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Altered Metabolome of Lipids and Amino Acids Species: A Source of Early Signature Biomarkers of T2DM. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072257. [PMID: 32708684 PMCID: PMC7409008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a disease of modern civilization, is considered the major mainstay of mortalities around the globe. A great number of biochemical changes have been proposed to occur at metabolic levels between perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism to finally diagnoe diabetes mellitus. This window period, which varies from person to person, provides us with a unique opportunity for early detection, delaying, deferral and even prevention of diabetes. The early detection of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia is based upon the detection and identification of biomarkers originating from perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. The emerging “OMICS” technologies, such as metabolomics coupled with statistical and bioinformatics tools, proved to be quite useful to study changes in physiological and biochemical processes at the metabolic level prior to an eventual diagnosis of DM. Approximately 300–400 such metabolites have been reported in the literature and are considered as predicting or risk factor-reporting metabolic biomarkers for this metabolic disorder. Most of these metabolites belong to major classes of lipids, amino acids and glucose. Therefore, this review represents a snapshot of these perturbed plasma/serum/urinary metabolic biomarkers showing a significant correlation with the future onset of diabetes and providing a foundation for novel early diagnosis and monitoring the progress of metabolic syndrome at early symptomatic stages. As most metabolites also find their origin from gut microflora, metabolism and composition of gut microflora also vary between healthy and diabetic persons, so we also summarize the early changes in the gut microbiome which can be used for the early diagnosis of diabetes.
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Chen H, Nie Q, Hu J, Huang X, Huang W, Nie S. Metabolism amelioration of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide on type II diabetic rats. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jia ET, Liu ZY, Pan M, Lu JF, Ge QY. Regulation of bile acid metabolism-related signaling pathways by gut microbiota in diseases. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 20:781-792. [PMID: 31489798 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been increasing attention on the interaction between microbiota and bile acid metabolism. Bile acids are not only involved in the metabolism of nutrients, but are also important in signal transduction for the regulation of host physiological activities. Microbial-regulated bile acid metabolism has been proven to affect many diseases, but there have not been many studies of disease regulation by microbial receptor signaling pathways. This review considers findings of recent research on the core roles of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways in microbial-host interactions in health and disease. Studying the relationship between these pathways can help us understand the pathogenesis of human diseases, and lead to new solutions for their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Teng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Min Pan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Jia-Feng Lu
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Qin-Yu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Guo JL, Kuang WM, Zhong YF, Zhou YL, Chen YJ, Lin SM. Effects of supplemental dietary bile acids on growth, liver function and immunity of juvenile largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)fed high-starch diet. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:602-607. [PMID: 31899355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of bile acids (BAs) on the growth, liver function and immunity of the largemouth bass fed high-starch diet. The experiment set three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi-purified diets, LS: low-starch diet (5%), HS: high-starch diet (19%) and SB: high-starch diet with BAs (350 mg/kg diet). An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in largemouth bass of initial weight 23.69 ± 0.13 g. The results indicated that the weight gain (WG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed LS and SB were significantly higher than HS treatment. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of SB group were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly reduced in liver compared with HS group. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose contents in plasma of SB group were significantly lower than HS treatment, whereas the content of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in plasma were significantly higher than HS treatment. Additionally, the plasma immunoglobulin count, lysozyme activity and the blood leukocyte count (WBC) in SB group were significantly higher than HS group. The results of paraffin section of liver showed the histopathological alterations were significantly reduced in the SB group compared to HS group. All in all, this study revealed that bile acids supplement could significantly improve growth performance, enhance liver function and immune ability, and alleviate stress responses of M. salmoides fed high-starch diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Wen-Ming Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yue-Lang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Shi-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Brønden A, Knop FK. Gluco-Metabolic Effects of Pharmacotherapy-Induced Modulation of Bile Acid Physiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5601203. [PMID: 31630179 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The discovery and characterization of the bile acid specific receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) have facilitated a wealth of research focusing on the link between bile acid physiology and glucose metabolism. Modulation of FXR and TGR5 activation have been demonstrated to affect the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, and glucagon as well as energy expenditure and gut microbiota composition, with potential beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search strategy based on literature searches in on PubMed with various combinations of the key words FXR, TGR5, agonist, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), bile acid sequestrant, metformin, and glucose metabolism has been applied to obtain material for the present review. Furthermore, manual searches including scanning of reference lists in relevant papers and conference proceedings have been performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This review provides an outline of the link between bile acid and glucose metabolism, with a special focus on the gluco-metabolic impact of treatment modalities with modulating effects on bile acid physiology; including FXR agonists, TGR5 agonists, ASBT inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and metformin. CONCLUSIONS Any potential beneficial gluco-metabolic effects of FXR agonists remain to be established, whereas the clinical relevance of TGR5-based treatment modalities seems limited because of substantial safety concerns of TGR5 agonists observed in animal models. The glucose-lowering effects of ASBT inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and metformin are at least partly mediated by modulation of bile acid circulation, which might allow an optimization of these bile acid-modulating treatment modalities. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab XX: 00-00, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical M etabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical M etabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Copenhagen, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Zhuang Y, Qin T, Guo M, Jiang J, Niu J, Li JZ, Chen X, Wang Q. The metabolic regulator small heterodimer partner contributes to the glucose and lipid homeostasis abnormalities induced by hepatitis C virus infection. Metabolism 2019; 100:153954. [PMID: 31400386 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can predispose the host to metabolic abnormalities. The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) has been identified as a key transcriptional regulatory factor of genes involved in diverse metabolic pathways. The protective effects of SHP against HCV-induced hepatic fibrosis have been reported. However, the exact mechanisms of its role on metabolism are largely unknown. We investigated the role of hepatic SHP in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis, particularly in the metabolic stress response caused by HCV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis levels and SHP expression were measured in HCV-infected cells, as well as in liver samples from HCV-infected patients and persistently HCV-infected mice. RESULTS We demonstrated that SHP is involved in gluconeogenesis via the acetylation of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family transcription factor FoxO1, which is mediated by histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9). Meanwhile, SHP regulates lipogenesis in the liver via suppressing the induction of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression by the SUMOylation of Liver X receptor α (LXRα) at the SREBP-1c promoter. In particular, SHP can be strongly reduced upon stimulation, such as by HCV infection. The SHP expression levels were decreased in the livers from the CHC patients and persistently HCV-infected mice, and a negative correlation was observed between the SHP expression levels and gluconeogenic or lipogenic activities, emphasizing the clinical relevance of these results. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SHP is involved in HCV-induced abnormal glucose and lipid homeostasis and that SHP could be a major target for therapeutic interventions targeting HCV-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Semisynthetic bile acids: a new therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104333. [PMID: 31254667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are endogenous emulsifiers synthesized from cholesterol having a peculiar amphiphilic structure. Appreciation of their beneficial effects on human health, recognized since ancient times, has expanded enormously since the discovery of their role as signaling molecules. Activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein receptor-5 (TGR5) signaling pathways by bile acids, regulating glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, have become attractive avenue for metabolic syndrome treatment. Therefore, extensive effort has been directed into the research and synthesis of bile acid derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties and high potency and selectivity for these receptors. Minor modifications in the structure of bile acids and their derivatives may result in fine-tuning modulation of their biological functions, and most importantly, in an evasion of undesired effect. A great number of semisynthetic bile acid analogues have been designed and put in preclinical and clinical settings. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) has achieved the biggest clinical success so far being in use for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. This review summarizes and critically evaluates the key chemical modifications of bile acids resulting in development of novel semisynthetic derivatives as well as the current status of their preclinical and clinical evaluation in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, an aspect that is so far lacking in the scientific literature. Taking into account the balance between therapeutic benefits and potential adverse effects associated with specific structure and mechanism of action, recommendations for future studies are proposed.
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58
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Jiang B, Lv Q, Wan W, Le L, Xu L, Hu K, Xiao P. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of the effect of flower tea Coreopsis tinctoria on hepatic insulin resistance. Food Funct 2019; 9:5607-5620. [PMID: 30370909 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-Camellia tea and herbal medicine help prevent the development of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Previous studies revealed that Coreopsis tinctoria (CT) flower tea increases insulin sensitivity and, in some high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, even prevents hepatic metabolic disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CT improves insulin resistance are not known. In this study, six-week-old rats were fed a normal diet (ND), an HFD or an HFD supplemented with CT for 8 weeks. Serum samples were collected, and the livers were extracted for RNA-seq gene expression analysis. Real-time PCR and western blotting further verified the RNA-seq results. In our results, dietary CT ameliorated HFD-induced hepatosteatosis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. In the HFD group, 1667 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified compared with the ND group. In the CT group, 327 DEGs were identified compared with the HFD group. Some of these DEGs were related to insulin signalling, hepatic lipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. This study suggested that insulin resistance with hyperinsulinaemia, and not insulin insufficiency, is an early problem in HFD-fed rats, and CT downregulates insulin secretion genes (e.g., Rasd1, Stxbp1 and Sfxn1). Hepatic gene and protein expression analyses indicated that the regulatory effects of CT on glucose and lipid homeostasis are likely mediated via the Akt/FoxO1 signalling pathway and are regulated by the transcription factors hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). Our study provides transcriptomic evidence of the complex pathogenic mechanism involved in hepatic insulin resistance and proves that supplementation with CT improves insulin resistance at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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59
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Ding Y, Yanagi K, Cheng C, Alaniz RC, Lee K, Jayaraman A. Interactions between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic liver disease: The role of microbiota-derived metabolites. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:521-529. [PMID: 30660825 PMCID: PMC6392453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a mechanistic role in the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Animal and human studies have linked small molecule metabolites produced by commensal bacteria in the gut contribute to not only intestinal inflammation, but also to hepatic inflammation. These immunomodulatory metabolites are capable of engaging host cellular receptors, and may mediate the observed association between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. This review focuses on the effects and potential mechanisms of three specific classes of metabolites that synthesized or modified by gut bacteria: short chain fatty acids, amino acid catabolites, and bile acids. In particular, we discuss their role as ligands for cell surface and nuclear receptors regulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways in the intestine and liver. Studies reveal that the metabolites can both agonize and antagonize their cognate receptors to reduce or exacerbate liver steatosis and inflammation, and that the effects are metabolite- and context-specific. Further studies are warranted to more comprehensively understand bacterial metabolite-mediated gut-liver in NAFLD. This understanding could help identify novel therapeutics and therapeutic targets to intervene in the disease through the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Karin Yanagi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Clint Cheng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA; Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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Yang ZJ, Zhu MJ, Wang FF, Di ZS, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Progress in understanding relationship between bile acid metabolic disorder and gut diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:183-189. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the human intestine, which rely on the nutrition in the digestive tract to survive. At the same time, they affect the intestinal neuro-immune function through the metabolism substances produced by themselves. The enteric neuro-immune system regulates the functions of digestion and absorption so as to maintain the homeostasis in the intestine. Intestinal bile acid metabolism disorder might induce gut dysfunction or intestinal immune imbalance. This review describes the effect of intestinal microbes on the enteric nervous system or other signal molecules of the bile acid pathway linked to some intestinal disorders, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min-Jia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Di
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- International College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Zhang X, Yang S, Chen J, Su Z. Unraveling the Regulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:802. [PMID: 30733709 PMCID: PMC6353800 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis, de novo glucose synthesis from available precursors, plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis to meet energy demands during prolonged starvation in animals. The abnormally increased rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis contributes to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated on multiple levels, such as hormonal secretion, gene transcription, and posttranslational modification. We review here the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of gluconeogenesis in response to nutritional and hormonal changes. The nutrient state determines the hormone release, which instigates the signaling cascades in the liver to modulate the activities of various transcriptional factors through various post-translational modifications like phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can mediate the activities of some transcription factors, however its role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis remains uncertain. Metformin, a primary hypoglycemic agent of type 2 diabetes, ameliorates hyperglycemia predominantly through suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to be metformin's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Covasa M, Stephens RW, Toderean R, Cobuz C. Intestinal Sensing by Gut Microbiota: Targeting Gut Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30837951 PMCID: PMC6390476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2 billion overweight and obese individuals worldwide, surpassing for the first time, the number of people affected by undernutrition. Obesity and its comorbidities inflict a heavy burden on the global economies and have become a serious threat to individuals' wellbeing with no immediate cure available. The causes of obesity are manifold, involving several factors including physiological, metabolic, neural, psychosocial, economic, genetics and the environment, among others. Recent advances in genome sequencing and metagenomic profiling have added another dimension to this complexity by implicating the gut microbiota as an important player in energy regulation and the development of obesity. As such, accumulating evidence demonstrate the impact of the gut microbiota on body weight, adiposity, glucose, lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome. This also includes the role of microbiota as a modulatory signal either directly or through its bioactive metabolites on intestinal lumen by releasing chemosensing factors known to have a major role in controlling food intake and regulating body weight. The importance of gut signaling by microbiota signaling is further highlighted by the presence of taste and nutrient receptors on the intestinal epithelium activated by the microbial degradation products as well as their role in release of peptides hormones controlling appetite and energy homeostasis. This review present evidence on how gut microbiota interacts with intestinal chemosensing and modulates the release and activity of gut peptides, particularly GLP-1 and PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Covasa
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mihai Covasa
| | - Richard W. Stephens
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Roxana Toderean
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Claudiu Cobuz
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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Matsuoka S, Bariuan JV, Nakagiri S, Abd Eldaim MA, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Kimura K. Linking pathways and processes: Retinoic acid and glucose. MOLECULAR NUTRITION: CARBOHYDRATES 2019:247-264. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-849886-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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64
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are involved in various biological processes including metabolism, reproduction, and development. Upon activation by their ligands, NRs bind to their specific DNA elements, exerting their biological functions by regulating their target gene expression. Bile acids are detergent-like molecules that are synthesized in the liver. They not only function as a facilitator for the digestion of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins but also serve as signaling molecules for several nuclear receptors to regulate diverse biological processes including lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, detoxification and drug metabolism, liver regeneration, and cancer. The nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and small heterodimer partner (SHP) constitute an integral part of the bile acid signaling. This chapter reviews the role of the NRs in bile acid homeostasis, highlighting the regulatory functions of the NRs in lipid and glucose metabolism in addition to bile acid metabolism.
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65
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Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1382. [PMID: 30559664 PMCID: PMC6287190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from well-known functions of bile acids in digestion and solubilization of lipophilic nutrients and drugs in the small intestine, the emerging evidence from the past two decades identified the role of bile acids as signaling, endocrine molecules that regulate the glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through complex and intertwined pathways that are largely mediated by activation of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor 1, TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1). Interactions of bile acids with the gut microbiota that result in the altered composition of circulating and intestinal bile acids pool, gut microbiota composition and modified signaling pathways, are further extending the complexity of biological functions of these steroid derivatives. Thus, bile acids signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of various metabolic diseases and metabolic syndrome opening the new potential avenue in their treatment. In addition, there is a significant effort to unveil some specific properties of bile acids relevant to their intrinsic potency and selectivity for particular receptors and to design novel modulators of these receptors with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. This resulted in synthesis of few semi-synthetic bile acids derivatives such as 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (obeticholic acid, OCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA), and 12-monoketocholic acid (12-MKC) that are proven to have positive effect in metabolic and hepato-biliary disorders. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge related to bile acids implications in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, as well as a potential application of bile acids in metabolic syndrome treatment with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is a PKA- and FOXA2-sensitive activator of fasting hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1099-1109. [PMID: 29981427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Embedded into a complex signaling network that coordinates glucose uptake, usage and production, the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is expressed in several glucose-processing organs including the liver. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is controlled through allosteric regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes and by glucagon/cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulatory pathways. We aimed to elucidate the role of FXR in the regulation of fasting hepatic gluconeogenesis. METHODS The role of FXR in hepatic gluconeogenesis was assessed in vivo and in mouse primary hepatocytes. Gene expression patterns in response to glucagon and FXR agonists were characterized by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and microarray analysis. FXR phosphorylation by protein kinase A was determined by mass spectrometry. The interaction of FOXA2 with FXR was identified by cistromic approaches and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays. The functional impact of the crosstalk between FXR, the PKA and FOXA2 signaling pathways was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis, transactivation assays and restoration of FXR expression in FXR-deficient hepatocytes in which gene expression and glucose production were assessed. RESULTS FXR positively regulates hepatic glucose production through two regulatory arms, the first one involving protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of FXR, which allowed for the synergistic activation of gluconeogenic genes by glucagon, agonist-activated FXR and CREB. The second arm involves the inhibition of FXR's ability to induce the anti-gluconeogenic nuclear receptor SHP by the glucagon-activated FOXA2 transcription factor, which physically interacts with FXR. Additionally, knockdown of Foxa2 did not alter glucagon-induced and FXR agonist enhanced expression of gluconeogenic genes, suggesting that the PKA and FOXA2 pathways regulate distinct subsets of FXR responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, hepatic glucose production is regulated during physiological fasting by FXR, which integrates the glucagon/cAMP signal and the FOXA2 signal, by being post-translationally modified, and by engaging in protein-protein interactions, respectively. LAY SUMMARY Activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR regulates gene expression networks, controlling lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, which are mostly effective after eating. Whether FXR exerts critical functions during fasting is unknown. The results of this study show that FXR transcriptional activity is regulated by the glucagon/protein kinase A and the FOXA2 signaling pathways, which act on FXR through phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions, respectively, to increase hepatic glucose synthesis.
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67
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Bile acids and their effects on diabetes. Front Med 2018; 12:608-623. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Potential Applications of Gliclazide in Treating Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Formulation with Bile Acids and Probiotics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:269-280. [PMID: 29039071 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major advancement in therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the discovery of new treatment which avoids and even replaces the absolute requirement for injected insulin. The need for multiple drug therapy of comorbidities associated with T1DM increases demand for developing novel therapeutic alternatives with new mechanisms of actions. Compared to other sulphonylurea drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gliclazide exhibits a pleiotropic action outside pancreatic β cells, the so-called extrapancreatic effects, such as antiinflammatory and cellular protective effects, which might be beneficial in the treatment of T1DM. Results from in vivo experiments confirmed the positive effects of gliclazide in T1DM that are even more pronounced when combined with other hypoglycaemic agents such as probiotics and bile acids. Even though the exact mechanism of interaction at the molecular level is still unknown, there is a clear synergistic effect between gliclazide, bile acids and probiotics illustrated by the reduction of blood glucose levels and improvement of diabetic complications. Therefore, the manipulation of bile acid pool and intestinal microbiota composition in combination with old drug gliclazide could be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with T1DM.
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69
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Wang Y, Matye D, Nguyen N, Zhang Y, Li T. HNF4α Regulates CSAD to Couple Hepatic Taurine Production to Bile Acid Synthesis in Mice. Gene Expr 2018; 18:187-196. [PMID: 29871716 PMCID: PMC6190117 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15277685544442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) converts cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid, which can be further converted by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) to hypotaurine for taurine production. This cysteine catabolic pathway plays a major role in regulating hepatic cysteine homeostasis. Furthermore, taurine is used for bile acid conjugation, which enhances bile acid solubility and physiological function in the gut. Recent studies show that this cysteine catabolic pathway is repressed by bile acid signaling, but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The mechanisms of bile acid and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulation of hepatic CSAD expression were studied in mice and hepatocytes. We showed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) bound the mouse CSAD proximal promoter and induced CSAD transcription. FXR-induced small heterodimer partner (SHP) repressed mouse CSAD gene transcription via interacting with HNF4α as a repressor. Consistent with this model, cholic acid feeding, obeticholic acid administration, and liver HNF4α knockdown reduced hepatic CSAD expression, while liver SHP knockout and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor treatment induced hepatic CSAD expression in mice. Furthermore, TNF-α also inhibited CSAD expression, which may be partially mediated by reduced HNF4α in mouse hepatocytes. In contrast, bile acids and GW4064 did not inhibit CSAD expression in human hepatocytes. This study identified mouse CSAD as a novel transcriptional target of HNF4α. Bile acids and cytokines repress hepatic CSAD, which closely couples taurine production to bile acid synthesis in mice. The species-specific regulation of CSAD reflects the differential preference of bile acid conjugation to glycine and taurine in humans and mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David Matye
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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70
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Endo Y, Kamei KI, Inoue-Murayama M. Genetic signatures of lipid metabolism evolution in Cetacea since the divergence from terrestrial ancestor. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1655-1665. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-ichiro Kamei
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research Center; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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71
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Xu X, Shi X, Chen Y, Zhou T, Wang J, Xu X, Chen L, Hu L, Shen X. HS218 as an FXR antagonist suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting FXR binding to PGC-1α promoter. Metabolism 2018; 85:126-138. [PMID: 29577938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a member of nuclear receptor is tightly associated with glucose metabolism. Accumulated evidence has addressed the potential of FXR antagonist in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although the related mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we determined a specific FXR antagonist HS218 (N-benzyl-N-(3-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide), which exhibited high activities in suppressing gluconeogenesis and ameliorating glucose homeostasis in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. We would like to investigate the mechanisms underlying FXR antagonism in the regulation of gluconeogenesis by using HS218 as a probe. METHODS HS218 was evaluated by glucose output assay. Binding affinity of HS218 to the ligand binding domain of FXR (FXR-LBD) was detected by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology-based Biacore and fluorescence quenching assays. Mammalian one-hybrid and transactivation assays were carried out to detect the antagonistic effect of HS218 on FXR. Real-time PCR assay was performed to measure the expressions of FXR-target and gluconeogenic genes. Anti-diabetic efficiencies of HS218 were determined in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. Assays by promoter 5'-deletion analysis and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed to detect the binding of FXR to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) promoter. Western blot assay was used to determine the protein level in either cells or the liver tissues of mice. RESULTS We determined that HS218 as a new FXR specific antagonist could FXR-dependently suppress gluconeogenesis in mouse primary hepatocytes, and effectively improve glucose homeostasis in db/db and HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice. HS218 decreased gluconeogenesis by inhibiting the FXR-induced increase in the promoter activity of the key gluconeogenic gene PGC-1α, leading to the repression of PGC-1α and its target gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our work might be the first report on the mechanism underlying FXR antagonist in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, and all results have also highlighted the potential of HS218 in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yidi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wang Y, Ding WX, Li T. Cholesterol and bile acid-mediated regulation of autophagy in fatty liver diseases and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:726-733. [PMID: 29653253 PMCID: PMC6037329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the major organ that regulates whole body cholesterol metabolism. Disrupted hepatic cholesterol homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Hepatic bile acid synthesis is the major catabolic mechanism for cholesterol elimination from the body. Furthermore, bile acids are signaling molecules that regulate liver metabolism and inflammation. Autophagy is a highly-conserved lysosomal degradation mechanism, which plays an essential role in maintaining cellular integrity and energy homeostasis. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence linking hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism to cellular autophagy activity in hepatocytes and macrophages, and how these interactions may be implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Tran M, Liu Y, Huang W, Wang L. Nuclear receptors and liver disease: Summary of the 2017 basic research symposium. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:765-777. [PMID: 30129636 PMCID: PMC6049066 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily contains important transcriptional regulators that play pleiotropic roles in cell differentiation, development, proliferation, and metabolic processes to govern liver physiology and pathology. Many nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of their target genes by modulating transcriptional activities and epigenetic changes. Additionally, the protein complex associated with nuclear receptors consists of a multitude of coregulators, corepressors, and noncoding RNAs. Therefore, acquiring new information on nuclear receptors may provide invaluable insight into novel therapies and shed light on new interventions to reduce the burden and incidence of liver diseases. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:765-777).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tran
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte CA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte CA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven CT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases Yale University New Haven CT
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Kudryavtseva AV, Nyushko KM, Zaretsky AR, Shagin DA, Sadritdinova AF, Fedorova MS, Savvateeva MV, Guvatova ZG, Pudova EA, Alekseev BY, Dmitriev AA, Snezhkina AV. Suppression of NR0B2 gene in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with Hypermethylation of Its Promoter. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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Wang Y, Li J, Matye D, Zhang Y, Dennis K, Ding WX, Li T. Bile acids regulate cysteine catabolism and glutathione regeneration to modulate hepatic sensitivity to oxidative injury. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99676. [PMID: 29669937 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are signaling molecules that critically control hepatocellular function. Disrupted bile acid homeostasis may be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Glutathione is an important antioxidant that protects the liver against oxidative injury. Various forms of liver disease share the common characteristics of reduced cellular glutathione and elevated oxidative stress. This study reports a potentially novel physiological function of bile acids in regulating hepatic sulfur amino acid and glutathione metabolism. We found that bile acids strongly inhibited the cysteine dioxygenase type-1-mediated (CDO1-mediated) cysteine catabolic pathway via a farnesoid X receptor-dependent mechanism. Attenuating this bile acid repressive effect depleted the free cysteine pool and reduced the glutathione concentration in mouse liver. Upon acetaminophen challenge, cholestyramine-fed mice showed impaired hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity and markedly worsened liver injury, which was fully prevented by N-acetylcysteine administration. These effects were recapitulated in CDO1-overexpressing hepatocytes. Findings from this study support the importance of maintaining bile acid homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, as altered hepatic bile acid signaling may negatively impact the antioxidant defense mechanism and sensitivity to oxidative injury. Furthermore, this finding provides a possible explanation for the reported mild hepatotoxicity associated with the clinical use of bile acid sequestrants in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Jibiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
| | - David Matye
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Katie Dennis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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77
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Aw W, Fukuda S. Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:5-12. [PMID: 28390093 PMCID: PMC5754518 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorder whereby patients are unable to regulate glycemia. It is currently a worldwide public health issue, and is a burden to society because of its disabling and common complications. Diabetes is multifactorial, and also induces the onset of other diseases. In the present report, we review the labyrinth encompassing the gut microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. There have been exceptional improvements in deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies throughout these past years, and these have allowed the comprehensive collection of information on our unique gut ecosystem. We would like to advocate incorporating metagenome and metabolome information for a comprehensive perspective of the complex interrelationships between the gut environment, host metabolism and diabetes pathogenesis. We hope that with this improved understanding we would be able to provide exciting novel therapeutic approaches to engineer an ideal gut ecosystem for optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Aw
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio UniversityTsuruokaYamagataJapan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio UniversityTsuruokaYamagataJapan
- PRESTOJapan Science and Technology AgencySaitamaJapan
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Rodrigues RR, Greer RL, Dong X, DSouza KN, Gurung M, Wu JY, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Antibiotic-Induced Alterations in Gut Microbiota Are Associated with Changes in Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2306. [PMID: 29213261 PMCID: PMC5702803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in health and disease. Antibiotics are known to alter gut microbiota, yet their effects on glucose tolerance in lean, normoglycemic mice have not been widely investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore mechanisms by which treatment of lean mice with antibiotics (ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, vancomycin, or their cocktail) influences the microbiome and glucose metabolism. Specifically, we sought to: (i) study the effects on body weight, fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, and fasting insulin, (ii) examine the changes in expression of key genes of the bile acid and glucose metabolic pathways in the liver and ileum, (iii) identify the shifts in the cecal microbiota, and (iv) infer interactions between gene expression, microbiome, and the metabolic parameters. Treatment with individual or a cocktail of antibiotics reduced fasting glucose but did not affect body weight. Glucose tolerance changed upon treatment with cocktail, ampicillin, or vancomycin as indicated by reduced area under the curve of the glucose tolerance test. Antibiotic treatment changed gene expression in the ileum and liver, and shifted the alpha and beta diversities of gut microbiota. Network analyses revealed associations between Akkermansia muciniphila with fasting glucose and liver farsenoid X receptor (Fxr) in the top ranked host-microbial interactions, suggesting possible mechanisms by which this bacterium can mediate systemic changes in glucose metabolism. We observed Bacteroides uniformis to be positively and negatively correlated with hepatic Fxr and Glucose 6-phosphatase, respectively. Overall, our transkingdom network approach is a useful hypothesis generating strategy that offers insights into mechanisms by which antibiotics can regulate glucose tolerance in non-obese healthy animals. Experimental validation of our predicted microbe-phenotype interactions can help identify mechanisms by which antibiotics affect host phenotypes and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Renee L. Greer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Karen N. DSouza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jia Y. Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Ramírez-Pérez O, Cruz-Ramón V, Chinchilla-López P, Méndez-Sánchez N. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Bile Acid Metabolism. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16 Suppl 1:S15-S20. [PMID: 29080339 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been considered a cornerstone of maintaining the health status of its human host because it not only facilitates harvesting of nutrients and energy from ingested food, but also produces numerous metabolites that can regulate host metabolism. One such class of metabolites, the bile acids, are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and further metabolized by the gut microbiota into secondary bile acids. These bioconversions modulate the signaling properties of bile acids through the nuclear farnesoid X receptor and the G protein-coupled membrane receptor 5, which regulate diverse metabolic pathways in the host. In addition, bile acids can regulate gut microbial composition both directly and indirectly by activation of innate immune response genes in the small intestine. Therefore, host metabolism can be affected by both microbial modifications of bile acids, which leads to altered signaling via bile acid receptors, and by alterations in the composition of the microbiota. In this review, we mainly describe the interactions between bile acids and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, but we also examine the impact of bile acid composition in the gut on the intestinal microbiome and on host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vania Cruz-Ramón
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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Massafra V, van Mil SWC. Farnesoid X receptor: A "homeostat" for hepatic nutrient metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:45-59. [PMID: 28986309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids (BAs). BAs are amphipathic molecules that serve as fat solubilizers in the intestine under postprandial conditions. In the post-absorptive state, BAs bind FXR in the hepatocytes, which in turn provides feedback signals on BA synthesis and transport and regulates lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. Therefore, FXR acts as a homeostat of all three classes of nutrients, fats, sugars and proteins. Here we re-analyze the function of FXR in the perspective of nutritional metabolism, and discuss the role of FXR in liver energy homeostasis in postprandial, post-absorptive and fasting/starvation states. FXR, by regulating nutritional metabolism, represses autophagy in conditions of nutrient abundance, and controls the metabolic needs of proliferative cells. In addition, FXR regulates inflammation via direct effects and via its impact on nutrient metabolism. These functions indicate that FXR is an attractive therapeutic target for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Massafra
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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81
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Fiamoncini J, Yiorkas AM, Gedrich K, Rundle M, Alsters SI, Roeselers G, van den Broek TJ, Clavel T, Lagkouvardos I, Wopereis S, Frost G, van Ommen B, Blakemore AI, Daniel H. Determinants of postprandial plasma bile acid kinetics in human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G300-G312. [PMID: 28663304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00157.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are signaling molecules with a wide range of biological effects, also identified among the most responsive plasma metabolites in the postprandial state. We here describe this response to different dietary challenges and report on key determinants linked to its interindividual variability. Healthy men and women (n = 72, 62 ± 8 yr, mean ± SE) were enrolled into a 12-wk weight loss intervention. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and a mixed-meal tolerance test before and after the intervention. BA were quantified in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with whole genome exome sequencing and fecal microbiota profiling. Considering the average response of all 72 subjects, no effect of the successful weight loss intervention was found on plasma BA profiles. Fasting and postprandial BA profiles revealed high interindividual variability, and three main patterns in postprandial BA response were identified using multivariate analysis. Although the women enrolled were postmenopausal, effects of sex difference in BA response were evident. Exome data revealed the contribution of preselected genes to the observed interindividual variability. In particular, a variant in the SLCO1A2 gene, encoding the small intestinal BA transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide-1A2 (OATP1A2), was associated with delayed postprandial BA increases. Fecal microbiota analysis did not reveal evidence for a significant influence of bacterial diversity and/or composition on plasma BA profiles. The analysis of plasma BA profiles in response to two different dietary challenges revealed a high interindividual variability, which was mainly determined by genetics and sex difference of host with minimal effects of the microbiota.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Considering the average response of all 72 subjects, no effect of the successful weight loss intervention was found on plasma bile acid (BA) profiles. Despite high interindividual variability, three main patterns in postprandial BA response were identified using multivariate analysis. A variant in the SLCO1A2 gene, encoding the small intestinal BA transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide-1A2 (OATP1A2), was associated with delayed postprandial BA increases in response to both the oral glucose tolerance test and the mixed-meal tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Andrianos M Yiorkas
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kurt Gedrich
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Milena Rundle
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanne I Alsters
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Guus Roeselers
- Microbiology & Systems Biology Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Danone-Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J van den Broek
- Microbiology & Systems Biology Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Core Facility Microbiome/Next Generation Sequencing, Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Microbiology & Systems Biology Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben van Ommen
- Microbiology & Systems Biology Group, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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82
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Dabur R. Identification of molecular pathways affected by treatment with heartwood water extract of Pterocarpus marsupium in MCF 7 cancer cell line. J Herb Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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83
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease in Western populations. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more debilitating form of NAFLD characterized by hepatocellular injury and inflammation, which significantly increase the risk of end-stage liver and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, there are no available drug therapies for NASH. Bile acids are physiological detergent molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol exclusively in the hepatocytes. Bile acids circulate between the liver and intestine, where they are required for cholesterol solubilization in the bile and dietary fat emulsification in the gut. Bile acids also act as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Many of these effects are mediated by the bile acid-activated nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Nutrient signaling regulates hepatic bile acid synthesis and circulating plasma bile acid concentrations, which in turn control metabolic homeostasis. The FXR agonist obeticholic acid has had beneficial effects on NASH in recent clinical trials. Preclinical studies have suggested that the TGR5 agonist and the FXR/TGR5 dual agonist are also potential therapies for metabolic liver diseases. Extensive studies in the past few decades have significantly improved our understanding of the metabolic regulatory function of bile acids, which has provided the molecular basis for developing promising bile acid-based therapeutic agents for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiangang Li
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA,
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84
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Chávez-Talavera O, Tailleux A, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1679-1694.e3. [PMID: 28214524 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are signaling molecules that coordinately regulate metabolism and inflammation via the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors activate transcriptional networks and signaling cascades controlling the expression and activity of genes involved in bile acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and inflammation by acting predominantly in enterohepatic tissues, but also in peripheral organs. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on the inter-organ signaling and interplay with the gut microbiota of bile acids and their receptors in meta-inflammation, with a focus on their pathophysiologic roles in obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
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85
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Grenier-Larouche T, Carreau AM, Carpentier AC. Early Metabolic Improvement After Bariatric Surgery: The First Steps Toward Remission of Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:418-425. [PMID: 28318939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of bariatric surgery into clinical practice in the 1980s was followed by a relatively long watch-and-wait period before the very rapid accumulation of scientific literature, over the past decade, concerning its clinical effectiveness and safety and its mechanisms of action in the treatment of obesity. These surgical procedures now emerge as the most effective therapeutic modality to induce long-term remission of type 2 diabetes. Recent research has shed light on the potential mechanisms leading to the profound improvement of glucose homeostasis following most bariatric surgery procedures. These mechanisms can be classified as weight loss dependent and independent, both playing sequential and then synergistic antidiabetes roles. Many groups, including our own, have contributed to our understanding of the relative roles of these mechanisms at differing time periods following these procedures. Here we summarize what we currently know about the mechanisms underlying the very rapid, weight loss-independent improvement in glucose homeostasis after bariatric surgery. Beyond its impact in the field of bariatric surgery, this new knowledge about the very rapid in vivo "reverse engineering" of type 2 diabetes actually provides unique insights into the intricate and complex mechanisms linking nutrition and obesity with the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Carreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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86
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Preidis GA, Kim KH, Moore DD. Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors PPARα and FXR control liver energy balance. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1193-1201. [PMID: 28287408 DOI: 10.1172/jci88893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PPARα (encoded by NR1C1) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR, encoded by NR1H4) are activated in the liver in the fasted and fed state, respectively. PPARα activation induces fatty acid oxidation, while FXR controls bile acid homeostasis, but both nuclear receptors also regulate numerous other metabolic pathways relevant to liver energy balance. Here we review evidence that they function coordinately to control key nutrient pathways, including fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis in the fasted state and lipogenesis and glycolysis in the fed state. We have also recently reported that these receptors have mutually antagonistic impacts on autophagy, which is induced by PPARα but suppressed by FXR. Secretion of multiple blood proteins is a major drain on liver energy and nutrient resources, and we present preliminary evidence that the liver secretome may be directly suppressed by PPARα, but induced by FXR. Finally, previous studies demonstrated a striking deficiency in bile acid levels in malnourished mice that is consistent with results in malnourished children. We present evidence that hepatic targets of PPARα and FXR are dysregulated in chronic undernutrition. We conclude that PPARα and FXR function coordinately to integrate liver energy balance.
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87
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Martinot E, Sèdes L, Baptissart M, Lobaccaro JM, Caira F, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Bile acids and their receptors. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:2-9. [PMID: 28153453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary bile acids are synthetized from cholesterol within the liver and then transformed by the bacteria in the intestine to secondary bile acids. In addition to their involvement in digestion and fat solubilization, bile acids also act as signaling molecules. Several receptors are sensors of bile acids. Among these receptors, this review focuses on the nuclear receptor FXRα and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. This review briefly presents the potential links between bile acids and cancers that are discussed in more details in the other articles of this special issue of Molecular Aspects of Medicine focused on "Bile acids, roles in integrative physiology and pathophysiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinot
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lauriane Sèdes
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Baptissart
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lobaccaro
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Caira
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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88
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Metabolism of bile acids in the post-prandial state. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:409-418. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of energy expenditure by dietary administration of cholic acid in mice promoted interest in studying bile acid(s) (BA) as adjuvants in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Bile acids can modulate intermediary metabolism by acting directly on nuclear as well as G-protein-coupled receptors or indirectly through changes in gut microbiota. Despite the potential of BA to affect intermediary metabolism, plasma kinetics and changes in individual BA in blood in the post-prandial state have been neglected for a long time. Minutes after ingestion of a meal (or a glucose challenge), the plasma BA concentration increases as a result of the secretion of bile into the duodenum, followed by intestinal absorption and a systemic circulation spillover. A large inter-individual variability of post-prandial kinetics of plasma BA is documented. Factors such as gender, diet composition, circadian oscillations, and individual capacities for the synthesis and transport of BA play important roles in determining this variability and are discussed in the present short review in light of new findings.
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89
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Pozzo L, Vornoli A, Coppola I, Croce CMD, Giorgetti L, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Effect of HFD/STZ on expression of genes involved in lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in rats. Life Sci 2016; 166:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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90
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Liu Q, Yang M, Fu X, Liu R, Sun C, Pan H, Wong CW, Guan M. Activation of farnesoid X receptor promotes triglycerides lowering by suppressing phospholipase A2 G12B expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:93-101. [PMID: 27471003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As a novel mediator of hepatic very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) secretion, phospholipase A2 G12B (PLA2G12B) is transcriptionally regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF-4α). Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in maintaining bile acids and triglycerides (TG) homeostasis. Here we report that FXR regulates serum TG level in part through PLA2G12B. Activation of FXR by chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or GW4064 significantly decreased PLA2G12B expression in HepG2 cells. PLA2G12B expression was transcriptionally repressed due to an FXR-mediated up-regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) which functionally suppresses HNF-4α activity. We found that hepatic PLA2G12B expression was suppressed and serum TG level reduced in high fat diet mice treated with CDCA. Concurrently, CDCA treatment lowered hepatic VLDL-TG secretion. Our data demonstrate that activation of FXR promotes TG lowering, not only by decreasing de novo lipogenesis but also reducing hepatic secretion of TG-rich VLDL particles in part through suppressing PLA2G12B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Wong
- NeuMed Pharmaceuticals Limited, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Guan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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91
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Han CY, Kim TH, Koo JH, Kim SG. Farnesoid X receptor as a regulator of fuel consumption and mitochondrial function. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1062-74. [PMID: 27515052 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of energy homeostasis is crucial for survival of organism. There exists a close link between energy metabolism and cell survival, which are coordinately regulated by common signaling pathways. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) serves as a ligand-mediated transcription factor to regulate diverse genes involved in bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, controlling cellular and systemic energy metabolism. Another important aspect on FXR biology is related to its beneficial effect on cell survival. FXR exerts antioxidative and cytoprotective effect, which is closely associated with the ability of FXR to regulate mitochondrial function. To maintain complex biological processes under homeostasis, FXR activity needs to be dynamically and tightly controlled by different signaling pathways and modifications. In this review, we discuss the role of FXR in the regulation of energy metabolism and cell survival, with the goal of understanding molecular basis for FXR regulation in physiological and pathological conditions. This information may be of assistance in understanding recent advancements of FXR research and strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeob Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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92
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Taoka H, Yokoyama Y, Morimoto K, Kitamura N, Tanigaki T, Takashina Y, Tsubota K, Watanabe M. Role of bile acids in the regulation of the metabolic pathways. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:260-270. [PMID: 27433295 PMCID: PMC4937164 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i13.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that bile acids (BAs) are not only facilitators of dietary lipid absorption but also important signaling molecules exerting multiple physiological functions. Some major signaling pathways involving the nuclear BAs receptor farnesoid X receptor and the G protein-coupled BAs receptor TGR5/M-BAR have been identified to be the targets of BAs. BAs regulate their own homeostasis via signaling pathways. BAs also affect diverse metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. This paper suggests the mechanism of controlling metabolism via BA signaling and demonstrates that BA signaling is an attractive therapeutic target of the metabolic syndrome.
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93
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Ceulemans LJ, Canovai E, Verbeke L, Pirenne J, Farré R. The expanding role of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X in the intestine and its potential clinical implications. Acta Chir Belg 2016; 116:156-163. [PMID: 27684270 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2016.1215953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the intestine is rapidly expanding. In pre-clinical animal models of inflammatory bowel disease and bile duct ligation, FXR activation has proven to directly target the three pillars of intestinal homeostasis: intestinal permeability, inflammation and bacterial translocation. The protective role of FXR-ligands on this homeostasis has implications for many intestinal pathologies like inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia reperfusion injury, the metabolic syndrome, colon cancer and even diarrhea. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which FXR-activation exerts these protective effects and we discuss its potential clinical applications.
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94
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Zietek T, Rath E. Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP-1. Front Immunol 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27148273 PMCID: PMC4840214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share common features in their pathology. Metabolic disorders exhibit strong inflammatory underpinnings and vice versa, inflammation is associated with metabolic alterations. Next to cytokines and cellular stress pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), alterations in the enteroendocrine system are intersections of various pathologies. Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) have been studied extensively for their ability to regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and insulin release by release of peptide hormones. In particular, the L-cell-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has gained enormous attention due to its insulinotropic action and relevance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Yet, accumulating data indicate a critical role for EEC and in particular for GLP-1 in metabolic adaptation and in orchestrating immune responses beyond blood glucose control. EEC sense the lamina propria and luminal environment, including the microbiota via receptors and transporters. Subsequently, mediating signals by secreting hormones and cytokines, EEC can be considered as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. This review focuses on L cell and GLP-1 functions in the context of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The effects of incretin-based therapies on metabolism and immune system are discussed and the interrelation and common features of metabolic and immune-mediated disorders are highlighted. Moreover, it presents data on the impact of inflammation, in particular of IBD on EEC and discusses the potential role of the microbiota as link between nutrients, metabolism, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zietek
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays important roles in regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. The aim of the study was to observe expression level of FXR in obese rat models with insulin (INS) resistance. METHODS A total of 100 Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to either standard diet (n = 20) or high-fat diet (HFD, n = 80) for 6 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests were administrated, and the extent of INS resistance was assessed at the end of the 6th weeks. In addition, the expression of FXR in the liver was tested by techniques of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Obese rats in HFD group showed elevated body weight, area under blood glucose curve, fasting INS, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and serum bile acid levels compared with rats in standard diet group (P < 0.05). The level of INS remained high at all time points after the INS injection in oral glucose tolerance tests. As for FXR expression levels, a nearly 50% reduction was calculated in the liver of HFD rats compared with rats fed normal diet. CONCLUSIONS FXR is decreased in obese animal models associated with INS resistance. Regulation of bile acids and FXR in the stage of obesity may prevent more metabolism disorders.
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96
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Cave MC, Clair HB, Hardesty JE, Falkner KC, Feng W, Clark BJ, Sidey J, Shi H, Aqel BA, McClain CJ, Prough RA. Nuclear receptors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1083-1099. [PMID: 26962021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors which sense changing environmental or hormonal signals and effect transcriptional changes to regulate core life functions including growth, development, and reproduction. To support this function, following ligand-activation by xenobiotics, members of subfamily 1 nuclear receptors (NR1s) may heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate transcription of genes involved in energy and xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation. Several of these receptors including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the liver X receptor (LXR) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are key regulators of the gut:liver:adipose axis and serve to coordinate metabolic responses across organ systems between the fed and fasting states. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease and may progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with inappropriate nuclear receptor function and perturbations along the gut:liver:adipose axis including obesity, increased intestinal permeability with systemic inflammation, abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Environmental chemicals may compound the problem by directly interacting with nuclear receptors leading to metabolic confusion and the inability to differentiate fed from fasting conditions. This review focuses on the impact of nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. Clinical trials including PIVENS and FLINT demonstrate that nuclear receptor targeted therapies may lead to the paradoxical dissociation of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. Novel strategies currently under development (including tissue-specific ligands and dual receptor agonists) may be required to separate the beneficial effects of nuclear receptor activation from unwanted metabolic side effects. The impact of nuclear receptor crosstalk in NAFLD is likely to be profound, but requires further elucidation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Heather B Clair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jennifer Sidey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bashar A Aqel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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97
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Zietak M, Kozak LP. Bile acids induce uncoupling protein 1-dependent thermogenesis and stimulate energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E346-54. [PMID: 26714852 PMCID: PMC4773649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that diet-induced obesity at thermoneutrality (TN; 29°C) is reduced by a UCP1-dependent thermogenesis; however, it has not been shown how UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can be activated in the absence of sympathetic activity. A recent study provides such a mechanism by showing that dietary bile acids (BAs) suppress obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by a mechanism dependent on type 2 deiodinase (DIO2); however, neither a role for UCP1 nor the influence of sympathetic activity was properly assessed. To test whether the effects of BAs on adiposity are independent of Ucp1 and cold-activated thermogenesis, obesity phenotypes were determined in C57BL6/J.(+)/(+) (WT) and C57BL6/J.Ucp1.(-)/(-) mice (Ucp1-KO) housed at TN and fed a HFD with or without 0.5% (wt/wt) cholic acid (CA) for 9 wk. CA in a HFD reduced adiposity and hepatic lipogenesis and improved glucose tolerance in WT but not in Ucp1-KO mice and was accompanied by increases in food intake and energy expenditure (EE). In iBAT, CA increased Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels 1.5- and twofold, respectively, and increased DIO2 and TGR5 protein levels in WT mice. Despite enhanced Dio2 expression in Ucp1-KO and Ucp1-KO-CA treated mice, this did not enhance the ability of BAs to reduce obesity. By comparing the effects of BAs on WT and Ucp1-KO mice at TN, our study showed that BAs suppress diet-induced obesity by increasing EE through a mechanism dependent on Ucp1 expression, which is likely independent of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Zietak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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98
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of bile routing modification on the beneficial effects of gastric bypass surgery on glucose and energy metabolism. BACKGROUND Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) promotes early improvements in glucose and energy homeostasis in obese diabetic patients. A suggested mechanism associates a decrease in hepatic glucose production to an enhanced intestinal gluconeogenesis. Moreover, plasma bile acids are elevated after GBP and bile acids are inhibitors of gluconeogenesis. METHODS In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed bile diversions from the bile duct to the midjejunum or the mid-ileum to match the modified bile delivery in the gut occurring in GBP. Body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and food preference were analyzed. The expression of gluconeogenesis genes was evaluated in both the liver and the intestine. RESULTS Bile diversions mimicking GBP promote an increase in plasma bile acids and a marked improvement in glucose control. Bile bioavailability modification is causal because a bile acid sequestrant suppresses the beneficial effects of bile diversions on glucose control. In agreement with the inhibitory role of bile acids on gluconeogenesis, bile diversions promote a blunting in hepatic glucose production, whereas intestinal gluconeogenesis is increased in the gut segments devoid of bile. In rats fed a high-fat-high-sucrose diet, bile diversions improve glucose control and dramatically decrease food intake because of an acquired disinterest in fatty food. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that bile routing modification is a key mechanistic feature in the beneficial outcomes of GBP.
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99
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Gao F, Zhang X, Zhou L, Zhou S, Zheng Y, Yu J, Fan W, Zhu Y, Han X. Type 2 diabetes mitigation in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat by elevated bile acids following a common-bile-duct surgery. Metabolism 2016; 65:78-88. [PMID: 26773931 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated plasma bile acids after bariatric surgery are thought to explain type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission. Bile acids can bind to and activate the nuclear receptor farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) by regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. We performed a surgical procedure (ligation of the common bile duct and external biliary drainage [LBD]) in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat in order to investigate its effect on bile acids metabolism and T2DM mitigation. MATERIAL/METHODS LBD surgery and sham control surgery were performed on diabetic GK rats. The concentrations of total bile acids and blood glucose were analyzed by an automatic analyzer. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were used to monitor blood glucose level. Expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism (FXR, CYP7A, et al.) and glycolipid metabolism (G6Pase, PEPCK, et al) was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The protein levels of pAKT, AKT and pGSK3β were tested by western blot. The morphological alterations of the liver and epididymal fat were monitored by H&E staining. RESULTS LBD increased plasma total bile acids, improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and eventually mitigated T2DM, whereas food intake and body weight were unaltered. Post-LBD, the levels of total bile acids were elevated from 24.80±7.12 to 61.44±6.40 and the concentration of fast blood glucose was decreased from 204.7±11.06mg/dL to 109.3±5.4mg/dL. IPGTT and ITT showed that LBD operation improved insulin sensitivity in GK rats. Clusters of FXR signaling target genes were altered in the liver, such as FXR, CYP7A, G6Pase and PEPCK. These contributed to sustained bile acid homeostasis, and they ameliorated hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased energy expenditure, and reduced gluconeogenesis, resulting in a substantial improvement in hepatic insulin sensitivity. LBD also significantly reduced epididymal fat tissue and decreased the size of adipocytes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the elevated bile acids observed in LBD-operated GK rats link insulin sensitivity improvement to T2DM mitigation, recapitulating the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. Our investigation establishes a model for a focused study of bile acids in the context of bariatric surgery that may contribute to the identification of therapeutics for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of rheumatism, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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100
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SAR studies on FXR modulators led to the discovery of the first combined FXR antagonistic/TGR5 agonistic compound. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:133-48. [PMID: 26824277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids can serve as signaling molecules by activating the nuclear receptor FXR and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 and both bile acid receptors are prominent experimental drug targets. Results/methodology: In this study we optimized the fatty acid mimetic compound pirinixic acid to a new scaffold with the aim to develop novel FXR modulatory compounds. After a multistep structure-activity optimization process, we discovered FXR agonistic compounds and the first dual FXR antagonistic and TGR5 agonistic compound 79a. CONCLUSION With this novel dual activity profile on both bile acid receptors 79a might be a valuable pharmalogical tool to further study the bile acid signaling network.
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