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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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Ebert B, Birdseye D, Liwanag AJM, Laursen T, Rennie EA, Guo X, Catena M, Rautengarten C, Stonebloom SH, Gluza P, Pidatala VR, Andersen MCF, Cheetamun R, Mortimer JC, Heazlewood JL, Bacic A, Clausen MH, Willats WGT, Scheller HV. The Three Members of the Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferase Family 92 are Functional β-1,4-Galactan Synthases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2624-2636. [PMID: 30184190 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of primary cell walls and performs a plethora of functions crucial for plant growth, development and plant-defense responses. Despite the importance of pectic polysaccharides their biosynthesis is poorly understood. Several genes have been implicated in pectin biosynthesis by mutant analysis, but biochemical activity has been shown for very few. We used reverse genetics and biochemical analysis to study members of Glycosyltransferase Family 92 (GT92) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis gave detailed insight into the properties of GALS1 (Galactan synthase 1) and showed galactan synthase activity of GALS2 and GALS3. All proteins are responsible for adding galactose onto existing galactose residues attached to the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone. Significant GALS activity was observed with galactopentaose as acceptor but longer acceptors are favored. Overexpression of the GALS proteins in Arabidopsis resulted in accumulation of unbranched β-1, 4-galactan. Plants in which all three genes were inactivated had no detectable β-1, 4-galactan, and surprisingly these plants exhibited no obvious developmental phenotypes under standard growth conditions. RG-I in the triple mutants retained branching indicating that the initial Gal substitutions on the RG-I backbone are added by enzymes different from GALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devon Birdseye
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emilie A Rennie
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michela Catena
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Solomon H Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pawel Gluza
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mathias C F Andersen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Hirano T, Konno H, Takeda S, Dolan L, Kato M, Aoyama T, Higaki T, Takigawa-Imamura H, Sato MH. PtdIns(3,5)P 2 mediates root hair shank hardening in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:888-897. [PMID: 30390081 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs elongate by tip growth and simultaneously harden the shank by constructing the inner secondary cell wall layer. While much is known about the process of tip growth1, almost nothing is known about the mechanism by which root hairs harden the shank. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), the enzymatic product of FORMATION OF APLOID AND BINUCLEATE CELLS 1 (FAB1), is involved in the hardening of the shank in root hairs in Arabidopsis. FAB1 and PtdIns(3,5)P2 localize to the plasma membrane along the shank of growing root hairs. By contrast, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase 3 (PIP5K3) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 localize to the apex of the root hair where they are required for tip growth. Reduction of FAB1 function results in the formation of wavy root hairs while those of the wild type are straight. The localization of FAB1 in the plasma membrane of the root hair shank requires the activity of Rho-related GTPases from plants 10 (ROP10) and localization of ROP10 requires FAB1 activity. Computational modelling of root hair morphogenesis successfully reproduces the wavy root hair phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that root hair shank hardening requires PtdIns(3,5)P2/ROP10 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konno
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University Kurokami, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masa H Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Gurtovenko AA, Mukhamadiarov EI, Kostritskii AY, Karttunen M. Phospholipid–Cellulose Interactions: Insight from Atomistic Computer Simulations for Understanding the Impact of Cellulose-Based Materials on Plasma Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9973-9981. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Gurtovenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, St. Petersburg, 199004 Russia
| | - Evgenii I. Mukhamadiarov
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg, 198504 Russia
| | - Andrei Yu. Kostritskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya str. 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg, 198504 Russia
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, St. Petersburg, 199004 Russia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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55
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Polko JK, Barnes WJ, Voiniciuc C, Doctor S, Steinwand B, Hill JL, Tien M, Pauly M, Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. SHOU4 Proteins Regulate Trafficking of Cellulose Synthase Complexes to the Plasma Membrane. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3174-3182.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sakamoto S, Somssich M, Nakata MT, Unda F, Atsuzawa K, Kaneko Y, Wang T, Bågman AM, Gaudinier A, Yoshida K, Brady SM, Mansfield SD, Persson S, Mitsuda N. Complete substitution of a secondary cell wall with a primary cell wall in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:777-783. [PMID: 30287954 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of a plant's biomass, termed secondary cell walls, accumulates in woody xylem tissues and is largely recalcitrant to biochemical degradation and saccharification1. By contrast, primary cell walls, which are chemically distinct, flexible and generally unlignified2, are easier to deconstruct. Thus, engineering certain primary wall characteristics into xylem secondary walls would be interesting to readily exploit biomass for industrial processing. Here, we demonstrated that by expressing AP2/ERF transcription factors from group IIId and IIIe in xylem fibre cells of mutants lacking secondary walls, we could generate plants with thickened cell wall characteristics of primary cell walls in the place of secondary cell walls. These unique, newly formed walls displayed physicochemical and ultrastructural features consistent with primary walls and had gene expression profiles illustrative of primary wall synthesis. These data indicate that the group IIId and IIIe AP2/ERFs are transcription factors regulating primary cell wall deposition and could form the foundation for exchanging one cell wall type for another in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miyuki T Nakata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimie Atsuzawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ting Wang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne-Maarit Bågman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Leroux O, Eder M, Saxe F, Dunlop JWC, Popper ZA, Viane RLL, Knox JP. Comparative in situ analysis reveals the dynamic nature of sclerenchyma cell walls of the fern Asplenium rutifolium. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:345-358. [PMID: 29293865 PMCID: PMC5808801 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims A key structural adaptation of vascular plants was the evolution of specialized vascular and mechanical tissues, innovations likely to have generated novel cell wall architectures. While collenchyma is a strengthening tissue typically found in growing organs of angiosperms, a similar tissue occurs in the petiole of the fern Asplenium rutifolium. Methods The in situ cell wall (ultra)structure and composition of this tissue was investigated and characterized mechanically as well as structurally through nano-indentation and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. Key Results Structurally the mechanical tissue resembles sclerenchyma, while its biomechanical properties and molecular composition both share more characteristics with angiosperm collenchyma. Cell wall thickening only occurs late during cell expansion or after cell expansion has ceased. Conclusions If the term collenchyma is reserved for walls that thicken during expansive growth, the mechanical tissue in A. rutifolium represents sclerenchyma that mimics the properties of collenchyma and has the ability to modify its mechanical properties through sclerification. These results support the view that collenchyma does not occur in ferns and most probably evolved in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Saxe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronald L L Viane
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Gent, Belgium
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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58
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Lopez RA, Renzaglia KS. The Ceratopteris (fern) developing motile gamete walls contain diverse polysaccharides, but not pectin. PLANTA 2018; 247:393-404. [PMID: 29027584 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most plant cell walls, the five consecutive walls laid down during spermatogenesis in the model fern Ceratopteris contain sparse cellulose, lack pectin and are enriched with callose and hemicelluloses. Seed-free plants like bryophytes and pteridophytes produce swimming male gametes for sexual reproduction. During spermatogenesis, unique walls are formed that are essential to the appropriate development and maturation of the motile gametes. Other than the detection of callose and general wall polysaccharides in scattered groups, little is known about the sequence of wall formation and the composition of these walls during sperm cell differentiation in plants that produce swimming sperm. Using histochemistry and immunogold localizations, we examined the distribution of callose, cellulose, mannan and xylan-containing hemicelluloses, and homogalacturonan (HG) pectins in the special walls deposited during spermatogenesis in Ceratopteris. Five walls are produced in sequence and each has a unique fate. The first wall (W1) contains callose and sparse xylan-containing hemicelluloses. Wall two (W2) is thin and composed of cellulose crosslinked by xylan-containing hemicelluloses. The third wall (W3) is thick and composed entirely of callose, and the fourth wall (W4) is built of cellulose heavily crosslinked by galactoxyloglucan hemicelluloses. Wall five (W5) is an arabinogalactan protein (AGP)-rich matrix in which the gamete changes shape and multiple flagella elongate. We detected no esterified or unesterified HG pectins in any of the walls laid down during spermatogenesis. To consider evolutionary modifications in cell walls associated with motile gametes, comparisons are presented with male gametophyte and spermatogenous cell walls across plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Lopez
- Department of Plant Biology, MC:6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, MC:6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
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Orłowski A, Artzi L, Cazade PA, Gunnoo M, Bayer EA, Thompson D. On the distinct binding modes of expansin and carbohydrate-binding module proteins on crystalline and nanofibrous cellulose: implications for cellulose degradation by designer cellulosomes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of cellulose into monosaccharides can be achieved by hydrolysis of the cellulose chains, carried out by a special group of enzymes known as cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Orłowski
- Department of Physics
- Bernal Institute
- University of Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Lior Artzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- The Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot
- Israel
| | | | | | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- The Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot
- Israel
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics
- Bernal Institute
- University of Limerick
- Ireland
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60
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Rydahl MG, Hansen AR, Kračun SK, Mravec J. Report on the Current Inventory of the Toolbox for Plant Cell Wall Analysis: Proteinaceous and Small Molecular Probes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 29774041 PMCID: PMC5943554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly complex structures composed of diverse classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and polyphenolics, which have numerous roles throughout the life of a plant. Significant research efforts aim to understand the biology of this cellular organelle and to facilitate cell-wall-based industrial applications. To accomplish this, researchers need to be provided with a variety of sensitive and specific detection methods for separate cell wall components, and their various molecular characteristics in vitro as well as in situ. Cell wall component-directed molecular detection probes (in short: cell wall probes, CWPs) are an essential asset to the plant glycobiology toolbox. To date, a relatively large set of CWPs has been produced-mainly consisting of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, synthetic antibodies produced by phage display, and small molecular probes. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about these CWPs; their classification and their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. In particular, we elaborate on the recent advances in non-conventional approaches to the generation of novel CWPs, and identify the remaining gaps in terms of target recognition. This report also highlights the addition of new "compartments" to the probing toolbox, which is filled with novel chemical biology tools, such as metabolic labeling reagents and oligosaccharide conjugates. In the end, we also forecast future developments in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja G. Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aleksander R. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stjepan K. Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- GlycoSpot IVS, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec
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The complete genome sequence of the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio hungatei MB2003. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:72. [PMID: 29225728 PMCID: PMC5716241 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrivibrio hungatei MB2003 was isolated from the plant-adherent fraction of rumen contents from a pasture-grazed New Zealand dairy cow, and was selected for genome sequencing in order to examine its ability to degrade plant polysaccharides. The genome of MB2003 is 3.39 Mb and consists of four replicons; a chromosome, a secondary chromosome or chromid, a megaplasmid and a small plasmid. The genome has an average G + C content of 39.7%, and encodes 2983 putative protein-coding genes. MB2003 is able to use a variety of monosaccharide substrates for growth, with acetate, butyrate and formate as the principal fermentation end-products, and the genes encoding these metabolic pathways have been identified. MB2003 is predicted to encode an extensive repertoire of CAZymes with 78 GHs, 7 CEs, 1 PL and 78 GTs. MB2003 is unable to grow on xylan or pectin, and its role in the rumen appears to be as a utilizer of monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides made available by the degradative activities of other bacterial species.
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62
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, MacMillan CP, Galletti R, Golz JF, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. Arabidopsis DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cell wall composition and axial growth in the inflorescence stem. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00027. [PMID: 31245676 PMCID: PMC6508578 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Axial growth in plant stems requires a fine balance between elongation and stem mechanical reinforcement to ensure mechanical stability. Strength is provided by the plant cell wall, the deposition of which must be coordinated with cell expansion and elongation to ensure that integrity is maintained during growth. Coordination of these processes is critical and yet poorly understood. The plant-specific calpain, DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), plays a key role in growth coordination in leaves, yet its role in regulating stem growth has not been addressed. Using plants overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1 (CALPAIN OE) and a DEK1 knockdown line (amiRNA-DEK1), we undertook morphological, biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic analyses of mature inflorescence stems. We identify a novel role for DEK1 in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and coordination of growth during inflorescence stem development. CALPAIN OE plants are significantly reduced in stature and have short, thickened stems, while amiRNA-DEK1 lines have weakened stems that are unable to stand upright. Microscopic analyses of the stems identify changes in cell size, shape and number, and differences in both primary and secondary cell wall thickness and composition. Taken together, our results suggest that DEK1 influences primary wall growth by indirectly regulating cellulose and pectin deposition. In addition, we observe changes in secondary cell walls that may compensate for altered primary cell wall composition. We propose that DEK1 activity is required for the coordination of stem strengthening with elongation during axial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchKölnGermany
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | - Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Gwyneth C. Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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63
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Maltz MR, Treseder KK, McGuire KL. Links between plant and fungal diversity in habitat fragments of coastal shrubland. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184991. [PMID: 28926606 PMCID: PMC5604993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is widespread across ecosystems, detrimentally affecting biodiversity. Although most habitat fragmentation studies have been conducted on macroscopic organisms, microbial communities and fungal processes may also be threatened by fragmentation. This study investigated whether fragmentation, and the effects of fragmentation on plants, altered fungal diversity and function within a fragmented shrubland in southern California. Using fluorimetric techniques, we assayed enzymes from plant litter collected from fragments of varying sizes to investigate enzymatic responses to fragmentation. To isolate the effects of plant richness from those of fragment size on fungi, we deployed litter bags containing different levels of plant litter diversity into the largest fragment and incubated in the field for one year. Following field incubation, we determined litter mass loss and conducted molecular analyses of fungal communities. We found that leaf-litter enzyme activity declined in smaller habitat fragments with less diverse vegetation. Moreover, we detected greater litter mass loss in litter bags containing more diverse plant litter. Additionally, bags with greater plant litter diversity harbored greater numbers of fungal taxa. These findings suggest that both plant litter resources and fungal function may be affected by habitat fragmentation’s constraints on plants, possibly because plant species differ chemically, and may thus decompose at different rates. Diverse plant assemblages may produce a greater variety of litter resources and provide more ecological niche space, which may support greater numbers of fungal taxa. Thus, reduced plant diversity may constrain both fungal taxa richness and decomposition in fragmented coastal shrublands. Altogether, our findings provide evidence that even fungi may be affected by human-driven habitat fragmentation via direct effects of fragmentation on plants. Our findings underscore the importance of restoring diverse vegetation communities within larger coastal sage scrub fragments and suggest that this may be an effective way to improve the functional capacity of degraded sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia R. Maltz
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen K. Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Krista L. McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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64
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Armenta S, Moreno-Mendieta S, Sánchez-Cuapio Z, Sánchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Advances in molecular engineering of carbohydrate-binding modules. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. [PMID: 28547780 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains that are generally appended to carbohydrate-active enzymes. CBMs have a broadly conserved structure that allows recognition of a notable variety of carbohydrates, in both their soluble and insoluble forms, as well as in their alpha and beta conformations and with different types of bonds or substitutions. This versatility suggests a high functional plasticity that is not yet clearly understood, in spite of the important number of studies relating protein structure and function. Several studies have explored the flexibility of these systems by changing or improving their specificity toward substrates of interest. In this review, we examine the molecular strategies used to identify CBMs with novel or improved characteristics. The impact of the spatial arrangement of the functional amino acids of CBMs is discussed in terms of unexpected new functions that are not related to the original biological roles of the enzymes. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Armenta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Zaira Sánchez-Cuapio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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65
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Voiniciuc C. Whole-seed Immunolabeling of Arabidopsis Mucilage Polysaccharides. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2323. [PMID: 34541085 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to synthesizing and secreting copious amounts of pectic polymers ( Young et al., 2008 ), Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat epidermal cells produce small amounts of cellulose and hemicelluloses typical of secondary cell walls ( Voiniciuc et al., 2015c ). These components are intricately linked and are released as a large mucilage capsule upon hydration of mature seeds. Alterations in the structure of minor mucilage components can have dramatic effects on the architecture of this gelatinous cell wall. The immunolabeling protocol described here makes it possible to visualize the distribution of specific polysaccharides in the seed mucilage capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Present address: Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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66
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Badruna L, Burlat V, Montanier CY. CBMs as Probes to Explore Plant Cell Wall Heterogeneity Using Immunocytochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:181-197. [PMID: 28417369 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry is a widely used technique to localize antigen within intact tissues. Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of highly decorated polysaccharides and the large number of CBM families displaying specific substrate recognition reflects this complexity. The accessibility of large proteins, such as antibodies, to their cell wall epitopes may be sometimes difficult due to steric hindrance problems. Due to their smaller size, CBMs are interesting alternative probes. The aim of this chapter is to describe the use of CBM as probes to explore complex polysaccharide topochemistry in muro and to quantify enzymatic deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Badruna
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546 UPS/CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cédric Y Montanier
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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67
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Wu H, Montanier CY, Dumon C. Quantifying CBM Carbohydrate Interactions Using Microscale Thermophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:129-141. [PMID: 28417365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST) is an emerging technology for studying a broad range of biomolecular interactions with high sensitivity. The affinity constant can be obtained for a wide range of molecules within minutes based on reactions in microliters. Here, we describe the application of MST in quantifying two CBM-carbohydrate interactions, a CBM3a toward cellulose nanocrystals and a CBM4 against xylohexaose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de, Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cédric Y Montanier
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de, Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de, Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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68
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Production, properties, and applications of endo-β-mannanases. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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69
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Yu MJ, Yoon SH, Kim YW. Overproduction and characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase in Bacillus subtilis using an assay based on ascorbate consumption. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 93-94:150-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Campos BM, Liberato MV, Alvarez TM, Zanphorlin LM, Ematsu GC, Barud H, Polikarpov I, Ruller R, Gilbert HJ, Zeri ACDM, Squina FM. A Novel Carbohydrate-binding Module from Sugar Cane Soil Metagenome Featuring Unique Structural and Carbohydrate Affinity Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23734-23743. [PMID: 27621314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are appended to glycoside hydrolases and can contribute to the degradation of complex recalcitrant substrates such as the plant cell wall. For application in bioethanol production, novel enzymes with high catalytic activity against recalcitrant lignocellulosic material are being explored and developed. In this work, we report the functional and structural study of CBM_E1, which was discovered through a metagenomics approach and is the founding member of a novel CBM family, CBM81. CBM_E1, which is linked to an endoglucanase, displayed affinity for mixed linked β1,3-β1,4-glucans, xyloglucan, Avicel, and cellooligosaccharides. The crystal structure of CBM_E1 in complex with cellopentaose displayed a canonical β-sandwich fold comprising two β-sheets. The planar ligand binding site, observed in a parallel orientation with the β-strands, is a typical feature of type A CBMs, although the expected affinity for bacterial crystalline cellulose was not detected. Conversely, the binding to soluble glucans was enthalpically driven, which is typical of type B modules. These unique properties of CBM_E1 are at the interface between type A and type B CBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hernane Barud
- the Centro Universitário de Araraquara-UNIARA, BioPolMat, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- the Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- the Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), and
| | - Harry J Gilbert
- the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri
- the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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71
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Regulation of Meristem Morphogenesis by Cell Wall Synthases in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1404-15. [PMID: 27212401 PMCID: PMC5024349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell walls of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), containing the stem cell niche that gives rise to the above-ground tissues, are crucially involved in regulating differentiation. It is currently unknown how these walls are built and refined or their role, if any, in influencing meristem developmental dynamics. We have combined polysaccharide linkage analysis, immuno-labeling, and transcriptome profiling of the SAM to provide a spatiotemporal plan of the walls of this dynamic structure. We find that meristematic cells express only a core subset of 152 genes encoding cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs). Systemic localization of all these GT mRNAs by in situ hybridization reveals members with either enrichment in or specificity to apical subdomains such as emerging flower primordia, and a large class with high expression in dividing cells. The highly localized and coordinated expression of GTs in the SAM suggests distinct wall properties of meristematic cells and specific differences between newly forming walls and their mature descendants. Functional analysis demonstrates that a subset of CSLD genes is essential for proper meristem maintenance, confirming the key role of walls in developmental pathways.
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72
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Zhang M, Zhang R, Qu X, Huang S. Arabidopsis FIM5 decorates apical actin filaments and regulates their organization in the pollen tube. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3407-17. [PMID: 27117336 PMCID: PMC4892729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is increasingly recognized as a major regulator of pollen tube growth. Actin filaments have distinct distribution patterns and dynamic properties within different regions of the pollen tube. Apical actin filaments are highly dynamic and crucial for pollen tube growth. However, how apical actin filaments are generated and properly constructed remains an open question. Here we showed that Arabidopsis fimbrin5 (FIM5) decorates filamentous structures throughout the entire tube but is apically concentrated. Apical actin structures are disorganized to different degrees in the pollen tubes of fim5 loss-of-function mutants. Further observations suggest that apical actin structures are not constructed properly because apical actin filaments cannot be maintained at the cortex of fim5 pollen tubes. Actin filaments appeared to be more curved in fim5 pollen tubes and this was confirmed by measurements showing that the convolutedness and the rate of change of convolutedness of actin filaments was significantly increased in fim5 pollen tubes. This suggests that the rigidity of the actin filaments may be compromised in fim5 pollen tubes. Further, the apical cell wall composition is altered, implying that tip-directed vesicle trafficking events are impaired in fim5 pollen tubes. Thus, we found that FIM5 decorates apical actin filaments and regulates their organization in order to drive polarized pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084, China Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093 China Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084, China National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100101 China
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73
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Huang Y, Willats WG, Lange L, Jin Y, Fang Y, Salmeán AA, Pedersen HL, Busk PK, Zhao H. High-throughput microarray mapping of cell wall polymers in roots and tubers during the viscosity-reducing process. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 63:178-89. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University; Copenhagen SV Denmark
| | - William G. Willats
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University; Copenhagen SV Denmark
| | - Yanling Jin
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fang
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Armando A. Salmeán
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Henriette L. Pedersen
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Peter Kamp Busk
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University; Copenhagen SV Denmark
| | - Hai Zhao
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu Sichuan People's Republic of China
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74
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Berry EA, Tran ML, Dimos CS, Budziszek MJ, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Roberts AW. Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014284 PMCID: PMC4781868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalactuonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA
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75
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Rui Y, Anderson CT. Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan in the Walls of Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1398-419. [PMID: 26729799 PMCID: PMC4775103 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells are pairs of specialized epidermal cells that control water and CO2 exchange between the plant and the environment. To fulfill the functions of stomatal opening and closure that are driven by changes in turgor pressure, guard cell walls must be both strong and flexible, but how the structure and dynamics of guard cell walls enable stomatal function remains poorly understood. To address this question, we applied cell biological and genetic analyses to investigate guard cell walls and their relationship to stomatal function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using live-cell spinning disk confocal microscopy, we measured the motility of cellulose synthase (CESA)-containing complexes labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CESA3 and observed a reduced proportion of GFP-CESA3 particles colocalizing with microtubules upon stomatal closure. Imaging cellulose organization in guard cells revealed a relatively uniform distribution of cellulose in the open state and a more fibrillar pattern in the closed state, indicating that cellulose microfibrils undergo dynamic reorganization during stomatal movements. In cesa3(je5) mutants defective in cellulose synthesis and xxt1 xxt2 mutants lacking the hemicellulose xyloglucan, stomatal apertures, changes in guard cell length, and cellulose reorganization were aberrant during fusicoccin-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure, indicating that sufficient cellulose and xyloglucan are required for normal guard cell dynamics. Together, these results provide new insights into how guard cell walls allow stomata to function as responsive mediators of gas exchange at the plant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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76
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Crouch LI, Labourel A, Walton PH, Davies GJ, Gilbert HJ. The Contribution of Non-catalytic Carbohydrate Binding Modules to the Activity of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7439-49. [PMID: 26801613 PMCID: PMC4817175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable industrial substrate. Copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) contribute to the degradation of lignocellulose and increase the efficiency of biofuel production. LPMOs can contain non-catalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), but their role in the activity of these enzymes is poorly understood. Here we explored the importance of CBMs in LPMO function. The family 2a CBMs of two monooxygenases,CfLPMO10 andTbLPMO10 fromCellulomonas fimiandThermobispora bispora, respectively, were deleted and/or replaced with CBMs from other proteins. The data showed that the CBMs could potentiate and, surprisingly, inhibit LPMO activity, and that these effects were both enzyme-specific and substrate-specific. Removing the natural CBM or introducingCtCBM3a, from theClostridium thermocellumcellulosome scaffoldin CipA, almost abolished the catalytic activity of the LPMOs against the cellulosic substrates. The deleterious effect of CBM removal likely reflects the importance of prolonged presentation of the enzyme on the surface of the substrate for efficient catalytic activity, as only LPMOs appended to CBMs bound tightly to cellulose. The negative impact ofCtCBM3a is in sharp contrast with the capacity of this binding module to potentiate the activity of a range of glycoside hydrolases including cellulases. The deletion of the endogenous CBM fromCfLPMO10 or the introduction of a family 10 CBM fromCellvibrio japonicusLPMO10B intoTbLPMO10 influenced the quantity of non-oxidized products generated, demonstrating that CBMs can modulate the mode of action of LPMOs. This study demonstrates that engineered LPMO-CBM hybrids can display enhanced industrially relevant oxygenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy I Crouch
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH and
| | - Aurore Labourel
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH and
| | - Paul H Walton
- the York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon J Davies
- the York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J Gilbert
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH and
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78
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Pattathil S, Avci U, Zhang T, Cardenas CL, Hahn MG. Immunological Approaches to Biomass Characterization and Utilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:173. [PMID: 26579515 PMCID: PMC4623462 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is the major renewable feedstock resource for sustainable generation of alternative transportation fuels to replace fossil carbon-derived fuels. Lignocellulosic cell walls are the principal component of plant biomass. Hence, a detailed understanding of plant cell wall structure and biosynthesis is an important aspect of bioenergy research. Cell walls are dynamic in their composition and structure, varying considerably among different organs, cells, and developmental stages of plants. Hence, tools are needed that are highly efficient and broadly applicable at various levels of plant biomass-based bioenergy research. The use of plant cell wall glycan-directed probes has seen increasing use over the past decade as an excellent approach for the detailed characterization of cell walls. Large collections of such probes directed against most major cell wall glycans are currently available worldwide. The largest and most diverse set of such probes consists of cell wall glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies (McAbs). These McAbs can be used as immunological probes to comprehensively monitor the overall presence, extractability, and distribution patterns among cell types of most major cell wall glycan epitopes using two mutually complementary immunological approaches, glycome profiling (an in vitro platform) and immunolocalization (an in situ platform). Significant progress has been made recently in the overall understanding of plant biomass structure, composition, and modifications with the application of these immunological approaches. This review focuses on such advances made in plant biomass analyses across diverse areas of bioenergy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Claudia L. Cardenas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Hernandez-Gomez MC, Rydahl MG, Rogowski A, Morland C, Cartmell A, Crouch L, Labourel A, Fontes CMGA, Willats WGT, Gilbert HJ, Knox JP. Recognition of xyloglucan by the crystalline cellulose-binding site of a family 3a carbohydrate-binding module. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2297-303. [PMID: 26193423 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type A non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), exemplified by CtCBM3acipA, are widely believed to specifically target crystalline cellulose through entropic forces. Here we have tested the hypothesis that type A CBMs can also bind to xyloglucan (XG), a soluble β-1,4-glucan containing α-1,6-xylose side chains. CtCBM3acipA bound to xyloglucan in cell walls and arrayed on solid surfaces. Xyloglucan and cellulose were shown to bind to the same planar surface on CBM3acipA. A range of type A CBMs from different families were shown to bind to xyloglucan in solution with ligand binding driven by enthalpic changes. The nature of CBM-polysaccharide interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Artur Rogowski
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carl Morland
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lucy Crouch
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Aurore Labourel
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Harry J Gilbert
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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80
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Drakakaki G. Polysaccharide deposition during cytokinesis: Challenges and future perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:177-84. [PMID: 26025531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
De novo formation of a new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell during plant cytokinesis. The development of the cell plate, a transient sheet-like structure, requires the accumulation of vesicles directed by the phragmoplast to the cell plate assembly matrix. Fusion and fission of the accumulated vesicles are accompanied by the deposition of polysaccharides and cell wall structural proteins; together, they are leading to the stabilization of the formed structure which after insertion into the parental wall lead to the maturation of the nascent cross wall. Callose is the most abundant polysaccharide during cell plate formation and during maturation is gradually replaced by cellulose. Matrix polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, and pectins presumably are present throughout all developmental stages, being delivered to the cell plate by secretory vesicles. The availability of novel chemical probes such as endosidin 7, which inhibits callose formation at the cell plate, has proved useful for dissecting the temporal accumulation of vesicles at the cell plate and establishing the critical role of callose during cytokinesis. The use of emerging approaches such as chemical genomics combined with live cell imaging; novel techniques of polysaccharide detection including tagged polysaccharide substrates, newly characterized polysaccharide antibodies and vesicle proteomics can be used to develop a comprehensive model of cell plate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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81
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Characterization of a xylanase-producing Cellvibrio mixtus strain J3-8 and its genome analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10521. [PMID: 25994900 PMCID: PMC4440207 DOI: 10.1038/srep10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellvibrio mixtus strain J3-8 is a gram-negative, xylanase-producing aerobic soil bacterium isolated from giant snails in Singapore. It is able to produce up to 10.1 U ml−1 of xylanase, which is comparable to xylanase production from known bacterial and fungal strains. Genome sequence analysis of strain J3-8 reveals that the assembled draft genome contains 5,171,890 bp with a G + C content of 46.66%, while open reading frame (ORF) annotations indicate a high density of genes encoding glycoside hydrolase (GH) families involved in (hemi)cellulose hydrolysis. On the basis of 15 identified putative xylanolytic genes, one metabolic pathway in strain J3-8 is constructed for utilization of xylan. In addition, a 1,083 bp xylanase gene from strain J3-8 represents a new member of GH11 family. This gene is verified to be novel via phylogenetic analysis. To utilize this novel gene for hydrolysis of xylan to xylose, it is expressed in recombinant E. coli and characterized for its hydrolytic activity. This study shows that strain J3-8 is a potential candidate for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials.
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82
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Chateigner-Boutin AL, Suliman M, Bouchet B, Alvarado C, Lollier V, Rogniaux H, Guillon F, Larré C. Endomembrane proteomics reveals putative enzymes involved in cell wall metabolism in wheat grain outer layers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2649-58. [PMID: 25769308 PMCID: PMC4986875 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grain outer layers fulfil essential functions for the developing seed such as supplying energy and providing protection. In the food industry, the grain outer layers called 'the bran' is valuable since it is rich in dietary fibre and other beneficial nutriments. The outer layers comprise several tissues with a high content in cell wall material. The cell wall composition of the grain peripheral tissues was investigated with specific probes at a stage of active cell wall synthesis. Considerable wall diversity between cell types was revealed. To identify the cellular machinery involved in cell wall synthesis, a subcellular proteomic approach was used targeting the Golgi apparatus where most cell wall polysaccharides are synthesized. The tissues were dissected into outer pericarp and intermediate layers where 822 and 1304 proteins were identified respectively. Many carbohydrate-active enzymes were revealed: some in the two peripheral grain fractions, others only in one tissue. Several protein families specific to one fraction and with characterized homologs in other species might be related to the specific detection of a polysaccharide in a particular cell layer. This report provides new information on grain cell walls and its biosynthesis in the valuable outer tissues, which are poorly studied so far. A better understanding of the mechanisms controlling cell wall composition could help to improve several quality traits of cereal products (e.g. dietary fibre content, biomass conversion to biofuel).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhtadi Suliman
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Lollier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
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83
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Salmonella promotes virulence by repressing cellulose production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5183-8. [PMID: 25848006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500989112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. In bacteria, cellulose confers protection against environmental insults and is a constituent of biofilms typically formed on abiotic surfaces. We report that, surprisingly, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium makes cellulose when inside macrophages. We determine that preventing cellulose synthesis increases virulence, whereas stimulation of cellulose synthesis inside macrophages decreases virulence. An attenuated mutant lacking the mgtC gene exhibited increased cellulose levels due to increased expression of the cellulose synthase gene bcsA and of cyclic diguanylate, the allosteric activator of the BcsA protein. Inactivation of bcsA restored wild-type virulence to the Salmonella mgtC mutant, but not to other attenuated mutants displaying a wild-type phenotype regarding cellulose. Our findings indicate that a virulence determinant can promote pathogenicity by repressing a pathogen's antivirulence trait. Moreover, they suggest that controlling antivirulence traits increases long-term pathogen fitness by mediating a trade-off between acute virulence and transmission.
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84
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Vidal-Melgosa S, Pedersen HL, Schückel J, Arnal G, Dumon C, Amby DB, Monrad RN, Westereng B, Willats WGT. A new versatile microarray-based method for high throughput screening of carbohydrate-active enzymes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9020-36. [PMID: 25657012 PMCID: PMC4423690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes have multiple biological roles and industrial applications. Advances in genome and transcriptome sequencing together with associated bioinformatics tools have identified vast numbers of putative carbohydrate-degrading and -modifying enzymes including glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. However, there is a paucity of methods for rapidly screening the activities of these enzymes. By combining the multiplexing capacity of carbohydrate microarrays with the specificity of molecular probes, we have developed a sensitive, high throughput, and versatile semiquantitative enzyme screening technique that requires low amounts of enzyme and substrate. The method can be used to assess the activities of single enzymes, enzyme mixtures, and crude culture broths against single substrates, substrate mixtures, and biomass samples. Moreover, we show that the technique can be used to analyze both endo-acting and exo-acting glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases, carbohydrate esterases, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. We demonstrate the potential of the technique by identifying the substrate specificities of purified uncharacterized enzymes and by screening enzyme activities from fungal culture broths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henriette L Pedersen
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Julia Schückel
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Grégory Arnal
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse F-31400, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse F-31400, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel B Amby
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørge Westereng
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - William G T Willats
- From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark,
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85
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Ebert B, Rautengarten C, Guo X, Xiong G, Stonebloom S, Smith-Moritz AM, Herter T, Chan LJG, Adams PD, Petzold CJ, Pauly M, Willats WGT, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. Identification and Characterization of a Golgi-Localized UDP-Xylose Transporter Family from Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1218-27. [PMID: 25804536 PMCID: PMC4558686 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most glycosylation reactions require activated glycosyl donors in the form of nucleotide sugars to drive processes such as posttranslational modifications and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Most plant cell wall polysaccharides are biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus from cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars, which are actively transferred into the Golgi lumen by nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs). An exception is UDP-xylose, which is biosynthesized in both the cytosol and the Golgi lumen by a family of UDP-xylose synthases. The NST-based transport of UDP-xylose into the Golgi lumen would appear to be redundant. However, employing a recently developed approach, we identified three UDP-xylose transporters in the Arabidopsis thaliana NST family and designated them UDP-XYLOSE TRANSPORTER1 (UXT1) to UXT3. All three transporters localize to the Golgi apparatus, and UXT1 also localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutants in UXT1 exhibit ∼30% reduction in xylose in stem cell walls. These findings support the importance of the cytosolic UDP-xylose pool and UDP-xylose transporters in cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Andreia M Smith-Moritz
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Thomas Herter
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Leanne Jade G Chan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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86
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Mitchell K, Brown I, Knox P, Mansfield J. The role of cell wall-based defences in the early restriction of non-pathogenic hrp mutant bacteria in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:139-150. [PMID: 25108744 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the cause of the restricted multiplication of hrp mutant bacteria in leaves of Arabidopsis. Our focus was on early interactions leading to differentiation between virulent wild-type and non-pathogenic hrpA mutant strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. An initial drop in recoverable bacteria detected 0-4 h after inoculation with either strain was dependent on a functional FLS2 receptor and H2O2 accumulation in challenged leaves. Wild-type bacteria subsequently multiplied rapidly whereas the hrpA mutant was restricted within 6 h. Despite the early restriction, the hrpA mutant was still viable several days after inoculation. Analysis of intercellular washing fluids (IWFs), showed that high levels of nutrients were readily available to bacteria in the apoplast and that no diffusible inhibitors were produced in response to bacterial challenge. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used to detect changes in polysaccharides (callose, two forms of cellulose, and pectin), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), H2O2 and peroxidase. Quantitative analysis showed very similar changes in localisation of AGPs, cellulose epitopes and callose 2 and 4 h after inoculation with either strain. However from 6 to 12 h after inoculation papillae expanded only next to the hrp mutant. In contrast to the similar patterns of secretory activity recorded from mesophyll cells, accumulation of H2O2 and peroxidase was significantly greater around the hrpA mutant within the first 4h after inoculation. A striking differential accumulation of H2O2 was also found in chloroplasts in cells next to the mutant. Ascorbate levels were lower in the IWFs recovered from sites inoculated with the hrp mutant than with wild-type bacteria. The critical response, observed at the right time and place to explain the observed differential behaviour of wild-type and hrpA mutant bacteria was the accumulation of H2O2, probably generated through Type III peroxidase activity and in chloroplasts. It is proposed that H2O2 and apoplastic peroxidase cross-link secreted glycoproteins and polysaccharides to agglutinate the hrp mutant. Generation of H2O2 has been identified as a likely target for effector proteins injected into plant cells by the wild-type bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Mitchell
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT127NZ, UK
| | - Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John Mansfield
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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87
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Ben-Tov D, Abraham Y, Stav S, Thompson K, Loraine A, Elbaum R, de Souza A, Pauly M, Kieber JJ, Harpaz-Saad S. COBRA-LIKE2, a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored COBRA-LIKE family, plays a role in cellulose deposition in arabidopsis seed coat mucilage secretory cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:711-24. [PMID: 25583925 PMCID: PMC4347734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the maternally derived seed coat epidermal cells into mucilage secretory cells is a common adaptation in angiosperms. Recent studies identified cellulose as an important component of seed mucilage in various species. Cellulose is deposited as a set of rays that radiate from the seed upon mucilage extrusion, serving to anchor the pectic component of seed mucilage to the seed surface. Using transcriptome data encompassing the course of seed development, we identified COBRA-LIKE2 (COBL2), a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored COBRA-LIKE gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), as coexpressed with other genes involved in cellulose deposition in mucilage secretory cells. Disruption of the COBL2 gene results in substantial reduction in the rays of cellulose present in seed mucilage, along with an increased solubility of the pectic component of the mucilage. Light birefringence demonstrates a substantial decrease in crystalline cellulose deposition into the cellulosic rays of the cobl2 mutants. Moreover, crystalline cellulose deposition into the radial cell walls and the columella appears substantially compromised, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and in situ quantification of light birefringence. Overall, the cobl2 mutants display about 40% reduction in whole-seed crystalline cellulose content compared with the wild type. These data establish that COBL2 plays a role in the deposition of crystalline cellulose into various secondary cell wall structures during seed coat epidermal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ben-Tov
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Yael Abraham
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Shira Stav
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Kevin Thompson
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Ann Loraine
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Markus Pauly
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
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88
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Tan HT, Shirley NJ, Singh RR, Henderson M, Dhugga KS, Mayo GM, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Powerful regulatory systems and post-transcriptional gene silencing resist increases in cellulose content in cell walls of barley. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:62. [PMID: 25850007 PMCID: PMC4349714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to increase cellulose content and improve the stem strength of cereals could have beneficial applications in stem lodging and producing crops with higher cellulose content for biofuel feedstocks. Here, such potential is explored in the commercially important crop barley through the manipulation of cellulose synthase genes (CesA). RESULTS Barley plants transformed with primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall (SCW) barley cellulose synthase (HvCesA) cDNAs driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, were analysed for growth and morphology, transcript levels, cellulose content, stem strength, tissue morphology and crystalline cellulose distribution. Transcript levels of the PCW HvCesA transgenes were much lower than expected and silencing of both the endogenous CesA genes and introduced transgenes was often observed. These plants showed no aberrant phenotypes. Although attempts to over-express the SCW HvCesA genes also resulted in silencing of the transgenes and endogenous SCW HvCesA genes, aberrant phenotypes were sometimes observed. These included brittle nodes and, with the 35S:HvCesA4 construct, a more severe dwarfing phenotype, where xylem cells were irregular in shape and partially collapsed. Reductions in cellulose content were also observed in the dwarf plants and transmission electron microscopy showed a significant decrease in cell wall thickness. However, there were no increases in overall crystalline cellulose content or stem strength in the CesA over-expression transgenic plants, despite the use of a powerful constitutive promoter. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the cellulose biosynthetic pathway is tightly regulated, that individual CesA proteins may play different roles in the synthase complex, and that the sensitivity to CesA gene manipulation observed here suggests that in planta engineering of cellulose levels is likely to require more sophisticated strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rohan R Singh
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131-1004 USA
| | - Gwenda M Mayo
- />Adelaide Microscopy Waite Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
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89
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Voiniciuc C, Yang B, Schmidt MHW, Günl M, Usadel B. Starting to gel: how Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells produce specialized secondary cell walls. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3452-73. [PMID: 25658798 PMCID: PMC4346907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, the Arabidopsis seed coat epidermis (SCE) has been used as a model system to study the synthesis, secretion and modification of cell wall polysaccharides, particularly pectin. Our detailed re-evaluation of available biochemical data highlights that Arabidopsis seed mucilage is more than just pectin. Typical secondary wall polymers such as xylans and heteromannans are also present in mucilage. Despite their low abundance, these components appear to play essential roles in controlling mucilage properties, and should be further investigated. We also provide a comprehensive community resource by re-assessing the mucilage phenotypes of almost 20 mutants using the same conditions. We conduct an in-depth functional evaluation of all the SCE genes described in the literature and propose a revised model for mucilage production. Further investigation of SCE cells will improve our understanding of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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90
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Herbette S, Bouchet B, Brunel N, Bonnin E, Cochard H, Guillon F. Immunolabelling of intervessel pits for polysaccharides and lignin helps in understanding their hydraulic properties in Populus tremula × alba. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:187-99. [PMID: 25452248 PMCID: PMC4551089 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The efficiency and safety functions of xylem hydraulics are strongly dependent on the pits that connect the xylem vessels. However, little is known about their biochemical composition and thus about their hydraulic properties. In this study, the distribution of the epitopes of different wall components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) was analysed in intervessel pits of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × alba). METHODS Immunogold labelling with transmission electron microscopy was carried out with a set of antibodies raised against different epitopes for each wall polysaccharide type and for lignins. Analyses were performed on both immature and mature vessels. The effect of sap ionic strength on xylem conductance was also tested. KEY RESULTS In mature vessels, the pit membrane (PM) was composed of crystalline cellulose and lignins. None of the hemicellulose epitopes were found in the PM. Pectin epitopes in mature vessels were highly concentrated in the annulus, a restricted area of the PM, whereas they were initially found in the whole PM in immature vessels. The pit border also showed a specific labelling pattern, with higher cellulose labelling compared with the secondary wall of the vessel. Ion-mediated variation of 24 % was found for hydraulic conductance. CONCLUSIONS Cellulose microfibrils, lignins and annulus-restricted pectins have different physicochemical properties (rigidity, hydrophobicity, porosity) that have different effects on the hydraulic functions of the PM, and these influence both the hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability to cavitation of the pits, including ion-mediated control of hydraulic conductance. Impregnation of the cellulose microfibrils of the PM with lignins, which have low wettability, may result in lower cavitation pressure for a given pore size and thus help to explain the vulnerability of this species to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Herbette
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Nicole Brunel
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France and INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
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91
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Smith-Moritz AM, Hao Z, Fernández-Niño SG, Fangel JU, Verhertbruggen Y, Holman HYN, Willats WGT, Ronald PC, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL, Vega-Sánchez ME. Structural characterization of a mixed-linkage glucan deficient mutant reveals alteration in cellulose microfibril orientation in rice coleoptile mesophyll cell walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:628. [PMID: 26347754 PMCID: PMC4539472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE F6 (CslF6) gene was previously shown to mediate the biosynthesis of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), a cell wall polysaccharide that is hypothesized to be tightly associated with cellulose and also have a role in cell expansion in the primary cell wall of young seedlings in grass species. We have recently shown that loss-of-function cslf6 rice mutants do not accumulate MLG in most vegetative tissues. Despite the absence of a structurally important polymer, MLG, these mutants are unexpectedly viable and only show a moderate growth compromise compared to wild type. Therefore these mutants are ideal biological systems to test the current grass cell wall model. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of MLG in the primary wall, we performed in-depth compositional and structural analyses of the cell walls of 3 day-old rice seedlings using various biochemical and novel microspectroscopic approaches. We found that cellulose content as well as matrix polysaccharide composition was not significantly altered in the MLG deficient mutant. However, we observed a significant change in cellulose microfibril bundle organization in mesophyll cell walls of the cslf6 mutant. Using synchrotron source Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FTM-IR) Spectromicroscopy for high-resolution imaging, we determined that the bonds associated with cellulose and arabinoxylan, another major component of the primary cell walls of grasses, were in a lower energy configuration compared to wild type, suggesting a slightly weaker primary wall in MLG deficient mesophyll cells. Taken together, these results suggest that MLG may influence cellulose deposition in mesophyll cell walls without significantly affecting anisotropic growth thus challenging MLG importance in cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M. Smith-Moritz
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Zhao Hao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Susana G. Fernández-Niño
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Hoi-Ying N. Holman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CAUSA
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, ; Miguel E. Vega-Sanchez Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 978-4121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
| | - Miguel E. Vega-Sánchez
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Berkeley, CAUSA
- *Correspondence: Pamela C. Ronald, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, ; Miguel E. Vega-Sanchez Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 978-4121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
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92
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Chowdhury J, Henderson M, Schweizer P, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Little A. Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:650-660. [PMID: 25138067 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. For the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus. Papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. Here, we have re-examined the composition of papillae of barley (Hordeum vulgare) attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) using a range of antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules that are targeted to cell wall polysaccharides. The data show that barley papillae induced during infection with Bgh contain, in addition to callose, significant concentrations of cellulose and arabinoxylan. Higher concentrations of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose are found in effective papillae, compared with ineffective papillae. The papillae have a layered structure, with the inner core consisting of callose and arabinoxylan and the outer layer containing arabinoxylan and cellulose. The association of arabinoxylan and cellulose with penetration resistance suggests new targets for the improvement of papilla composition and enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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93
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North HM, Berger A, Saez-Aguayo S, Ralet MC. Understanding polysaccharide production and properties using seed coat mutants: future perspectives for the exploitation of natural variants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1251-63. [PMID: 24607722 PMCID: PMC4195541 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal cells of the seed coat of certain species accumulate polysaccharides during seed development for cell wall reinforcement or release on imbibition to form mucilage. Seed-coat epidermal cells show natural variation in their structure and mucilage production, which could explain the diverse ecophysiological roles proposed for the latter. Arabidopsis mucilage mutants have proved to be an important tool for the identification of genes involved in the production of seed-coat polysaccharides. SCOPE This review documents genes that have been characterized as playing a role in the differentiation of the epidermal cells of the arabidopsis seed coat, the natural variability in polysaccharide features of these cells and the physiological roles attributed to seed mucilage. CONCLUSIONS Seed-coat epidermal cells are an excellent model for the study of polysaccharide metabolism and properties. Intra- and interspecies natural variation in the differentiation of these epidermal cells is an under-exploited resource for such studies and promises to play an important part in improving our knowledge of polysaccharide production and ecophysiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M North
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Adeline Berger
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
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Li L, Huang J, Qin L, Huang Y, Zeng W, Rao Y, Li J, Li X, Xu W. Two cotton fiber-associated glycosyltransferases, GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1, function in hemicellulose glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during plant development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:367-79. [PMID: 24641584 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the major hemicellulosic constituent in dicot secondary cell walls. Cell wall composition of cotton fiber changes dynamically throughout development. Not only the amounts but also the molecular sizes of the hemicellulosic polysaccharides show substantial changes during cotton fiber development. However, none of the genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GTs) responsible for synthesizing xylan have been isolated and characterized in cotton fiber. In this study, we applied a bioinformatics approach and identified two putative GTs from cotton, designated GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1, which belong to the CAZy GT43 family and are closely related to Arabidopsis IRX9 and IRX14, respectively. We show that GhGT43A1 is highly and preferentially expressed in 15 and 20 days post-anthesis (dpa) cotton fiber, whereas GhGT43C1 is ubiquitously expressed in most organs, with especially high expression in 15 dpa fiber and hypocotyl. Complementation analysis demonstrates that GhG43A1 and GhGT43C1 are orthologs of Arabidopsis IRX9 and IRX14, respectively. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of GhGT43A1 or GhGT43C1 in Arabidopsis results in increased xylan content. We also show that overexpression of GhGT43A1 or GhGT43C1 leads to more cellulose deposition. These findings suggest that GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1 likely participate in xylan synthesis during fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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95
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Abstract
Uncultured and therefore uncharacterized Bacteroidetes lineages are ubiquitous in many natural ecosystems which specialize in lignocellulose degradation. However, their metabolic contribution remains mysterious, as well-studied cultured Bacteroidetes have been shown to degrade only soluble polysaccharides within the human distal gut and herbivore rumen. We have interrogated a reconstructed genome from an uncultured Bacteroidetes phylotype that dominates a switchgrass-associated community within the cow rumen. Importantly, this characterization effort has revealed the first preliminary evidence for polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL)-catalyzed conversion of cellulose. Based on these findings, we propose a further expansion of the PUL paradigm and the saccharolytic capacity of rumen Bacteroidetes species to include cellulose, the most abundant terrestrial polysaccharide on Earth. Moreover, the perspective of a cellulolytic PUL lays the foundation for PULs to be considered an alternative mechanism for cellulose degradation, next to cellulosomes and free-enzyme systems.
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96
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Ribas-Agustí A, Van Buggenhout S, Palmero P, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. Investigating the role of pectin in carrot cell wall changes during thermal processing: A microscopic approach. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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97
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Griffiths JS, Tsai AYL, Xue H, Voiniciuc C, Sola K, Seifert GJ, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 Mediates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Adherence and Organization through Pectins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:991-1004. [PMID: 24808103 PMCID: PMC4081351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cell wall polymers are critical for establishing cell wall integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Here, we exploit the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage system to examine cell wall polymer interactions. On hydration, seeds release an adherent mucilage layer strongly attached to the seed in addition to a nonadherent layer that can be removed by gentle agitation. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) is the primary component of adherent mucilage, with homogalacturonan, cellulose, and xyloglucan constituting minor components. Adherent mucilage contains rays composed of cellulose and pectin that extend above the center of each epidermal cell. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) and the arabinogalactan protein SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 (SOS5) are required for mucilage adherence through unknown mechanisms. SOS5 has been suggested to mediate adherence by influencing cellulose biosynthesis. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between SOS5 and CESA5. cesa5-1 seeds show reduced cellulose, RG I, and ray size in adherent mucilage. In contrast, sos5-2 seeds have wild-type levels of cellulose but completely lack adherent RG I and rays. Thus, relative to each other, cesa5-1 has a greater effect on cellulose, whereas sos5-2 mainly affects pectin. The double mutant cesa5-1 sos5-2 has a much more severe loss of mucilage adherence, suggesting that SOS5 and CESA5 function independently. Double-mutant analyses with mutations in MUCILAGE MODIFIED2 and FLYING SAUCER1 that reduce mucilage release through pectin modification suggest that only SOS5 influences pectin-mediated adherence. Together, these findings suggest that SOS5 mediates adherence through pectins and does so independently of but in concert with cellulose synthesized by CESA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Griffiths
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Hui Xue
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Krešimir Sola
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Georg J Seifert
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - George W Haughn
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
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Characterization of Family 17 and Family 28 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules fromClostridium josuiCel5A. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1028-32. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ciric M, Moon CD, Leahy SC, Creevey CJ, Altermann E, Attwood GT, Rakonjac J, Gagic D. Metasecretome-selective phage display approach for mining the functional potential of a rumen microbial community. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:356. [PMID: 24886150 PMCID: PMC4035507 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In silico, secretome proteins can be predicted from completely sequenced genomes using various available algorithms that identify membrane-targeting sequences. For metasecretome (collection of surface, secreted and transmembrane proteins from environmental microbial communities) this approach is impractical, considering that the metasecretome open reading frames (ORFs) comprise only 10% to 30% of total metagenome, and are poorly represented in the dataset due to overall low coverage of metagenomic gene pool, even in large-scale projects. Results By combining secretome-selective phage display and next-generation sequencing, we focused the sequence analysis of complex rumen microbial community on the metasecretome component of the metagenome. This approach achieved high enrichment (29 fold) of secreted fibrolytic enzymes from the plant-adherent microbial community of the bovine rumen. In particular, we identified hundreds of heretofore rare modules belonging to cellulosomes, cell-surface complexes specialised for recognition and degradation of the plant fibre. Conclusions As a method, metasecretome phage display combined with next-generation sequencing has a power to sample the diversity of low-abundance surface and secreted proteins that would otherwise require exceptionally large metagenomic sequencing projects. As a resource, metasecretome display library backed by the dataset obtained by next-generation sequencing is ready for i) affinity selection by standard phage display methodology and ii) easy purification of displayed proteins as part of the virion for individual functional analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-356) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jasna Rakonjac
- Animal Nutrition and Health, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Domozych DS, Sørensen I, Sacks C, Brechka H, Andreas A, Fangel JU, Rose JKC, Willats WGT, Popper ZA. Disruption of the microtubule network alters cellulose deposition and causes major changes in pectin distribution in the cell wall of the green alga, Penium margaritaceum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:465-79. [PMID: 24285826 PMCID: PMC3904706 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Application of the dintroaniline compound, oryzalin, which inhibits microtubule formation, to the unicellular green alga Penium margaritaceum caused major perturbations to its cell morphology, such as swelling at the wall expansion zone in the central isthmus region. Cell wall structure was also notably altered, including a thinning of the inner cellulosic wall layer and a major disruption of the homogalacturonan (HG)-rich outer wall layer lattice. Polysaccharide microarray analysis indicated that the oryzalin treatment resulted in an increase in HG abundance in treated cells but a decrease in other cell wall components, specifically the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The ring of microtubules that characterizes the cortical area of the cell isthmus zone was significantly disrupted by oryzalin, as was the extensive peripheral network of actin microfilaments. It is proposed that the disruption of the microtubule network altered cellulose production, the main load-bearing component of the cell wall, which in turn affected the incorporation of HG in the two outer wall layers, suggesting coordinated mechanisms of wall polymer deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carly Sacks
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Hannah Brechka
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Amanda Andreas
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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