytes and T cells) involved in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We (i) discuss the properties of statins and routes of cell entry, as well as their major intracellular targets; (ii) evaluate the data on the effects of statins on the subset composition of circulatory monocytes, ability of monocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation (cell motility and expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors), production of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages, and antigen-presenting activity in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells; and (iii) summarize the data on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various CD4+ T cell subsets (type 1/2/17 helper T cells and regulatory T cells) by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Arefieva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Kurchatov Institute National Research Center Complex, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Yu Filatova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - A V Potekhina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - A M Shchinova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Chanouzas D, Sagmeister M, Dyall L, Sharp P, Powley L, Johal S, Bowen J, Nightingale P, Ferro CJ, Morgan MD, Moss P, Harper L. The host cellular immune response to cytomegalovirus targets the endothelium and is associated with increased arterial stiffness in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:194. [PMID: 30157919 PMCID: PMC6116544 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). An expansion of CD4+CD28null T cells is seen mainly in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive individuals and has been linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk in other conditions. The aims of this study were to phenotype CD4+CD28null T cells in AAV with respect to their pro-inflammatory capacity and ability to target and damage the endothelium and to investigate their relationship to arterial stiffness, a marker of cardiovascular mortality. METHODS CD4+CD28null T cells were phenotyped in 53 CMV-seropositive AAV patients in stable remission and 30 age-matched CMV-seropositive healthy volunteers by flow cytometry following stimulation with CMV lysate. The expression of endothelial homing markers and cytotoxic molecules was evaluated in unstimulated CD4+CD28null T cells. Arterial stiffness was measured by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) in patients with AAV. RESULTS CD4+CD28null T cells were CMV-specific and expressed a T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype with high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion. They also co-expressed the endothelial homing markers CX3CR1, CD49d and CD11b and cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme B. CD4+CD28null T cells were phenotypically similar in patients with AAV and healthy volunteers but their proportion was almost twice as high in patients with AAV (11.3% [3.7-19.7] versus 6.7 [2.4-8.8]; P = 0.022). The size of the CD4+CD28null T-cell subset was independently linked to increased PWV in AAV (0.66 m/s increase per 10% increase in CD4+CD28null cells, 95% confidence interval 0.13-1.19; P = 0.016). CONCLUSION The host cellular immune response to CMV leads to the expansion of cytotoxic CD4+CD28null T cells that express endothelial homing markers and are independently linked to increased arterial stiffness, a marker of cardiovascular mortality. Suppression of CMV in AAV may be of therapeutic value in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Chanouzas
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Michael Sagmeister
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Lovesh Dyall
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Phoebe Sharp
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Lucy Powley
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Serena Johal
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Jessica Bowen
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Institute of Translational Medicine Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Charles J. Ferro
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Matthew D. Morgan
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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82
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Lacy M, Atzler D, Liu R, de Winther M, Weber C, Lutgens E. Interactions between dyslipidemia and the immune system and their relevance as putative therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 193:50-62. [PMID: 30149100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide with atherosclerosis being the major underlying pathology. The interplay between lipids and immune cells is believed to be a driving force in the chronic inflammation of the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis is initiated as lipid particles accumulate and become trapped in vessel walls. The subsequent immune response, involving both adaptive and immune cells, progresses plaque development, which may be exacerbated under dyslipidemic conditions. Broad evidence, especially from animal models, clearly demonstrates the effect of lipids on immune cells from their development in the bone marrow to their phenotypic switching in circulation. Interestingly, recent research has also shown a long-lasting epigenetic signature from lipids on immune cells. Traditionally, cardiovascular therapies have approached atherosclerosis through lipid-lowering medications because, until recently, anti-inflammatory therapies have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials. However, the recent Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) provided pivotal support of the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis in man spurring on anti-inflammatory strategies to treat atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe the interactions between lipids and immune cells along with their specific outcomes as well as discuss their future perspective as potential cardiovascular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lacy
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rongqi Liu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno de Winther
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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83
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Baptista D, Mach F, Brandt KJ. Follicular regulatory T cell in atherosclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:925-930. [PMID: 30134501 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1117-469r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the infiltration of immune cells, such as monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells, into the inner layer of vessel walls. T and B cell functions in the process of atherogenesis, as well as their mutual regulation, have been investigated but several aspects remain to be clarified. In the present review, we give a brief overview of the functions of follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) on follicular T (Tfh) and B cell regulation related to atherosclerosis pathogenesis, including their influence on lymphangiogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism. We will also discuss their potential therapeutics properties in the resolution of established atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baptista
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim J Brandt
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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84
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Fang P, Li X, Dai J, Cole L, Camacho JA, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Wang J, Yang XF, Wang H. Immune cell subset differentiation and tissue inflammation. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:97. [PMID: 30064449 PMCID: PMC6069866 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells were traditionally considered as major pro-inflammatory contributors. Recent advances in molecular immunology prove that immune cell lineages are composed of different subsets capable of a vast array of specialized functions. These immune cell subsets share distinct duties in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions and contribute to both immune activation and immune suppression responses in peripheral tissue. Here, we summarized current understanding of the different subsets of major immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. We highlighted molecular characterization, frequency, and tissue distribution of these immune cell subsets in human and mice. In addition, we described specific cytokine production, molecular signaling, biological functions, and tissue population changes of these immune cell subsets in both cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Finally, we presented a working model of the differentiation of inflammatory mononuclear cells, their interaction with endothelial cells, and their contribution to tissue inflammation. In summary, this review offers an updated and comprehensive guideline for immune cell development and subset differentiation, including subset characterization, signaling, modulation, and disease associations. We propose that immune cell subset differentiation and its complex interaction within the internal biological milieu compose a “pathophysiological network,” an interactive cross-talking complex, which plays a critical role in the development of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lauren Cole
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Javier Andres Camacho
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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85
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Abstract
The development of stress drives a host of biological responses that include the overproduction of a family of proteins named heat shock proteins (HSPs), because they were initially studied after heat exposure. HSPs are evolutionarily preserved proteins with a high degree of interspecies homology. HSPs are intracellular proteins that also have extracellular expression. The primary role of HSPs is to protect cell function by preventing irreversible protein damage and facilitating molecular traffic through intracellular pathways. However, in addition to their chaperone role, HSPs are immunodominant molecules that stimulate natural as well as disease-related immune reactivity. The latter may be a consequence of molecular mimicry, generating cross-reactivity between human HSPs and the HSPs of infectious agents. Autoimmune reactivity driven by HSPs could also be the result of enhancement of the immune response to peptides generated during cellular injury and of their role in the delivery of peptides to the major histocompatibility complex in antigen-presenting cells. In humans, HSPs have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of a large number of diseases. This review is focused on the role of HSPs in atherosclerosis and essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rodríguez-Iturbe
- 1 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC-Zulia), Nephrology Service Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia , Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - R J Johnson
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
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86
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Mantani PT, Vallejo J, Ljungcrantz I, Nilsson J, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN. Interleukin-25 reduces Th17 cells and inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:685-692. [PMID: 29966691 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of interleukin-25 (IL-25) favors the induction of Th1 and Th17 immune responses in mice. Th1 immune responses have been associated with the pathology of atherosclerosis, a lipid and inflammation driven disease of the arterial wall. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH To evaluate the effect of IL-25 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) in the presence and absence of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key player in atherosclerosis development. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Human PBMCs were incubated with recombinant human IL-25 (rhIL-25) in the presence and absence of oxLDL and analyzed with flow cytometry while cytokine secretion was measured in cell culture supernatants. The IL-25 receptor, IL-17RB, was mostly expressed on T cells. Incubation of hPBMCs with IL-25 reduced the frequency of Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-25 inhibited the release of the Th17-inducing cytokine IL-6 from dendritic cells isolated from hPBMCs indicating that the IL-25 mediated Th17 suppression may be indirect. Moreover, IL-25 reduced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IFNγ from hPBMCs. OxLDL decreased IFNγ release from hPBMCs regardless of the presence or absence of IL-25. CONCLUSIONS IL-25 reduces Th1 and Th17 immune responses in hPBMCs raising the interesting possibility that IL-25 could have a protective role in human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni T Mantani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Jenifer Vallejo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
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87
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Sajja AP, Joshi AA, Teague HL, Dey AK, Mehta NN. Potential Immunological Links Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1234. [PMID: 29910818 PMCID: PMC5992299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical research provide strong evidence that chronic, systemic inflammation plays a key role in development and progression of atherosclerosis. Indeed, chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Contemporary research has demonstrated plausible mechanistic links between immune cell dysfunction and cardiometabolic disease in psoriasis. In this review, we describe the role of potential common immunological mechanisms underlying both psoriasis and atherogenesis. We primarily discuss innate and adaptive immune cell subsets and their contributions to psoriatic disease and cardiovascular morbidity. Emerging efforts should focus on understanding the interplay among immune cells, adipose tissue, and various biomarkers of immune dysfunction to provide direction for future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nehal N. Mehta
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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88
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Miteva K, Madonna R, De Caterina R, Van Linthout S. Innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 107:S1537-1891(17)30464-0. [PMID: 29684642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the large and medium-size arteries characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of cholesterol, immune cells, and extracellular matrix. At the early onset of atherogenesis, endothelial dysfunction takes place. Atherogenesis is further triggered by the accumulation of cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoproteins, which acquire properties of damage-associated molecular patterns and thereby trigger an inflammatory response. Following activation of the innate immune response, mainly governed by monocytes and macrophages, the adaptive immune response is started which further promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation. In this review, an overview is given describing the role of damage-associated molecular patterns, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and innate and adaptive immune cells in the atherogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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89
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Benitez R, Delgado-Maroto V, Caro M, Forte-Lago I, Duran-Prado M, O’Valle F, Lichtman AH, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Ameliorates Acute Myocarditis and Atherosclerosis by Regulating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3697-3710. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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90
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Mantani PT, Dunér P, Bengtsson E, Ljungcrantz I, Sundius L, To F, Nilsson J, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN. Interleukin-25 (IL-25) has a protective role in atherosclerosis development in the aortic arch in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6791-6801. [PMID: 29572351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the entrapment of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the arterial intima, leading to local inflammation. T helper (Th) cell 1-mediated immune responses have been associated with atherosclerosis, and the cytokine interleukin-25 (IL-25 or IL-17E) has been reported to potentially regulate Th1 cell- and Th17 cell-related immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the effects of complete IL-25 deficiency or of a temporal IL-25 blockade on atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Mice deficient in both apolipoprotein E and IL-25 (Apoe-/-/IL-25-/-) had more Th1 cells in the spleen, along with elevated plasma levels of IL-17 and an increased release of splenic interferon-γ (INF-γ). In support of this observation, a 4-week-long treatment of young Apoe-/- mice (at 10-14 weeks of age) with an IL-25-blocking antibody increased the release of Th1/Th17-associated cytokines in the spleen. In both mouse models, these findings were associated with increased atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aortic arch. We conclude that complete IL-25 deficiency and a temporal IL-25 blockade during early plaque development aggravate atherosclerosis development in the aortic arch of Apoe-/- mice, accompanied by an increase in Th1/Th17-mediated immune responses. Our finding that endogenous IL-25 has an atheroprotective role in the murine aortic arch has potential implications for atherosclerosis development and management in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni T Mantani
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Dunér
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Sundius
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fong To
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
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91
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Clément M, Haddad Y, Raffort J, Lareyre F, Newland SA, Master L, Harrison J, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Bruneval P, Binder CJ, Taleb S, Mallat Z. Deletion of IRF8 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 8)-Dependent Dendritic Cells Abrogates Proatherogenic Adaptive Immunity. Circ Res 2018; 122:813-820. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Despite an established role for adaptive immune responses in atherosclerosis, the contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) and their various subsets is still poorly understood.
Objective:
Here, we address the role of IRF8 (interferon regulatory factor 8)-dependent DCs (lymphoid CD8α
+
and their developmentally related nonlymphoid CD103
+
DCs) in the induction of proatherogenic immune responses during high fat feeding.
Methods and Results:
Using a fate-mapping technique to track DCs originating from a DNGR1
+
(dendritic cell natural killer lectin group receptor 1) precursor (
Clec9a
+/cre
Rosa
+/EYFP
mice), we first show that YFP
hi
CD11c
hi
MHCII
hi
(major histocompatibility complex class II) DCs are present in the atherosclerotic aorta of low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (
Ldlr
−/−
) mice and are CD11b
–
CD103
+
IRF8
hi
. Restricted deletion of IRF8 in DCs (
Irf8
flox/flox
Cd11c
Cre
) reduces the accumulation of CD11c
hi
MHCII
hi
DCs in the aorta without affecting CD11b
+
CD103
–
DCs or macrophages but completely abolishes the accumulation of aortic CD11b
–
CD103
+
DCs. Lymphoid CD8α
+
DCs are also deleted. This is associated with a significant reduction of aortic T-cell accumulation and a marked reduction of high-fat diet–induced systemic T-cell priming, activation, and differentiation toward T helper type 1 cells, T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells. As a consequence, B-cell activation and germinal center responses to high-fat diet are also markedly reduced. IRF8 deletion in DCs significantly reduces the development of atherosclerosis, predominantly in the aortic sinus, despite a modest increase in total plasma cholesterol levels.
Conclusions:
IRF8 expression in DCs plays a nonredundant role in the development of proatherogenic adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clément
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Yacine Haddad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Juliette Raffort
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Stephen A. Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Leanne Master
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - James Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Maria Ozsvar-Kozma
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Soraya Taleb
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., S.A.N., L.M., J.H., Z.M.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Y.H., P.B., S.T., Z.M.); Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, Inserm, IRCAN, Nice, France (J.R., F.L.); Department of Vascular Surgery (F.L.) and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (J.R.), University Hospital of Nice, France; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical
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Fischer JW. Role of hyaluronan in atherosclerosis: Current knowledge and open questions. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:324-336. [PMID: 29510229 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), HA synthases (HAS) and HA receptors are expressed during the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. HA is thought to promote the activated phenotype of local vascular smooth muscle cells characterized by increased migration, proliferation and matrix synthesis. Furthermore, HA may modulate the immune response by increasing macrophage retention and by promoting the polarization of Th1 cells that enhance macrophage driven inflammation as well. The pro-atherosclerotic functions of HA are opposed by the presence of HA in the glycocalyx where it critically contributes to anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory function of the glycocalyx. Patients with atherosclerosis often are affected by comorbidities among them diabetes mellitus type 2 and inflammatory comorbidities. Diabetes mellitus type 2 likely has close interrelations to HA synthesis in atherosclerosis because the activity and transcription of HA synthases are sensitive to the intracellular glucose metabolism, which determines the substrate availability and the posttranslational modifications of HA synthases. The pro-inflammatory comorbidities aggravate the course of atherosclerosis and will affect the expression of the genes related to HA biosynthesis, -degradation, HA-matrix assembly or signaling. One example being the induction of HAS3 by interleukin-1β and other cytokines. Furthermore complications of atherosclerosis such as the healing after myocardial infarction also involve HA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens W Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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93
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Association between the TIMD4-HAVCR1 variants and serum lipid levels, coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke risk and atorvastatin lipid-lowering efficacy. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171058. [PMID: 29208769 PMCID: PMC5773822 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the association of the TIMD4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 gene)-HAVCR1 (hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1) variants and lipid metabolism, the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke (IS). The present study aimed to determine the TIMD4-HAVCR1 variants, their haplotypes and gene–environment interactions on serum lipid levels, the risk of CHD and IS, and the lipid-lowering efficacy of atorvastatin in a southern Chinese Han population. Genotypes of three variants in 622 controls, 579 CHD, and 546 IS patients were determined by the Snapshot technology. Atorvastatin calcium tablet (20 mg/day) was given in 724 hyperlipidemic patients for 8 weeks after genotyping. The rs12522248 genotypic and allelic frequencies were different between controls and patients, and were associated with the risk of CHD and IS. The rs1501908G-rs12522248T-rs2036402T haplotype was associated with an increased risk of CHD; the G-C-T haplotype was associated with lower risk of CHD; and the C-C-C haplotype was associated with an increased risk of IS. Variants and their haplotypes in controls were associated with triglyceride (rs1501908), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, rs1501908, G-T-T), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, rs12522248, C-C-C) and the ratio of total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C (C-C-C). Interactions of rs1501908- and rs2036402-alcohol (HDL-C); rs1501908- and rs12522248-high body mass index (hBMI, ≥24 kg/m2; TC); and TIMD4-HAVCR1 variants-atorvastatin on several lipid parameters were detected. Interactions of rs12522248TC/CC-hBMI, G-T-T-, and C-C-C-smoking on the risk of CHD; and C-C-C-smoking, C-C-C-, and G-C-T-hBMI on the risk of IS were also observed. These findings suggest that the TIMD4-HAVCR1 variants may be the genetic risk factors for CHD and IS.
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94
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Wolf D, Stachon P, Bode C, Zirlik A. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2017; 34:63-71. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-09-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryThroughout the last two decades inflammation has been recognized as the central mechanism underlying atherogenesis. A multitude of basic science work demonstrates the pivotal role of inflammatory processes during every step of atherosclerotic plaque formation: From initiation via propagation to complication.This review describes some of the key mechanisms involved with a particular focus on the diverse group of inflammatory cells and their subsets that distinctly contribute to atherogenic and anti-atherogenic phenomena. Furthermore, we summarize the controlling action of a tight network of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines orchestrating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effector functions. Finally, the current status of clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory/ immune-modulatory treatment strategies is summarized and an outlook for future therapeutic implications is provided.
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95
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Ray M, Autieri MV. Regulation of pro- and anti-atherogenic cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 122:154175. [PMID: 29221669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in prevention and treatment, vascular diseases continue to account for significant morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Incidence is expected to worsen as the number of patients with common co-morbidities linked with atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as obesity and diabetes, continues to increase, reaching epidemic proportions. Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven vascular inflammatory disease involving multiple cell types in various stages of inflammation, activation, apoptosis, and necrosis. One commonality among these cell types is that they are activated and communicate with each other in a paracrine fashion via a complex network of cytokines. Cytokines mediate atherogenesis by stimulating expression of numerous proteins necessary for induction of a host of cellular responses, including inflammation, extravasation, proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix production. Cytokine expression is regulated by a number of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In this context, proteins that control and fine-tune cytokine expression can be considered key players in development of atherosclerosis and also represent targets for rational drug therapy to combat this disease. This review will describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and present key cytokines that participate in this process. We will also describe RNA binding proteins that mediate cytokine mRNA stability and regulate cytokine abundance. Identification and characterization of the cytokines and proteins that regulate their abundance are essential to our ability to identify therapeutic approaches to ameliorate atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Ray
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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96
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Blair P, Leib C, Goddard M, Rosser E, Park I, Nilsson AH, Nilsson J, Strom A, Cross A, Cole J, Mauri C, Monaco C. B regulatory cells are increased in hypercholesterolaemic mice and protect from lesion development via IL-10. Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:835-47. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-12-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWhilst innate B1-B cells are atheroprotective, adaptive B2-B cells are considered pro-atherogenic. Different subsets of B regulatory cells (Breg) have been described. In experimental arthritis and lupus-like disease, Breg are contained within the CD21hiCD23hiCD24hi B cell pool. The existence and role of Breg in vascular disease is not known. We sought to investigate the existence, identity and location of Breg in vascular disease. The representation of B2-B cell subsets in the spleens and lymph nodes (LNs) of Apolipoprotein E-/- (ApoE-/-) mice compared to controls was characterised by flow cytometry. Additionally, we utilised a model of neointima formation based on the placement of a perivascular collar around the carotid artery in ApoE-/- mice to ascertain whether B cells and B cell subsets confer protection against lesion development. Adoptive transfer of B cells was performed from wild type or genetically modified mice. We showed that CD21hiCD23hiCD24hi B cells are unexpectedly increased in the draining LNs of ApoE-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of LN-derived B2-B cells or purified CD21hiCD23hiCD24hi B cells to syngeneic mice reduced lesion size and inflammation without changing serum cholesterol levels. Follicular B2-B cells did not confer protection. IL-10 blockade or transfer of IL10-deficient B cells prevented LN-derived B cell-mediated protection. This is the first identification of a specific LN-derived B2-Breg subset that confers IL-10 mediated protection from neointima formation. This may open the way for immune modulatory approaches in cardiovascular disease.
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97
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Li N. CD4+ T cells in atherosclerosis: Regulation by platelets. Thromb Haemost 2017; 109:980-90. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SummaryAtherosclerosis is an inflammatory and thrombotic disease, in which both CD4+ T cells and platelets play important roles throughout all stages of atherogenesis. CD4+ T cells are the most abundant T cells present in atherosclerotic lesions. They are primarily seen as type 1 T helper (Th1) cells, while the other CD4+ T cell subsets Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells are also found in the lesions with lower frequencies. CD4+ T effector cells release various cytokines, which exert paracrine or autocrine effects among different CD4+ T cell subsets and other lesional cells and subsequently modulate inflammatory processes in the lesions. Platelets are instrumental in thrombosis and haemostasis, but also play important regulatory roles in immune response, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The present review summarises the current knowledge and/or understanding on how platelets regulate recruitment, activation, differentiation, and cytokine production of different CD4+ T cell subsets, as well as impacts of the platelet-CD4+ T cell interactions on atherogenesis. The research perspectives of platelet-CD4+ T cell interaction in atherosclerosis are also discussed.
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98
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Homann S, Grandoch M, Kiene LS, Podsvyadek Y, Feldmann K, Rabausch B, Nagy N, Lehr S, Kretschmer I, Oberhuber A, Bollyky P, Fischer JW. Hyaluronan synthase 3 promotes plaque inflammation and atheroprogression. Matrix Biol 2017; 66:67-80. [PMID: 28987865 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyaluronan (HA) is a prominent component of the provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) present in the neointima of atherosclerotic plaques. Here the role of HA synthase 3 (HAS3) in atheroprogression was studied. APPROACH AND RESULTS It is demonstrated here that HAS isoenzymes 1, -2 and -3 are expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery. In Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice Has3 expression is increased early during lesion formation when macrophages enter atherosclerotic plaques. Importantly, HAS3 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) was found to be regulated by interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) in an NFkB dependent manner and blocking antibodies to IL-1β abrogate Has3 expression in VSMC by activated macrophages. Has3/Apoe double deficient mice developed less atherosclerosis characterized by decreased Th1-cell responses, decreased IL-12 release, and decreased macrophage-driven inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of HAS3-dependent synthesis of HA dampens systemic Th1 cell polarization and reduces plaque inflammation. These data suggest that HAS3 might be a promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Moreover, because HAS3 is regulated by IL-1β, our results suggest that therapeutic anti-IL-1β antibodies, recently tested in human clinical trials (CANTOS), may exert their beneficial effects on inflammation in post-myocardial infarction patients in part via effects on HAS3. TOC categorybasic study TOC subcategoryarteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Homann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena S Kiene
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yanina Podsvyadek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Feldmann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Berit Rabausch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Immunology, Stanford, USA
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Kretschmer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Immunology, Stanford, USA
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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99
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Ding R, Gao W, He Z, Wu F, Chu Y, Wu J, Ma L, Liang C. Circulating CD4 +CXCR5 + T cells contribute to proinflammatory responses in multiple ways in coronary artery disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:318-323. [PMID: 28985621 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common subtype of cardiovascular disease. The major contributing event is atherosclerosis, which is a progressive inflammatory condition resulting in the thickening of the arterial wall and the formation of atheromatous plaques. Recent evidence suggests that circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells can contribute to inflammatory reactions. In this study, the frequency, phenotype, and function of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in CAD patients were examined. Data showed that circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in CAD patients were enriched with a PD-1+CCR7- subset, which was previously identified as the most potent in B cell help. The CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in CAD patients also secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-21 than those from healthy controls. Depleting the PD-1+ population significantly reduced the cytokine secretion. Interestingly, the CD4+CXCR5+PD-1- T cells significantly upregulated PD-1 following anti-CD3/CD28 or SEB stimulation. CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from CAD patients also demonstrated more potent capacity to stimulate B cell inflammation than those from healthy individuals. The phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 were significantly higher in B cells incubated with CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from CAD than controls. The IL-6 and IFN-γ expression were also significantly higher in B cells incubated with CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from CAD. Together, this study demonstrated that CAD patients presented a highly activated CD4+CXCR5+ T cell subset that could contribute to proinflammatory responses in multiple ways. The possibility of using CD4+CXCR5+ T cells as a therapeutic target should therefore be examined in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wenwu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhiqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Medical Department, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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100
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Engelbertsen D, Rattik S, Wigren M, Vallejo J, Marinkovic G, Schiopu A, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. IL-1R and MyD88 signalling in CD4+ T cells promote Th17 immunity and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 114:180-187. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
The role of CD4+ T cells in atherosclerosis has been shown to be dependent on cytokine cues that regulate lineage commitment into mature T helper sub-sets. In this study, we tested the roles of IL-1R1 and MyD88 signalling in CD4+ T cells in atherosclerosis.
Methods and results
We transferred apoe-/-myd88+/+ or apoe-/-myd88-/- CD4+ T cells to T- and B-cell-deficient rag1-/-apoe-/- mice fed high fat diet. Mice given apoe-/-myd88-/- CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced atherosclerosis compared with mice given apoe-/-myd88+/+ CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells from apoe-/-myd88-/- produced less IL-17 but similar levels of IFN-γ. Treatment of human CD4+ T cells with a MyD88 inhibitor inhibited IL-17 secretion in vitro. Transfer of il1r1-/- CD4+ T cells recapitulated the phenotype seen by transfer of myd88-/- CD4+ T cells with reduced lesion development and a reduction in Th17 and IL-17 production compared with wild type CD4+ T cell recipients. Relative collagen content of lesions was reduced in mice receiving il1r1-/- CD4+ T cells.
Conclusion
We demonstrate that both IL1R and MyD88 signalling in CD4+ T cells promote Th17 immunity, plaque growth and may regulate plaque collagen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Engelbertsen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jenifer Vallejo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Goran Marinkovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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