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Altamura M, Santamaria L, Elia A, Angelini E, Padalino FA, Altamura C, Padulo C, Mammarella N, Bellomo A, Fairfield B. Emotional Prosody Effects on Verbal Memory in Euthymic Patients With Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 31333516 PMCID: PMC6620865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that emotional prosody influences the ability to remember verbal information. Although bipolar disorder (BD) has been shown to be associated with deficits in verbal memory and emotional processing, the relation between these processes in this population remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of emotional prosody on verbal memory in euthymic BD patients compared with controls. Participants were randomly divided into three subgroups according to different prosody listening conditions (a story read with a positive, negative, or neutral prosody) and effects on a yes-no recognition memory task were investigated. Results showed that euthymic bipolar patients remembered comparable numbers of words after listening to the story with a negative or neutral prosody but remembered fewer words after listening to the positive version compared with healthy controls. Results suggest that verbal memory is hindered in BD patients after listening to the story read with a positive prosody. This recognition bias for information with a positive prosody may lead to negative intrusive verbal memories and poor emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Altamura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Licia Santamaria
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Angelini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Flavia A Padalino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Altamura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicola Mammarella
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Jarovi J, Volle J, Yu X, Guan L, Takehara-Nishiuchi K. Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Promote Selective Encoding of Behaviorally Relevant Events. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0407-18.2018. [PMID: 30693310 PMCID: PMC6348453 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0407-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to capture the most relevant information from everyday experiences without constantly learning unimportant details is vital to survival and mental health. While decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is associated with failed or inflexible encoding of relevant events in the hippocampus, mechanisms used by the mPFC to discern behavioral relevance of events are not clear. To address this question, we chemogenetically activated excitatory neurons in the mPFC of male rats and examined its impact on local network activity and differential associative learning dependent on the hippocampus. Rats were exposed to two neutral stimuli in two environments whose contingency with an aversive stimulus changed systematically across days. Over 2 weeks of differential and reversal learning, theta band activity began to ramp up toward the expected onset of the aversive stimulus, and this ramping activity tracked the subsequent shift of the set (stimulus modality to environment) predictive of the aversive stimulus. With chemogenetic mPFC activation, the ramping activity emerged within a few sessions of differential learning, which paralleled faster learning and stronger correlations between the ramping activity and conditioned responses. Chemogenetic mPFC activity, however, did not affect the adjustment of ramping activity or behavior during reversal learning or set-shifting, suggesting that the faster learning was not because of a general enhancement of attention, sensory, or motor processing. Thus, the dynamics of the mPFC network activation during events provide a relevance-signaling mechanism through which the mPFC exerts executive control over the encoding of those events in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology
- Department of Psychology
- Neuroscience Program, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G3, Canada
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Sheldon S, Chu S, Nitschke JP, Pruessner JC, Bartz JA. The dynamic interplay between acute psychosocial stress, emotion and autobiographical memory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8684. [PMID: 29875390 PMCID: PMC5989264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although acute psychosocial stress can impact autobiographical memory retrieval, the nature of this effect is not entirely clear. One reason for this ambiguity is because stress can have opposing effects on the different stages of autobiographical memory retrieval. We addressed this issue by testing how acute stress affects three stages of the autobiographical memory retrieval - accessing, recollecting and reconsolidating a memory. We also investigate the influence of emotion valence on this effect. In a between-subjects design, participants were first exposed to an acute psychosocial stressor or a control task. Next, the participants were shown positive, negative or neutral retrieval cues and asked to access and describe autobiographical memories. After a three to four day delay, participants returned for a second session in which they described these autobiographical memories. During initial retrieval, stressed participants were slower to access memories than were control participants; moreover, cortisol levels were positively associated with response times to access positively-cued memories. There were no effects of stress on the amount of details used to describe memories during initial retrieval, but stress did influence memory detail during session two. During session two, stressed participants recovered significantly more details, particularly emotional ones, from the remembered events than control participants. Our results indicate that the presence of stress impairs the ability to access consolidated autobiographical memories; moreover, although stress has no effect on memory recollection, stress alters how recollected experiences are reconsolidated back into memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Sonja Chu
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
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54
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Smith AM, Thomas AK. Reducing the Consequences of Acute Stress on Memory Retrieval. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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55
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Martins J, S B. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of anti-depressant medicinal plants: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:343-365. [PMID: 29778018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress renders an individual to experience mental pressure and exhaustion which brings about feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and/or other negative emotions. Depression affects a person's state of mind, behaviour, health and is often associated with suicide. The use of anti-depressant drugs as therapeutic agents is associated with symptoms such as, delayed onset of action, side-effects, drug-drug and dietary interactions, sexual dysfunction, cardiac toxicity, etc. Thus, there is need to target these issues and improve current treatment options. Medicinal plants have long been used in discovering novel treatment strategies and compounds with promising roles in treating various disease conditions. There has been an increase, worldwide, in the use of medicinal plants and herbs for developing nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Medicinal plants in their natural forms are valuable as they are rich in various phytochemical compounds. These phytochemical compounds have pharmacological roles in treating various diseases conditions; apart from being widely available in nature and commercially beneficial. The phytochemical compounds in plants are constantly being explored through various experimental studies to determine the molecular basis of how medicinal plants work in relation to drugs and diseases and to develop neutraceuticals for improving conditions. This review summarizes 110 medicinal plants and their phytochemical constituents that have been shown to possess anti-depressant activity. This review also highlights the various mechanisms of anti-depressant action of some of these plants and their plant parts like roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit or whole plant; phytochemical compounds showing anti-depressant activity such flavanoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, lectins, alkaloids, etc.; and various anti-depressant screening models used such as tail suspension test, forced swim test, chronic unpredictable stress test, sucrose preference test, monoamine oxidase inhibition assay, learned helplessness test, open field test, hole board test, etc. However, mechanistic evaluation of many of these plants still needs to be investigated and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Martins
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
| | - Brijesh S
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
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Abstract
Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effective educational curricula to provide a conducive learning environment for both traditional "live" learning in classrooms and "virtual" learning through online-based educational technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai M Tyng
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Hafeez U Amin
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad N M Saad
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Aamir S Malik
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
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57
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R Wyrofsky R, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ. Co-localization of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor with corticotropin-releasing factor-containing afferents in the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus: implications for the cognitive limb of the stress response. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3007-3023. [PMID: 28255675 PMCID: PMC8340878 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic system has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of stress responses, arousal, mood, and emotional states. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a primary mediator of stress-induced activation of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system also plays a key role in modulating stress responses, acting as an "anti-stress" neuro-mediator. In the present study, we investigated the cellular sites for interactions between the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1r) and CRF in the LC. Immunofluorescence and high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy showed co-localization of CB1r and CRF in both the core and peri-LC areas. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that 44% (208/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 35% (104/294) in the peri-LC expressed CB1r, while 18% (85/468) of CRF-containing axon terminals in the core and 6.5% (19/294) in the peri-LC were presynaptic to CB1r-containing dendrites. In the LC core, CB1r + CRF axon terminals were more frequently of the symmetric (inhibitory) type; while in the peri-LC, a majority were of the asymmetric (excitatory) type. Triple label immunofluorescence results supported the ultrastructural analysis indicating that CB1r + CRF axon terminals contained either gamma amino butyric acid or glutamate. Finally, anterograde transport from the central nucleus of the amygdala revealed that CRF-amygdalar afferents projecting to the LC contain CB1r. Taken together, these results indicate that the eCB system is poised to directly modulate stress-integrative heterogeneous CRF afferents in the LC, some of which arise from limbic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Wyrofsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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58
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Tyng CM, Amin HU, Saad MNM, Malik AS. The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1454. [PMID: 28883804 PMCID: PMC5573739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effective educational curricula to provide a conducive learning environment for both traditional "live" learning in classrooms and "virtual" learning through online-based educational technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aamir S. Malik
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PetronasSeri Iskandar, Malaysia
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59
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Shoshan N, Akirav I. The effects of cannabinoid receptors activation and glucocorticoid receptors deactivation in the amygdala and hippocampus on the consolidation of a traumatic event. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:248-258. [PMID: 28818702 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence demonstrates that fear learning contributes significantly to many anxiety pathologies including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system may offer therapeutic benefits for PTSD and it is a modulator of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Here we compared the separated and combined effects of blocking glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) using the GR antagonist RU486 and enhancing CB1r signaling using the CB1/2 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 in the CA1 and basolateral amygdala (BLA) on the consolidation of traumatic memory. Traumatic memory was formed by exposure to a severe footshock in an inhibitory avoidance apparatus followed by exposure to trauma reminders. Intra-BLA RU486 (10ng/side) and WIN55,212-2 (5μg/side) administered immediately after shock exposure dampened the consolidation of the memory about the traumatic event and attenuated the increase in acoustic startle response in rats exposed to shock and reminders. In the CA1, WIN55,212-2 impaired consolidation and attenuated the increase in acoustic startle response whereas RU486 had no effect. The effects of WIN55,212-2 were found to be mediated by CB1 receptors, but not by GRs. Moreover, post-shock systemic WIN55,212-2 (0.5mg/kg) administration prevented the increase in GRs and CB1 receptor levels in the CA1 and BLA in rats exposed to shock and reminders. The findings suggest that the BLA is a locus of action of cannabinoids and glucocorticoids in modulating consolidation of traumatic memory in a rat model of PTSD. Also, the findings highlight novel targets for the treatment of emotional disorders and PTSD in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Shoshan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Irit Akirav
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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60
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Sudo M, Komiyama T, Aoyagi R, Nagamatsu T, Higaki Y, Ando S. Executive function after exhaustive exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2029-2038. [PMID: 28780602 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Findings concerning the effects of exhaustive exercise on cognitive function are somewhat equivocal. The purpose of this study was to identify physiological factors that determine executive function after exhaustive exercise. METHODS Thirty-two participants completed the cognitive tasks before and after an incremental exercise until exhaustion (exercise group: N = 18) or resting period (control group N = 14). The cognitive task was a combination of a Spatial Delayed-Response (Spatial DR) task and a Go/No-Go task, which requires executive function. Cerebral oxygenation and skin blood flow were monitored during the cognitive task over the prefrontal cortex. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the exercise or resting period, and blood catecholamines, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1, and blood lactate concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS In the exercise group, exhaustive exercise did not alter reaction time (RT) in the Go/No-Go task (pre: 861 ± 299 ms vs. post: 775 ± 168 ms) and the number of error trials in the Go/No-Go task (pre: 0.9 ± 0.7 vs. post: 1.8 ± 1.8) and the Spatial DR task (pre: 0.3 ± 0.5 vs. post: 0.8 ± 1.2). However, ΔRT was negatively correlated with Δcerebral oxygenation (r = -0.64, P = 0.004). Other physiological parameters were not correlated with cognitive performance. Venous blood samples were not directly associated with cognitive function after exhaustive exercise. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that recovery of regional cerebral oxygenation affects executive function after exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, 150 Tobuki, Hachioji, 192-0001, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nagamatsu
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, 150 Tobuki, Hachioji, 192-0001, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-communications, Chofu, 182-8585, Tokyo, Japan.
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61
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Ferris CF, Kulkarni P, Yee JR, Nedelman M, de Jong IEM. The Serotonin Receptor 6 Antagonist Idalopirdine and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil Have Synergistic Effects on Brain Activity-A Functional MRI Study in the Awake Rat. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:279. [PMID: 28659792 PMCID: PMC5467007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT6 receptor is a promising target for cognitive disorders, in particular for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other CNS disorders. The high-affinity and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist idalopirdine (Lu AE58054) is currently in development for mild-moderate AD as adjunct therapy to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). We studied the effects of idalopirdine alone and in combination with the AChEI donepezil on brain activity using BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the awake rat. Idalopirdine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) alone had a modest effect on brain activity, resulting in activation of eight brain regions at the peak response. Of these, the cholinergic diagonal band of Broca, the infralimbic cortex, the ventral pallidum, the nucleus accumbens shell, and the magnocellular preoptic area were shared with the effects of donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). Donepezil alone activated 19 brain regions at the peak response, including several cortical regions, areas of the septo-hippocampal system and the serotonergic raphe nucleus. When idalopirdine and donepezil were combined, there was a robust stimulation pattern with activation of 36 brain regions spread across the extended-amygdala-, striato-pallidal, and septo-hippocampal networks as well as the cholinergic system. These findings indicate that, whilst idalopirdine and donepezil recruit a number of overlapping regions including one of the forebrain cholinergic nuclei, the synergistic effect of both compounds extends beyond the cholinergic system and the effects of donepezil alone toward recruitment of multiple neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms via which idalopirdine might improve cognition in donepezil-treated AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig F Ferris
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, United States
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, United States
| | - Jason R Yee
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, United States
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Sharifi KA, Rezayof A, Torkaman-Boutorabi A, Zarrindast MR. The major neurotransmitter systems in the basolateral amygdala and the ventral tegmental area mediate morphine-induced memory consolidation impairment. Neuroscience 2017; 353:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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63
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Pfeifer G, Garfinkel SN, Gould van Praag CD, Sahota K, Betka S, Critchley HD. Feedback from the heart: Emotional learning and memory is controlled by cardiac cycle, interoceptive accuracy and personality. Biol Psychol 2017; 126:19-29. [PMID: 28385627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feedback processing is critical to trial-and-error learning. Here, we examined whether interoceptive signals concerning the state of cardiovascular arousal influence the processing of reinforcing feedback during the learning of 'emotional' face-name pairs, with subsequent effects on retrieval. Participants (N=29) engaged in a learning task of face-name pairs (fearful, neutral, happy faces). Correct and incorrect learning decisions were reinforced by auditory feedback, which was delivered either at cardiac systole (on the heartbeat, when baroreceptors signal the contraction of the heart to the brain), or at diastole (between heartbeats during baroreceptor quiescence). We discovered a cardiac influence on feedback processing that enhanced the learning of fearful faces in people with heightened interoceptive ability. Individuals with enhanced accuracy on a heartbeat counting task learned fearful face-name pairs better when feedback was given at systole than at diastole. This effect was not present for neutral and happy faces. At retrieval, we also observed related effects of personality: First, individuals scoring higher for extraversion showed poorer retrieval accuracy. These individuals additionally manifested lower resting heart rate and lower state anxiety, suggesting that attenuated levels of cardiovascular arousal in extraverts underlies poorer performance. Second, higher extraversion scores predicted higher emotional intensity ratings of fearful faces reinforced at systole. Third, individuals scoring higher for neuroticism showed higher retrieval confidence for fearful faces reinforced at diastole. Our results show that cardiac signals shape feedback processing to influence learning of fearful faces, an effect underpinned by personality differences linked to psychophysiological arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Pfeifer
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
| | - Sarah N Garfinkel
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Kuljit Sahota
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Sophie Betka
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Kovács A, László K, Zagoracz O, Ollmann T, Péczely L, Gálosi R, Lénárd L. Effects of RFamide-related peptide-1 (RFRP-1) microinjections into the central nucleus of amygdala on passive avoidance learning in rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 62:81-86. [PMID: 27993374 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The amygdaloid body (AMY) plays an important role in memory, learning and reward-related processes. RFRP-1 immunoreactive fibers and NPFF receptors were identified in the AMY, and previously we verified that RFRP-1 infused into the central nucleus of AMY (CeA) induced place preference. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible effects of RFRP-1 in the CeA on passive avoidance learning. Male Wistar rats were examined in two-compartment passive avoidance paradigm. Animals were shocked with 0.5mA current and subsequently were microinjected bilaterally with 50ng or 100ng RFRP-1 in volume of 0.4μl, or 20ng NPFF receptor antagonist RF9 (ANT) alone, or antagonist 15min before 50ng RFRP-1 treatments into the CeA. Fifty nanogram dose of RFRP-1 significantly increased the step-through latency time, the 100ng RFRP-1 and the ANT alone were ineffective. The effect of 50ng RFRP-1 was eliminated by the ANT pretreatment. Our results suggest that intraamygdaloid RFRP-1 enhances learning processes and memory in aversive situations and this effect can specifically be prevented by ANT pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - Olga Zagoracz
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - Rita Gálosi
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, Pécs University Medical School, Hungary; Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Pécs University, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary.
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Kluen LM, Agorastos A, Wiedemann K, Schwabe L. Noradrenergic Stimulation Impairs Memory Generalization in Women. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1279-1291. [PMID: 28253079 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory generalization is essential for adaptive decision-making and action. Our ability to generalize across past experiences relies on medial-temporal lobe structures, known to be highly sensitive to stress. Recent evidence suggests that stressful events may indeed interfere with memory generalization. Yet, the mechanisms involved in this generalization impairment are unknown. We tested here whether a pharmacological elevation of major stress mediators-noradrenaline and glucocorticoids-is sufficient to disrupt memory generalization. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, healthy men and women received orally a placebo, hydrocortisone, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine that leads to increased noradrenergic stimulation, or both drugs, before they completed an associative learning task probing memory generalization. Drugs left learning performance intact. Yohimbine, however, led to a striking generalization impairment in women, but not in men. Hydrocortisone, in turn, had no effect on memory generalization, neither in men nor in women. The present findings indicate that increased noradrenergic activity, but not cortisol, is sufficient to disrupt memory generalization in a sex-specific manner, with relevant implications for stress-related mental disorders characterized by generalization deficits.
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Wang B, Sun B. Post-Encoding Emotional Arousal Enhances Consolidation of Item Memory, But not Reality-Monitoring Source Memory. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:461-472. [PMID: 26982620 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1134604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined whether the effect of post-encoding emotional arousal on item memory extends to reality-monitoring source memory and, if so, whether the effect depends on emotionality of learning stimuli and testing format. In Experiment 1, participants encoded neutral words and imagined or viewed their corresponding object pictures. Then they watched a neutral, positive, or negative video. The 24-hour delayed test showed that emotional arousal had little effect on both item memory and reality-monitoring source memory. Experiment 2 was similar except that participants encoded neutral, positive, and negative words and imagined or viewed their corresponding object pictures. The results showed that positive and negative emotional arousal induced after encoding enhanced consolidation of item memory, but not reality-monitoring source memory, regardless of emotionality of learning stimuli. Experiment 3, identical to Experiment 2 except that participants were tested only on source memory for all the encoded items, still showed that post-encoding emotional arousal had little effect on consolidation of reality-monitoring source memory. Taken together, regardless of emotionality of learning stimuli and regardless of testing format of source memory (conjunction test vs. independent test), the facilitatory effect of post-encoding emotional arousal on item memory does not generalize to reality-monitoring source memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Institute of Economic Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Social Development, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Bukuan Sun
- School of Education, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, China
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A Deletion Variant of the α2b-Adrenoceptor Modulates the Stress-Induced Shift from "Cognitive" to "Habit" Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2149-2160. [PMID: 28115477 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3507-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induces a shift from hippocampus-based "cognitive" toward dorsal striatum-based "habitual" learning and memory. This shift is thought to have important implications for stress-related psychopathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is large individual variability in the stress-induced bias toward habit memory, and the factors underlying this variability are completely unknown. Here we hypothesized that a functional deletion variant of the gene encoding the α2b-adrenoceptor (ADRA2B), which has been linked to emotional memory processes and increased PTSD risk, modulates the stress-induced shift from cognitive toward habit memory. In two independent experimental studies, healthy humans were genotyped for the ADRA2B deletion variant. After a stress or control manipulation, participants completed a dual-solution learning task while electroencephalographic (Study I) or fMRI measurements (Study II) were taken. Carriers compared with noncarriers of the ADRA2B deletion variant exhibited a significantly reduced bias toward habit memory after stress. fMRI results indicated that, whereas noncarriers of the ADRA2B deletion variant showed increased functional connectivity between amygdala and putamen after stress, this increase in connectivity was absent in carriers of the deletion variant, who instead showed overall enhanced connectivity between amygdala and entorhinal cortex. Our results indicate that a common genetic variation of the noradrenergic system modulates the impact of stress on the balance between cognitive and habitual memory systems, most likely via altered amygdala orchestration of these systems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stressful events have a powerful effect on human learning and memory. Specifically, accumulating evidence suggests that stress favors more rigid dorsal striatum-dependent habit memory, at the expense of flexible hippocampus-dependent cognitive memory. Although this shift may have important implications for understanding mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, little is known about the source of individual differences in the sensitivity for the stress-induced bias toward habit memory. We report here that a common genetic variation of the noradrenergic system, a known risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder, modulates the stress-induced shift from cognitive to habit memory, most likely through altered crosstalk between the hippocampus and dorsal striatum with the amygdala, a key structure in emotional memory.
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Cota VR, Drabowski BMB, de Oliveira JC, Moraes MFD. The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:463-85. [PMID: 27091311 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with epilepsy do not obtain proper control of their seizures through conventional treatment. We review aspects of the pathophysiology underlying epileptic phenomena, with a special interest in the role of the amygdala, stressing the importance of hypersynchronism in both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. We then review experimental studies on electrical stimulation of mesiotemporal epileptogenic areas, the amygdala included, as a means to treat medically refractory epilepsy. Regular high-frequency stimulation (HFS) commonly has anticonvulsant effects and sparse antiepileptogenic properties. On the other hand, HFS is related to acute and long-term increases in excitability related to direct neuronal activation, long-term potentiation, and kindling, raising concerns regarding its safety and jeopardizing in-depth understanding of its mechanisms. In turn, the safer regular low-frequency stimulation (LFS) has a robust antiepileptogenic effect, but its pro- or anticonvulsant effect seems to vary at random among studies. As an alternative, studies by our group on the development and investigation of temporally unstructured electrical stimulation applied to the amygdala have shown that nonperiodic stimulation (NPS), which is a nonstandard form of LFS, is capable of suppressing both acute and chronic spontaneous seizures. We hypothesize two noncompetitive mechanisms for the therapeutic role of amygdala in NPS, 1) a direct desynchronization of epileptic circuitry in the forebrain and brainstem and 2) an indirect desynchronization/inhibition through nucleus accumbens activation. We conclude by reintroducing the idea that hypersynchronism, rather than hyperexcitability, may be the key for epileptic phenomena and epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Cota
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neuroengenharia e Neurociências, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica (DEPEL), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marcela Bacellar Drabowski
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neuroengenharia e Neurociências, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica (DEPEL), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jasiara Carla de Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neuroengenharia e Neurociências, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica (DEPEL), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Flávio Dutra Moraes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Szalewska D, Radkowski M, Demkow U, Winklewski PJ. Exercise Strategies to Counteract Brain Aging Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1020:69-79. [PMID: 28382606 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating structural and functional adaptation that improves cognitive performance in specific tasks is the major objective of therapeutic exercise training. In this review we briefly summarize central physiological mechanisms activated by exercise. We further discuss the influence of different kinds of exercise on cognitive improvement. In particular, the effects on cognitive function of aerobic endurance, resistance and respiratory exercise, and combinations thereof are presented. The accumulating evidence reinforces the position that regular aerobic, and possibly also resistance training, offers a powerful tool to cope with biologic aging of central nervous system functions. Nevertheless, the potential magnitude of cognition improvement or restrain of age-related cognition deterioration and the quantity of physical activity required to induce meaningful responses remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 15 Tuwima Street, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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70
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Morena M, Leitl KD, Vecchiarelli HA, Gray JM, Campolongo P, Hill MN. Emotional arousal state influences the ability of amygdalar endocannabinoid signaling to modulate anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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71
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Ćurčić-Blake B, Ford JM, Hubl D, Orlov ND, Sommer IE, Waters F, Allen P, Jardri R, Woodruff PW, David O, Mulert C, Woodward TS, Aleman A. Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:1-20. [PMID: 27890810 PMCID: PMC5240789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance for auditory verbal hallucinations. An increased interaction among the auditory-language and striatal brain regions occurs while patients hallucinate. Fronto-temporal connections are often altered in AVH individuals, but there is no consensus regarding increase or decrease. Connections of the interhemispheric auditory pathway are stronger for first episode patients, but they are weaker in chronic patients. The majority of studies support hybrid AVH hypotheses in which all three networks and the striatal network are involved.
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) occur in psychotic disorders, but also as a symptom of other conditions and even in healthy people. Several current theories on the origin of AVH converge, with neuroimaging studies suggesting that the language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance. However, reconciliation of these theories with experimental evidence is missing. We review 50 studies investigating functional (EEG and fMRI) and anatomic (diffusion tensor imaging) connectivity in these networks, and explore the evidence supporting abnormal connectivity in these networks associated with AVH. We distinguish between functional connectivity during an actual hallucination experience (symptom capture) and functional connectivity during either the resting state or a task comparing individuals who hallucinate with those who do not (symptom association studies). Symptom capture studies clearly reveal a pattern of increased coupling among the auditory, language and striatal regions. Anatomical and symptom association functional studies suggest that the interhemispheric connectivity between posterior auditory regions may depend on the phase of illness, with increases in non-psychotic individuals and first episode patients and decreases in chronic patients. Leading hypotheses involving concepts as unstable memories, source monitoring, top-down attention, and hybrid models of hallucinations are supported in part by the published connectivity data, although several caveats and inconsistencies remain. Specifically, possible changes in fronto-temporal connectivity are still under debate. Precise hypotheses concerning the directionality of connections deduced from current theoretical approaches should be tested using experimental approaches that allow for discrimination of competing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith M Ford
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natasza D Orlov
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Flavie Waters
- Graylands Hospital, North Metro Health Service Mental Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia Graylands Hospital, Australia
| | - Paul Allen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Jardri
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9193, SCA-Lab & CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital (CURE), Lille, France
| | - Peter W Woodruff
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier David
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Mulert
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mushroom spine dynamics in medium spiny neurons of dorsal striatum associated with memory of moderate and intense training. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6516-E6525. [PMID: 27698138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613680113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that treatments that typically impair memory consolidation become ineffective when animals are given intense training. This effect has been obtained by treatments interfering with the neural activity of several brain structures, including the dorsal striatum. The mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon are unknown. One possibility is that intense training promotes the transfer of information derived from the enhanced training to a wider neuronal network. We now report that inhibitory avoidance (IA) induces mushroom spinogenesis in the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the dorsal striatum in rats, which is dependent upon the intensity of the foot-shock used for training; that is, the effect is seen only when high-intensity foot-shock is used in training. We also found that the relative density of thin spines was reduced. These changes were evident at 6 h after training and persisted for at least 24 h afterward. Importantly, foot-shock alone did not increase spinogenesis. Spine density in MSNs in the accumbens was also increased, but the increase did not correlate with the associative process involved in IA; rather, it resulted from the administration of the aversive stimulation alone. These findings suggest that mushroom spines of MSNs of the dorsal striatum receive afferent information that is involved in the integrative activity necessary for memory consolidation, and that intense training facilitates transfer of information from the dorsal striatum to other brain regions through augmented spinogenesis.
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73
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Developing the catecholamines hypothesis for the acute exercise-cognition interaction in humans: Lessons from animal studies. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:291-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vogel S, Schwabe L. Stress in the zoo: Tracking the impact of stress on memory formation over time. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:64-72. [PMID: 27240149 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although stress is well known to modulate human memory, precisely how memory formation is altered by a stressful encounter remains unclear. Stress effects on cognition are mainly mediated by the rapidly acting sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamines, and the slower acting hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis secreting cortisol, which induces its effects on cognition through fast, non-genomic actions and delayed, genomic actions. Importantly, these different waves of the physiological stress response are thought to dynamically alter neural processing in brain regions important for memory such as the amygdala and the hippocampus. However, the precise time course of stress effects on memory formation is still unclear. To track the development of stress effects on memory over time, we tested individuals who underwent a stressful experience or a control procedure before a 2-h walk through a zoo, while an automatic camera continuously photographed the events they encoded. In a recognition memory test one week later, participants were presented with target photographs of their own zoo tour and lure photographs from an alternate tour. Stressed participants showed better memory for the experimental treatment than control participants, and this memory enhancement for the stressful encounter itself was directly linked to the sympathetic stress response. Moreover, stress enhanced memory for events encoded 41-65min after stressor onset, which was associated with the cortisol stress response, most likely arising from non-genomic cortisol actions. However, memory for events encoded long after the stressor, when genomic cortisol actions had most likely developed, remained unchanged. Our findings provide novel insights into how stress effects on memory formation develop over time, depending on the activity of major physiological stress response systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogel
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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75
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Coppin G. The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:60-70. [PMID: 27591841 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures - the amygdalae and the hippocampi - have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coppin
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, School of Medicine, Yale University, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Pezze MA, Marshall HJ, Cassaday HJ. The dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF81297 has dose-related effects on locomotor activity but is without effect in a CER trace conditioning procedure conducted with two versus four trials. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2016; 55:53-64. [PMID: 27524835 PMCID: PMC4974238 DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an appetitively motivated procedure, we have previously reported that systemic treatment with the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agonist SKF81297 (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) depressed acquisition at a 2 s inter-stimulus-interval (ISI), suitable to detect trace conditioning impairment. However since DA is involved in reinforcement processes, the generality of effects across appetitively- and aversively-motivated trace conditioning procedures cannot be assumed. The present study tested the effects of SKF81297 (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) in an established conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure. Trace-dependent conditioning was clearly shown in two experiments: while conditioning was relatively strong at a 3-s ISI, it was attenuated at a 30-s ISI. This was shown after two (Experiment 1) or four (Experiment 2) conditioning trials conducted in – as far as possible – the same CER procedure. Contrary to prediction, in neither experiment was there any indication that trace conditioning was attenuated by treatment with 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg SKF81297. In the same rats, locomotor activity was significantly enhanced at the 0.8 mg/kg dose of SKF81297. These results suggest that procedural details of the trace conditioning variant in use are an important determinant of the profile of dopaminergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pezze
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - H J Marshall
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - H J Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Findings from humans and animals suggest that the amygdala helps to guide behaviors and to process knowledge about stimuli and situations that are of special importance to the survival of an organism. The amygdala makes critical contributions to many cognitive processes, including memory, attention, and deci sion-making. Lesion and functional imaging studies in humans support a role for the amygdala in recognizing emotions in facial expressions, especially fear. Although it has been known from animal studies that the amygdala is important in the acquisition of nondeclarative forms of memory, such as conditioned responses, studies in humans show that the amygdala also modulates encoding of declarative knowledge about emo tional material. Future studies will determine the amygdala's role in the conscious experience of emotion, a topic that is just beginning to be explored. Further advances are being made by high-resolution functional imaging, and by electrophysiological recordings from single neurons within the human amygdala. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:125-137, 1999
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Adolphs
- Department of Neurology Division of Cognitive Neuroscience
The University of lowa lowa City, lowa
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78
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Vogel S, Schwabe L. Learning and memory under stress: implications for the classroom. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2016; 1:16011. [PMID: 30792896 PMCID: PMC6380371 DOI: 10.1038/npjscilearn.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exams, tight deadlines and interpersonal conflicts are just a few examples of the many events that may result in high levels of stress in both students and teachers. Research over the past two decades identified stress and the hormones and neurotransmitters released during and after a stressful event as major modulators of human learning and memory processes, with critical implications for educational contexts. While stress around the time of learning is thought to enhance memory formation, thus leading to robust memories, stress markedly impairs memory retrieval, bearing, for instance, the risk of underachieving at exams. Recent evidence further indicates that stress may hamper the updating of memories in the light of new information and induce a shift from a flexible, 'cognitive' form of learning towards rather rigid, 'habit'-like behaviour. Together, these stress-induced changes may explain some of the difficulties of learning and remembering under stress in the classroom. Taking these insights from psychology and neuroscience into account could bear the potential to facilitate processes of education for both students and teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogel
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nadel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - W. Jake Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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80
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Dienel GA, Cruz NF. Aerobic glycolysis during brain activation: adrenergic regulation and influence of norepinephrine on astrocytic metabolism. J Neurochem 2016; 138:14-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque; New Mexico USA
- Department of Neurology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
| | - Nancy F. Cruz
- Department of Neurology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas USA
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81
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Adolphs R, Russell JA, Tranel D. A Role for the Human Amygdala in Recognizing Emotional Arousal From Unpleasant Stimuli. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging and lesion-based neuropsychological experiments have demonstrated the human amygdala's role in recognition of certain emotions signaled by sensory stimuli, notably, fear and anger in facial expressions. We examined recognition of two emotional dimensions, arousal and valence, in a rare subject with complete, bilateral damage restricted to the amygdala. Recognition of emotional arousal was impaired for facial expressions, words, and sentences that depicted unpleasant emotions, especially in regard to fear and anger. However, recognition of emotional valence was normal. The findings suggest that the amygdala plays a critical role in knowledge concerning the arousal of negative emotions, a function that may explain the impaired recognition of fear and anger in patients with bilateral amygdala damage, and one that is consistent with the amygdala's role in processing stimuli related to threat and danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Adolphs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine
| | - James A. Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine
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82
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Patel R, Girard TA, Pukay-Martin N, Monson C. Preferential recruitment of the basolateral amygdala during memory encoding of negative scenes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 130:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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83
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Rimmele U, Lackovic SF, Tobe RH, Leventhal BL, Phelps EA. Beta-adrenergic Blockade at Memory Encoding, but Not Retrieval, Decreases the Subjective Sense of Recollection. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:895-907. [PMID: 26942318 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Humans remember emotional events not only better but also exhibit a qualitatively distinct recollective experience-that is, emotion intensifies the subjective vividness of the memory, the sense of reliving the event, and confidence in the accuracy of the memory [Phelps, E. A., & Sharot, T. How (and why) emotion enhances the subjective sense of recollection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 147-152, 2008]. Although it has been demonstrated that activation of the beta-adrenergic system, linked to increases in stress hormone levels and physiological arousal, mediates enhanced emotional memory accuracy, the mechanism underlying the increased subjective sense of recollection is unknown. Behavioral evidence suggests that increased arousal associated with emotional events, either at encoding or retrieval, underlies their increased subjective sense of recollection. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design, we showed that reducing arousal at encoding through oral intake of 80-mg of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol decreases the subjective sense of recollection for both negative and neutral stimuli 24 hr later. In contrast, administration of propranolol before memory retrieval did not alter the subjective sense of recollection. These results suggest that the neurohormonal changes underlying increased arousal at the time of memory formation, rather than the time of memory retrieval, modulate the subjective sense of recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bennett L Leventhal
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,University of California, San Francisco
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84
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Gagnon SA, Wagner AD. Acute stress and episodic memory retrieval: neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral consequences. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:55-75. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony D. Wagner
- Department of Psychology
- Neurosciences Program; Stanford University; Stanford California
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85
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Aghajani M, Veer IM, van Hoof MJ, Rombouts SARB, van der Wee NJ, Vermeiren RRJM. Abnormal functional architecture of amygdala-centered networks in adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1120-35. [PMID: 26859310 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating, and difficult to treat psychiatric disorder. Very little is known of how PTSD affects neuroplasticity in the developing adolescent brain. Whereas multiple lines of research implicate amygdala-centered network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of adult PTSD, no study has yet examined the functional architecture of amygdala subregional networks in adolescent PTSD. Using intrinsic functional connectivity analysis, we investigated functional connectivity of the basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) amygdala in 19 sexually abused adolescents with PTSD relative to 23 matched controls. Additionally, we examined whether altered amygdala subregional connectivity coincides with abnormal grey matter volume of the amygdaloid complex. Our analysis revealed abnormal amygdalar connectivity and morphology in adolescent PTSD patients. More specifically, PTSD patients showed diminished right BLA connectivity with a cluster including dorsal and ventral portions of the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). In contrast, PTSD patients showed increased left CMA connectivity with a cluster including the orbitofrontal and subcallosal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). Critically, these connectivity changes coincided with diminished grey matter volume within BLA and CMA subnuclei (p < 0.05, corrected), with CMA connectivity shifts additionally relating to more severe symptoms of PTSD. These findings provide unique insights into how perturbations in major amygdalar circuits could hamper fear regulation and drive excessive acquisition and expression of fear in PTSD. As such, they represent an important step toward characterizing the neurocircuitry of adolescent PTSD, thereby informing the development of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moji Aghajani
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Curium, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-José van Hoof
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Curium, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Health Care, Psychotraumacenter and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Curium, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
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86
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Monleón S, Duque A, Vinader-Caerols C. Effects of several degrees of chronic social defeat stress on emotional and spatial memory in CD1 mice. Behav Processes 2015; 124:23-31. [PMID: 26679824 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of several degrees of CSDS (Chronic Social Defeat Stress) on emotional and spatial memory in mice were evaluated in separate experiments. Male CD1 mice were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n=10-12) for each experiment: NS (non-stressed), S5, S10 and S20 (5, 10 and 20 sessions of CSDS, respectively). The S groups underwent the corresponding number of agonistic encounters (10min each) over a 20-day period. 24h after the last session of CSDS, mice performed the inhibitory avoidance (Experiment 1) or the Morris water maze test (Experiment 2). In both experiments, animals were also evaluated in the elevated plus maze for 5min to obtain complementary measures of locomotor activity and emotionality. The results showed that the highest degree of CSDS had impairing effects on inhibitory avoidance, while there were no significant differences between groups in the water maze. The S20 group exhibited higher anxiety levels in the elevated plus maze. No variations in locomotor activity were observed in any experiment. In conclusion, CSDS has a greater impact on emotional memory than on spatial memory. These negative effects of CSDS on memory do not seem to be secondary to the motor or emotional effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Monleón
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Aranzazu Duque
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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87
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Nirwane AM, Gupta PV, Shet JH, Patil SB. Anxiolytic and nootropic activity of Vetiveria zizanioides roots in mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:158-64. [PMID: 26604550 PMCID: PMC4630689 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.146548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) (family: Poaceae), an aromatic plant commonly known as “Vetiver” has been used for various ailments. Concerning the various ailments being listed as the traditional uses of VZ, no mention about anxiety and memory was found. Objective: The present study examined the anxiolytic and memory enhancing activity of ethanolic extract of V. zizanioides (EEVZ) dried roots in mice. Materials and Methods: Activity of EEVZ was assessed using models of anxiety (elevated plus-maze [EPM], light/dark test, hole board test, marble-burying test) and learning and memory (EPM, passive shock avoidance paradigm). Results: EEVZ at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w. illustrated significant anxiolytic activity indicated by increase in time spent and number of entries in open arm, time spent in lightened area, number of head poking and number marble buried when compared to that of diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w.), a reference standard. The same treatment showed a significant decrease in transfer latency to reach open arm, shock-free zone, and number of mistakes when compared to that of scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.). EEVZ in all the doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w.) significantly decreased mortality in sodium nitrite (250 mg/kg b.w.) induced hypoxia and also significantly increases contraction induced by acetylcholine on rat ileum preparation. Conclusion: The result emanated in the present investigation revealed EEVZ possesses significant anxiolytic and nootropic activity by possibly interplaying with neurotransmitters implicated in anxiety and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Purnima V Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Jitesh H Shet
- Department of MGV's Pharmacy College, Panchavati, Nasik, India
| | - Sandeep B Patil
- Department of Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy, Sangli, India
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88
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Garfinkel SN, Critchley HD. Threat and the Body: How the Heart Supports Fear Processing. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 20:34-46. [PMID: 26628111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental processes depend upon a dynamic integration of brain and body. Emotions encompass internal physiological changes which, through interoception (sensing bodily states), underpin emotional feelings, for example, cardiovascular arousal can intensify feelings of fear and anxiety. The brain is informed about how quickly and strongly the heart is beating by signals from arterial baroreceptors. These fire in bursts after each heartbeat, and are quiet between heartbeats. The processing of fear stimuli is selectively enhanced by these phasic signals, and these inhibit the processing of other types of stimuli including physical pain. Behavioural and neuroimaging studies detail this differential impact of heart signals on the processing of salient stimuli, and add to knowledge linking rhythmic activity in brain and body to perceptual consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Garfinkel
- Division of Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK.
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Division of Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK; Sussex Partnership National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sussex, UK
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89
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Kim E, Kim EJ, Yeh R, Shin M, Bobman J, Krasne FB, Kim JJ. Amygdaloid and non-amygdaloid fear both influence avoidance of risky foraging in hungry rats. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2013.3357. [PMID: 25056616 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence seems to show that emotional and reflex reactions to feared situations are mediated by the amygdala. It might therefore seem plausible to expect that amygdala-coded fear should also influence decisions when animals make choices about instrumental actions. However, there is not good evidence of this. In particular, it appears, though the literature is conflicted, that once learning is complete, the amygdala may often not be involved in instrumental avoidance behaviours. It is therefore of interest that we have found in rats living for extended periods in a semi-naturalistic 'closed economy', where they were given random shocks in regions that had to be entered to obtain food, choices about feeding behaviour were in fact influenced by amygdala-coded fear, in spite of the null effect of amygdalar lesions on fear of dangerous location per se. We suggest that avoidance of highly motivated voluntary behaviour does depend in part on fear signals originating in the amygdala. Such signalling may be one role of well-known projections from amygdala to cortico-striate circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earnest Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Regina Yeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Minkyung Shin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Jake Bobman
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Franklin B Krasne
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Jeansok J Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
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90
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Gray CL, Krebs-Kraft DL, Solomon MB, Norvelle A, Parent MB, Huhman KL. Immediate post-defeat infusions of the noradrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol impair the consolidation of conditioned defeat in male Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:56-61. [PMID: 26367452 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat occurs when an animal is attacked and subjugated by an aggressive conspecific. Following social defeat, male Syrian hamsters fail to display species-typical territorial aggression and instead exhibit submissive or defensive behaviors even when in the presence of a non-aggressive intruder. We have termed this phenomenon conditioned defeat (CD). The mechanisms underlying CD are not fully understood, but data from our lab suggest that at least some of the mechanisms are similar to those that mediate classical fear conditioning. The goal of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that noradrenergic signaling promotes the consolidation of CD, as in classical fear conditioning, by determining whether CD is disrupted by post-training blockade of noradrenergic activity. In Experiment 1, we determined whether systemic infusions of the noradrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (0, 1.0, 10, or 20mg/kg) given immediately after a 15 min defeat by a resident aggressor would impair CD tested 48 h later. Hamsters that were given immediate post-training infusions of propranolol (1.0, but not 10 or 20mg/kg) showed significantly less submissive behavior than did those given vehicle infusions supporting the hypothesis that there is noradrenergic modulation of the consolidation of a social defeat experience. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that propranolol (1.0mg/kg) given immediately, but not 4 or 24h, after defeat impaired CD tested 48 h after defeat indicating that the window within which the memory for social defeat is susceptible to beta-adrenergic modulation is temporary. In Experiment 3, we examined whether central blockade of noradrenergic receptors could recapitulate the effect of systemic injections by giving an intracerebroventricular infusion of propranolol immediately after defeat and examining the effect on CD 24h later. Centrally administered propranolol (20 μg/3 μl but not 2 μg/3 μl) was also effective in dose-dependently reducing consolidation of CD. Collectively, the present results indicate that noradrenergic activity promotes the consolidation of CD and suggest that CD is a valuable model to study the processes by which emotion and stress modulate memory in an ethologically relevant context. These data also suggest that the popular conception in the clinical literature that the anxiolytic effect of propranolol is primarily due to the drug's peripheral effects may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Luckett Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Genome Research Institute, Bldg E Room 216, 2170 E. Galbraith Rd..ML-0506, Reading, OH 45237-1625, USA.
| | - Alisa Norvelle
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA.
| | - Marise B Parent
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA.
| | - Kim L Huhman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA.
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91
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Albisua J, Lo Presti-Vega A, Giráldez BG, Viñas D, Serratosa JM. [The importance of amygdala removal in the surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2015; 26:296-301. [PMID: 26188354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Even though amygdalar lesions are a known epilepsy model in laboratory animals, the role of the amygdala in mesial temporal sclerosis is not well-known. To date, most interest has been paid to the role of the hippocampal formation. The aim of this article is to emphasize the role of the amygdala in order to render a patient seizure free. Two patients are presented who were 50 and 42 years old at the time of surgery. They suffered from seizures since childhood and were diagnosed with mesial temporal sclerosis. A temporal lobectomy with hippocampectomy and partial amygdalectomy was performed on both patients in the year 2000, with one patient operated on the right side and the other one on the left side. Both patients were seizure free after surgery for 6 years, but presented again with seizures after that time. They were evaluated again for surgery, and subdural grids were placed, together with a deep electrode in the remnants of the amygdala. The amygdalar electrode showed to be the seizure onset in the two cases, and its resection rendered both patients seizure free. These two patients show that a complete amygdalar resection is necessary to render some patients seizure free. It might be the amygdala has a greater role than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Albisua
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España; Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España.
| | - Anna Lo Presti-Vega
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - Beatriz G Giráldez
- Unidad de Epilepsia, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - Delia Viñas
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - José María Serratosa
- Unidad de Epilepsia, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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92
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Liu CC, Chien JH, Kim JH, Chuang YF, Cheng DT, Anderson WS, Lenz FA. Cross-frequency coupling in deep brain structures upon processing the painful sensory inputs. Neuroscience 2015; 303:412-21. [PMID: 26168707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cross-frequency coupling has been shown to be functionally significant in cortical information processing, potentially serving as a mechanism for integrating functionally relevant regions in the brain. In this study, we evaluate the hypothesis that pain-related gamma oscillatory responses are coupled with low-frequency oscillations in the frontal lobe, amygdala and hippocampus, areas known to have roles in pain processing. We delivered painful laser pulses to random locations on the dorsal hand of five patients with uncontrolled epilepsy requiring depth electrode implantation for seizure monitoring. Two blocks of 40 laser stimulations were delivered to each subject and the pain-intensity was controlled at five in a 0-10 scale by adjusting the energy level of the laser pulses. Local-field-potentials (LFPs) were recorded through bilaterally implanted depth electrode contacts to study the oscillatory responses upon processing the painful laser stimulations. Our results show that painful laser stimulations enhanced low-gamma (LH, 40-70 Hz) and high-gamma (HG, 70-110 Hz) oscillatory responses in the amygdala and hippocampal regions on the right hemisphere and these gamma responses were significantly coupled with the phases of theta (4-7 Hz) and alpha (8-1 2 Hz) rhythms during pain processing. Given the roles of these deep brain structures in emotion, these findings suggest that the oscillatory responses in these regions may play a role in integrating the affective component of pain, which may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the affective information processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - J H Chien
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y F Chuang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - D T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F A Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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93
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Anticipation of electric shocks modulates low beta power and event-related fields during memory encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:196-204. [PMID: 26119254 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the temporal and oscillatory dynamics of pain anticipation and its effects on long-term memory are largely unknown. Here, we investigated this open question by using a previously established behavioral paradigm in combination with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Healthy human subjects encoded a series of scene images, which was combined with cues predicting an aversive electric shock with different probabilities (0.2, 0.5 or 0.8). After encoding, memory for the studied images was tested using a remember/know recognition task. Behaviorally, pain anticipation did not modulate recollection-based recognition memory per se, but interacted with the perceived unpleasantness of the electric shock [visual analogue scale rating from 1 (not unpleasant) to 10 (highly unpleasant)]. More precisely, the relationship between pain anticipation and recollection followed an inverted u-shaped function the more unpleasant the shocks were rated by a subject. At the physiological level, this quadratic effect was mimicked in the event-related magnetic fields associated with successful memory formation ('DM-effect') ∼450ms after image onset at left frontal sensors. Importantly, across all subjects, shock anticipation modulated oscillatory power in the low beta frequency range (13-20Hz) in a linear fashion at left temporal sensors. Taken together, our findings indicate that beta oscillations provide a generic mechanism underlying pain anticipation; the effect on subsequent long-term memory, on the other hand, is much more variable and depends on the level of individual pain perception. As such, our findings give new and important insights into how aversive motivational states can drive memory formation.
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94
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Rojas S, Diaz-Galarce R, Jerez-Baraona JM, Quintana-Donoso D, Moraga-Amaro R, Stehberg J. The insula modulates arousal-induced reluctance to try novel tastes through adrenergic transmission in the rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:164. [PMID: 26175672 PMCID: PMC4484226 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reluctance to try novel tastes (neophobia) can be exacerbated in arousing situations, such as when children are under social stress or in rodents, when the new taste is presented in a high arousal context (HA) compared to a low arousal context (LA). The present study aimed at determining whether adrenergic transmission at the Insula regulates the reluctance to try novel tastes induced by arousing contexts. To this end, a combination of systemic and intra-insular manipulations of adrenergic activity was performed before the novel taste (saccharin 0.1%) was presented either in LA or HA contexts in rats. Our results show that systemic adrenergic activity modulates reluctance to try novel tastes. Moreover, intra-insular microinjections of propranolol or norepinephrine (NE) were found to modulate the effects of arousing contexts on reluctance to try novel tastes. Finally, intra-insular propranolol blocked epinephrine-induced increased reluctance, while intra-insular NE blocked oral propranolol-induced decreases in reluctance and increased the reluctance to try novel tastes presented in low arousing contexts. In conclusion, our results suggest that the insula is a critical site for regulating the effects of arousal in the reluctance to try novel tastes via the adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Diaz-Galarce
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Manuel Jerez-Baraona
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Quintana-Donoso
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimmy Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
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Tempesta D, De Gennaro L, Natale V, Ferrara M. Emotional memory processing is influenced by sleep quality. Sleep Med 2015; 16:862-70. [PMID: 26008959 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recall of emotional memory is enhanced after sleep and is hindered by sleep deprivation. We used an emotional memory task to assess whether poor sleep quality, as well as sleep deprivation, may influence the accuracy of memory recognition, but also the affective tone associated with the memory. METHODS Seventy-five subjects, divided into poor sleeper (PS), good sleeper (GS), and sleep deprivation (SD) groups, completed two recall (R) sessions: R1, 1 h after the encoding phase; and R2, after one night of sleep for PS and GS groups and after one night of sleep deprivation for the SD group. During the encoding phase, the participants rated valence and arousal of 90 pictures. During R1 and R2, the participants first made a yes/no memory judgment of the 45 target pictures intermingled with 30 non-target pictures, then rated valence and arousal of each picture. RESULTS Recognition accuracy was higher for the PS and GS groups compared to the SD group for all pictures. Emotional valence of the remembered pictures was more negative after sleep deprivation and poor quality sleep, while it was preserved after a good sleep. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first evidence that poor sleep quality negatively affects emotional valence of memories, within the context of preserved emotional memory consolidation. It is suggested that low sleep quality and lack of sleep may impose a more negative affective tone to memories. The reported effects are not to be ascribed to depressive mood, but to a specific influence of poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Natale
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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96
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Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to the neurobiology of stress. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:581976. [PMID: 25878903 PMCID: PMC4387963 DOI: 10.1155/2015/581976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurrent, and severe psychiatric disorder with high mortality and medical comorbidities. Stress-related pathways have been directly involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. The present paper provides an overview on the stress system as a model to understand key pathophysiological paradigms in MDD. These mechanisms involve behavioral, cognitive, and systemic manifestations and are also associated with the mechanisms of action of effective antidepressants. Aspects such as depression subtypes, inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and prothrombotic states in critical brain circuits and periphery are critically appraised. Finally, new strategies for approaching treatment-resistant major depression and potential adverse effects associated with this complex and intricate network are highlighted. The authors used PubMed as the database for this review. Each author extracted relevant data and assessed the methodological quality of each study.
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97
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ADRA2B genotype differentially modulates stress-induced neural activity in the amygdala and hippocampus during emotional memory retrieval. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:755-64. [PMID: 25127926 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Noradrenaline interacts with stress hormones in the amygdala and hippocampus to enhance emotional memory consolidation, but the noradrenergic-glucocorticoid interaction at retrieval, where stress impairs memory, is less understood. OBJECTIVES We used a genetic neuroimaging approach to investigate whether a genetic variation of the noradrenergic system impacts stress-induced neural activity in amygdala and hippocampus during recognition of emotional memory. METHODS This study is based on genotype-dependent reanalysis of data from our previous publication (Li et al. Brain Imaging Behav 2014). Twenty-two healthy male volunteers were genotyped for the ADRA2B gene encoding the α2B-adrenergic receptor. Ten deletion carriers and 12 noncarriers performed an emotional face recognition task, while their brain activity was measured with fMRI. During encoding, 50 fearful and 50 neutral faces were presented. One hour later, they underwent either an acute stress (Trier Social Stress Test) or a control procedure which was followed immediately by the retrieval session, where participants had to discriminate between 100 old and 50 new faces. RESULTS A genotype-dependent modulation of neural activity at retrieval was found in the bilateral amygdala and right hippocampus. Deletion carriers showed decreased neural activity in the amygdala when recognizing emotional faces in control condition and increased amygdala activity under stress. Noncarriers showed no differences in emotional modulated amygdala activation under stress or control. Instead, stress-induced increases during recognition of emotional faces were present in the right hippocampus. CONCLUSION The genotype-dependent effects of acute stress on neural activity in amygdala and hippocampus provide evidence for noradrenergic-glucocorticoid interaction in emotional memory retrieval.
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98
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MicroRNA-19b associates with Ago2 in the amygdala following chronic stress and regulates the adrenergic receptor beta 1. J Neurosci 2015; 34:15070-82. [PMID: 25378171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0855-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the stress response in the presence of diverse challenges requires numerous adaptive molecular and cellular changes. To identify specific microRNA molecules that are altered following chronic stress, mice were subjected to the chronic social defeat procedure. The amygdala from these mice was collected and a screen for microRNAs that were recruited to the RNA-induced silencing complex and differentially expressed between the stressed and unstressed mice was conducted. One of the microRNAs that were significantly altered was microRNA-19b (miR-19b). Bioinformatics analysis revealed the adrenergic receptor β-1 (Adrb1) as a potential target for this microRNA with multiple conserved seed sites. Consistent with its putative regulation by miR-19b, Adrb1 levels were reduced in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) following chronic stress. In vitro studies using luciferase assays showed a direct effect of miR-19b on Adrb1 levels, which were not evident when miR-19b seed sequences at the Adrb1 transcript were mutated. To assess the role of miR-19b in memory stabilization, previously attributed to BLA-Adrb1, we constructed lentiviruses designed to overexpress or knockdown miR-19b. Interestingly, adult mice injected bilaterally with miR-19b into the BLA showed lower freezing time relative to control in the cue fear conditioning test, and deregulation of noradrenergic circuits, consistent with downregulation of Adrb1 levels. Knockdown of endogenous BLA-miR-19b levels resulted in opposite behavioral and noradrenergic profile with higher freezing time and increase 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol/noradrenaline ratio. These findings suggest a key role for miR-19b in modulating behavioral responses to chronic stress and Adrb1 as an important target of miR-19b in stress-linked brain regions.
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99
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McMorris T, Hale BJ, Corbett J, Robertson K, Hodgson CI. Does acute exercise affect the performance of whole-body, psychomotor skills in an inverted-U fashion? A meta-analytic investigation. Physiol Behav 2015; 141:180-9. [PMID: 25582516 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical measures, whether research into the performance of whole-body, psychomotor tasks following moderate and heavy exercise demonstrates an inverted-U effect. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of acute exercise on tasks requiring static maintenance of posture versus dynamic, ballistic skills. Moderate intensity exercise was determined as being between 40% and 79% maximum power output (ẆMAX) or equivalent, while ≥80% ẆMAX was considered to be heavy. There was a significant difference (Zdiff=4.29, p=0.001, R(2)=0.42) between the mean effect size for moderate intensity exercise (g=0.15) and that for heavy exercise size (g=-0.86). These data suggest a catastrophe effect during heavy exercise. Mean effect size for static tasks (g=-1.24) was significantly different (Zdiff=3.24, p=0.001, R(2)=0.90) to those for dynamic/ballistic tasks (g=-0.30). The result for the static versus dynamic tasks moderating variables point to perception being more of an issue than peripheral fatigue for maintenance of static posture. The difference between this result and those found in meta-analyses examining the effects of acute exercise on cognition shows that, when perception and action are combined, the complexity of the interaction induces different effects to when cognition is detached from motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Hodgson
- Department of Adventure Education, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
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Gonçalves L, Friend LV, Dickenson AH. The influence of μ-opioid and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in the modulation of pain responsive neurones in the central amygdala by tapentadol in rats with neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 749:151-60. [PMID: 25576174 PMCID: PMC4339205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for neuropathic pain are either not fully effective or have problematic side effects. Combinations of drugs are often used. Tapentadol is a newer molecule that produces analgesia in various pain models through two inhibitory mechanisms, namely central μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonism and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. These two components interact synergistically, resulting in levels of analgesia similar to opioid analgesics such as oxycodone and morphine, but with more tolerable side effects. The right central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is critical for the lateral spinal ascending pain pathway, regulates descending pain pathways and is key in the emotional-affective components of pain. Few studies have investigated the pharmacology of limbic brain areas in pain models. Here we determined the actions of systemic tapentadol on right CeA neurones of animals with neuropathy and which component of tapentadol contributes to its effect. Neuronal responses to multimodal peripheral stimulation of animals with spinal nerve ligation or sham surgery were recorded before and after two doses of tapentadol. After the higher dose of tapentadol either naloxone or yohimbine were administered. Systemic tapentadol resulted in dose-dependent decrease in right CeA neuronal activity only in neuropathy. Both naloxone and yohimbine reversed this effect to an extent that was modality selective. The interactions of the components of tapentadol are not limited to the synergy between the MOR and α2-adrenoceptors seen at spinal levels, but are seen at this supraspinal site where suppression of responses may relate to the ability of the drug to alter affective components of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Gonçalves
- Neuroscience Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lauren V Friend
- Neuroscience Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Anthony H Dickenson
- Neuroscience Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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