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Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Nexus of Metabolic and Hepatic Diseases. Cell Metab 2018; 27:22-41. [PMID: 28867301 PMCID: PMC5762395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is closely linked with hepatic insulin resistance. Accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerol activates PKC-ε, impairing insulin receptor activation and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. Peripheral insulin resistance indirectly influences hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing flux of substrates that promote lipogenesis (glucose and fatty acids) and gluconeogenesis (glycerol and fatty acid-derived acetyl-CoA, an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase). Weight loss with diet or bariatric surgery effectively treats NAFLD, but drugs specifically approved for NAFLD are not available. Some new pharmacological strategies act broadly to alter energy balance or influence pathways that contribute to NAFLD (e.g., agonists for PPAR γ, PPAR α/δ, FXR and analogs for FGF-21, and GLP-1). Others specifically inhibit key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (e.g., mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol transferases). Finally, a novel class of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling agents increases hepatocellular energy expenditure, reversing the metabolic and hepatic complications of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varman T Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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52
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Wattacheril J, Issa D, Sanyal A. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Hepatic Fibrosis: Emerging Therapies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:649-662. [PMID: 29058997 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a complex disease associated with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia but is increasingly recognized in normal-weight individuals. Its progressive inflammatory phenotype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), currently has no effective treatment apart from lifestyle interventions. Multiple pathogenic pathways are involved in disease progression, and targets for intervention have been identified. These targets mediate glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism; inflammation; apoptosis; and fibrosis. Novel therapeutic agents are being developed in each of these pathways, and several have shown promise in early phase testing. Given the complexity of the disease, intervention trials are large and long and require histologic confirmation as a primary endpoint for disease improvement or regression. We highlight active Phase 2 and 3 therapeutic trials for NASH as this field rapidly expands in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wattacheril
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA;
| | - Danny Issa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA; ,
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA; ,
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53
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Townsend SA, Newsome PN. Review article: new treatments in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:494-507. [PMID: 28677333 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the fastest growing cause of liver disease in the Western world, yet there is no approved pharmacotherapy. While lifestyle modifications remain the mainstay of treatment, only a proportion of individuals are able to make or sustain them, and so more treatment options are required. AIM To review the potential benefit of drugs used in clinical practice, those entering phase II trials, and compounds being investigated in pre-clinical studies. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed to identify relevant studies; linked references were also reviewed. RESULTS Vitamin E and pioglitazone have shown efficacy in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but long-term safety concerns, specifically bladder cancer and osteoporosis with pioglitazone, have limited their use. GLP-1 analogues and SGLT-2 inhibitors are currently approved for use in diabetes, have shown early efficacy in NASH and also have beneficial cardiovascular effects. Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors and FXR agonists have potent effects on lipogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis, respectively, with their efficacy and safety being currently tested in phase 3. As inflammation and apoptosis are key features of NASH agents modulating these pathways are of interest; CCR2/5 antagonists downregulate inflammatory pathways and reduce fibrosis with caspase and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors reducing apoptosis and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Rising demand and an improved understanding of NASH pathophysiology has led to a surge in development of new therapies. Tailoring pharmacotherapy to the dominant pathogenic pathway in a given patient along with use of combination therapy is likely to represent the future direction in treatment of patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Townsend
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - P N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Vigueira PA, McCommis KS, Hodges WT, Schweitzer GG, Cole SL, Oonthonpan L, Taylor EB, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF, Colca JR, Finck BN. The beneficial metabolic effects of insulin sensitizers are not attenuated by mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 hypomorphism. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:985-999. [PMID: 28597936 DOI: 10.1113/ep086380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs may be mediated in part by a molecular interaction with the constituent proteins of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complex (MPC1 and MPC2). We examined the ability of a mutant mouse strain expressing an N-terminal truncation of MPC2 (Mpc2Δ16 mice) to respond to TZD treatment. What is the main finding and its importance? The response of Mpc2Δ16 mice to TZD treatment was not significantly different from that of wild-type C57BL6/J control animals, suggesting that the 16 N-terminal amino acids of MPC2 are dispensable for the effects of TZD treatment. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds that have been used clinically as insulin-sensitizing drugs and are generally believed to mediate their effects via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Recent work has shown that it is possible to synthesize TZD compounds with potent insulin-sensitizing effects and markedly diminished affinity for PPARγ. Both clinically used TZDs and investigational PPARγ-sparing TZDs, such as MSDC-0602, interact with the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and inhibit its activity. The MPC complex is composed of two proteins, MPC1 and MPC2. Herein, we used mice expressing a hypomorphic MPC2 protein missing 16 amino acids in the N-terminus (Mpc2Δ16 mice) to determine the effects of these residues in mediating the insulin-sensitizing effects of TZDs in diet-induced obese mice. We found that both pioglitazone and MSDC-0602 elicited their beneficial metabolic effects, including improvement in glucose tolerance, attenuation of hepatic steatosis, reduction of adipose tissue inflammation and stimulation of adipocyte browning, in both wild-type and Mpc2Δ16 mice after high-fat diet feeding. In addition, truncation of MPC2 failed to attenuate the interaction between TZDs and the MPC in a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay or to affect the suppression of pyruvate-stimulated respiration in cells. Collectively, these data suggest that the interaction between TZDs and MPC2 is not affected by loss of the N-terminal 16 amino acids nor are these residues required for the insulin-sensitizing effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Vigueira
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wesley T Hodges
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - George G Schweitzer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Serena L Cole
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Lalita Oonthonpan
- Department of Biochemistry and Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | | | - Rolf F Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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55
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Zhong CB, Chen X, Zhou XY, Wang XB. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Mediating Cardioprotection Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 23:46-56. [PMID: 28466688 DOI: 10.1177/1074248417707049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious cardiovascular disease resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although advances have been made in restoring myocardial perfusion in ischemic areas, decreases in cardiomyocyte death and infarct size are still limited, attributing to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. It is necessary to develop therapies to restrict myocardial I/R injury and protect cardiomyocytes against further damage after MI. Many studies have suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-inducible nuclear receptor that predominantly regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, is a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating myocardial I/R injury. Thus, this review focuses on the role of PPARγ in cardioprotection during myocardial I/R. The cardioprotective effects of PPARγ, including attenuating oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory responses, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, and antagonizing apoptosis, are described. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of cardioprotective effects of PPARγ, such as regulating the expression of target genes, influencing other transcription factors, and modulating kinase signaling pathways, are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Bin Zhong
- 1 The Second Clinical Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- 1 The Second Clinical Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Yue Zhou
- 1 The Second Clinical Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Bao Wang
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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56
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Liss KHH, Finck BN. PPARs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochimie 2017; 136:65-74. [PMID: 27916647 PMCID: PMC5380579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of liver pathology ranging from simple steatosis to varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis. Without intervention it can progress to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given its close association with obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased dramatically worldwide. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of NAFLD and although lifestyle modifications with appropriate diet and exercise have been shown to be beneficial, this has been difficult to achieve and sustain for the majority of patients. As such, the search for effective therapeutic agents is an active area of research. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a class of nuclear receptors. Because of their key role in the transcriptional regulation of mediators of glucose and lipid metabolism, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Here we review the current evidence from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of PPAR ligands for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H H Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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57
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McCommis KS, Hodges WT, Brunt EM, Nalbantoglu ILK, McDonald WG, Holley C, Fujiwara H, Schaffer JE, Colca JR, Finck BN. Targeting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier attenuates fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2017; 65:1543-1556. [PMID: 28027586 PMCID: PMC5397348 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the liver related to metabolic syndrome have emerged as the most common and undertreated hepatic ailments. The cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the aberrant accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes, though the mechanisms whereby this leads to hepatocyte dysfunction, death, and hepatic fibrosis are still unclear. Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones have shown efficacy in treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but their widespread use is constrained by dose-limiting side effects thought to be due to activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. We sought to determine whether a next-generation thiazolidinedione with markedly diminished ability to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (MSDC-0602) would retain its efficacy for treating NASH in a rodent model. We also determined whether some or all of these beneficial effects would be mediated through an inhibitory interaction with the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2), which was recently identified as a mitochondrial binding site for thiazolidinediones, including MSDC-0602. We found that MSDC-0602 prevented and reversed liver fibrosis and suppressed expression of markers of stellate cell activation in livers of mice fed a diet rich in trans-fatty acids, fructose, and cholesterol. Moreover, mice with liver-specific deletion of MPC2 were protected from development of NASH on this diet. Finally, MSDC-0602 directly reduced hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro, and MSDC-0602 treatment or hepatocyte MPC2 deletion also limited stellate cell activation indirectly by affecting secretion of exosomes from hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data demonstrate the effectiveness of MSDC-0602 for attenuating NASH in a rodent model and suggest that targeting hepatic MPC2 may be an effective strategy for pharmacologic development. (Hepatology 2017;65:1543-1556).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wesley T. Hodges
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth M. Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - ILKe Nalbantoglu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Christopher Holley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E. Schaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jerry R. Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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58
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, McCommis KS, Finck BN. Treating fatty liver disease by modulating mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:193-197. [PMID: 29404453 PMCID: PMC5721453 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifying the entry of pyruvate into mitochondria may provide a unique approach to treat metabolic disease. The pharmacology of a new class of insulin sensitizers directed against a newly identified mitochondrial target may treat many aspects of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including fibrosis. This commentary suggests treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through a newly identified mechanism consistent with pathophysiology. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:193‐197)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company Kalamazoo MI
| | | | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO
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59
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Rotman Y, Sanyal AJ. Current and upcoming pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2017; 66:180-190. [PMID: 27646933 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the high prevalence and rising incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the absence of approved therapies is striking. Although the mainstay of treatment of NAFLD is weight loss, it is hard to maintain, prompting the need for pharmacotherapy as well. A greater understanding of disease pathogenesis in recent years was followed by development of new classes of medications, as well as potential repurposing of currently available agents. NAFLD therapies target four main pathways. The dominant approach is targeting hepatic fat accumulation and the resultant metabolic stress. Medications in this group include peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor agonists (eg, pioglitazone, elafibranor, saroglitazar), medications targeting the bile acid-farnesoid X receptor axis (obeticholic acid), inhibitors of de novo lipogenesis (aramchol, NDI-010976), incretins (liraglutide) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 or FGF-19 analogues. A second approach is targeting the oxidative stress, inflammation and injury that follow the metabolic stress. Medications from this group include antioxidants (vitamin E), medications with a target in the tumour necrosis factor α pathway (emricasan, pentoxifylline) and immune modulators (amlexanox, cenicriviroc). A third group has a target in the gut, including antiobesity agents such as orlistat or gut microbiome modulators (IMM-124e, faecal microbial transplant, solithromycin). Finally, as the ongoing injury leads to fibrosis, the harbinger of liver-related morbidity and mortality, antifibrotics (simtuzumab and GR-MD-02) will be an important element of therapy. It is very likely that in the next few years several medications will be available to clinicians treating patients with NAFLD across the entire spectrum of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Rotman
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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60
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Zou W, Rohatgi N, Chen THP, Schilling J, Abu-Amer Y, Teitelbaum SL. PPAR-γ regulates pharmacological but not physiological or pathological osteoclast formation. Nat Med 2016; 22:1203-1205. [PMID: 27824823 PMCID: PMC5179330 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Timothy Hung-Po Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Joel Schilling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Yousef Abu-Amer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Steven L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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61
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Gupta P, Bala M, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Injeti E, Mittal A. Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs—A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:636-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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62
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Colca JR. The TZD insulin sensitizer clue provides a new route into diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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63
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McCommis KS, Chen Z, Fu X, McDonald WG, Colca JR, Kletzien RF, Burgess SC, Finck BN. Loss of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 2 in the Liver Leads to Defects in Gluconeogenesis and Compensation via Pyruvate-Alanine Cycling. Cell Metab 2015; 22:682-94. [PMID: 26344101 PMCID: PMC4598280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane is believed to be a prerequisite for gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, which is important for the maintenance of normoglycemia during prolonged food deprivation but also contributes to hyperglycemia in diabetes. To determine the requirement for mitochondrial pyruvate import in gluconeogenesis, mice with liver-specific deletion of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (LS-Mpc2(-/-)) were generated. Loss of MPC2 impaired, but did not completely abolish, hepatocyte conversion of labeled pyruvate to TCA cycle intermediates and glucose. Unbiased metabolomic analyses of livers from fasted LS-Mpc2(-/-) mice suggested that alterations in amino acid metabolism, including pyruvate-alanine cycling, might compensate for the loss of MPC2. Indeed, inhibition of pyruvate-alanine transamination further reduced mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and glucose production by LS-Mpc2(-/-) hepatocytes. These data demonstrate an important role for MPC2 in controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and illuminate a compensatory mechanism for circumventing a block in mitochondrial pyruvate import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S McCommis
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Rolf F Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Identification of Eupatilin from Artemisia argyi as a Selective PPARα Agonist Using Affinity Selection Ultrafiltration LC-MS. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26225954 PMCID: PMC6331909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key nuclear receptors and therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases through the regulation of insulin resistance, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Although a few drugs that target PPARs have been approved, more diverse and novel PPAR ligands are necessary to improve the safety and efficacy of available drugs. To expedite the search for new natural agonists of PPARs, we developed a screening assay based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) that is compatible with complex samples such as dietary foods or botanical extracts. The known PPARα and/or PPARγ ligands resveratrol and rosiglitazone were used as positive controls to validate the developed method. When applied to the screening of an Artemisia argyi extract, eupatilin was identified as a selective PPARα ligand. A PPAR competitive binding assay based on FRET detection also confirmed eupatilin as a selective PPARα agonist exhibiting a binding affinity of 1.18 μM (IC50). Furthermore, eupatilin activation of the transcriptional activity of PPARα was confirmed using a cell-based transactivation assay. Thus, ultrafiltration LC-MS is a suitable assay for the identification of PPAR ligands in complex matrixes such as extracts of dietary foods and botanicals.
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65
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Izawa T, Rohatgi N, Fukunaga T, Wang QT, Silva MJ, Gardner MJ, McDaniel ML, Abumrad NA, Semenkovich CF, Teitelbaum SL, Zou W. ASXL2 Regulates Glucose, Lipid, and Skeletal Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1625-37. [PMID: 26051940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ASXL2 is an ETP family protein that interacts with PPARγ. We find that ASXL2-/- mice are insulin resistant, lipodystrophic, and fail to respond to a high-fat diet. Consistent with genetic variation at the ASXL2 locus and human bone mineral density, ASXL2-/- mice are also severely osteopetrotic because of failed osteoclast differentiation attended by normal bone formation. ASXL2 regulates the osteoclast via two distinct signaling pathways. It induces osteoclast formation in a PPARγ/c-Fos-dependent manner and is required for RANK ligand- and thiazolidinedione-induced bone resorption independent of PGC-1β. ASXL2 also promotes osteoclast mitochondrial biogenesis in a process mediated by PGC-1β but independent of c-Fos. Thus, ASXL2 is a master regulator of skeletal, lipid, and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Izawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qun-Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Gardner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L McDaniel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Mitochondrial pyruvate transport: a historical perspective and future research directions. Biochem J 2015; 466:443-54. [PMID: 25748677 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, a major substrate for oxidative metabolism, and a branching point for glucose, lactate, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. The mitochondrial enzymes that metabolize pyruvate are physically separated from cytosolic pyruvate pools and rely on a membrane transport system to shuttle pyruvate across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Despite long-standing acceptance that transport of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix by a carrier-mediated process is required for the bulk of its metabolism, it has taken almost 40 years to determine the molecular identity of an IMM pyruvate carrier. Our current understanding is that two proteins, mitochondrial pyruvate carriers MPC1 and MPC2, form a hetero-oligomeric complex in the IMM to facilitate pyruvate transport. This step is required for mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and carboxylation-critical reactions in intermediary metabolism that are dysregulated in several common diseases. The identification of these transporter constituents opens the door to the identification of novel compounds that modulate MPC activity, with potential utility for treating diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other common causes of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present review is to detail the historical, current and future research investigations concerning mitochondrial pyruvate transport, and discuss the possible consequences of altered pyruvate transport in various metabolic tissues.
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Garcia-Vallvé S, Guasch L, Tomas-Hernández S, del Bas JM, Ollendorff V, Arola L, Pujadas G, Mulero M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and Ligand Choreography: Newcomers Take the Stage. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5381-94. [PMID: 25734377 DOI: 10.1021/jm501155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) full agonists that have been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the demonstrated beneficial effect of reducing glucose levels in the plasma, TZDs also induce several adverse effects. Consequently, the search for new compounds with potent antidiabetic effects but fewer undesired effects is an active field of research. Interestingly, the novel proposed mechanisms for the antidiabetic activity of PPARγ agonists, consisting of PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation inhibition, ligand and receptor mutual dynamics, and the presence of an alternate binding site, have recently changed the view regarding the optimal characteristics for the screening of novel PPARγ ligands. Furthermore, transcriptional genomics could bring essential information about the genome-wide effects of PPARγ ligands. Consequently, facing the new mechanistic scenario proposed for these compounds is essential for resolving the paradoxes among their agonistic function, antidiabetic activities, and side effects and should allow the rational development of better and safer PPARγ-mediated antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Guasch
- §Computer-Aided Drug Design Group, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria del Bas
- ‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Vincent Ollendorff
- ∥INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, F-34060 Montpellier Université Montpellier 1, F-34000 Montpellier - Université Montpellier 2, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Lluís Arola
- ‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain.,⊥Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,‡Nutrition and Health Research Group, Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- †Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Fukunaga T, Zou W, Rohatgi N, Colca JR, Teitelbaum SL. An insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione, which minimally activates PPARγ, does not cause bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:481-8. [PMID: 25257948 PMCID: PMC4472363 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) that activates the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Although rosiglitazone effectively treats type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it carries substantial complications, including increased fracture risk. This predisposition to fracture is consistent with the fact that PPARγ preferentially promotes formation of adipocytes at the cost of osteoblasts. Rosiglitazone-activated PPARγ, however, also stimulates osteoclast formation. A new TZD analog with low affinity for binding and activation of PPARγ but whose insulin-sensitizing properties mirror those of rosiglitazone has been recently developed. Because of its therapeutic implications, we investigated the effects of this new TZD analog (MSDC-0602) on skeletal homeostasis, in vitro and in vivo. Confirming it activates the nuclear receptor in osteoclasts, rosiglitazone enhances expression of the PPARγ target gene, CD36. MSDC-0602, in contrast, minimally activates PPARγ and does not alter CD36 expression in the bone-resorptive cells. Consistent with this finding, rosiglitazone increases receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and number, whereas MSDC-0602 fails to do so. To determine if this new TZD analog is bone sparing, in vivo, we fed adult male C57BL/6 mice MSDC-0602 or rosiglitazone. Six months of a rosiglitazone diet results in a 35% decrease in bone mass with increased number of osteoclasts, whereas that of MSDC-0602-fed mice is indistinguishable from control. Thus, PPARγ sparing eliminates the skeletal side effects of TZDs while maintaining their insulin-sensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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69
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Li R, Xu X, Chen C, Wang Y, Gruzdev A, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. CYP2J2 attenuates metabolic dysfunction in diabetic mice by reducing hepatic inflammation via the PPARγ. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E270-82. [PMID: 25389363 PMCID: PMC4329496 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00118.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and arachidonic acid-derived cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolites have diverse biological effects, including anti-inflammatory properties in the vasculature. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation in type 2 diabetes is a key component in the development of insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether CYP epoxygenase expression and exogenous EETs can attenuate insulin resistance in diabetic db/db mice and in cultured hepatic cells (HepG2). In vivo, CYP2J2 expression and the accompanying increase in EETs attenuated insulin resistance, as determined by plasma glucose levels, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. CYP2J2 expression reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in liver, including CRP, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα, and decreased the infiltration of macrophages in liver. CYP2J2 expression also decreased activation of proinflammatory signaling cascades by decreasing NF-κB and MAPK activation in hepatocytes. Interestingly, CYP2J2 expression and exogenous EET treatment increased glucose uptake and activated the insulin-signaling cascade both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that CYP2J2 metabolites play a role in glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, CYP2J2 expression upregulated PPARγ, which has been shown to induce adipogenesis, which attenuates dyslipidemias observed in diabetes. All of the findings suggest that CYP2J2 expression attenuates the diabetic phenotype and insulin resistance via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Xizhen Xu
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Chen Chen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Yan Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
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70
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Zhang Y, Zhan RX, Chen JQ, Gao Y, Chen L, Kong Y, Zhong XJ, Liu MQ, Chu JJ, Yan GQ, Li T, He M, Huang QR. Pharmacological activation of PPAR gamma ameliorates vascular endothelial insulin resistance via a non-canonical PPAR gamma-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B trans-repression pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:41-51. [PMID: 25687252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial insulin resistance (IR) is a critically initial factor in cardiocerebrovascular events resulted from diabetes and is becoming a worldwide public health issue. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. However, it remains elusive whether there are other mechanisms. In current study, we investigated whether TZDs improve endothelial IR induced by high glucose concentration or hyperglycemia via a non-canonical PPARγ-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) trans-repression pathway. Our results showed that pre-treatment with TZDs dramatically decrease the susceptibility of endothelial cell to IR, while post-treatment notably improve the endothelial IR both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, TZDs substantially increase the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inhibitory κB alpha (IκBα), whereas decrease those of the phosphorylated inhibitory κB kinase alpha/beta (phosphor-IKKα/β) and the cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), suggesting that TZDs act indeed through a PPARγ-dependent NF-κB trans-repression pathway. These findings highlighted a non-canonical mechanism for TZDs to ameliorate endothelial IR which might provide a potential strategy to prevent and treat the diabetic vascular complications clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ri-Xin Zhan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jun-Qun Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ying Kong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Mei-Qi Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jia-Jia Chu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guo-Qiang Yan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ming He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qi-Ren Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Krüger J, Brachs S, Trappiel M, Kintscher U, Meyborg H, Wellnhofer E, Thöne-Reineke C, Stawowy P, Östman A, Birkenfeld AL, Böhmer FD, Kappert K. Enhanced insulin signaling in density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:325-36. [PMID: 25830095 PMCID: PMC4354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance can be triggered by enhanced dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor or downstream components in the insulin signaling cascade through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Downregulating density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) resulted in an improved metabolic status in previous analyses. This phenotype was primarily caused by hepatic DEP-1 reduction. Methods Here we further elucidated the role of DEP-1 in glucose homeostasis by employing a conventional knockout model to explore the specific contribution of DEP-1 in metabolic tissues. Ptprj−/− (DEP-1 deficient) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping was combined with analyses of phosphorylation patterns of insulin signaling components. Additionally, experiments with skeletal muscle cells and muscle tissue were performed to assess the role of DEP-1 for glucose uptake. Results High-fat diet fed-Ptprj−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, leptin levels and blood pressure were reduced in Ptprj−/− mice. DEP-1 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation of components of the insulin signaling cascade in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after insulin challenge. The beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis in vivo was corroborated by increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in which DEP-1 was downregulated, and in skeletal muscle of Ptprj−/− mice. Conclusion Together, these data establish DEP-1 as novel negative regulator of insulin signaling.
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Key Words
- DEP-1, density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- Density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphorylation
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Krüger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Meyborg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Östman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:03, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank D Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) using a chemical probe to covalently bind its target in response to activation by light has become a frequently used tool in drug discovery for identifying new drug targets and molecular interactions, and for probing the location and structure of binding sites. Methods to identify the specific target proteins of hit molecules from phenotypic screens are highly valuable in early drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the principles of PAL including probe design and experimental techniques for in vitro and live cell investigations. We emphasize the need to optimize and validate probes and highlight examples of the successful application of PAL across multiple disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Smith
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, London, UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, London, UK
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Coelho M, Nunes P, Mendes VM, Manadas B, Heerschap A, Jones JG. Effect of Global ATGL Knockout on Murine Fasting Glucose Kinetics. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:542029. [PMID: 26236747 PMCID: PMC4506825 DOI: 10.1155/2015/542029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL(-/-)) present elevated ectopic lipid levels but are paradoxically glucose-tolerant. Measurement of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and Cori cycle activity provide insights into the maintenance of glycemic control in these animals. These parameters were determined in 7 wild-type (ATGL(+/-)) and 6 ATGL(-/-) mice by a primed-infusion of [U-(13)C6]glucose followed by LC-MS/MS targeted mass-isotopomer analysis of blood glucose. EGP was quantified by isotope dilution of [U-(13)C6]glucose while Cori cycling was estimated by analysis of glucose triose (13)C-isotopomers. Fasting plasma free fatty-acids were significantly lower in ATGL(-/-) versus control mice (0.43 ± 0.05 mM versus 0.73 ± 0.11 mM, P < 0.05). Six-hour fasting EGP rates were identical for both ATGL(-/-) and control mice (79 ± 11 versus 71 ± 7 μmol/kg/min, resp.). Peripheral glucose metabolism was dominated by Cori cycling (80 ± 2% and 82 ± 7% of glucose disposal for ATGL(-/-) and control mice, resp.) indicating that peripheral glucose oxidation was not significantly upregulated in ATGL(-/-) mice under these conditions. The glucose (13)C-isotopomer distributions in both ATGL(-/-) and control mice were consistent with extensive hepatic pyruvate recycling. This suggests that gluconeogenic outflow from the Krebs cycle was also well compensated in ATGL(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Coelho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - John G. Jones
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), Lisbon, Portugal
- *John G. Jones:
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF. Mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1048-54. [PMID: 24774061 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones exert a pleiotropic pharmacology with therapeutic potential in a number of disease states ranging from metabolic syndrome and diabetes to neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing understanding of their mechanism of action, working from the site of their binding in the mitochondrion, provides insight into the mechanism of action of the insulin sensitizers and the reasons for their pleiotropic pharmacology. This review helps to frame the direction of future work that should be helpful in setting a new direction for the discovery and development of new, more useful therapeutic agents for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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75
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Tamir S, Paddock ML, Darash-Yahana-Baram M, Holt SH, Sohn YS, Agranat L, Michaeli D, Stofleth JT, Lipper CH, Morcos F, Cabantchik IZ, Onuchic JN, Jennings PA, Mittler R, Nechushtai R. Structure-function analysis of NEET proteins uncovers their role as key regulators of iron and ROS homeostasis in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1294-315. [PMID: 25448035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of 2Fe-2S proteins, the NEET family, was discovered during the last decade in numerous organisms, including archea, bacteria, algae, plant and human; suggesting an evolutionary-conserved function, potentially mediated by their CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain. In human, three NEET members encoded by the CISD1-3 genes were identified. The structures of CISD1 (mitoNEET, mNT), CISD2 (NAF-1), and the plant At-NEET uncovered a homodimer with a unique "NEET fold", as well as two distinct domains: a beta-cap and a 2Fe-2S cluster-binding domain. The 2Fe-2S clusters of NEET proteins were found to be coordinated by a novel 3Cys:1His structure that is relatively labile compared to other 2Fe-2S proteins and is the reason of the NEETs' clusters could be transferred to apo-acceptor protein(s) or mitochondria. Positioned at the protein surface, the NEET's 2Fe-2S's coordinating His is exposed to protonation upon changes in its environment, potentially suggesting a sensing function for this residue. Studies in different model systems demonstrated a role for NAF-1 and mNT in the regulation of cellular iron, calcium and ROS homeostasis, and uncovered a key role for NEET proteins in critical processes, such as cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, lipid and glucose homeostasis in obesity and diabetes, control of autophagy, longevity in mice, and senescence in plants. Abnormal regulation of NEET proteins was consequently found to result in multiple health conditions, and aberrant splicing of NAF-1 was found to be a causative of the neurological genetic disorder Wolfram Syndrome 2. Here we review the discovery of NEET proteins, their structural, biochemical and biophysical characterization, and their most recent structure-function analyses. We additionally highlight future avenues of research focused on NEET proteins and propose an essential role for NEETs in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Tamir
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Mark L Paddock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Merav Darash-Yahana-Baram
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sarah H Holt
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Yang Sung Sohn
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lily Agranat
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dorit Michaeli
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jason T Stofleth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Colin H Lipper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Faruck Morcos
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA
| | - Ioav Z Cabantchik
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jose' N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77050, USA
| | - Patricia A Jennings
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- The Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute and the Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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76
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance coupled with an inability to produce enough insulin to control blood glucose, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are the only current antidiabetic agents that function primarily by increasing insulin sensitivity. However, despite clear benefits in glycemic control, this class of drugs has recently fallen into disuse due to concerns over side effects and adverse events. Here we review the clinical data and attempt to balance the benefits and risks of TZD therapy. We also examine potential mechanisms of action for the beneficial and harmful effects of TZDs, mainly via agonism of the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Based on critical appraisal of both preclinical and clinical studies, we discuss the prospect of harnessing the insulin sensitizing effects of PPARγ for more effective, safe, and potentially personalized treatments of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Soccio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric R Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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77
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Hall AM, Soufi N, Chambers KT, Chen Z, Schweitzer GG, McCommis KS, Erion DM, Graham MJ, Su X, Finck BN. Abrogating monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity in liver improves glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling in obese mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:2284-96. [PMID: 24595352 PMCID: PMC4066334 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) enzymes convert monoacylglycerol to diacylglycerol (DAG), a lipid that has been linked to the development of hepatic insulin resistance through activation of protein kinase C (PKC). The expression of genes that encode MGAT enzymes is induced in the livers of insulin-resistant human subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but whether MGAT activation is causal of hepatic steatosis or insulin resistance is unknown. We show that the expression of Mogat1, which encodes MGAT1, and MGAT activity are also increased in diet-induced obese (DIO) and ob/obmice. To probe the metabolic effects of MGAT1 in the livers of obese mice, we administered antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against Mogat1 to DIO and ob/ob mice for 3 weeks. Knockdown of Mogat1 in liver, which reduced hepatic MGAT activity, did not affect hepatic triacylglycerol content and unexpectedly increased total DAG content. Mogat1 inhibition also increased both membrane and cytosolic compartment DAG levels. However, Mogat1 ASO treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling in obese mice. In summary, inactivation of hepatic MGAT activity, which is markedly increased in obese mice, improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling independent of changes in body weight, intrahepatic DAG and TAG content, and PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Hall
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nisreen Soufi
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kari T Chambers
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - George G Schweitzer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Xiong Su
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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78
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Geldenhuys WJ, Leeper TC, Carroll RT. mitoNEET as a novel drug target for mitochondrial dysfunction. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1601-6. [PMID: 24814435 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important part in the pathology of several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Targeting mitochondrial proteins shows promise in treating and attenuating the neurodegeneration seen in these diseases, especially considering their complex and pleiotropic origins. Recently, the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET [also referred to as CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1)] has emerged as the mitochondrial target of thiazolidinedione drugs such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone. In this review, we evaluate the current understanding regarding how mitoNEET regulates cellular bioenergetics as well as the structural requirements for drug compound association with mitoNEET. With a clear understanding of mitoNEET function, it might be possible to develop therapeutic agents useful in several different diseases including neurodegeneration, breast cancer, diabetes and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
| | - Thomas C Leeper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Carroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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79
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DeFronzo RA, Triplitt CL, Abdul-Ghani M, Cersosimo E. Novel Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2014; 27:100-12. [PMID: 26246766 PMCID: PMC4522879 DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.27.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Brief Impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and decreased peripheral glucose utilization are the core defects responsible for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. However, the pathophysiology of this disease also includes adipocyte insulin resistance (increased lipolysis), reduced incretin secretion/sensitivity, increased glucagon secretion, enhanced renal glucose reabsorption, and brain insulin resistance/neurotransmitter dysfunction. Although current diabetes management focuses on lowering blood glucose, the goal of therapy should be to delay disease progression and eventual treatment failure. Recent innovative treatment approaches target the multiple pathophysiological defects present in type 2 diabetes. Optimal management should include early initiation of combination therapy using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action. This review examines novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise.
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80
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Abstract
Pyruvate is an obligatory intermediate in the oxidative disposal of glucose and a major precursor for the synthesis of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and non-essential amino acids. Stringent control of the fate of pyruvate is critically important for cellular homeostasis. The regulatory mechanisms for its metabolism are therefore of great interest. Recent advances include the findings that (a) the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is sensitive to inhibition by thiazolidinediones; (b) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases induce the Warburg effect in many disease states; and (c) pyruvate carboxylase is an important determinate of the rates of gluconeogenesis in humans with type 2 diabetes. These enzymes are potential therapeutic targets for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Fundamental Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
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81
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Carter LG, Qi NR, De Cabo R, Pearson KJ. Maternal exercise improves insulin sensitivity in mature rat offspring. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:832-40. [PMID: 23247711 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827de953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings have shown that the intrauterine environment can negatively influence long-term insulin sensitivity in the offspring. Here we look at maternal voluntary exercise as an intervention to improve offspring insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were split into sedentary and exercise groups with the exercise cohort having voluntary access to a running wheel in the cage before and during mating, pregnancy, and nursing. Female offspring were weaned into sedentary cages. Glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp were performed in adult offspring to evaluate glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Adult female offspring born to exercised dams had enhanced glucose disposal during glucose tolerance testing (P < 0.05) as well as increased glucose infusion rates (P < 0.01) and whole body glucose turnover rates (P < 0.05) during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp testing compared with offspring from sedentary dams. Offspring from exercised dams also had decreased insulin levels (P < 0.01) and hepatic glucose production (P < 0.05) during the clamp procedure compared with offspring born to sedentary dams. Offspring from exercised dams had increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (P < 0.05) and decreased heart glucose uptake (P < 0.01) compared with offspring from sedentary dams in response to insulin infusion during the clamp procedure. CONCLUSIONS Exercise during pregnancy enhances offspring insulin sensitivity and improves offspring glucose homeostasis. This can decrease offspring susceptibility to insulin-resistant related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maternal exercise could be an easy, short-term, nonpharmacological method of preventing disease in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G Carter
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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82
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Larson CJ. The persistent need for insulin sensitizers and other disease-modifying anti-diabetic drugs. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:1-3. [PMID: 30743733 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.868304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in diabetes care since the introductions of insulin and metformin, disease burden continues to grow. Large gaps in standard of care remain, and no robustly disease-modifying pharmacotherapy exists. Substantial research has been directed towards beta cell preservation and regeneration with no translational success, while little drug discovery or development is aimed at the other major cause of diabetes, namely, insulin resistance. Given the absence of convincing evidence that human beta cells can be regenerated, the diabetes community must broaden its focus to include new therapeutic strategies to limit, and reverse, insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Larson
- a Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
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83
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The PPAR α / γ Agonist, Tesaglitazar, Improves Insulin Mediated Switching of Tissue Glucose and Free Fatty Acid Utilization In Vivo in the Obese Zucker Rat. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:305347. [PMID: 24285952 PMCID: PMC3826326 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility was assessed in male Zucker rats: lean controls, obese controls, and obese rats treated with the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist, tesaglitazar, 3 μmol/kg/day for 3 weeks. Whole body glucose disposal rate (Rd) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) were assessed under basal fasting and hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp conditions using [3,3H]glucose. Indices of tissue specific glucose utilization (Rg′) were measured at basal, physiological, and supraphysiological levels of insulinemia using 2-deoxy-D-[2,6-3H]glucose. Finally, whole body and tissue specific FFA and glucose utilization and metabolic fate were evaluated under basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions using a combination of [U-13C]glucose, 2-deoxy-D-[U-14C]glucose, [U-14C]palmitate, and [9,10-3H]-(R)-bromopalmitate. Tesaglitazar improved whole body insulin action by greater suppression of HGO and stimulation of Rd
compared to obese controls. This involved increased insulin stimulation of Rg′
in fat and skeletal muscle as well as increased glycogen synthesis. Tesaglitazar dramatically improved insulin mediated suppression of plasma FFA level, whole body turnover (Rfa), and muscle, liver, and fat utilization. At basal insulin levels, tesaglitazar failed to lower HGO or Rfa
compared to obese controls. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that tesaglitazar has a remarkable ability to improve insulin mediated control of glucose and FFA fluxes in obese Zucker rats.
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84
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Colca JR, Tanis SP, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF. Insulin sensitizers in 2013: new insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:1-7. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.839659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company,
161 E. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, 49007, USA
| | - Steven P Tanis
- PharmaChem Consulting LLC,
1750 Oriole Ct, Carlsbad, 92011, United States
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85
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Pruning of the adipocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ cistrome by hematopoietic master regulator PU.1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3354-64. [PMID: 23775123 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00599-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
"Master" transcription factors are the gatekeepers of lineage identity. As such, they have been a major focus of efforts to manipulate cell fate for therapeutic purposes. The ETS transcription factor PU.1 has a potent ability to confer macrophage phenotypes on cells already committed to a different lineage, but how it overcomes the presence of other master regulators is not known. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the master regulator of the adipose lineage, and its genomic binding pattern in adipocytes is well characterized. Here we show that, when expressed at macrophage levels in mature adipocytes, PU.1 bound a large fraction of its macrophage sites, where it induced chromatin opening and the expression of macrophage target genes. Strikingly, PU.1 markedly reduced the genomic binding of PPARγ without changing its abundance. PU.1 expression repressed genes with nearby adipocyte-specific PPARγ binding sites, while a common macrophage-adipocyte gene expression program was retained. Together, these data reveal unexpected lability within the adipocyte PPARγ cistrome and show that, even in terminally differentiated cells, PU.1 can remodel the cistrome of another master regulator.
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86
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Tamir S, Zuris JA, Agranat L, Lipper CH, Conlan AR, Michaeli D, Harir Y, Paddock ML, Mittler R, Cabantchik ZI, Jennings PA, Nechushtai R. Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1): biochemical properties of a novel cellular target for anti-diabetic drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61202. [PMID: 23717386 PMCID: PMC3661554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1 (NAF-1) (synonyms: Cisd2, Eris, Miner1, and Noxp70) is a [2Fe-2S] cluster protein immune-detected both in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial outer membrane. It was implicated in human pathology (Wolfram Syndrome 2) and in BCL-2 mediated antagonization of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy and depression of ER calcium stores. To gain insights about NAF-1 functions, we investigated the biochemical properties of its 2Fe-2S cluster and sensitivity of those properties to small molecules. The structure of the soluble domain of NAF-1 shows that it forms a homodimer with each protomer containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster bound by 3 Cys and one His. NAF-1 has shown the unusual abilities to transfer its 2Fe-2S cluster to an apo-acceptor protein (followed in vitro by spectrophotometry and by native PAGE electrophoresis) and to transfer iron to intact mitochondria in cell models (monitored by fluorescence imaging with iron fluorescent sensors targeted to mitochondria). Importantly, the drug pioglitazone abrogates NAF-1's ability to transfer the cluster to acceptor proteins and iron to mitochondria. Similar effects were found for the anti-diabetes and longevity-promoting antioxidant resveratrol. These results reveal NAF-1 as a previously unidentified cell target of anti-diabetes thiazolidinedione drugs like pioglitazone and of the natural product resveratrol, both of which interact with the protein and stabilize its labile [2Fe-2S] cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Tamir
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John A. Zuris
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lily Agranat
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Colin H. Lipper
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Conlan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dorit Michaeli
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Harir
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark L. Paddock
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zvi Ioav Cabantchik
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Patricia A. Jennings
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAJ); (RN)
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (PAJ); (RN)
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87
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Colca JR, McDonald WG, Cavey GS, Cole SL, Holewa DD, Brightwell-Conrad AS, Wolfe CL, Wheeler JS, Coulter KR, Kilkuskie PM, Gracheva E, Korshunova Y, Trusgnich M, Karr R, Wiley SE, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Vigueira PA, Finck BN, Kletzien RF. Identification of a mitochondrial target of thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizers (mTOT)--relationship to newly identified mitochondrial pyruvate carrier proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61551. [PMID: 23690925 PMCID: PMC3655167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin sensitizers have the potential to effectively treat a number of human diseases, however the currently available agents have dose-limiting side effects that are mediated via activation of the transcription factor PPARγ. We have recently shown PPARγ-independent actions of TZD insulin sensitizers, but the molecular target of these molecules remained to be identified. Here we use a photo-catalyzable drug analog probe and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify a previously uncharacterized mitochondrial complex that specifically recognizes TZDs. These studies identify two well-conserved proteins previously known as brain protein 44 (BRP44) and BRP44 Like (BRP44L), which recently have been renamed Mpc2 and Mpc1 to signify their function as a mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complex. Knockdown of Mpc1 or Mpc2 in Drosophila melanogaster or pre-incubation with UK5099, an inhibitor of pyruvate transport, blocks the crosslinking of mitochondrial membranes by the TZD probe. Knockdown of these proteins in Drosophila also led to increased hemolymph glucose and blocked drug action. In isolated brown adipose tissue (BAT) cells, MSDC-0602, a PPARγ-sparing TZD, altered the incorporation of 13C-labeled carbon from glucose into acetyl CoA. These results identify Mpc1 and Mpc2 as components of the mitochondrial target of TZDs (mTOT) and suggest that understanding the modulation of this complex, which appears to regulate pyruvate entry into the mitochondria, may provide a viable target for insulin sensitizing pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America.
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88
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Seo HY, Kim MK, Jung YA, Jang BK, Yoo EK, Park KG, Lee IK. Clusterin decreases hepatic SREBP-1c expression and lipid accumulation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1722-30. [PMID: 23515283 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is emerging as the most important cause of chronic liver disease and is associated with the increasing incidence of obesity with insulin resistance. Sterol regulatory binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a master regulator of lipogenic gene expression in the liver. Hyperinsulinemia induces SREBP-1c transcription through liver X receptor (LXR), specificity protein 1, and SREBP-1c itself. Clusterin, an 80-kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein, has been functionally implicated in several physiological processes including lipid transport; however, little is known about its effect on hepatic lipogenesis. The present study examined whether clusterin regulates SREBP-1c expression and lipid accumulation in the liver. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of clusterin inhibited insulin- or LXR agonist-stimulated SREBP-1c expression in cultured liver cells. In reporter assays, clusterin inhibited SREBP-1c promoter activity. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of clusterin in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet inhibited hepatic steatosis through the inhibition of SREBP-1c expression. Reporter and gel shift assays showed that clusterin inhibits SREBP-1c expression via the repression of LXR and specificity protein 1 activity. This study shows that clusterin inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation through the inhibition of SREBP-1c expression and suggests that clusterin is a negative regulator of SREBP-1c expression and hepatic lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 50 Samduk-2ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, South Korea
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89
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Rohatgi N, Aly H, Marshall CA, McDonald WG, Kletzien RF, Colca JR, McDaniel ML. Novel insulin sensitizer modulates nutrient sensing pathways and maintains β-cell phenotype in human islets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62012. [PMID: 23650507 PMCID: PMC3641131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Major bottlenecks in the expansion of human β-cell mass are limited proliferation, loss of β-cell phenotype, and increased apoptosis. In our previous studies, activation of Wnt and mTOR signaling significantly enhanced human β-cell proliferation. However, isolated human islets displayed insulin signaling pathway resistance, due in part to chronic activation of mTOR/S6K1 signaling that results in negative feedback of the insulin signaling pathway and a loss of Akt phosphorylation and insulin content. We evaluated the effects of a new generation insulin sensitizer, MSDC-0160, on restoring insulin/IGF-1 sensitivity and insulin content in human β-cells. This novel TZD has low affinity for binding and activation of PPARγ and has insulin-sensitizing effects in mouse models of diabetes and ability to lower glucose in Phase 2 clinical trials. MSDC-0160 treatment of human islets increased AMPK activity and reduced mTOR activity. This was associated with the restoration of IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3, and increased protein expression of Pdx1. Furthermore, MSDC-0160 in combination with IGF-1 and 8 mM glucose increased β-cell specific gene expression of insulin, pdx1, nkx6.1, and nkx2.2, and maintained insulin content without altering glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Human islets were unable to simultaneously promote DNA synthesis and maintain the β-cell phenotype. Lithium-induced GSK-3 inhibition that promotes DNA synthesis blocked the ability of MSDC-0160 to maintain the β-cell phenotype. Conversely, MSDC-0160 prevented an increase in DNA synthesis by blocking β-catenin nuclear translocation. Due to the counteracting pathways involved in these processes, we employed a sequential ex vivo strategy to first induce human islet DNA synthesis, followed by MSDC-0160 to promote the β-cell phenotype and insulin content. This new generation PPARγ sparing insulin sensitizer may provide an initial tool for relieving inherent human islet insulin signaling pathway resistance that is necessary to preserve the β-cell phenotype during β-cell expansion for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rohatgi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haytham Aly
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Connie A. Marshall
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William G. McDonald
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rolf F. Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jerry R. Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael L. McDaniel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Thiazolidinediones are acute, specific inhibitors of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5422-7. [PMID: 23513224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303360110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Facilitated pyruvate transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane is a critical step in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. We report that clinically relevant concentrations of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a widely used class of insulin sensitizers, acutely and specifically inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) activity in a variety of cell types. Respiratory inhibition was overcome with methyl pyruvate, localizing the effect to facilitated pyruvate transport, and knockdown of either paralog, MPC1 or MPC2, decreased the EC50 for respiratory inhibition by TZDs. Acute MPC inhibition significantly enhanced glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle myocytes after 2 h. These data (i) report that clinically used TZDs inhibit the MPC, (ii) validate that MPC1 and MPC2 are obligatory components of facilitated pyruvate transport in mammalian cells, (iii) indicate that the acute effect of TZDs may be related to insulin sensitization, and (iv) establish mitochondrial pyruvate uptake as a potential therapeutic target for diseases rooted in metabolic dysfunction.
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91
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Mandard S, Patsouris D. Nuclear control of the inflammatory response in mammals by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:613864. [PMID: 23577023 PMCID: PMC3614066 DOI: 10.1155/2013/613864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play pivotal roles in the regulation of a very large number of biological processes including inflammation. Using specific examples, this paper focuses on the interplay between PPARs and innate immunity/inflammation and, when possible, compares it among species. We focus on recent discoveries establishing how inflammation and PPARs interact in the context of obesity-induced inflammation and type 2 diabetes, mostly in mouse and humans. We illustrate that PPAR γ ability to alleviate obesity-associated inflammation raises an interesting pharmacologic potential. In the light of recent findings, the protective role of PPAR α and PPAR β / δ against the hepatic inflammatory response is also addressed. While PPARs agonists are well-established agents that can treat numerous inflammatory issues in rodents and humans, surprisingly very little has been described in other species. We therefore also review the implication of PPARs in inflammatory bowel disease; acute-phase response; and central, cardiac, and endothelial inflammation and compare it along different species (mainly mouse, rat, human, and pig). In the light of the data available in the literature, there is no doubt that more studies concerning the impact of PPAR ligands in livestock should be undertaken because it may finally raise unconsidered health and sanitary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mandard
- Centre de Recherche INSERM-UMR866 “Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer” Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne 7, Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - David Patsouris
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA 1235, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins, France
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, MB-24, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Clinical proof-of-concept study with MSDC-0160, a prototype mTOT-modulating insulin sensitizer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 93:352-9. [PMID: 23462886 PMCID: PMC3604641 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It may be possible to achieve insulin sensitivity through the recently identified mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones (mTOT), thereby avoiding peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)-dependent side effects. In this phase IIb clinical trial, 258 patients with type 2 diabetes completed a 12-week protocol with 50, 100, or 150 mg of MSDC-0160 (an mTOT modulator), 45 mg pioglitazone HCl (a PPAR-γ agonist), or a placebo. The two active treatments lowered fasting glucose levels to the same extent. The decreases in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) observed with the two higher doses of MSDC-0160 were not different from those associated with pioglitazone. By contrast, fluid retention as evidenced by reduction in hematocrit, red blood cells, and total hemoglobin was 50% less in the MSDC-0160–treated groups. There was also a smaller increase in high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin with MSDC-0160 than with pioglitazone (P < 0.0001), suggesting that MSDC-0160 produces less expansion of white adipose tissue. Thus, mTOT modulators may have glucose-lowering effects similar to those of pioglitazone but without the adverse effects associated with PPAR-γ agonists.
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93
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Goel A, Parihar A, Mishra P, Varshney S, Nag P, Beg M, Gaikwad A, Rath SK. Design and synthesis of novel pyranone-based insulin sensitizers exhibiting in vivo hepatoprotective activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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94
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Wu Z, Lou Y, Jin W, Liu Y, Lu L, Lu G. The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 gene (PPARγ2) is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53105. [PMID: 23300871 PMCID: PMC3534032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contradictory results have been reported regarding the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARγ2 and coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to estimate the inconsistent results by performing a comprehensive meta-analysis. Methods Studies in English or Chinese publications were identified by screening MEDLINE, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and CBM. 22 studies including 8948 cases and 14427 controls were selected. A random-effects model was applied to combine the divergent outcomes of the individual studies, while addressing between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Results The Pro12Ala polymorphism of control population followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all studies (P>0.05). Overall, a marginal increased risk of CAD under the recessive genetic model (AlaAla vs ProAla+ProPro: P = 0.04, OR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.69, Pheterogeneity = 0.67, I2 = 0%) and the homozygote comparison (AlaAla vs ProPro: P = 0.04,OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.01–1.68, Pheterogeneity = 0.68, I2 = 0%) was observed. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, carriers of AlaAla homozygotes had a significant increased risk for CAD among Caucasians (AlaAla vs ProAla+ProPro: P = 0.01, OR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.08–1.96, Pheterogeneity = 0.48, I2 = 0%; AlaAla vs ProPro: P = 0.02,OR = 1.44, 95%CI 1.07–1.93, Pheterogeneity = 0.46, I2 = 0%). After dividing into population source, the CAD risk magnitude of hospital-based studies was distinctly strengthened under the recessive model (P = 0.03,OR = 1.85,95%CI 1.07–3.19, Pheterogeneity = 0.87,I2 = 0%) and the homozygote comparison (P = 0.03,OR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.06–3.16, Pheterogeneity = 0.88, I2 = 0%). There was no observable publication bias as reflected by funnel plot and Egger’s linear regression test (t = -0.12, P = 0.91). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism might be risk-conferring locus for the progression of CAD among Caucasians, but not among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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95
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Gao M, Liu D. The liver X receptor agonist T0901317 protects mice from high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. AAPS JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 23180161 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of activation of liver X receptor by N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N-[4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl] benzenesulfonamide (T0901317) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance was examined in C57BL/6 mice. When on HFD continuously for 10 weeks, C57BL/6 mice became obese with an average body weight of 42 g, insulin resistant, and glucose intolerant. Twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of T0901317 at 50 mg/kg in animals on the same diet completely blocked obesity development, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that T0901317-treated animals had significantly higher mRNA levels of genes involved in energy metabolism, including Ucp-1, Pgc1a, Pgc1b, Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Acadm, Acadl, Aox, and Ehhadh. Transcription activation of Cyp7a1, Srebp-1c, Fas, Scd-1, and Acc-1 genes was also seen in T0901317-treated animals. T0901317 treatment induced reversible aggregation of lipids in the liver. These results suggest that liver X receptor could be a potential target for prevention of obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Alfadhli A, McNett H, Eccles J, Tsagli S, Noviello C, Sloan R, López CS, Peyton DH, Barklis E. Analysis of small molecule ligands targeting the HIV-1 matrix protein-RNA binding site. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:666-76. [PMID: 23135280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix domain (MA) of the HIV-1 precursor Gag (PrGag) protein directs PrGag proteins to assembly sites at the plasma membrane by virtue of its affinity to the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)). MA also binds to RNA at a site that overlaps its PI(4,5)P(2) site, suggesting that RNA binding may protect MA from associating with inappropriate cellular membranes prior to PrGag delivery to the PM. Based on this, we have developed an assay in which small molecule competitors to MA-RNA binding can be characterized, with the assumption that such compounds might interfere with essential MA functions and help elucidate additional features of MA binding. Following this approach, we have identified four compounds, including three thiadiazolanes, that compete with RNA for MA binding. We also have identified MA residues involved in thiadiazolane binding and found that they overlap the MA PI(4,5)P(2) and RNA sites. Cell culture studies demonstrated that thiadiazolanes inhibit HIV-1 replication but are associated with significant levels of toxicity. Nevertheless, these observations provide new insights into MA binding and pave the way for the development of antivirals that target the HIV-1 matrix domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna Alfadhli
- Vollum Institute and Department of Microbiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
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Srivastava RAK, Pinkosky SL, Filippov S, Hanselman JC, Cramer CT, Newton RS. AMP-activated protein kinase: an emerging drug target to regulate imbalances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism to treat cardio-metabolic diseases. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2490-514. [PMID: 22798688 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r025882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor of energy metabolism at the cellular as well as whole-body level. It is activated by low energy status that triggers a switch from ATP-consuming anabolic pathways to ATP-producing catabolic pathways. AMPK is involved in a wide range of biological activities that normalizes lipid, glucose, and energy imbalances. These pathways are dysregulated in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents a clustering of major cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and energy imbalances. Clearly, there is an unmet medical need to find a molecule to treat alarming number of patients with MetS. AMPK, with multifaceted activities in various tissues, has emerged as an attractive drug target to manage lipid and glucose abnormalities and maintain energy homeostasis. A number of AMPK activators have been tested in preclinical models, but many of them have yet to reach to the clinic. This review focuses on the structure-function and role of AMPK in lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. The mode of action of AMPK activators, mechanism of anti-inflammatory activities, and preclinical and clinical findings as well as future prospects of AMPK as a drug target in treating cardio-metabolic disease are discussed.
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