51
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Xu Y, Sheng X, Zhao T, Zhang L, Ruan Y, Lu H. O-GlcNAcylation of MEK2 promotes the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Glycobiology 2020; 31:571-581. [PMID: 33226073 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases are an important part of evolutionary conserved signaling modules that are involved in a variety of cellular processes in response to environmental stimuli. Among them, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) is the most crucial upstream signaling pathway of ERK1/2 cascade as a therapeutic target for overcoming Ras-driven cancers. However, the mechanisms of MEK2 regulation during tumor progression remain not fully elucidated. Herein, we identified that MEK2 was post-translationally regulated by O-GlcNAcylation. We found that MEK2 associated with OGT and was modified by O-GlcNAc. Mass spectrometry analysis further verified that O-GlcNAcylation of MEK2 occurred at Thr13, which was in the docking domain for specifically identifying its target proteins. While total O-GlcNAcylation stimulated the protein stability and phosphorylation of MEK2, Thr13 O-GlcNAcylation of MEK2 specifically enhanced its Thr394 phosphorylation as well as downstream ERK1/2 activation. Genetic ablation of MEK2 O-GlcNAcylation at Thr13 abrogated its ability to promote the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Together, our data demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylation of MEK2 might be a key regulatory mechanism during tumorigenesis and is a potential therapeutic target for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangying Sheng
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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52
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Bukke VN, Villani R, Archana M, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Ferraro L, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Glucose Metabolic Pathway as A Potential Target for Therapeutics: Crucial Role of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207739. [PMID: 33086751 PMCID: PMC7589651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake in the brain decreases because of normal aging but this decline is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In fact, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown that metabolic reductions in AD patients occur decades before the onset of symptoms, suggesting that metabolic deficits may be an upstream event in at least some late-onset cases. A decrease in availability of glucose content induces a considerable impairment/downregulation of glycosylation, which is an important post-translational modification. Glycosylation is an important and highly regulated mechanism of secondary protein processing within cells and it plays a crucial role in modulating stability of proteins, as carbohydrates are important in achieving the proper three-dimensional conformation of glycoproteins. Moreover, glycosylation acts as a metabolic sensor that links glucose metabolism to normal neuronal functioning. All the proteins involved in β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism have been identified as candidates of glycosylation highlighting the possibility that Aβ metabolism could be regulated by their glycosylation. Within this framework, the present review aims to summarize the current understanding on the role of glycosylation in the etiopathology of AD, emphasizing the idea that glucose metabolic pathway may represent an alternative therapeutic option for targeting AD. From this perspective, the pharmacological modulation of glycosylation levels may represent a ‘sweet approach’ to treat AD targeting new mechanisms independent of the amyloid cascade and with comparable impacts in familial and sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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53
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Wang X, Lin Y, Liu S, Zhu Y, Lu K, Broering R, Lu M. O-GlcNAcylation modulates HBV replication through regulating cellular autophagy at multiple levels. FASEB J 2020; 34:14473-14489. [PMID: 32892442 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001168rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a form of posttranslational modification, and serves various functions, including modulation of location, stability, and activity for the modified proteins. O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential cellular enzyme that posttranslationally modifies the cellular proteins with O-GlcNAc moiety. Early studies reported that the decreased O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy, a process relevant for hepatitis B virus replication (HBV) and assembly. Therefore, we addressed the question how O-GlcNAcylation regulates cellular autophagy and HBV replication. Inhibition of OGT activity with a small molecule inhibitor OSMI-1 or silencing OGT significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Western blotting analysis showed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular autophagy, two processes subsequently leading to enhanced HBV replication. Importantly, the numbers of autophagosomes and the levels of autophagic markers LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 in hepatoma cells were elevated after inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. Further analysis revealed that inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby prevented autophagic degradation of HBV virions and proteins. Moreover, OSMI-1 further promoted HBV replication by inducing autophagosome formation via inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation of Akt and mTOR. In conclusion, decreased O-GlcNAcylation enhanced HBV replication through increasing autophagosome formation at multiple levels, including triggering ER-stress, Akt/mTOR inhibition, and blockade of autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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54
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Chatham JC, Zhang J, Wende AR. Role of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Protein Modification in Cellular (Patho)Physiology. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:427-493. [PMID: 32730113 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, the identification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins modified by a N-acetylglucosamine moiety (O-GlcNAc) via an O-linkage overturned the widely held assumption that glycosylation only occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory pathways. In contrast to traditional glycosylation, the O-GlcNAc modification does not lead to complex, branched glycan structures and is rapidly cycled on and off proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to contribute to numerous cellular functions, including signaling, protein localization and stability, transcription, chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. Dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases, such as diabetes, diabetic complications, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will outline our current understanding of the processes involved in regulating O-GlcNAc turnover, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cellular physiology, and how dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling contributes to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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55
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Backe SJ, Sager RA, Woodford MR, Makedon AM, Mollapour M. Post-translational modifications of Hsp90 and translating the chaperone code. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11099-11117. [PMID: 32527727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have a remarkable ability to synthesize large amounts of protein in a very short period of time. Under these conditions, many hydrophobic surfaces on proteins may be transiently exposed, and the likelihood of deleterious interactions is quite high. To counter this threat to cell viability, molecular chaperones have evolved to help nascent polypeptides fold correctly and multimeric protein complexes assemble productively, while minimizing the danger of protein aggregation. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone that is involved in the stability and activation of at least 300 proteins, also known as clients, under normal cellular conditions. The Hsp90 clients participate in the full breadth of cellular processes, including cell growth and cell cycle control, signal transduction, DNA repair, transcription, and many others. Hsp90 chaperone function is coupled to its ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP, which is tightly regulated both by co-chaperone proteins and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Many reported PTMs of Hsp90 alter chaperone function and consequently affect myriad cellular processes. Here, we review the contributions of PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, O-GlcNAcylation, ubiquitination, and others, toward regulation of Hsp90 function. We also discuss how the Hsp90 modification state affects cellular sensitivity to Hsp90-targeted therapeutics that specifically bind and inhibit its chaperone activity. The ultimate challenge is to decipher the comprehensive and combinatorial array of PTMs that modulate Hsp90 chaperone function, a phenomenon termed the "chaperone code."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Alan M Makedon
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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56
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Collins HE, Chatham JC. Regulation of cardiac O-GlcNAcylation: More than just nutrient availability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165712. [PMID: 32014551 PMCID: PMC7703857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues of nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins by O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has long been seen as an important regulatory mechanism in the cardiovascular system. O-GlcNAcylation of cardiac proteins has been shown to contribute to the regulation of transcription, metabolism, mitochondrial function, protein quality control and turnover, autophagy, and calcium handling. In the heart, acute increases in O-GlcNAc have been associated with cardioprotection, such as those observed during ischemia/reperfusion. Conversely, chronic increases in O-GlcNAc, often associated with diabetes and nutrient excess, have been shown to contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Traditionally, many studies have linked changes in O-GlcNAc with nutrient availability and as such O-GlcNAcylation is often seen as a nutrient driven process. However, emerging evidence suggests that O-GlcNAcylation may also be regulated by non-nutrient dependent mechanisms, such as transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Therefore, the goals of this review are to provide an overview of the impact of O-GlcNAcylation in the cardiovascular system, how this is regulated and to discuss the emergence of regulatory mechanisms other than nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Collins
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
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57
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Chang YH, Weng CL, Lin KI. O-GlcNAcylation and its role in the immune system. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:57. [PMID: 32349769 PMCID: PMC7189445 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a type of glycosylation that occurs when a monosaccharide, O-GlcNAc, is added onto serine or threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and which can be reversibly removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation couples the processes of nutrient sensing, metabolism, signal transduction and transcription, and plays important roles in development, normal physiology and physiopathology. Cumulative studies have indicated that O-GlcNAcylation affects the functions of protein substrates in a number of ways, including protein cellular localization, protein stability and protein/protein interaction. Particularly, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to have intricate crosstalk with phosphorylation as they both modify serine or threonine residues. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation on various protein substrates has been implicated in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancers. However, the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in immune cell lineages has been less explored. This review summarizes the current understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of O-GlcNAcylation, and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation regulates the development, maturation and functions of immune cells. In brief, O-GlcNAcylation promotes the development, proliferation, and activation of T and B cells. O-GlcNAcylation regulates inflammatory and antiviral responses of macrophages. O-GlcNAcylation promotes the function of activated neutrophils, but inhibits the activity of nature killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Weng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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58
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Chen N, Kong X, Zhao S, Xiaofeng W. Post-translational modification of baculovirus-encoded proteins. Virus Res 2020; 279:197865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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59
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Abstract
O-Linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a protein modification found on thousands of nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins. Many O-GlcNAc sites occur in proximity to protein sites that are likewise modified by phosphorylation. While several studies have uncovered crosstalk between these two signaling modifications on individual proteins and pathways, an understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc in regulating kinases, the enzymes that install the phosphate modification, is still emerging. Here we review recent methods to profile the O-GlcNAc modification on a global scale that have revealed more than 100 kinases are modified by O-GlcNAc and highlight existing studies about regulation of these kinases by O-GlcNAc. Continuing efforts to profile the O-GlcNAc proteome and understand the role of O-GlcNAc on kinases will reveal new mechanisms of regulation and potential avenues for manipulation of the signaling mechanisms at the intersection of O-GlcNAc and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Schwein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christina M. Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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60
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Park J, Lai MKP, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. O-GlcNAcylation as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:171-193. [PMID: 31894464 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and the number of elderly patients suffering from AD has been steadily increasing. Despite worldwide efforts to cope with this disease, little progress has been achieved with regard to identification of effective therapeutics. Thus, active research focusing on identification of new therapeutic targets of AD is ongoing. Among the new targets, post-translational modifications which modify the properties of mature proteins have gained attention. O-GlcNAcylation, a type of PTM that attaches O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to a protein, is being sought as a new target to treat AD pathologies. O-GlcNAcylation has been known to modify the two important components of AD pathological hallmarks, amyloid precursor protein, and tau protein. In addition, elevating O-GlcNAcylation levels in AD animal models has been shown to be effective in alleviating AD-associated pathology. Although studies investigating the precise mechanism of reversal of AD pathologies by targeting O-GlcNAcylation are not yet complete, it is clearly important to examine O-GlcNAcylation regulation as a target of AD therapeutics. This review highlights the mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation and its role as a potential therapeutic target under physiological and pathological AD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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61
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Pyo KE, Kim CR, Lee M, Kim JS, Kim KI, Baek SH. ULK1 O-GlcNAcylation Is Crucial for Activating VPS34 via ATG14L during Autophagy Initiation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2878-2890.e4. [PMID: 30517873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unc-51-like-kinase 1 (ULK1) is a target of both the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), whose role is to facilitate the initiation of autophagy in response to starvation. Upon glucose starvation, dissociation of mTOR from ULK1 and phosphorylation by AMPK leads to the activation of ULK1 activity. Here, we provide evidence that ULK1 is the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylated) on the threonine 754 site by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) upon glucose starvation. ULK1 O-GlcNAcylation occurs after dephosphorylation of adjacent mTOR-dependent phosphorylation on the serine 757 site by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and phosphorylation by AMPK. ULK1 O-GlcNAcylation is crucial for binding and phosphorylation of ATG14L, allowing the activation of lipid kinase VPS34 and leading to the production of phosphatidylinositol-(3)-phosphate (PI(3)P), which is required for phagophore formation and initiation of autophagy. Our findings provide insights into the crosstalk between dephosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation during autophagy and specify a molecular framework for potential therapeutic intervention in autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Pyo
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Chang Rok Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minkyoung Lee
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Keun Il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, South Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Epigenetic Code and Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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62
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Zhou L, Luo M, Cheng LJ, Li RN, Liu B, Linghu H. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) promotes the EMT of serous ovarian cancer by activating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to increase the nuclear location of β-catenin. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152681. [PMID: 31685298 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), a branch of glucose metabolism, provides a substrate for glycosylation modification, which has a wide-ranging effect on cellular functions. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) has been reported to regulate the HBP as the first and rate-limiting enzyme. Given the inverse association between GFPT2 expression and survival of patients with serous ovarian cancer (SOC) observed in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we attempted to investigate the role of GFPT2 and its related mechanisms in SOC. The results showed that GFPT2 was over-expressed in SOC tissues, and positive correlations with advanced stage (FIGO III/IV), suboptimal removal rate and poor survival were observed in 90 SOC patients. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited in GFPT2 knockdown SKOV3 and HEY cells. The levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and intranuclear β-catenin were evaluated and the observed increase in O-GlcNAcylation induced by GFPT2 may contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These data provide novel insights into the function of GFPT2 and O-GlcNAcylation in the EMT and thus the invasiveness SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Experimental Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mu Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Experimental Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Li-Juan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Basic Medical School of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hua Linghu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Next-generation unnatural monosaccharides reveal that ESRRB O-GlcNAcylation regulates pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4065. [PMID: 31492838 PMCID: PMC6731260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unnatural monosaccharides such as azidosugars that can be metabolically incorporated into cellular glycans are currently used as a major tool for glycan imaging and glycoproteomic profiling. As a common practice to enhance membrane permeability and cellular uptake, the unnatural sugars are per-O-acetylated, which, however, can induce a long-overlooked side reaction, non-enzymatic S-glycosylation. Herein, we develop 1,3-di-esterified N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) as next-generation chemical reporters for metabolic glycan labeling. Both 1,3-di-O-acetylated GalNAz (1,3-Ac2GalNAz) and 1,3-di-O-propionylated GalNAz (1,3-Pr2GalNAz) exhibit high efficiency for labeling protein O-GlcNAcylation with no artificial S-glycosylation. Applying 1,3-Pr2GalNAz in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we identify ESRRB, a critical transcription factor for pluripotency, as an O-GlcNAcylated protein. We show that ESRRB O-GlcNAcylation is important for mESC self-renewal and pluripotency. Mechanistically, ESRRB is O-GlcNAcylated by O-GlcNAc transferase at serine 25, which stabilizes ESRRB, promotes its transcription activity and facilitates its interactions with two master pluripotency regulators, OCT4 and NANOG. Per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides are popular tools for glycan labeling in live cells but can undergo unwanted side reactions with cysteines. Here, the authors develop unnatural sugars in a partially esterified form that are inert towards cysteines, and use them to probe O-GlcNAcylation in mESCs.
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64
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Xu S, Xiao J, Yin F, Guo X, Xing L, Xu Y, Chong K. The Protein Modifications of O-GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation Mediate Vernalization Response for Flowering in Winter Wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1436-1449. [PMID: 31061102 PMCID: PMC6752917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation are two posttranslational modifications that antagonistically regulate protein function. However, the regulation of and the cross talk between these two protein modifications are poorly understood in plants. Here we investigated the role of O-GlcNAcylation during vernalization, a process whereby prolonged cold exposure promotes flowering in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), and analyzed the dynamic profile of O-GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated proteins in response to vernalization. Altering O-GlcNAc signaling by chemical inhibitors affected the vernalization response, modifying the expression of VRN genes and subsequently affecting flowering transition. Over a vernalization time-course, O-GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated peptides were enriched from winter wheat plumules by Lectin weak affinity chromatography and iTRAQ-TiO2, respectively. Subsequent mass spectrometry and gene ontology term enrichment analysis identified 168 O-GlcNAcylated proteins that are mainly involved in responses to abiotic stimulus and hormones, metabolic processing, and gene expression; and 124 differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins that participate in translation, transcription, and metabolic processing. Of note, 31 vernalization-associated proteins were identified that carried both phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation modifications, of which the majority (97%) exhibited the coexisting module and the remainder exhibited the potential competitive module. Among these, TaGRP2 was decorated with dynamic O-GlcNAcylation (S87) and phosphorylation (S152) modifications, and the mutation of S87 and S152 affected the binding of TaGRP2 to the RIP3 motif of TaVRN1 in vitro. Our data suggest that a dynamic network of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation at key pathway nodes regulate the vernalization response and mediate flowering in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yunyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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65
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Wangen R, Berven FS, Guldbrandsen A. Protein Post-Translational Modification Crosstalk in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Calls for Action. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5317-5337. [PMID: 31241430 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190503164004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification (PTM) crosstalk is a young research field. However, there is now evidence of the extraordinary characterization of the different proteoforms and their interactions in a biological environment that PTM crosstalk studies can describe. Besides gene expression and phosphorylation profiling of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples, the functional combination of several PTMs that might contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the AML proteome remains to be discovered. OBJECTIVE By reviewing current workflows for the simultaneous enrichment of several PTMs and bioinformatics tools to analyze mass spectrometry (MS)-based data, our major objective is to introduce the PTM crosstalk field to the AML research community. RESULTS After an introduction to PTMs and PTM crosstalk, this review introduces several protocols for the simultaneous enrichment of PTMs. Two of them allow a simultaneous enrichment of at least three PTMs when using 0.5-2 mg of cell lysate. We have reviewed many of the bioinformatics tools used for PTM crosstalk discovery as its complex data analysis, mainly generated from MS, becomes challenging for most AML researchers. We have presented several non-AML PTM crosstalk studies throughout the review in order to show how important the characterization of PTM crosstalk becomes for the selection of disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION Herein, we have reviewed the advances and pitfalls of the emerging PTM crosstalk field and its potential contribution to unravel the heterogeneity of AML. The complexity of sample preparation and bioinformatics workflows demands a good interaction between experts of several areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.,The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Building for Basic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Wangen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.,The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Building for Basic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode S Berven
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Building for Basic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Astrid Guldbrandsen
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Building for Basic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.,Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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66
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Ryan P, Xu M, Davey AK, Danon JJ, Mellick GD, Kassiou M, Rudrawar S. O-GlcNAc Modification Protects against Protein Misfolding and Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2209-2221. [PMID: 30985105 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are becoming the focus of intense research due to their implications in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Various PTMs have been identified to alter the toxic profiles of proteins which play critical roles in disease etiology. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysregulated phosphorylation is reported to promote pathogenic processing of the microtubule-associated tau protein. Among the PTMs, the enzymatic addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues to Ser/Thr residues is reported to deliver protective effects against the pathogenic processing of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Modification of tau with as few as one single O-GlcNAc residue inhibits its toxic self-assembly. This modification also has the same effect on the assembly of the Parkinson's disease (PD) associated α-synuclein (ASyn) protein. In fact, O-GlcNAcylation ( O-linked GlcNAc modification) affects the processing of numerous proteins implicated in AD, PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD) in a similar manner. As such, manipulation of a protein's O-GlcNAcylation status has been proposed to offer therapeutic routes toward addressing multiple neurodegenerative pathologies. Here we review the various effects that O-GlcNAc modification, and its modulated expression, have on pathogenically significant proteins involved in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ryan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Mingming Xu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | | | - George D. Mellick
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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67
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Kim MY, Kim YS, Kim M, Choi MY, Roh GS, Lee DH, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Shin JK, Choi WS. Metformin inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation via decreased AMPK O-GlcNAcylation. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:302-309. [PMID: 31489252 PMCID: PMC6711131 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1614092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Antidiabetic drugs are also known to influence cancer progression, as high glucose levels affect both cancer and diabetes. Metformin induces cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear in cervical cancer system. Here, we examined how metformin affects cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that levels of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) were increased in cervical cancer cells; these effects were reversed by metformin treatment. Immunoprecipitation analysis was used to examine the interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation in HeLa cells, revealing that metformin decreased O-GlcNAcylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased levels of phospho-AMPK compared to untreated cells. These results were associated with decreased cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in HeLa cells, as shown by flow cytometry. Moreover, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (a glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase inhibitor) or thiamet G (an O-GlcNAcase inhibitor) decreased or increased levels of O-GlcNAcylated AMPK, and increased or decreased levels of phosphorylated AMPK, respectively, suggesting that O-GlcNAc modification affects AMPK activation. Of note, we found that metformin treatment of HeLa cells increased the levels of p21 and p27 (which are AMPK-dependent cell cycle inhibitors), leading to increased cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells compared to untreated cells. These findings suggest that metformin may serve as a useful antiproliferative drug in cervical cancer cells, with potential therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Kim
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Kim
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Young Choi
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Shin
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, The Republic of Korea
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68
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Acutely elevated O-GlcNAcylation suppresses hippocampal activity by modulating both intrinsic and synaptic excitability factors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7287. [PMID: 31086206 PMCID: PMC6514166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) plays a critical role in increasing proteome complexity and diversifying protein functions. O-GlcNAc modification is a reversible, dynamic and highly abundant PTM catalyzed by a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), regardless of substrates. The two enzymes are particularly enriched in the brain, and recent proteomic studies identified that a large number of neuron-specific proteins undergo O-GlcNAc modification. In addition, pathological conditions with aberrant O-GlcNAcylation such as diabetes and obesity are associated with the higher risk of cognitive decline and memory impairment. However, despite its prevalence in the brain, functional significance of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating neuronal properties remains unclear at the molecular level. Here, we report that an acute increase in O-GlcNAcylation induced by pharmacological inhibition of OGA significantly reduces the intrinsic excitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons through the cooperative modulation of multiple voltage-gated ion channels. Moreover, elevated O-GlcNAcylation also suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses through the removal of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic densities. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a change in O-GlcNAcylation levels dynamically regulates hippocampal activity at both intrinsic and synaptic levels, providing a mechanistic link between dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation and hippocampal dysfunction.
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69
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Sánchez RG, Parrish RR, Rich M, Webb WM, Lockhart RM, Nakao K, Ianov L, Buckingham SC, Broadwater DR, Jenkins A, de Lanerolle NC, Cunningham M, Eid T, Riley K, Lubin FD. Human and rodent temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by changes in O-GlcNAc homeostasis that can be reversed to dampen epileptiform activity. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:531-543. [PMID: 30625365 PMCID: PMC6379093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is frequently associated with changes in protein composition and post-translational modifications (PTM) that exacerbate the disorder. O-linked-β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a PTM occurring at serine/threonine residues that is derived from and closely associated with metabolic substrates. The enzymes O-GlcNActransferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) mediate the addition and removal, respectively, of the O-GlcNAc modification. The goal of this study was to characterize OGT/OGA and protein O-GlcNAcylation in the epileptic hippocampus and to determine and whether direct manipulation of these proteins and PTM's alter epileptiform activity. We observed reduced global and protein specific O-GlcNAcylation and OGT expression in the kainate rat model of TLE and in human TLE hippocampal tissue. Inhibiting OGA with Thiamet-G elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation, and decreased both seizure duration and epileptic spike events, suggesting that OGA may be a therapeutic target for seizure control. These findings suggest that loss of O-GlcNAc homeostasis in the kainate model and in human TLE can be reversed via targeting of O-GlcNAc related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Sánchez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - R Ryley Parrish
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Megan Rich
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William M Webb
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Roxanne M Lockhart
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kazuhito Nakao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lara Ianov
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Susan C Buckingham
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin R Broadwater
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alistair Jenkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Nihal C de Lanerolle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kristen Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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70
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Shi J, Ruijtenbeek R, Pieters RJ. Demystifying O-GlcNAcylation: hints from peptide substrates. Glycobiology 2019; 28:814-824. [PMID: 29635275 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation, analogous to phosphorylation, is an essential post-translational modification of proteins at Ser/Thr residues with a single β-N-acetylglucosamine moiety. This dynamic protein modification regulates many fundamental cellular processes and its deregulation has been linked to chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. Reversible attachment and removal of O-GlcNAc is governed only by O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, respectively. Peptide substrates, derived from natural O-GlcNAcylation targets, function in the catalytic cores of these two enzymes by maintaining interactions between enzyme and substrate, which makes them ideal models for the study of O-GlcNAcylation and deglycosylation. These peptides provide valuable tools for a deeper understanding of O-GlcNAc processing enzymes. By taking advantage of peptide chemistry, recent progress in the study of activity and regulatory mechanisms of these two enzymes has advanced our understanding of their fundamental specificities as well as their potential as therapeutic targets. Hence, this review summarizes the recent achievements on this modification studied at the peptide level, focusing on enzyme activity, enzyme specificity, direct function, site-specific antibodies and peptide substrate-inspired inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,PamGene International BV, HH's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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71
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Sharif S, Shi J, Ruijtenbeek R, Pieters RJ. Study of cross talk between phosphatases and OGA on a ZO-3-derived peptide. Amino Acids 2019; 51:739-743. [PMID: 30725225 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation, like phosphorylation, is a dynamic and rapid posttranslational modification which regulates many cellular processes. Phosphorylation on tyrosine and O-GlcNAcylation on nearby serine or threonine residues may modulate each other. Indeed, by using a microarray with a peptide model system based on the ZO-3 protein, extensive cross talk between O-GlcNAcylation by OGT and phosphorylation by kinases was observed. However, studying the effects of kinases and OGT without the reverse processes catalyzed by phosphatases and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) does not provide a complete picture of the cross talk. The study of the missing part showed that nearby phosphorylation affects the de-O-GlcNAcylation by OGA, but not to the same extent as it affects the O-GlcNAcylation by OGT. Both the phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation processes were only slightly affected by the presence of an O-GlcNAc residue on a nearby serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhela Sharif
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,PamGene International BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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72
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Needham EJ, Parker BL, Burykin T, James DE, Humphrey SJ. Illuminating the dark phosphoproteome. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/565/eaau8645. [PMID: 30670635 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major regulator of protein function and biological outcomes. This was first recognized through functional biochemical experiments, and in the past decade, major technological advances in mass spectrometry have enabled the study of protein phosphorylation on a global scale. This rapidly growing field of phosphoproteomics has revealed that more than 100,000 distinct phosphorylation events occur in human cells, which likely affect the function of every protein. Phosphoproteomics has improved the understanding of the function of even the most well-characterized protein kinases by revealing new downstream substrates and biology. However, current biochemical and bioinformatic approaches have only identified kinases for less than 5% of the phosphoproteome, and functional assignments of phosphosites are almost negligible. Notably, our understanding of the relationship between kinases and their substrates follows a power law distribution, with almost 90% of phosphorylation sites currently assigned to the top 20% of kinases. In addition, more than 150 kinases do not have a single known substrate. Despite a small group of kinases dominating biomedical research, the number of substrates assigned to a kinase does not correlate with disease relevance as determined by pathogenic human mutation prevalence and mouse model phenotypes. Improving our understanding of the substrates targeted by all kinases and functionally annotating the phosphoproteome will be broadly beneficial. Advances in phosphoproteomics technologies, combined with functional screening approaches, should make it feasible to illuminate the connectivity and functionality of the entire phosphoproteome, providing enormous opportunities for discovering new biology, therapeutic targets, and possibly diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Needham
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Timur Burykin
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Alteration of glycosylation, a hallmark of cancer, results in the production of tumor-associated glycans or glycoproteins. These molecules are subsequently secreted or membrane-shed into the blood stream and thus serve as tumor-associated markers. Increased glycosylation in cancer is triggered by overexpression of glycoproteins that carry certain specific glycans, increase or decrease of nucleotide sugar donors and altered expression of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase enzymes. In this chapter, the biochemistry and function of glycoprotein, glycan and enzyme markers are reviewed. These glycosylation markers, applicable for detection and monitoring of cancer, include CA19-9, CA125, CEA, PSA and AFP. Because of their specific affinity to distinct sugar moieties, lectins are useful for developing assays to detect these tumor associated glycans and glycoproteins in clinical samples. As such, various enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA) have been developed for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis. Because glycosylation changes occur early in cancer, the detection of tumor associated glycosylation markers using lectin based assays is an effective strategy to improve diagnosis and treatment resulting better outcomes clinically.
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74
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Melero-Fernandez de Mera RM, Arasu UT, Kärnä R, Oikari S, Rilla K, Vigetti D, Passi A, Heldin P, Tammi MI, Deen AJ. Effects of mutations in the post-translational modification sites on the trafficking of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). Matrix Biol 2018; 80:85-103. [PMID: 30394292 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking of hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through Golgi to plasma membrane (PM), and either back to endosomes and lysosomes, or out into extracellular vesicles, is important for their activities. We studied how post-translational modifications affect the trafficking of HAS2 by mutagenesis of the sites of ubiquitination (K190R), phosphorylation (T110A) and O-GlcNAcylation (S221A), using Dendra2- and EGFP-HAS2 transfected into COS1 cells. Confocal microscopy showed HAS2 wild type (wt) and its K190R and S221A mutants in ER, Golgi and extracellular vesicles, while the T110A mutant remained mostly in the ER. HA synthesis was reduced by S221A, while completely blocked by K190R and T110A. Cell-surface biotinylation indicated that T110A was absent from PM, while S221A was close to the level of wt, and K190R was increased in PM. TIRF microscopy analysis gave similar results. Rab10 silencing increased HA secretion by HAS2, likely by inhibiting endocytosis of the enzyme from PM, as reported before for HAS3. Green-to-red photo-conversion of Dendra2-HAS2 constructs suggested slower decay of K190R and S221A than HAS2 wt, while T110A was barely degraded at all. S221D and S221E, the phosphomimetic mutants of this site, decayed faster and blocked hyaluronan synthesis, suggesting alternative O-GlcNAc/-PO4 substitution to regulate the stability of the enzyme. Probing the role of dynamic O-GlcNAcylation at S221 by adding glucosamine increased the half-life of only HAS2 wt. The Dendra2·HAS2 disappearance from Golgi was slower for K190R. Of the two inactive constructs, K190R co-transfected with HAS2 wt suppressed, whereas T110A had no effect on HA synthesis. Interestingly, the HAS2-stimulated shedding of extracellular vesicles was dependent on HAS residence in PM but independent of HA synthesis. The results indicate that post-translational modifications control the trafficking of HAS2, and that trafficking is an integral part of the post-translational regulation of HAS2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - U T Arasu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R Kärnä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - D Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - A Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - P Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M I Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A J Deen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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75
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Asthana A, Ramakrishnan P, Vicioso Y, Zhang K, Parameswaran R. Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway Inhibition Leads to AML Cell Differentiation and Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2226-2237. [PMID: 30082471 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained unchanged for past 40 years. Targeting cell metabolism is a promising avenue for future cancer therapy. We found that enzymes involved in metabolic hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) are increased in patients with AML. Inhibiting GFAT (the rate-limiting enzyme of HBP) induced differentiation and apoptosis in AML cells, sparing normal cells. UDP-GlcNAc, the end product of HBP, is the substrate for O-GlcNAcylation, a posttranslational modification. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the enzyme which transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to target proteins. Inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation, using OGT inhibitors as well as genetic knockdown of OGT, also led to cell differentiation and apoptosis of AML cells. Finally, HBP inhibition in vivo reduced the tumor growth in a subcutaneous AML xenograft model and tumor cells showed signs of differentiation in vivo A circulating AML xenograft model also showed clearance of tumor load in bone marrow, spleen, and blood, after HBP inhibition, with no signs of general toxicity. This study reveals an important role of HBP/O-GlcNAcylation in keeping AML cells in an undifferentiated state and sheds light into a new area of potential AML therapy by HBP/O-GlcNAc inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(10); 2226-37. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yorleny Vicioso
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Keman Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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76
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Lagerlöf O. O-GlcNAc cycling in the developing, adult and geriatric brain. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:241-261. [PMID: 29790000 PMCID: PMC5984647 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins in the nervous system are modified by the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. A single protein is often O-GlcNAcylated on several amino acids and the modification of a single site can play a crucial role for the function of the protein. Despite its complexity, only two enzymes add and remove O-GlcNAc from proteins, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Global and local regulation of these enzymes make it possible for O-GlcNAc to coordinate multiple cellular functions at the same time as regulating specific pathways independently from each other. If O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted, metabolic disorder or intellectual disability may ensue, depending on what neurons are affected. O-GlcNAc's promise as a clinical target for developing drugs against neurodegenerative diseases has been recognized for many years. Recent literature puts O-GlcNAc in the forefront among mechanisms that can help us better understand how neuronal circuits integrate diverse incoming stimuli such as fluctuations in nutrient supply, metabolic hormones, neuronal activity and cellular stress. Here the functions of O-GlcNAc in the nervous system are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Lagerlöf
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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77
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Laarse SAM, Leney AC, Heck AJR. Crosstalk between phosphorylation and O‐Glc
NA
cylation: friend or foe. FEBS J 2018; 285:3152-3167. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saar A. M. Laarse
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aneika C. Leney
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
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78
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Darling AL, Uversky VN. Intrinsic Disorder and Posttranslational Modifications: The Darker Side of the Biological Dark Matter. Front Genet 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29780404 PMCID: PMC5945825 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins and domains that devoid stable secondary and/or tertiary structure. IDPs/IDPRs are abundantly present in various proteomes, where they are involved in regulation, signaling, and control, thereby serving as crucial regulators of various cellular processes. Various mechanisms are utilized to tightly regulate and modulate biological functions, structural properties, cellular levels, and localization of these important controllers. Among these regulatory mechanisms are precisely controlled degradation and different posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Many normal cellular processes are associated with the presence of the right amounts of precisely activated IDPs at right places and in right time. However, wrecked regulation of IDPs/IDPRs might be associated with various human maladies, ranging from cancer and neurodegeneration to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Pathogenic transformations of IDPs/IDPRs are often triggered by altered PTMs. This review considers some of the aspects of IDPs/IDPRs and their normal and aberrant regulation by PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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79
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Smet-Nocca C, Page A, Cantrelle FX, Nikolakaki E, Landrieu I, Giannakouros T. The O-β-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of the Lamin B receptor and its impact on DNA binding and phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:825-835. [PMID: 29337275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lamin B Receptor (LBR) is an integral protein of the interphase inner nuclear membrane that is implicated in chromatin anchorage to the nuclear envelope. Phosphorylation of a stretch of arginine-serine (RS) dipeptides in the amino-terminal nucleoplasmic domain of LBR regulates the interactions of the receptor with other nuclear proteins, DNA and RNA and thus modulates tethering of heterochromatin to the nuclear envelope. While phosphorylation has been extensively studied, very little is known about other post-translational modifications of the protein. There is only one report on the O-β-linked N-acetyl-glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) of a serine residue downstream of the RS domain of rat LBR. In the present study we identify additional O-GlcNAcylation sites by using as substrates of O-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) a set of peptides containing the entire LBR RS domain or parts of it as well as flanking sequences. The in vitro activity of OGT was assessed by tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that O-GlcNAcylation hampers DNA binding while it marginally affects RS domain phosphorylation mediated by SRPK1, Akt2 and cdk1 kinases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our methodology providing a quantitative description of O-GlcNAc patterns based on a combination of mass spectrometry and high resolution NMR spectroscopy on short peptide substrates allows subsequent functional analyses. Hence, our approach is of general interest to a wide audience of biologists aiming at deciphering the functional role of O-GlcNAc glycosylation and its crosstalk with phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Smet-Nocca
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Adeline Page
- Proteomics Platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eleni Nikolakaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Giannakouros
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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80
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Csizmok V, Forman-Kay JD. Complex regulatory mechanisms mediated by the interplay of multiple post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 48:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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81
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Muter J, Alam MT, Vrljicak P, Barros FSV, Ruane PT, Ewington LJ, Aplin JD, Westwood M, Brosens JJ. The Glycosyltransferase EOGT Regulates Adropin Expression in Decidualizing Human Endometrium. Endocrinology 2018; 159:994-1004. [PMID: 29244071 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In pregnancy, resistance of endometrial decidual cells to stress signals is critical for the integrity of the fetomaternal interface and, by extension, survival of the conceptus. O-GlcNAcylation is an essential posttranslational modification that links glucose sensing to cellular stress resistance. Unexpectedly, decidualization of primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs) was associated with a 60% reduction in O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)‒modified proteins, reflecting downregulation of the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc to substrates (O-GlcNAc transferase; OGT) but not the enzyme that removes the modification (O-GlcNAcase). Notably, epidermal growth factor domain-specific O-linked GlcNAc transferase (EOGT), an endoplasmic reticulum-specific OGT that modifies a limited number of secreted and membrane proteins, was markedly induced in differentiating EnSCs. Knockdown of EOGT perturbed a network of decidual genes involved in multiple cellular functions. The most downregulated gene upon EOGT knockdown in decidualizing cells was the energy homeostasis-associated gene (ENHO), which encodes adropin, a metabolic hormone involved in energy homeostasis and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Analysis of midluteal endometrial biopsies revealed an inverse correlation between endometrial EOGT and ENHO expression and body mass index. Taken together, our findings revealed that obesity impairs the EOGT-adropin axis in decidual cells, which in turn points toward a mechanistic link between metabolic disorders and adverse pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Muter
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad T Alam
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Pavle Vrljicak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Flavio S V Barros
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T Ruane
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren J Ewington
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - John D Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Westwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
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82
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Mercier T, Bouvet M, Dubois-Deruy E, Dechaumes A, Beseme O, Richard V, Mulder P, Pinet F. Interplay Between Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of Sarcomeric Proteins in Ischemic Heart Failure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 30344511 PMCID: PMC6182077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of sarcomeric proteins could participate to left ventricular (LV) remodeling and contractile dysfunction leading in advanced heart failure (HF) with altered ejection fraction. Using an experimental rat model of HF (ligation of left coronary artery) and phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified an increase of desmin phosphorylation and a decrease of desmin O-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation). We aim to characterize interplay between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation for desmin in primary cultures of cardiomyocyte by specific O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibition with thiamet G and silencing O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and, in perfused heart perfused with thiamet G in sham- and HF-rats. In each model, we found an efficiency of O-GlcNAcylation modulation characterized by the levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and OGT expression (for silencing experiments in cells). In perfused heart, we found an improvement of cardiac function under OGA inhibition. But none of the treatments either in in vitro or ex vivo cardiac models, induced a modulation of desmin, phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated desmin expression, despite the presence of O-GlcNAc moities in cardiac desmin. Our data suggests no interplay between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of desmin in HF post-myocardial infarction. The future requires finding the targets in heart involved in cardiac improvement under thiamet G treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mercier
- INSERM U1167 Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | - Marion Bouvet
- INSERM U1167 Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | | | - Arthur Dechaumes
- INSERM U1167 Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | - Olivia Beseme
- INSERM U1167 Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- INSERM UMR1096, Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque, Rouen, France
| | - Paul Mulder
- INSERM UMR1096, Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Pinet
- INSERM U1167 Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Florence Pinet
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83
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Krause MW, Love DC, Ghosh SK, Wang P, Yun S, Fukushige T, Hanover JA. Nutrient-Driven O-GlcNAcylation at Promoters Impacts Genome-Wide RNA Pol II Distribution. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:521. [PMID: 30250452 PMCID: PMC6139338 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-driven O-GlcNAcylation has been linked to epigenetic regulation of gene expression in metazoans. In C. elegans, O-GlcNAc marks the promoters of over 800 developmental, metabolic, and stress-related genes; these O-GlcNAc marked genes show a strong 5', promoter-proximal bias in the distribution of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). In response to starvation or feeding, the steady state distribution of O-GlcNAc at promoters remain nearly constant presumably due to dynamic cycling mediated by the transferase OGT-1 and the O-GlcNAcase OGA-1. However, in viable mutants lacking either of these enzymes of O-GlcNAc metabolism, the nutrient-responsive GlcNAcylation of promoters is dramatically altered. Blocked O-GlcNAc cycling leads to a striking nutrient-dependent accumulation of O-GlcNAc on RNA Pol II. O-GlcNAc cycling mutants also show an exaggerated, nutrient-responsive redistribution of promoter-proximal RNA Pol II isoforms and extensive transcriptional deregulation. Our findings suggest a complex interplay between the O-GlcNAc modification at promoters, the kinase-dependent "CTD-code," and co-factors regulating RNA Pol II dynamics. Nutrient-responsive O-GlcNAc cycling may buffer the transcriptional apparatus from dramatic swings in nutrient availability by modulating promoter activity to meet metabolic and developmental needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Krause
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dona C. Love
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Salil K. Ghosh
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sijung Yun
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tetsunari Fukushige
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: John A. Hanover
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84
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Liu C, Li J. O-GlcNAc: A Sweetheart of the Cell Cycle and DNA Damage Response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:415. [PMID: 30105004 PMCID: PMC6077185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition and removal of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to and from the Ser and Thr residues of proteins is an emerging post-translational modification. Unlike phosphorylation, which requires a legion of kinases and phosphatases, O-GlcNAc is catalyzed by the sole enzyme in mammals, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and reversed by the sole enzyme, O-GlcNAcase (OGA). With the advent of new technologies, identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins, followed by pinpointing the modified residues and understanding the underlying molecular function of the modification has become the very heart of the O-GlcNAc biology. O-GlcNAc plays a multifaceted role during the unperturbed cell cycle, including regulating DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis. When the cell cycle is challenged by DNA damage stresses, O-GlcNAc also protects genome integrity via modifying an array of histones, kinases as well as scaffold proteins. Here we will focus on both cell cycle progression and the DNA damage response, summarize what we have learned about the role of O-GlcNAc in these processes and envision a sweeter research future.
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85
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Very N, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Lefebvre T, Hardivillé S, El Yazidi-Belkoura I. Cross-Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Human Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30356686 PMCID: PMC6189293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are considered as nutrient sensors that regulate several essential biological processes. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) and phosphorylation are highly dynamic post-translational modifications occurring at the same or adjacent sites that regulate folding, stability, subcellular localization, partner interaction, or activity of target proteins. Here we review recent evidence of a cross-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and protein O-GlcNAcylation. Furthermore, we discuss their co-dysregulation in pathological conditions, e.g., cancer, type-2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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86
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Bourré G, Cantrelle FX, Kamah A, Chambraud B, Landrieu I, Smet-Nocca C. Direct Crosstalk Between O-GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation of Tau Protein Investigated by NMR Spectroscopy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:595. [PMID: 30386294 PMCID: PMC6198643 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions of tau protein is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases referred to as tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A common feature of these pathologies is hyperphosphorylation of tau, the main component of fibrillar assemblies such as Paired Helical Filaments (PHFs). O-β-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is another important posttranslational modification involved in regulation of tau pathophysiology. Among the benefits of O-GlcNAcylation, modulation of tau phosphorylation levels and inhibition of tau aggregation properties have been described while decreased O-GlcNAcylation could be involved in the raise of tau phosphorylation associated with AD. However, the molecular mechanisms at the basis of these observations remain to be defined. In this study, we identify by NMR spectroscopy O-GlcNAc sites in the longest isoform of tau and investigate the direct role of O-GlcNAcylation on tau phosphorylation and conversely, the role of phosphorylation on tau O-GlcNAcylation. We show here by a systematic examination of the quantitative modification patterns by NMR spectroscopy that O-GlcNAcylation does not modify phosphorylation of tau by the kinase activity of ERK2 or a rat brain extract while phosphorylation slightly increases tau O-GlcNAcylation by OGT. Our data suggest that indirect mechanisms act in the reciprocal regulation of tau phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation in vivo involving regulation of the enzymes responsible of phosphate and O-GlcNAc dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Bourré
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | | | - Amina Kamah
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Landrieu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Smet-Nocca
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Caroline Smet-Nocca
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87
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Hwang H, Rhim H. Functional significance of O-GlcNAc modification in regulating neuronal properties. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:295-307. [PMID: 29223644 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) covalently modify proteins and diversify protein functions. Along with protein phosphorylation, another common PTM is the addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and/or threonine residues. O-GlcNAc modification is similar to phosphorylation in that it occurs to serine and threonine residues and cycles on and off with a similar time scale. However, a striking difference is that the addition and removal of the O-GlcNAc moiety on all substrates are mediated by the two enzymes regardless of proteins, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. O-GlcNAcylation can interact or potentially compete with phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues, and thus serves as an important molecular mechanism to modulate protein functions and activation. However, it has been challenging to address the role of O-GlcNAc modification in regulating protein functions at the molecular level due to the lack of convenient tools to determine the sites and degrees of O-GlcNAcylation. Studies in this field have only begun to expand significantly thanks to the recent advances in detection and manipulation methods such as quantitative proteomics and highly selective small-molecule inhibitors for OGT and OGA. Interestingly, multiple brain regions, especially hippocampus, express high levels of both OGT and OGA, and a number of neuron-specific proteins have been reported to undergo O-GlcNAcylation. This review aims to discuss the recent updates concerning the impacts of O-GlcNAc modification on neuronal functions at multiple levels ranging from intrinsic neuronal properties to synaptic plasticity and animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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88
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Inoue Y, Moriwaki K, Ueda Y, Takeuchi T, Higuchi K, Asahi M. Elevated O-GlcNAcylation stabilizes FOXM1 by its reduced degradation through GSK-3β inactivation in a human gastric carcinoma cell line, MKN45 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1681-1687. [PMID: 29196265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification of cytonuclear proteins for intracellular signaling. Elevated O-GlcNAcylation is a general feature of cancer and contributes to cancer progression, and recent studies indicate the contribution to increasing incidence of various types of cancer in diabetic patients. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in tumor progression is not fully elucidated. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), a master mitotic transcription factor, has been implicated in all major hallmarks of cancer, and is wildly expressed in solid tumors. Given that FOXM1 expression was reported to be elevated in gastric cancer, we examined the effect of high glucose or an inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, Thiamet G (TMG), on FOXM1 protein expression in a human gastric cancer cell line, MKN45 cells, and confirmed that FOXM1 protein level and the cell proliferation were upregulated. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which FOXM1 protein expression is regulated by O-GlcNAcylation, the effect of high glucose and TMG on FOXM1 ubiquitination was examined in MKN45 cells. As a result, the ubiquitination and degradation of FOXM1 protein were both suppressed by high glucose and TMG treatment. However, the O-GlcNAcylation was not detected on FOXM1 but not on GSK-3β. High glucose and TMG treatment increased phospho-serine 9 GSK-3β, an inactive form, and the degradation of FOXM1 protein was suppressed by treatment of GSK-3β inhibitors in MKN45 cells. Taken together, we suggest that high glucose and elevated O-GlcNAcylation stabilize FOXM1 protein by its reduced degradation via GSK-3β inactivation in MKN45 cells, suggesting that the higher risk of gastric cancer in diabetic patients could be partially due to O-GlcNAcylation-mediated FOXM1 stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Moriwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueda
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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89
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Rani L, Mallajosyula SS. Phosphorylation versus O-GlcNAcylation: Computational Insights into the Differential Influences of the Two Competitive Post-Translational Modifications. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10618-10638. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India - 382355
| | - Sairam S. Mallajosyula
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India - 382355
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90
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Li Z, Li X, Nai S, Geng Q, Liao J, Xu X, Li J. Checkpoint kinase 1-induced phosphorylation of O-linked β- N-acetylglucosamine transferase regulates the intermediate filament network during cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19548-19555. [PMID: 29021254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a kinase instrumental for orchestrating DNA replication, DNA damage checkpoints, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. Despite Chk1's pivotal role in multiple cellular processes, many of its substrates remain elusive. Here, we identified O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-transferase (OGT) as one of Chk1's substrates. We found that Chk1 interacts with and phosphorylates OGT at Ser-20, which not only stabilizes OGT, but also is required for cytokinesis. Phospho-specific antibodies of OGT-pSer-20 exhibited specific signals at the midbody of the cell, consistent with midbody localization of OGT as reported previously. Moreover, phospho-deficient OGT (S20A) cells attenuated cellular O-GlcNAcylation levels and also reduced phosphorylation of Ser-71 in the cytoskeletal protein vimentin, a modification critical for severing vimentin filament during cytokinesis. Consequently, elongated vimentin bridges were observed in cells depleted of OGT via an siOGT-based approach. Lastly, expression of plasmids resistant to siOGT efficiently rescued the vimentin bridge phenotype, but the OGT-S20A rescue plasmids did not. Our results suggest a Chk1-OGT-vimentin pathway that regulates the intermediate filament network during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Xueyan Li
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Shanshan Nai
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Qizhi Geng
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Ji Liao
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and .,the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jing Li
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
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91
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Ma X, Li H, He Y, Hao J. The emerging link between O-GlcNAcylation and neurological disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3667-3686. [PMID: 28534084 PMCID: PMC11107615 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is involved in the regulation of many cellular cascades and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and stroke. In the brain, the expression of O-GlcNAcylation is notably heightened, as is that of O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA), the presence of which is prominent in many regions of neurological importance. Most importantly, O-GlcNAcylation is believed to contribute to the normal functioning of neurons; conversely, its dysregulation participates in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In neurodegenerative diseases, O-GlcNAcylation of the brain's key proteins, such as tau and amyloid-β, interacts with their phosphorylation, thereby triggering the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. An increase of O-GlcNAcylation by pharmacological intervention prevents neuronal loss. Additionally, O-GlcNAcylation is stress sensitive, and its elevation is cytoprotective. Increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated brain damage in victims of both trauma-hemorrhage and stroke. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of O-GlcNAcylation's physiological and pathological roles in the nervous system and provide a foundation for development of a therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yating He
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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92
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Khullar M, Cheema BS, Raut SK. Emerging Evidence of Epigenetic Modifications in Vascular Complication of Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:237. [PMID: 29085333 PMCID: PMC5649155 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes, dietary, and lifestyle factors have been shown to be important in the pathophysiology of diabetes and associated microvascular complications. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and post-transcriptional RNA regulation, are being increasingly recognized as important mediators of the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Recent studies suggest that diabetes-induced dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms resulting in altered gene expression in target cells can lead to diabetes-associated complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and so on, which are the major contributors to diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality. Thus, knowledge of dysregulated epigenetic pathways involved in diabetes can provide much needed new drug targets for these diseases. In this review, we constructed our search strategy to highlight the role of DNA methylation, modifications of histones and role of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) in vascular complications of diabetes, including cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Satish K. Raut
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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93
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Leney AC, El Atmioui D, Wu W, Ovaa H, Heck AJR. Elucidating crosstalk mechanisms between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28808029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620529114/suppl_file/pnas.1620529114.sapp.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins can be modified by multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs), creating a PTM code that controls the function of proteins in space and time. Unraveling this complex PTM code is one of the great challenges in molecular biology. Here, using mass spectrometry-based assays, we focus on the most common PTMs-phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation-and investigate how they affect each other. We demonstrate two generic crosstalk mechanisms. First, we define a frequently occurring, very specific and stringent phosphorylation/O-GlcNAcylation interplay motif, (pSp/T)P(V/A/T)(gS/gT), whereby phosphorylation strongly inhibits O-GlcNAcylation. Strikingly, this stringent motif is substantially enriched in the human (phospho)proteome, allowing us to predict hundreds of putative O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) substrates. A set of these we investigate further and show them to be decent substrates of OGT, exhibiting a negative feedback loop when phosphorylated at the P-3 site. Second, we demonstrate that reciprocal crosstalk does not occur at PX(S/T)P sites, i.e., at sites phosphorylated by proline-directed kinases, which represent 40% of all sites in the vertebrate phosphoproteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneika C Leney
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dris El Atmioui
- Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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94
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Elucidating crosstalk mechanisms between phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7255-E7261. [PMID: 28808029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620529114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins can be modified by multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs), creating a PTM code that controls the function of proteins in space and time. Unraveling this complex PTM code is one of the great challenges in molecular biology. Here, using mass spectrometry-based assays, we focus on the most common PTMs-phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation-and investigate how they affect each other. We demonstrate two generic crosstalk mechanisms. First, we define a frequently occurring, very specific and stringent phosphorylation/O-GlcNAcylation interplay motif, (pSp/T)P(V/A/T)(gS/gT), whereby phosphorylation strongly inhibits O-GlcNAcylation. Strikingly, this stringent motif is substantially enriched in the human (phospho)proteome, allowing us to predict hundreds of putative O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) substrates. A set of these we investigate further and show them to be decent substrates of OGT, exhibiting a negative feedback loop when phosphorylated at the P-3 site. Second, we demonstrate that reciprocal crosstalk does not occur at PX(S/T)P sites, i.e., at sites phosphorylated by proline-directed kinases, which represent 40% of all sites in the vertebrate phosphoproteomes.
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95
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Moriwaki K, Asahi M. Augmented TME O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Tumor Proliferation through the Inhibition of p38 MAPK. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1287-1298. [PMID: 28536142 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic O-linked glycosylation event that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling. Recent studies indicate that increased O-GlcNAcylation is a general feature in cancer and contributes to various cancer phenotypes, including cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and energy metabolism. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not fully elucidated. Here, B16 melanoma cells were subcutaneously transplanted into O-GlcNAc transferase transgenic (Ogt-Tg) mice exhibiting elevated O-GlcNAcylation to examine the effect of O-GlcNAcylation in the TME on tumor progression. In this model system, B16 tumor growth was significantly higher in Ogt-Tg/+ mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The tumors grown in Ogt-Tg/+ mice showed significant downregulation of p38 MAPK activity and upregulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In addition, proinflammatory cytokine production was significantly lower in the tumor tissues from Ogt-Tg/+ mice than in those from WT mice. Activation of NF-κB, a key regulator in the cytokine production, was downregulated in the macrophages of the tumor tissues grown in Ogt-Tg/+ mice. These data reveal that elevated O-GlcNAcylation in the TME reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines and promotes cancer progression through downregulation of p38 MAPK activity and subsequent upregulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.Implications: The reduced production of inflammatory cytokines by augmented O-GlcNAcylation in the TME, mainly macrophages, promotes tumor proliferation through the inhibition of p38 MAPK and suggests a possible cause of increased morbidity and mortality rates for various cancers in diabetic patients. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1287-98. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Moriwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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96
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Zhang W, Liu T, Dong H, Bai H, Tian F, Shi Z, Chen M, Wang J, Qin W, Qian X. Synthesis of a Highly Azide-Reactive and Thermosensitive Biofunctional Reagent for Efficient Enrichment and Large-Scale Identification of O-GlcNAc Proteins by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5810-5817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Hangyan Dong
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Haihong Bai
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Fang Tian
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zhaomei Shi
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Mingli Chen
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics,
Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, PR China
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97
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OGT: a short overview of an enzyme standing out from usual glycosyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:365-370. [PMID: 28408476 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic post-translational modification whose level depends on nutrient status. Only two enzymes regulate O-GlcNAcylation cycling, the glycosyltransferase OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase) and the glycoside hydrolase OGA (O-GlcNAcase), that add and remove the GlcNAc moiety to and from acceptor proteins, respectively. During the last 30 years, OGT has emerged as a master regulator of cell life with O-GlcNAcylation being found in viruses, bacteria, insects, protists and metazoans. The study of OGT in different biological systems opens new perspectives for understanding this enzyme in many kingdoms of life. In this review, we summarize recent and older findings regarding the distribution of OGT in living organisms.
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98
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The sweet side of the cell cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:313-322. [PMID: 28408472 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell division (mitosis) and gamete production (meiosis) are fundamental requirements for normal organismal development. The mammalian cell cycle is tightly regulated by different checkpoints ensuring complete and precise chromosomal segregation and duplication. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in understanding how O-GlcNAc regulates the cell cycle. The O-GlcNAc post-translation modification is an O-glycosidic bond of a single β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar to serine/threonine residues of intracellular proteins. This modification is sensitive toward changes in nutrient levels in the cellular environment making O-GlcNAc a nutrient sensor capable of influencing cell growth and proliferation. Numerous studies have established that O-GlcNAcylation is essential in regulating mitosis and meiosis, while loss of O-GlcNAcylation is lethal in growing cells. Moreover, aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is linked with cancer and chromosomal segregation errors. In this review, we will discuss how O-GlcNAc controls different aspects of the cell cycle with a particular emphasis on mitosis and meiosis.
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99
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Understanding Alzheimer's disease by global quantification of protein phosphorylation and sialylated N-linked glycosylation profiles: A chance for new biomarkers in neuroproteomics? J Proteomics 2017; 161:11-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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100
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O-GlcNAcylation of SKN-1 modulates the lifespan and oxidative stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43601. [PMID: 28272406 PMCID: PMC5341102 DOI: 10.1038/srep43601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In C. elegans, the transcription factor skinhead-1 (SKN-1), the ortholog of human NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), plays important roles in oxidative stress defense and aging processes. It has been documented that the activity of SKN-1 is regulated by its phosphorylation modification. However, whether other posttranslational modifications of SKN-1 affect its function remains unclear to date. Here we report, for the first time, that SKN-1 is O-GlcNAcylated at Ser470 and Thr493 by O-GlcNActransferase OGT-1. By generating the double mutations of Ser470/Thr493 in the wild type and skn-1(zu67) worms, respectively, we found that disruption of O-GlcNAc modification on SKN-1 repressed the accumulation of SKN-1 in the intestinal nuclei, and decreased the activities of SKN-1 in modulating lifespan and oxidative stress resistance. Moreover, under oxidative stress, SKN-1 was highly O-GlcNAcylated, resulting in the decrease of GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation at Ser483 adjacent to the O-GlcNAcylated residues (Ser470 and Thr493). These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of SKN-1 is crucial for regulating lifespan and oxidative stress resistance via the crosstalk with its phosphorylation in C. elegans. These findings have important implications for studying the functions of O-GlcNAcylation on Nrf-2 in human aging-related diseases.
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