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Currò A, Doddato G, Bruttini M, Zollino M, Marangi G, Zappella M, Renieri A, Pinto AM. CDKL5 mutations may mimic Pitt-Hopkins syndrome phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 64:104102. [PMID: 33220470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic conditions comprise a wide spectrum of different phenotypes, rapidly expanding due to new diagnostic methodologies. Patients' facial features and clinical history represent the key elements leading clinicians to the right diagnosis. CDKL5-early onset epilepsy and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome are two well-known genetic conditions, with a defined phenotype sharing some common characteristics like early-onset epilepsy and hyperventilation episodes. Whilst facial features represent a diagnostic handle in patients with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, clinical history is crucial in patients carrying a mutation in CDKL5. Here we present the clinical case of a girl evaluated for the first time when she was 24-years old, with a clinical phenotype mimicking Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Her facial features have become coarser while she was growing up, leading geneticists to raise different clinical hypotheses and to perform several molecular tests before getting the diagnosis of CDKL5-early-epileptic encephalopathy. This finding highlights that although typical facial gestalt has not so far extensively been described in CDKL5 mutated adult patients, peculiar facial features could be present later in life and may let CDKL5-related disorder mimic Pitt Hopkins. Thus, considering atypical Rett syndrome in the differential diagnosis of Pitt Hopkins syndrome could be important to solve complex clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Currò
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Doddato
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Mirella Bruttini
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologico, Unità di Genetica Medica, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologico, Unità di Genetica Medica, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Pinto
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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Sparber P, Filatova A, Anisimova I, Markova T, Voinova V, Chuhrova A, Tabakov V, Skoblov M. Various haploinsufficiency mechanisms in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104088. [PMID: 33069932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome is a rare neurodevelopment disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor 4 (TCF4). The main clinical symptoms of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome are severe development delay, intellectual disability, characteristic facial phenotype, and breathing abnormalities, including episodic hyperventilation. Different pathogenic variants can lead to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. The most common are large deletions at 18q21 encompassing the TCF4 gene and frameshifting/nonsense single nucleotide variants. However, variants in noncoding regions can also lead to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome by disrupting the normal pre-mRNA splicing machinery. Here we describe three patients with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome caused by a large deletion in chromosome 18, a nonsense variant, and a novel variant located in intron 11 of TCF4 c.922+5G > A. Using RT-PCR analysis and minigene splicing assay we showed that this intronic variant leads to exon 11 skipping resulting in a formation of a premature stop codon. To our knowledge, this is the first functional annotation of a splicing variant in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sparber
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | - Viktoria Voinova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics Pirogov RNRMU, Moscow, Russia
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Modulation of cognition and neuronal plasticity in gain- and loss-of-function mouse models of the schizophrenia risk gene Tcf4. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:343. [PMID: 33037178 PMCID: PMC7547694 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor TCF4 was confirmed in several large genome-wide association studies as one of the most significant schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility genes. Transgenic mice moderately overexpressing Tcf4 in forebrain (Tcf4tg) display deficits in fear memory and sensorimotor gating. As second hit, we exposed Tcf4tg animals to isolation rearing (IR), chronic social defeat (SD), enriched environment (EE), or handling control (HC) conditions and examined mice with heterozygous deletion of the exon 4 (Tcf4Ex4δ+/-) to unravel gene-dosage effects. We applied multivariate statistics for behavioral profiling and demonstrate that IR and SD cause strong cognitive deficits of Tcf4tg mice, whereas EE masked the genetic vulnerability. We observed enhanced long-term depression in Tcf4tg mice and enhanced long-term potentiation in Tcf4Ex4δ+/- mice indicating specific gene-dosage effects. Tcf4tg mice showed higher density of immature spines during development as assessed by STED nanoscopy and proteomic analyses of synaptosomes revealed concurrently increased levels of proteins involved in synaptic function and metabolic pathways. We conclude that environmental stress and Tcf4 misexpression precipitate cognitive deficits in 2-hit mouse models of relevance for schizophrenia.
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Macchiaiolo M, Panfili FM, Gonfiantini MV, Mastrogiorgio G, Buonuomo PS, Gaspari S, Longo D, Zollino M, Bartuli A. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a young patient with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2746-2750. [PMID: 32945094 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS, MIM #610954) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease characterized by the association of intellectual disability, characteristic facial gestalt and episodes of abnormal and irregular breathing. PTHS is due to heterozygous loss-of-function variants in the TCF4 gene (transcription factor 4, MIM #602272) encoding for a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. TCF4 is highly expressed during early development of the nervous system, and it is involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation. Since the first clinical description in 1978, less than 200 PTHS patients have been described. A comprehensive phenotype, especially regarding cancer predisposition, is not yet well defined. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy affected by PTHS with a 4-week history of progressive swelling of the frontal bones diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michaela Veronika Gonfiantini
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerarda Mastrogiorgio
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sabrina Buonuomo
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gaspari
- Hematology/Oncology, Cellular and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Longo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, UOC Genetica, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Wedel M, Fröb F, Elsesser O, Wittmann MT, Lie DC, Reis A, Wegner M. Transcription factor Tcf4 is the preferred heterodimerization partner for Olig2 in oligodendrocytes and required for differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4839-4857. [PMID: 32266943 PMCID: PMC7229849 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in the vertebrate central nervous system is under control of several basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors such as Olig2, Ascl1, Hes5 and the Id proteins. The class I basic helix-loop-helix proteins Tcf3, Tcf4 and Tcf12 represent potential heterodimerization partners and functional modulators for all, but have not been investigated in oligodendrocytes so far. Using mouse mutants, organotypic slice and primary cell cultures we here show that Tcf4 is required in a cell-autonomous manner for proper terminal differentiation and myelination in vivo and ex vivo. Partial compensation is provided by the paralogous Tcf3, but not Tcf12. On the mechanistic level Tcf4 was identified as the preferred heterodimerization partner of the central regulator of oligodendrocyte development Olig2. Both genetic studies in the mouse as well as functional studies on enhancer regions of myelin genes confirmed the relevance of this physical interaction for oligodendrocyte differentiation. Considering that alterations in TCF4 are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of intellectual disability, schizophrenia and autism in humans, our findings point to the possibility of an oligodendroglial contribution to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wedel
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Fröb
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olga Elsesser
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Humangenetisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Humangenetisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Composite Sleep Problems Observed Across Smith-Magenis Syndrome, MBD5-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome, and ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:1852-1865. [PMID: 32845423 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers of preschool and elementary school age children with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND), and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) were surveyed to assess sleep disturbance and to identify disorder-specific sleep problems. Because of overlapping features of these rare genetic neurodevelopmental syndromes, data were compared to reports of sleep disturbance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While similarities were observed with ASD, specific concerns between disorders differed, including mean nighttime sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, night wakings, parasomnias, restless sleep, and bedwetting. Overall, sleep disturbance in PTHS is significant but less severe than in SMS and MAND. The complexity of these conditions and the challenges of underlying sleep disturbance indicate the need for more support, education, and ongoing management of sleep for these individuals.
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Tamberg L, Jaago M, Säälik K, Sirp A, Tuvikene J, Shubina A, Kiir CS, Nurm K, Sepp M, Timmusk T, Palgi M. Daughterless, the Drosophila orthologue of TCF4, is required for associative learning and maintenance of the synaptic proteome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042747. [PMID: 32641419 PMCID: PMC7406316 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian transcription factor 4 (TCF4) has been linked to schizophrenia and intellectual disabilities, such as Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS). Here, we show that similarly to mammalian TCF4, fruit fly orthologue Daughterless (Da) is expressed widely in the Drosophila brain. Furthermore, silencing of da, using several central nervous system-specific Gal4 driver lines, impairs appetitive associative learning of the larvae and leads to decreased levels of the synaptic proteins Synapsin (Syn) and Discs large 1 (Dlg1), suggesting the involvement of Da in memory formation. Here, we demonstrate that Syn and dlg1 are direct target genes of Da in adult Drosophila heads, as Da binds to the regulatory regions of these genes and the modulation of Da levels alter the levels of Syn and dlg1 mRNA. Silencing of da also affects negative geotaxis of the adult flies, suggesting the impairment of locomotor function. Overall, our findings suggest that Da regulates Drosophila larval memory and adult negative geotaxis, possibly via its synaptic target genes Syn and dlg1 These behavioural phenotypes can be further used as a PTHS model to screen for therapeutics.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Jaago
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Kristi Säälik
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Alex Sirp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Anastassia Shubina
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Carl Sander Kiir
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Kaja Nurm
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mari Sepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mari Palgi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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Fautsch MP, Wieben ED, Baratz KH, Bhattacharyya N, Sadan AN, Hafford-Tear NJ, Tuft SJ, Davidson AE. TCF4-mediated Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: Insights into a common trinucleotide repeat-associated disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100883. [PMID: 32735996 PMCID: PMC7988464 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a common cause for heritable visual loss in the elderly. Since the first description of an association between FECD and common polymorphisms situated within the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene, genetic and molecular studies have implicated an intronic CTG trinucleotide repeat (CTG18.1) expansion as a causal variant in the majority of FECD patients. To date, several non-mutually exclusive mechanisms have been proposed that drive and/or exacerbate the onset of disease. These mechanisms include (i) TCF4 dysregulation; (ii) toxic gain-of-function from TCF4 repeat-containing RNA; (iii) toxic gain-of-function from repeat-associated non-AUG dependent (RAN) translation; and (iv) somatic instability of CTG18.1. However, the relative contribution of these proposed mechanisms in disease pathogenesis is currently unknown. In this review, we summarise research implicating the repeat expansion in disease pathogenesis, define the phenotype-genotype correlations between FECD and CTG18.1 expansion, and provide an update on research tools that are available to study FECD as a trinucleotide repeat expansion disease. Furthermore, ongoing international research efforts to develop novel CTG18.1 expansion-mediated FECD therapeutics are highlighted and we provide a forward-thinking perspective on key unanswered questions that remain in the field. FECD is a common, age-related corneal dystrophy. The majority of cases are associated with expansion of a CTG repeat (CTG18.1). FECD is the most common trinucleotide repeat expansion disease in humans. Evidence supports multiple molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology. Novel CTG18.1-targeted therapeutics are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, 200 1st St SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Eric D Wieben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 200 1st St SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Keith H Baratz
- Department of Ophthalmology, 200 1st St SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Amanda N Sadan
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, ECIV 9EL, UK.
| | | | - Stephen J Tuft
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, ECIV 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
| | - Alice E Davidson
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, ECIV 9EL, UK.
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Kim H, Berens NC, Ochandarena NE, Philpot BD. Region and Cell Type Distribution of TCF4 in the Postnatal Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:42. [PMID: 32765228 PMCID: PMC7379912 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 4 is a class I basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor regulating gene expression. Altered TCF4 gene expression has been linked to non-syndromic intellectual disability, schizophrenia, and a severe neurodevelopmental disorder known as Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. An understanding of the cell types expressing TCF4 protein in the mouse brain is needed to help identify potential pathophysiological mechanisms and targets for therapeutic delivery in TCF4-linked disorders. Here we developed a novel green fluorescent protein reporter mouse to visualize TCF4-expressing cells throughout the brain. Using this TCF4 reporter mouse, we observed prominent expression of TCF4 in the pallial region and cerebellum of the postnatal brain. At the cellular level, both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons express TCF4 in the cortex and hippocampus, while only a subset of GABAergic interneurons express TCF4 in the striatum. Among glial cell groups, TCF4 is present in astrocytes and immature and mature oligodendrocytes. In the cerebellum, cells in the granule and molecular layer express TCF4. Our findings greatly extend our knowledge of the spatiotemporal and cell type-specific expression patterns of TCF4 in the brain, and hence, lay the groundwork to better understand TCF4-linked neurological disorders. Any effort to restore TCF4 functions through small molecule or genetic therapies should target these brain regions and cell groups to best recapitulate TCF4 expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Noah C. Berens
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nicole E. Ochandarena
- MD-Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Philpot
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Repurposing the Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Inhibitor Nicardipine as a Na v1.8 Inhibitor In Vivo for Pitt Hopkins Syndrome. Pharm Res 2020; 37:127. [PMID: 32529312 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with the rare genetic disorder Pitt Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) do not have sufficient expression of the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) which is located on chromosome 18. TCF4 is a basic helix-loop-helix E protein that is critical for the normal development of the nervous system and the brain in humans. PTHS patients lacking sufficient TCF4 frequently display gastrointestinal issues, intellectual disability and breathing problems. PTHS patients also commonly do not speak and display distinctive facial features and seizures. Recent research has proposed that decreased TCF4 expression can lead to the increased translation of the sodium channel Nav1.8. This in turn results in increased after-hyperpolarization as well as altered firing properties. We have recently identified through a drug repurposing screen an FDA approved dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nicardipine used to treat angina, which inhibited Nav1.8. METHODS We have now performed behavioral testing in groups of 10 male Tcf4(± ) PTHS mice dosing by oral gavage at 3 mg/kg once a day for 3 weeks using standard methods to assess sociability, nesting, fear conditioning, self-grooming, open field and test of force. RESULTS Nicardipine returned this spectrum of behavioral deficits in the Tcf4(± ) PTHS mouse model to WT levels and resulted in statistically significant results. CONCLUSIONS These in vivo results in the well characterized Tcf4(± ) PTHS mice may suggest the potential to test this already approved drug further in a clinical study with PTHS patients or suggest the potential for use off label under compassionate use with their physician.
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Sun S, Yang X, Qin X, Zhao Y. TCF4 promotes colorectal cancer drug resistance and stemness via regulating ZEB1/ZEB2 expression. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:921-930. [PMID: 31933004 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the roles of TCF4 and its underlying mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC). Doxorubicin-resistant DLD-1 (DLD1 DR), TCF4 overexpression, and TCF4 knockdown cell lines were constructed. A flow cytometer was used to analyze frequencies of CD133+ cell in the DLD1 and DLD1 DR cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the expressions of cancer stem cell (CSC) makers. Stemness of CRC cells were determined using tumorsphere formation assay. The correlation between TCF4 and ZEB1/ZEB2 were determined using public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. ZEB1/ZEB2 overexpression cell lines were constructed and cell viabilities were then determined using MTT and colony formation assays. TCF4 overexpression promoted proliferation of CRC cell lines and relative expressions of TCF4 were significantly increased in the DLD1 DR cells. TCF4 overexpression promoted CRC cell doxorubicin resistance, whereas TCF4 knockdown significantly decreased doxorubicin resistance. Additionally, TCF4 overexpression also significantly increased frequencies of CSC cells, expressions of CSC markers, and CRC ability to form tumorsphere. Furthermore, TCF4 promoted ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression, leading to CRC proliferation and doxorubicin resistance. TCF4 promoted CRC doxorubicin resistance and stemness by regulating expressions of ZEB1 and ZEB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang, 277800, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang, 277800, Shandong, China
| | - Xingping Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2666 Taihangshan Road, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang, 277000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuekun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2666 Taihangshan Road, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang, 277000, Shandong, China.
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Kim JO, Lee KO, Kim HW, Park HS, Kim J, Sung JH, Oh D, Kim OJ, Kim NK. Association between KCNQ2, TCF4 and RGS18 polymorphisms and silent brain infarction based on whole‑exome sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1973-1983. [PMID: 32319632 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent brain infarction (SBI) is a cerebral infarction identified through brain imaging. In particular, studies have shown that the presence of SBI in elderly patients increases their risk of cognitive dysfunction, impairment and dementia. However, little research has been published on the relevance of SBI to these risks for the Korean population. The association between potassium voltage‑gated channel subfamily Q member 2 (KCNQ2), transcription factor 4 (TCF4) and regulator of G‑protein signaling 18 (RGS18) genotypes and SBI were investigated using whole‑exome sequencing and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The study population included 407 patients with SBI (171 males) and 401 control subjects (172 males). Genotyping was performed using PCR RFLP. Interestingly, TCF4 rs9957668T>C polymorphisms were associated with SBI prevalence [TT vs. CC: adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.815, 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.202‑2.740; TT vs. TC+CC: AOR, 1.492, 95% CI, 1.066‑2.088; TT+TC vs. CC: AOR, 1.454, 95% CI, 1.045‑2.203]. The combination of KCNQ2 rs73146513A>G and TCF4 rs9957668T>C genotypes was associated with increasing SBI prevalence (AG/CC: AOR, 3.719, 95% CI, 1.766‑7.833; AA/CC: AOR, 3.201, 95% CI, 1.387‑7.387). The present study showed that TCF4 rs9957668T>C polymorphisms may be risk factors for SBI. Therefore, the TCF4 rs9957668T>C polymorphism may serve as a biomarker for increased risk of SBI in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Oh Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Ook Lee
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Sung
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Keun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
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63
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Schoof M, Hellwig M, Harrison L, Holdhof D, Lauffer MC, Niesen J, Virdi S, Indenbirken D, Schüller U. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF4 impacts brain architecture as well as neuronal morphology and differentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:2219-2235. [PMID: 31919899 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 4 (TCF4) cause the Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a developmental disorder with severe intellectual disability. Here, we report findings from a new mouse model with a central nervous system-specific truncation of Tcf4 leading to severe phenotypic abnormalities. Furthermore, it allows the study of a complete TCF4 knockout in adult mice, circumventing early postnatal lethality of previously published mouse models. Our data suggest that a TCF4 truncation results in an impaired hippocampal architecture affecting both the dentate gyrus as well as the cornu ammonis. In the cerebral cortex, loss of TCF4 generates a severe differentiation delay of neural precursors. Furthermore, neuronal morphology was critically affected with shortened apical dendrites and significantly increased branching of dendrites. Our data provide novel information about the role of Tcf4 in brain development and may help to understand the mechanisms leading to intellectual deficits observed in patients suffering from PTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlen C Lauffer
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sanamjeet Virdi
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute, Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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64
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Novel Approaches for Identifying the Molecular Background of Schizophrenia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010246. [PMID: 31963710 PMCID: PMC7017322 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in psychiatric genetics have led to the discovery of dozens of genomic loci associated with schizophrenia. However, a gap exists between the detection of genetic associations and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. This review describes the basic approaches used in the so-called post-GWAS studies to generate biological interpretation of the existing population genetic data, including both molecular (creation and analysis of knockout animals, exploration of the transcriptional effects of common variants in human brain cells) and computational (fine-mapping of causal variability, gene set enrichment analysis, partitioned heritability analysis) methods. The results of the crucial studies, in which these approaches were used to uncover the molecular and neurobiological basis of the disease, are also reported.
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65
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Yin C, Jia X, Zhao Q, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Sun H, Li Z. Transcription factor 7-like 2 promotes osteogenic differentiation and boron-induced bone repair via lipocalin 2. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110671. [PMID: 32204099 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Boron-containing mesoporous bioactive glass (B-MBG) scaffolds could be capable of promoting osteogenesis by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during the process of bone defect repair. Despite this, more involving molecular controls are still largely unclear. In the present study, we identified that the downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway named transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) served as a key effector to promote boron-induced bone regeneration and osteogenesis through lipocalin 2 (LCN2). TCF7L2 was highly expressed in osteoblasts when treated with B-MBG scaffold extraction than MBG. LCN2, as a secreted bone factor, positively affected osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 and osteogenesis in vivo, which could be induced by TCF7L2. In addition, interference of TCF7L2 decreased the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. Finally, we identified that rLCN2 could rescue the poor ability of osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 whose Tcf7l2 gene was knocked down by lentiviral transfection of shRNA. Our findings provide some new insights into the molecular controls of boron-associated bone regeneration and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Xiaoshi Jia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jinyang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hongchen Sun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Zubing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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66
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Yang J, Horton JR, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. Structural basis for preferential binding of human TCF4 to DNA containing 5-carboxylcytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8375-8387. [PMID: 31081034 PMCID: PMC6895265 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychiatric risk-associated transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is linked to schizophrenia. Rare TCF4 coding variants are found in individuals with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome-an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. TCF4 contains a C-terminal basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA binding domain which recognizes the enhancer-box (E-box) element 5'-CANNTG-3' (where N = any nucleotide). A subset of the TCF4-occupancy sites have the expanded consensus binding specificity 5'-C(A/G)-CANNTG-3', with an added outer Cp(A/G) dinucleotide; for example in the promoter for CNIH3, a gene involved in opioid dependence. In mammalian genomes, particularly brain, the CpG and CpA dinucleotides can be methylated at the 5-position of cytosine (5mC), and then may undergo successive oxidations to the 5-hydroxymethyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC), and 5-carboxyl (5caC) forms. We find that, in the context of 5'-0CG-1CA-2CG-3TG-3'(where the numbers indicate successive dinucleotides), modification of the central E-box 2CG has very little effect on TCF4 binding, E-box 1CA modification has a negative influence on binding, while modification of the flanking 0CG, particularly carboxylation, has a strong positive impact on TCF4 binding to DNA. Crystallization of TCF4 in complex with unmodified or 5caC-modified oligonucleotides revealed that the basic region of bHLH domain adopts multiple conformations, including an extended loop going through the DNA minor groove, or the N-terminal portion of a long helix binding in the DNA major groove. The different protein conformations enable arginine 576 (R576) to interact, respectively, with a thymine in the minor groove, a phosphate group of DNA backbone, or 5caC in the major groove. The Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mutations affect five arginine residues in the basic region, two of them (R569 and R576) involved in 5caC recognition. Our analyses indicate, and suggest a structural basis for, the preferential recognition of 5caC by a transcription factor centrally important in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John R Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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67
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The subcellular localization of bHLH transcription factor TCF4 is mediated by multiple nuclear localization and nuclear export signals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15629. [PMID: 31666615 PMCID: PMC6821749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a class I basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor which regulates the neurogenesis and specialization of cells. TCF4 also plays an important role in the development and functioning of the immune system. Additionally, TCF4 regulates the development of Sertoli cells and pontine nucleus neurons, myogenesis, melanogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The ability of transcription factors to fulfil their function often depends on their intracellular trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. The trafficking is regulated by specific sequences, i.e. the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the nuclear export signal (NES). We performed research on the TCF4 trafficking regulating sequences by mapping and detailed characterization of motifs potentially acting as the NLS or NES. We demonstrate that the bHLH domain of TCF4 contains an NLS that overlaps two NESs. The results of in silico analyses show high conservation of the sequences, especially in the area of the NLS and NESs. This high conservation is not only between mouse and human TCF4, but also between TCF4 and other mammalian E proteins, indicating the importance of these sequences for the functioning of bHLH class I transcription factors.
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68
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Leylek R, Idoyaga J. The versatile plasmacytoid dendritic cell: Function, heterogeneity, and plasticity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:177-211. [PMID: 31759431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their identification as the natural interferon-producing cell two decades ago, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been attributed diverse functions in the immune response. Their most well characterized function is innate, i.e., their rapid and robust production of type-I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viruses. However, pDCs have also been implicated in antigen presentation, activation of adaptive immune responses and immunoregulation. The mechanisms by which pDCs enact these diverse functions are poorly understood. One central debate is whether these functions are carried out by different pDC subpopulations or by plasticity in the pDC compartment. This chapter summarizes the latest reports regarding pDC function, heterogeneity, cell conversion and environmentally influenced plasticity, as well as the role of pDCs in infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Leylek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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69
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Waddell EA, Viveiros JM, Robinson EL, Sharoni MA, Latcheva NK, Marenda DR. Extramacrochaetae promotes branch and bouton number via the sequestration of daughterless in the cytoplasm of neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:805-818. [PMID: 31581354 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Class I basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are highly conserved transcription factors that are ubiquitously expressed. A wealth of literature on Class I bHLH proteins has shown that these proteins must homodimerize or heterodimerize with tissue-specific HLH proteins in order to bind DNA at E-box consensus sequences to control tissue-specific transcription. Due to its ubiquitous expression, Class I bHLH proteins are also extensively regulated posttranslationally, mostly through dimerization. Previously, we reported that in addition to its role in promoting neurogenesis, the Class I bHLH protein daughterless also functions in mature neurons to restrict axon branching and synapse number. Here, we show that part of the molecular logic that specifies how daughterless functions in neurogenesis is also conserved in neurons. We show that the Type V HLH protein extramacrochaetae (Emc) binds to and represses daughterless function by sequestering daughterless to the cytoplasm. This work provides initial insights into the mechanisms underlying the function of daughterless and Emc in neurons while providing a novel understanding of how Emc functions to restrict daughterless activity within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Waddell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Erin L Robinson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michal A Sharoni
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina K Latcheva
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel R Marenda
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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70
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yu S, Wu X, Bao X. Rett and Rett-like syndrome: Expanding the genetic spectrum to KIF1A and GRIN1 gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e968. [PMID: 31512412 PMCID: PMC6825848 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the new genetic etiologies of Rett syndrome (RTT) or Rett‐like phenotypes. Methods Targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on 44 Chinese patients with RTT or Rett‐like phenotypes, in whom genetic analysis of MECP2, CDKL5, and FOXG1 was negative. Results The detection rate was 31.8% (14/44). A de novo pathogenic variant (c.275_276ins AA, p. Cys92*) of KIF1A was identified in a girl with all core features of typical RTT. A patient with atypical RTT was detected having de novo GRIN1 pathogenic variant (c.2337C > A, p. Val793Phe). Additionally, compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of PPT1 gene were detected in a girl, who initially displayed typical RTT features, but progressed into neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) afterwards. Pathogenic variants in KCNQ2, MEF2C, WDR45, TCF4, IQSEC2, and SDHA were also found in our cohort. Conclusions It is the first time that pathogenic variants of GRIN1 and KIF1A were linked to RTT and Rett‐like profiles. Our findings expanded the genetic heterogeneity of Chinese RTT or Rett‐like patients, and also suggest that some patients with genetic metabolic disease such as NCL, might displayed Rett features initially, and clinical follow‐up is essential for the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiru Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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71
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Rammos A, Gonzalez LAN, Weinberger DR, Mitchell KJ, Nicodemus KK. The role of polygenic risk score gene-set analysis in the context of the omnigenic model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1562-1569. [PMID: 31078131 PMCID: PMC6785707 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A recent development in the genetic architecture of schizophrenia suggested that an omnigenic model may underlie the risk for this disorder. The aim of our study was to use polygenic profile scoring to quantitatively assess whether a number of experimentally derived sets would contribute to the disorder above and beyond the omnigenic effect. Using the PGC2 secondary analysis schizophrenia case-control cohort (N = 29,125 cases and 34,836 controls), a robust polygenic signal was observed from gene sets based on TCF4, FMR1, upregulation from MIR137 and downregulation from CHD8. Additional analyses revealed a constant floor effect in the amount of variance explained, consistent with the omnigenic model. Thus, we report that putative core gene sets showed a significant effect above and beyond the floor effect that might be linked with the underlying omnigenic background. In addition, we demonstrate a method to quantify the contribution of specific gene sets within the omnigenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Rammos
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lara A Neira Gonzalez
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Kristin K Nicodemus
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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72
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Taylor J, Craft J, Blair E, Wordsworth S, Beeson D, Chandratre S, Cossins J, Lester T, Németh AH, Ormondroyd E, Patel SY, Pagnamenta AT, Taylor JC, Thomson KL, Watkins H, Wilkie AOM, Knight JC. Implementation of a genomic medicine multi-disciplinary team approach for rare disease in the clinical setting: a prospective exome sequencing case series. Genome Med 2019; 11:46. [PMID: 31345272 PMCID: PMC6659244 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multi-disciplinary approach to promote engagement, inform decision-making and support clinicians and patients is increasingly advocated to realise the potential of genome-scale sequencing in the clinic for patient benefit. Here we describe the results of establishing a genomic medicine multi-disciplinary team (GM-MDT) for case selection, processing, interpretation and return of results. METHODS We report a consecutive case series of 132 patients (involving 10 medical specialties with 43.2% cases having a neurological disorder) undergoing exome sequencing over a 10-month period following the establishment of the GM-MDT in a UK NHS tertiary referral hospital. The costs of running the MDT are also reported. RESULTS In total 76 cases underwent exome sequencing following triage by the GM-MDT with a clinically reportable molecular diagnosis in 24 (31.6%). GM-MDT composition, operation and rationale for whether to proceed to sequencing are described, together with the health economics (cost per case for the GM-MDT was £399.61), the utility and informativeness of exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis in a range of traits, the impact of choice of sequencing strategy on molecular diagnostic rates and challenge of defining pathogenic variants. In 5 cases (6.6%), an alternative clinical diagnosis was indicated by sequencing results. Examples were also found where findings from initial genetic testing were reconsidered in the light of exome sequencing including TP63 and PRKAG2 (detection of a partial exon deletion and a mosaic missense pathogenic variant respectively); together with tissue-specific mosaicism involving a cytogenetic abnormality following a normal prenatal array comparative genomic hybridization. CONCLUSIONS This consecutive case series describes the results and experience of a multidisciplinary team format that was found to promote engagement across specialties and facilitate return of results to the responsible clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Taylor
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jude Craft
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Wordsworth
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saleel Chandratre
- Children’s Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Cossins
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tracy Lester
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea H. Németh
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ormondroyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Smita Y. Patel
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair T. Pagnamenta
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate L. Thomson
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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73
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Ekins S, Gerlach J, Zorn KM, Antonio BM, Lin Z, Gerlach A. Repurposing Approved Drugs as Inhibitors of K v7.1 and Na v1.8 to Treat Pitt Hopkins Syndrome. Pharm Res 2019; 36:137. [PMID: 31332533 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pitt Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations of a specific gene, transcription factor 4 (TCF4), located on chromosome 18. PTHS results in individuals that have moderate to severe intellectual disability, with most exhibiting psychomotor delay. PTHS also exhibits features of autistic spectrum disorders, which are characterized by the impaired ability to communicate and socialize. PTHS is comorbid with a higher prevalence of epileptic seizures which can be present from birth or which commonly develop in childhood. Attenuated or absent TCF4 expression results in increased translation of peripheral ion channels Kv7.1 and Nav1.8 which triggers an increase in after-hyperpolarization and altered firing properties. METHODS We now describe a high throughput screen (HTS) of 1280 approved drugs and machine learning models developed from this data. The ion channels were expressed in either CHO (KV7.1) or HEK293 (Nav1.8) cells and the HTS used either 86Rb+ efflux (KV7.1) or a FLIPR assay (Nav1.8). RESULTS The HTS delivered 55 inhibitors of Kv7.1 (4.2% hit rate) and 93 inhibitors of Nav1.8 (7.2% hit rate) at a screening concentration of 10 μM. These datasets also enabled us to generate and validate Bayesian machine learning models for these ion channels. We also describe a structure activity relationship for several dihydropyridine compounds as inhibitors of Nav1.8. CONCLUSIONS This work could lead to the potential repurposing of nicardipine or other dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists as potential treatments for PTHS acting via Nav1.8, as there are currently no approved treatments for this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA.
| | - Jacob Gerlach
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Brett M Antonio
- Icagen, Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Durham, North Carolina, 27703, USA
| | - Zhixin Lin
- Icagen, Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Durham, North Carolina, 27703, USA
| | - Aaron Gerlach
- Icagen, Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Durham, North Carolina, 27703, USA
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74
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Quevedo M, Meert L, Dekker MR, Dekkers DHW, Brandsma JH, van den Berg DLC, Ozgür Z, van IJcken WFJ, Demmers J, Fornerod M, Poot RA. Mediator complex interaction partners organize the transcriptional network that defines neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2669. [PMID: 31209209 PMCID: PMC6573065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex regulates transcription by connecting enhancers to promoters. High Mediator binding density defines super enhancers, which regulate cell-identity genes and oncogenes. Protein interactions of Mediator may explain its role in these processes but have not been identified comprehensively. Here, we purify Mediator from neural stem cells (NSCs) and identify 75 protein-protein interaction partners. We identify super enhancers in NSCs and show that Mediator-interacting chromatin modifiers colocalize with Mediator at enhancers and super enhancers. Transcription factor families with high affinity for Mediator dominate enhancers and super enhancers and can explain genome-wide Mediator localization. We identify E-box transcription factor Tcf4 as a key regulator of NSCs. Tcf4 interacts with Mediator, colocalizes with Mediator at super enhancers and regulates neurogenic transcription factor genes with super enhancers and broad H3K4me3 domains. Our data suggest that high binding-affinity for Mediator is an important organizing feature in the transcriptional network that determines NSC identity. The Mediator complex regulates transcription by connecting enhancers to promoters. Here, the authors purify Mediator from neural stem cells (NSCs), identify 75 novel protein-protein interaction partners and characterize the Mediator-interacting network that regulates transcription and establishes NSC identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Quevedo
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize Meert
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mike R Dekker
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick H W Dekkers
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Zeliha Ozgür
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Demmers
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Fornerod
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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75
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Hellwig M, Lauffer MC, Bockmayr M, Spohn M, Merk DJ, Harrison L, Ahlfeld J, Kitowski A, Neumann JE, Ohli J, Holdhof D, Niesen J, Schoof M, Kool M, Kraus C, Zweier C, Holmberg D, Schüller U. TCF4 (E2-2) harbors tumor suppressive functions in SHH medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:657-673. [PMID: 30830316 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The TCF4 gene encodes for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 4 (TCF4), which plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Haploinsufficiency of TCF4 was found to cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Recently, the screening of a large cohort of medulloblastoma (MB), a highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor, revealed almost 20% of adult patients with MB of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype carrying somatic TCF4 mutations. Interestingly, many of these mutations have previously been detected as germline mutations in patients with PTHS. We show here that overexpression of wild-type TCF4 in vitro significantly suppresses cell proliferation in MB cells, whereas mutant TCF4 proteins do not to the same extent. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed significant upregulation of multiple well-known tumor suppressors upon expression of wild-type TCF4. In vivo, a prenatal knockout of Tcf4 in mice caused a significant increase in apoptosis accompanied by a decreased proliferation and failed migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells (CGNP), which are thought to be the cells of origin for SHH MB. In contrast, postnatal in vitro and in vivo knockouts of Tcf4 with and without an additional constitutive activation of the SHH pathway led to significantly increased proliferation of CGNP or MB cells. Finally, publicly available data from human MB show that relatively low expression levels of TCF4 significantly correlate with a worse clinical outcome. These results not only point to time-specific roles of Tcf4 during cerebellar development but also suggest a functional linkage between TCF4 mutations and the formation of SHH MB, proposing that TCF4 acts as a tumor suppressor during postnatal stages of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlen C Lauffer
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Merk
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Ahlfeld
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ohli
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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76
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Blanluet M, Masliah-Planchon J, Giurgea I, Bielle F, Girard E, Andrianteranagna M, Clemenceau S, Bourneix C, Burglen L, Doummar D, Rapinat A, Oumoussa BM, Ayrault O, Pouponnot C, Gentien D, Pierron G, Delattre O, Doz F, Bourdeaut F. SHH medulloblastoma in a young adult with a TCF4 germline pathogenic variation. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:675-678. [PMID: 30848346 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Blanluet
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Irina Giurgea
- UF de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR S933, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Departement de Neuropathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Mamy Andrianteranagna
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet", et Département de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, GHUEP, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Diane Doummar
- Département de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Rapinat
- Translational Research Department, Genomics Platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Badreddine Mohand Oumoussa
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMS Omique, Plateforme Post-Génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - David Gentien
- Translational Research Department, Genomics Platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Inserm U830, PSL Université, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- Pediatric Oncology Department, SIREDO Oncology Centre (Care, Innovation, Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
- Inserm U830, PSL Université, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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77
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Xia H, Jahr FM, Kim NK, Xie L, Shabalin AA, Bryois J, Sweet DH, Kronfol MM, Palasuberniam P, McRae M, Riley BP, Sullivan PF, van den Oord EJ, McClay JL. Building a schizophrenia genetic network: transcription factor 4 regulates genes involved in neuronal development and schizophrenia risk. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3246-3256. [PMID: 29905862 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor 4 (TCF4) locus is a robust association finding with schizophrenia (SCZ), but little is known about the genes regulated by the encoded transcription factor. Therefore, we conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of TCF4 in neural-derived (SH-SY5Y) cells to identify genome-wide TCF4 binding sites, followed by data integration with SCZ association findings. We identified 11 322 TCF4 binding sites overlapping in two ChIP-seq experiments. These sites are significantly enriched for the TCF4 Ebox binding motif (>85% having ≥1 Ebox) and implicate a gene set enriched for genes downregulated in TCF4 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown experiments, indicating the validity of our findings. The TCF4 gene set was also enriched among (1) gene ontology categories such as axon/neuronal development, (2) genes preferentially expressed in brain, in particular pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex and (3) genes downregulated in postmortem brain tissue from SCZ patients (odds ratio, OR = 2.8, permutation P < 4x10-5). Considering genomic alignments, TCF4 binding sites significantly overlapped those for neural DNA-binding proteins such as FOXP2 and the SCZ-associated EP300. TCF4 binding sites were modestly enriched among SCZ risk loci from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (OR = 1.56, P = 0.03). In total, 130 TCF4 binding sites occurred in 39 of the 108 regions published in 2014. Thirteen genes within the 108 loci had both a TCF4 binding site ±10kb and were differentially expressed in siRNA knockdown experiments of TCF4, suggesting direct TCF4 regulation. These findings confirm TCF4 as an important regulator of neural genes and point toward functional interactions with potential relevance for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhang Xia
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine
| | - Fay M Jahr
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science
| | - Nak-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Linying Xie
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Douglas H Sweet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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78
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Zollino M, Zweier C, Van Balkom ID, Sweetser DA, Alaimo J, Bijlsma EK, Cody J, Elsea SH, Giurgea I, Macchiaiolo M, Smigiel R, Thibert RL, Benoist I, Clayton-Smith J, De Winter CF, Deckers S, Gandhi A, Huisman S, Kempink D, Kruisinga F, Lamacchia V, Marangi G, Menke L, Mulder P, Nordgren A, Renieri A, Routledge S, Saunders CJ, Stembalska A, Van Balkom H, Whalen S, Hennekam RC. Diagnosis and management in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome: First international consensus statement. Clin Genet 2019; 95:462-478. [PMID: 30677142 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, specific facial features, and marked autonomic nervous system dysfunction, especially with disturbances of regulating respiration and intestinal mobility. It is caused by variants in the transcription factor TCF4. Heterogeneity in the clinical and molecular diagnostic criteria and care practices has prompted a group of international experts to establish guidelines for diagnostics and care. For issues, for which there was limited information available in international literature, we collaborated with national support groups and the participants of a syndrome specific international conference to obtain further information. Here, we discuss the resultant consensus, including the clinical definition of PTHS and a molecular diagnostic pathway. Recommendations for managing particular health problems such as dysregulated respiration are provided. We emphasize the need for integration of care for physical and behavioral issues. The recommendations as presented here will need to be evaluated for improvements to allow for continued optimization of diagnostics and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Zollino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli, IRCCS, UOC Genetica.,Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Roma, Italy
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid D Van Balkom
- Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Rob Giel Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Sweetser
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Alaimo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jannine Cody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Irina Giurgea
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare and Genetic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Smigiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatrics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ronald L Thibert
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ingrid Benoist
- Dutch Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome Foundation, Vlaggeschip, Oosterhout, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, and Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Channa F De Winter
- Organisation for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities, Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Deckers
- Department of Pedagogical Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anusha Gandhi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sylvia Huisman
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Kempink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital, UMCR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frea Kruisinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli, IRCCS, UOC Genetica.,Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Roma, Italy
| | - Leonie Menke
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Mulder
- Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Rob Giel Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Karolinska Center for Rare Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Carol J Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Hans Van Balkom
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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79
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Li M, Santpere G, Kawasawa YI, Evgrafov OV, Gulden FO, Pochareddy S, Sunkin SM, Li Z, Shin Y, Zhu Y, Sousa AMM, Werling DM, Kitchen RR, Kang HJ, Pletikos M, Choi J, Muchnik S, Xu X, Wang D, Lorente-Galdos B, Liu S, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Won H, de Leeuw CA, Pardiñas AF, Hu M, Jin F, Li Y, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Posthuma D, Reimers MA, Levitt P, Weinberger DR, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Geschwind DH, Hawrylycz MJ, State MW, Sanders SJ, Sullivan PF, Gerstein MB, Lein ES, Knowles JA, Sestan N. Integrative functional genomic analysis of human brain development and neuropsychiatric risks. Science 2018; 362:eaat7615. [PMID: 30545854 PMCID: PMC6413317 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To broaden our understanding of human neurodevelopment, we profiled transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes across brain regions and/or cell types for the entire span of prenatal and postnatal development. Integrative analysis revealed temporal, regional, sex, and cell type-specific dynamics. We observed a global transcriptomic cup-shaped pattern, characterized by a late fetal transition associated with sharply decreased regional differences and changes in cellular composition and maturation, followed by a reversal in childhood-adolescence, and accompanied by epigenomic reorganizations. Analysis of gene coexpression modules revealed relationships with epigenomic regulation and neurodevelopmental processes. Genes with genetic associations to brain-based traits and neuropsychiatric disorders (including MEF2C, SATB2, SOX5, TCF4, and TSHZ3) converged in a small number of modules and distinct cell types, revealing insights into neurodevelopment and the genomic basis of neuropsychiatric risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Oleg V. Evgrafov
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Forrest O. Gulden
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yurae Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Research Foundation of Korea, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - André M. M. Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Donna M. Werling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R. Kitchen
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hyo Jung Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Jinmyung Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sydney Muchnik
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Belen Lorente-Galdos
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christiaan A. de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ming Hu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fulai Jin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Reimers
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for the Developing Mind Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew W. State
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark B. Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ed S. Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kousoulidou L, Alexandrou A, Papaevripidou I, Evangelidou P, Tanteles G, Anastasiadou VC, Sismani C. Two unrelated individuals carrying rare mosaic deletions in TCF4 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:134-138. [PMID: 30450687 PMCID: PMC6587998 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Kousoulidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Angelos Alexandrou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Papaevripidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paola Evangelidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Tanteles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Violetta C Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Archbishop Makarios III Medical Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carolina Sismani
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by insufficient expression of the TCF4 gene. Most cases are characterized by severe intellectual disability, absent speech, motor delays, and autism spectrum disorder. Many have abnormal brain imaging, dysmorphic facial features, and medical comorbidities: myopia, constipation, epilepsy, and apneic spells. The present case study expands existing understanding of this disorder by presenting a unique phenotype with higher cognitive abilities and fewer medical comorbidities. METHODS The present case study reports on a 13-year-old, Caucasian male with a recent diagnosis of PTHS following genetic testing (i.e., whole exome sequencing). He was referred for a neuropsychological evaluation to document his neurocognitive functioning to assist with intervention planning. RESULTS Evaluation of intellectual, attention/executive, memory, visual-motor/fine-motor, academic, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning revealed global impairment across all areas of functioning. However, he demonstrated abilities beyond what has been detailed in the literature, including use of full sentences, capacity to learn and solve novel problems, basic academic functioning, and independent ambulation. CONCLUSIONS Children with PTHS may demonstrate a spectrum of abilities beyond what has been documented in the literature thus far. Failure to recognize this spectrum can result in late identification of an accurate diagnosis. (JINS, 2018, 24, 995-1002).
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Forrest MP, Hill MJ, Kavanagh DH, Tansey KE, Waite AJ, Blake DJ. The Psychiatric Risk Gene Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) Regulates Neurodevelopmental Pathways Associated With Schizophrenia, Autism, and Intellectual Disability. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:1100-1110. [PMID: 29228394 PMCID: PMC6101561 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic variants in and around the gene encoding transcription factor 4 (TCF4) are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Conversely, rare damaging TCF4 mutations cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and have also been found in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Chromatin immunoprecipitation and next generation sequencing were used to identify the genomic targets of TCF4. These data were integrated with expression, epigenetic and disease gene sets using a range of computational tools. RESULTS We identify 10604 TCF4 binding sites in the genome that were assigned to 5437 genes. De novo motif enrichment found that most TCF4 binding sites contained at least one E-box (5'-CAtcTG). Approximately 77% of TCF4 binding sites overlapped with the H3K27ac histone modification for active enhancers. Enrichment analysis on the set of TCF4 targets identified numerous, highly significant functional clusters for pathways including nervous system development, ion transport and signal transduction, and co-expression modules for genes associated with synaptic function and brain development. Importantly, we found that genes harboring de novo mutations in schizophrenia (P = 5.3 × 10-7), ASD (P = 2.5 × 10-4), and ID (P = 7.6 × 10-3) were also enriched among TCF4 targets. TCF4 binding sites were also found at other schizophrenia risk loci including the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor cluster, CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 and SETD1A. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that TCF4 binding sites are found in a large number of neuronal genes that include many genetic risk factors for common neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Forrest
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthew J Hill
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - David H Kavanagh
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adrian J Waite
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Derek J Blake
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +44(0)29 2068 8468, fax: +44(0)29 2068 7068, e-mail:
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83
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Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, Adams MJ, Agerbo E, Air TM, Andlauer TMF, Bacanu SA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Beekman AFT, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Blackwood DRH, Bryois J, Buttenschøn HN, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cai N, Castelao E, Christensen JH, Clarke TK, Coleman JIR, Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Craddock N, Crawford GE, Crowley CA, Dashti HS, Davies G, Deary IJ, Degenhardt F, Derks EM, Direk N, Dolan CV, Dunn EC, Eley TC, Eriksson N, Escott-Price V, Kiadeh FHF, Finucane HK, Forstner AJ, Frank J, Gaspar HA, Gill M, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Goes FS, Gordon SD, Grove J, Hall LS, Hannon E, Hansen CS, Hansen TF, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Hougaard DM, Hu M, Hyde CL, Ising M, Jansen R, Jin F, Jorgenson E, Knowles JA, Kohane IS, Kraft J, Kretzschmar WW, Krogh J, Kutalik Z, Lane JM, Li Y, Li Y, Lind PA, Liu X, Lu L, MacIntyre DJ, MacKinnon DF, Maier RM, Maier W, Marchini J, Mbarek H, McGrath P, McGuffin P, Medland SE, Mehta D, Middeldorp CM, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Mill J, Mondimore FM, Montgomery GW, Mostafavi S, Mullins N, Nauck M, Ng B, Nivard MG, Nyholt DR, O'Reilly PF, Oskarsson H, Owen MJ, Painter JN, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Peterson RE, Pettersson E, Peyrot WJ, Pistis G, Posthuma D, Purcell SM, Quiroz JA, Qvist P, Rice JP, Riley BP, Rivera M, Saeed Mirza S, Saxena R, Schoevers R, Schulte EC, Shen L, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sigurdsson E, Sinnamon GBC, Smit JH, Smith DJ, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stockmeier CA, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Tansey KE, Teismann H, Teumer A, Thompson W, Thomson PA, Thorgeirsson TE, Tian C, Traylor M, Treutlein J, Trubetskoy V, Uitterlinden AG, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, van Hemert AM, Viktorin A, Visscher PM, Wang Y, Webb BT, Weinsheimer SM, Wellmann J, Willemsen G, Witt SH, Wu Y, Xi HS, Yang J, Zhang F, Arolt V, Baune BT, Berger K, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Dannlowski U, de Geus ECJ, DePaulo JR, Domenici E, Domschke K, Esko T, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Lewis G, Li QS, Lucae S, Madden PFA, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Paciga SA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BWJH, Perlis RH, Porteous DJ, Potash JB, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Schaefer C, Schulze TG, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, Tiemeier H, Uher R, Völzke H, Weissman MM, Werge T, Winslow AR, Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Breen G, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet 2018; 50:668-681. [PMID: 29700475 PMCID: PMC5934326 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1713] [Impact Index Per Article: 285.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common illness accompanied by considerable morbidity, mortality, costs, and heightened risk of suicide. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis based in 135,458 cases and 344,901 controls and identified 44 independent and significant loci. The genetic findings were associated with clinical features of major depression and implicated brain regions exhibiting anatomical differences in cases. Targets of antidepressant medications and genes involved in gene splicing were enriched for smaller association signal. We found important relationships of genetic risk for major depression with educational attainment, body mass, and schizophrenia: lower educational attainment and higher body mass were putatively causal, whereas major depression and schizophrenia reflected a partly shared biological etiology. All humans carry lesser or greater numbers of genetic risk factors for major depression. These findings help refine the basis of major depression and imply that a continuous measure of risk underlies the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Till M F Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aartjan F T Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette N Buttenschøn
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Na Cai
- Statistical Genomics and Systems Genetics, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Jane Hvarregaard Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan I R Coleman
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nick Craddock
- Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cheynna A Crowley
- Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eske M Derks
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nese Direk
- Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Fernando S Goes
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten Horn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Hu
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Craig L Hyde
- Statistics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fulai Jin
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jesper Krogh
- Department of Endocrinology at Herlev University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihan Li
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yun Li
- Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leina Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dean F MacKinnon
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M Maier
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick McGrath
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Francis M Mondimore
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, University Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernard Ng
- Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul F O'Reilly
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jodie N Painter
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Richa Saxena
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling Shen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Grant B C Sinnamon
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wesley Thompson
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pippa A Thomson
- Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Chao Tian
- Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Traylor
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Umbricht
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert M van Hemert
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shantel Marie Weinsheimer
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - E C J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pamela F A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashley R Winslow
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Disease-causing variants in TCF4 are a frequent cause of intellectual disability: lessons from large-scale sequencing approaches in diagnosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:996-1006. [PMID: 29695756 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of human genome coding regions allows the simultaneous screen of a large number of genes, significantly improving the diagnosis of non-syndromic intellectual disabilities (ID). HTS studies permit the redefinition of the phenotypical spectrum of known disease-causing genes, escaping the clinical inclusion bias of gene-by-gene Sanger sequencing. We studied a cohort of 903 patients with ID not reminiscent of a well-known syndrome, using an ID-targeted HTS of several hundred genes and found de novo heterozygous variants in TCF4 (transcription factor 4) in eight novel patients. Piecing together the patients from this study and those from previous large-scale unbiased HTS studies, we estimated the rate of individuals with ID carrying a disease-causing TCF4 mutation to 0.7%. So far, TCF4 molecular abnormalities were known to cause a syndromic form of ID, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), which combines severe ID, developmental delay, absence of speech, behavioral and ventilation disorders, and a distinctive facial gestalt. Therefore, we reevaluated ten patients carrying a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in TCF4 (eight patients included in this study and two from our previous ID-HTS study) for PTHS criteria defined by Whalen and Marangi. A posteriori, five patients had a score highly evocative of PTHS, three were possibly consistent with this diagnosis, and two had a score below the defined PTHS threshold. In conclusion, these results highlight TCF4 as a frequent cause of moderate to profound ID and broaden the clinical spectrum associated to TCF4 mutations to nonspecific ID.
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85
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Zarouchlioti C, Sanchez-Pintado B, Hafford Tear NJ, Klein P, Liskova P, Dulla K, Semo M, Vugler AA, Muthusamy K, Dudakova L, Levis HJ, Skalicka P, Hysi P, Cheetham ME, Tuft SJ, Adamson P, Hardcastle AJ, Davidson AE. Antisense Therapy for a Common Corneal Dystrophy Ameliorates TCF4 Repeat Expansion-Mediated Toxicity. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:528-539. [PMID: 29526280 PMCID: PMC5985359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a common disease for which corneal transplantation is the only treatment option in advanced stages, and alternative treatment strategies are urgently required. Expansion (≥50 copies) of a non-coding trinucleotide repeat in TCF4 confers >76-fold risk for FECD in our large cohort of affected individuals. An FECD subject-derived corneal endothelial cell (CEC) model was developed to probe disease mechanism and investigate therapeutic approaches. The CEC model demonstrated that the repeat expansion leads to nuclear RNA foci, with the sequestration of splicing factor proteins (MBNL1 and MBNL2) to the foci and altered mRNA processing. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment led to a significant reduction in the incidence of nuclear foci, MBNL1 recruitment to the foci, and downstream aberrant splicing events, suggesting functional rescue. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of a targeted ASO therapy to treat the accessible and tractable corneal tissue affected by this repeat expansion-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pontus Klein
- ProQR Therapeutics, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Liskova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic; Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U nemocnice 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kalyan Dulla
- ProQR Therapeutics, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ma'ayan Semo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London ECIV 9EL, UK
| | | | - Kirithika Muthusamy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London ECIV 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah J Levis
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague 128 08, Czech Republic; Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U nemocnice 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Twin Research, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Tuft
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London ECIV 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Peter Adamson
- ProQR Therapeutics, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
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86
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Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu P, Li F, Yang C, Song J, Hu J, Xin D, Chen Z. A case of Pitt-hopkins Syndrome with de novo mutation in TCF4: Clinical features and treatment for epilepsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 67:51-54. [PMID: 29604340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), belonging to the group of 18q-syndromes, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in TCF4. PTHS is characterized by distinctive facial appearance, intermittent hyperventilation, intellectual disability and developmental delay. Although patients with PTHS generally have various systemic symptoms, most of them with a TCF4 mutation manifest the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We described the first Chinese case with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome based on clinical presentations and genetic findings. In addition to the typical features of PTHS, the girl also had paroxysms of tachypnea followed by cyanosis and recurrent seizures. Comprehensive medical examinations were performed including metabolic screening, hepatic and renal function evaluation, abdominal and cardiac ultrasounds. The presence of epileptic discharges in electroencephalography and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging were found. High-throughput sequencing was used to detect genetic mutations associated with CNS disorders. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutations in the patient. The c.2182C>T (p.Arg728Ter) mutation was a de novo nonsense mutation at exon 18 in the TCF4 gene of the patient. In conclusion, we have identified a de novo nonsense mutation of TCF4 carried by a Chinese girl with PTHS. The patient underwent anti-epileptic therapy (sodium valproate, levetiracetam, clonazepam), resulting in a reduction of the seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Chengqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Jingfei Hu
- Qingdao Women & Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dandan Xin
- Qingdao Women & Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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87
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Jung M, Häberle BM, Tschaikowsky T, Wittmann MT, Balta EA, Stadler VC, Zweier C, Dörfler A, Gloeckner CJ, Lie DC. Analysis of the expression pattern of the schizophrenia-risk and intellectual disability gene TCF4 in the developing and adult brain suggests a role in development and plasticity of cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol Autism 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29588831 PMCID: PMC5863811 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haploinsufficiency of the class I bHLH transcription factor TCF4 causes Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, while common variants in the TCF4 gene have been identified as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia. It remains largely unknown, which brain regions are dependent on TCF4 for their development and function. Methods We systematically analyzed the expression pattern of TCF4 in the developing and adult mouse brain. We used immunofluorescent staining to identify candidate regions whose development and function depend on TCF4. In addition, we determined TCF4 expression in the developing rhesus monkey brain and in the developing and adult human brain through analysis of transcriptomic datasets and compared the expression pattern between species. Finally, we morphometrically and histologically analyzed selected brain structures in Tcf4-haploinsufficient mice and compared our morphometric findings to neuroanatomical findings in PTHS patients. Results TCF4 is broadly expressed in cortical and subcortical structures in the developing and adult mouse brain. The TCF4 expression pattern was highly similar between humans, rhesus monkeys, and mice. Moreover, Tcf4 haploinsufficiency in mice replicated structural brain anomalies observed in PTHS patients. Conclusion Our data suggests that TCF4 is involved in the development and function of multiple brain regions and indicates that its regulation is evolutionary conserved. Moreover, our data validate Tcf4-haploinsufficient mice as a model to study the neurodevelopmental basis of PTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jung
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Häberle
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tristan Tschaikowsky
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,2Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elli-Anna Balta
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vivien-Charlott Stadler
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- 2Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Clinic Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- 4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,5Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Chichung Lie
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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88
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Goodspeed K, Newsom C, Morris MA, Powell C, Evans P, Golla S. Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome: A Review of Current Literature, Clinical Approach, and 23-Patient Case Series. J Child Neurol 2018; 33:233-244. [PMID: 29318938 PMCID: PMC5922265 DOI: 10.1177/0883073817750490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare, genetic disorder caused by a molecular variant of TCF4 which is involved in embryologic neuronal differentiation. PTHS is characterized by syndromic facies, psychomotor delay, and intellectual disability. Other associated features include early-onset myopia, seizures, constipation, and hyperventilation-apneic spells. Many also meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Here the authors present a series of 23 PTHS patients with molecularly confirmed TCF4 variants and describe 3 unique individuals. The first carries a small deletion but does not exhibit the typical facial features nor the typical pattern of developmental delay. The second exhibits typical facial features, but has attained more advanced motor and verbal skills than other reported cases to date. The third displays typical features of PTHS, however inherited a large chromosomal duplication involving TCF4 from his unaffected father with somatic mosaicism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first chromosomal duplication case reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassandra Newsom
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
- Children’s Health Dallas
| | | | | | - Patricia Evans
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
- Children’s Health Dallas
| | - Sailaja Golla
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
- Children’s Health Dallas
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89
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Page SC, Hamersky GR, Gallo RA, Rannals MD, Calcaterra NE, Campbell MN, Mayfield B, Briley A, Phan BN, Jaffe AE, Maher BJ. The schizophrenia- and autism-associated gene, transcription factor 4 regulates the columnar distribution of layer 2/3 prefrontal pyramidal neurons in an activity-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:304-315. [PMID: 28289282 PMCID: PMC5599320 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the laminar and columnar organization of the brain is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Here, we show in utero gain-of-function of the psychiatric risk gene transcription factor 4 (TCF4) severely disrupts the columnar organization of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a transcription- and activity-dependent manner. This morphological phenotype was rescued by co-expression of TCF4 plus calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner and by dampening neuronal excitability through co-expression of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir2.1). For we believe the first time, we show that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent Ca2+ transients are instructive to minicolumn organization because Crispr/Cas9-mediated mutation of NMDA receptors rescued TCF4-dependent morphological phenotypes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the transcriptional regulation by the psychiatric risk gene TCF4 enhances NMDA receptor-dependent early network oscillations. Our novel findings indicate that TCF4-dependent transcription directs the proper formation of prefrontal cortical minicolumns by regulating the expression of genes involved in early spontaneous neuronal activity, and thus our results provides insights into potential pathophysiological mechanisms of TCF4-associated psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory R. Hamersky
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan A. Gallo
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew D. Rannals
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Morganne N. Campbell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brent Mayfield
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron Briley
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - BaDoi N. Phan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew E. Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD,Department of Biostatistics and Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brady J. Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Brady J. Maher, Ph. D., Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, Telephone: 410-955-0865, Fax: 410-955-1044,
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90
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Schönewolf-Greulich B, Bisgaard AM, Møller R, Dunø M, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Kaur S, Van Bergen N, Lunke S, Eggers S, Jespersgaard C, Christodoulou J, Tümer Z. Clinician’s guide to genes associated with Rett-like phenotypes-Investigation of a Danish cohort and review of the literature. Clin Genet 2018; 95:221-230. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Schönewolf-Greulich
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A-M. Bisgaard
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R.S. Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - M. Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Brøndum-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Kaur
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - N.J. Van Bergen
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Lunke
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Eggers
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - C. Jespersgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Christodoulou
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Z. Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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91
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Monogenic disorders that mimic the phenotype of Rett syndrome. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:41-47. [PMID: 29322350 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), but defects in a handful of other genes (e.g., CDKL5, FOXG1, MEF2C) can lead to presentations that resemble, but do not completely mirror, classical RTT. In this study, we attempted to identify other monogenic disorders that share features with RTT. We performed a retrospective chart review on n = 319 patients who had undergone clinical whole exome sequencing (WES) for further etiological evaluation of neurodevelopmental diagnoses that remained unexplained despite extensive prior workup. From this group, we characterized those who (1) possessed features that were compatible with RTT based on clinical judgment, (2) subsequently underwent MECP2 sequencing and/or MECP2 deletion/duplication analysis with negative results, and (3) ultimately arrived at a diagnosis other than RTT with WES. n = 7 patients had clinical features overlapping RTT with negative MECP2 analysis but positive WES providing a diagnosis. These seven patients collectively possessed pathogenic variants in six different genes: two in KCNB1 and one each in FOXG1, IQSEC2, MEIS2, TCF4, and WDR45. n = 2 (both with KCNB1 variants) fulfilled criteria for atypical RTT. RTT-associated features included the following: loss of hand or language skills (n = 3; IQSEC2, KCNB1 x 2); disrupted sleep (n = 4; KNCB1, MEIS2, TCF4, WDR45); stereotyped hand movements (n = 5; FOXG1, KNCB1 x 2, MEIS2, TCF4); bruxism (n = 3; KCNB1 x 2; TCF4); and hypotonia (n = 7). Clinically based diagnoses can be misleading, evident by the increasing number of genetic conditions associated with features of RTT with negative MECP2 mutations.
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92
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Common Pathophysiology in Multiple Mouse Models of Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome. J Neurosci 2017; 38:918-936. [PMID: 29222403 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1305-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations or deletions of the transcription factor TCF4 are linked to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) and schizophrenia, suggesting that the precise pathogenic mutations dictate cellular, synaptic, and behavioral consequences. Here, we generated two novel mouse models of PTHS, one that mimics the most common pathogenic TCF4 point mutation (human R580W, mouse R579W) and one that deletes three pathogenic arginines, and explored phenotypes of these lines alongside models of pan-cellular or CNS-specific heterozygous Tcf4 disruption. We used mice of both sexes to show that impaired Tcf4 function results in consistent microcephaly, hyperactivity, reduced anxiety, and deficient spatial learning. All four PTHS mouse models demonstrated exaggerated hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), consistent with deficits in hippocampus-mediated behaviors. We further examined R579W mutant mice and mice with pan-cellular Tcf4 heterozygosity and found that they exhibited hippocampal NMDA receptor hyperfunction, which likely drives the enhanced LTP. Together, our data pinpoint convergent neurobiological features in PTHS mouse models and provide a foundation for preclinical studies and a rationale for testing whether NMDAR antagonists might be used to treat PTHS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with TCF4 mutations/deletions. Despite this genetic insight, there is a need to identify the function of TCF4 in the brain. Toward this goal, we developed two mouse lines, including one harboring the most prevalent pathogenic point mutation, and compared them with two existing models that conditionally delete Tcf4 Our data identify a set of overlapping phenotypes that may serve as outcome measures for preclinical studies of PTHS treatments. We also discovered penetrant enhanced synaptic plasticity across mouse models that may be linked to increased NMDA receptor function. These data reveal convergent neurobiological characteristics of PTHS mouse models and support the further investigation of NMDA receptor antagonists as a possible PTHS treatment.
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93
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Kasem E, Kurihara T, Tabuchi K. Neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2017; 127:53-60. [PMID: 29221905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are a family of presynaptic single-pass transmembrane proteins that act as synaptic organizers in mammals. The neurexins consist of three genes (NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3), each of which produces a longer α- and shorter β-form. Genomic alterations in NRXN genes have been identified in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, intellectual disability (ID), and addiction. Remarkably, a bi-allelic deficiency of NRXN1 was recently linked to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. The fact that some mono-allelic functional variants of NRXNs are also found in healthy controls indicates that other genetic or environmental factors affect the penetrance of NRXN deficiency. In this review, we summarize the common research methods and representative results of human genetic studies that have implicated NRXN variants in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize studies of rodent models with NRXN deficiencies that complement our knowledge of human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Kasem
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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94
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Lee BH, Reijnders MRF, Abubakare O, Tuttle E, Lape B, Minks KQ, Stodgell C, Bennetto L, Kwon J, Fong CT, Gripp KW, Marsh ED, Smith WE, Huq AM, Coury SA, Tan WH, Solis O, Mehta RI, Leventer RJ, Baralle D, Hunt D, Paciorkowski AR. Expanding the neurodevelopmental phenotype of PURA syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:56-67. [PMID: 29150892 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURA syndrome is a recently described developmental encephalopathy presenting with neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, and frequent apnea and epilepsy. We describe 18 new individuals with heterozygous sequence variations in PURA. A neuromotor disorder starting with neonatal hyptonia, but ultimately allowing delayed progression to walking, was present in nearly all individuals. Congenital apnea was present in 56% during infancy, but all cases in this cohort resolved during the first year of life. Feeding difficulties were frequently reported, with gastrostomy tube placement required in 28%. Epilepsy was present in 50% of the subjects, including infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Skeletal complications were found in 39%. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility and nystagmus were also recurrent features. Autism was diagnosed in one individual, potentially expanding the neurodevelopmental phenotype associated with this syndrome. However, we did not find additional PURA sequence variations in a cohort of 120 subjects with autism. We also present the first neuropathologic studies of PURA syndrome, and describe chronic inflammatory changes around the arterioles within the deep white matter. We did not find significant correlations between mutational class and severity, nor between location of the sequence variation in PUR repeat domains. Further studies are required in larger cohorts of subjects with PURA syndrome to clarify these genotype-phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Margot R F Reijnders
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Oluwatobi Abubakare
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Emily Tuttle
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Brynn Lape
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kelly Q Minks
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Christopher Stodgell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Loisa Bennetto
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jennifer Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Chin-To Fong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Karen W Gripp
- A.I. du Pont Hospital for Children/Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Pediatric Regional Epilepsy Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
| | - Ahm M Huq
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Stephanie A Coury
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Orestes Solis
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Rupal I Mehta
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard J Leventer
- The Royal Children's Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Department of Pediatrics and the Murdoch Children's Hospital Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - David Hunt
- Faculty of Medicine, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Alex R Paciorkowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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95
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Mozzi A, Forni D, Cagliani R, Pozzoli U, Clerici M, Sironi M. Distinct selective forces and Neanderthal introgression shaped genetic diversity at genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6116. [PMID: 28733602 PMCID: PMC5522412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to high intelligence, humans evolved specialized social-cognitive skills, which are specifically affected in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genes affected in ASD represent suitable candidates to study the evolution of human social cognition. We performed an evolutionary analysis on 68 genes associated to neurodevelopmental disorders; our data indicate that genetic diversity was shaped by distinct selective forces, including natural selection and introgression from archaic hominins. We discuss the possibility that segregation distortion during spermatogenesis accounts for a subset of ASD mutations. Finally, we detected modern-human-specific alleles in DYRK1A and TCF4. These variants are located within regions that display chromatin features typical of transcriptional enhancers in several brain areas, strongly suggesting a regulatory role. These SNPs thus represent candidates for association with neurodevelopmental disorders, and await experimental validation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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96
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Hill MJ, Killick R, Navarrete K, Maruszak A, McLaughlin GM, Williams BP, Bray NJ. Knockdown of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene TCF4 alters gene expression and proliferation of progenitor cells from the developing human neocortex. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:181-188. [PMID: 27689884 PMCID: PMC5403663 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variants in the TCF4 gene are among the most robustly supported genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Rare TCF4 deletions and loss-of-function point mutations cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, a developmental disorder associated with severe intellectual disability. METHODS To explore molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TCF4 perturbation could interfere with human cortical development, we experimentally reduced the endogenous expression of TCF4 in a neural progenitor cell line derived from the developing human cerebral cortex using RNA interference. Effects on genome-wide gene expression were assessed by microarray, followed by Gene Ontology and pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes. We tested for genetic association between the set of differentially expressed genes and schizophrenia using genome-wide association study data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and competitive gene set analysis (MAGMA). Effects on cell proliferation were assessed using high content imaging. RESULTS Genes that were differentially expressed following TCF4 knockdown were highly enriched for involvement in the cell cycle. There was a nonsignificant trend for genetic association between the differentially expressed gene set and schizophrenia. Consistent with the gene expression data, TCF4 knockdown was associated with reduced proliferation of cortical progenitor cells in vitro. LIMITATIONS A detailed mechanistic explanation of how TCF4 knockdown alters human neural progenitor cell proliferation is not provided by this study. CONCLUSION Our data indicate effects of TCF4 perturbation on human cortical progenitor cell proliferation, a process that could contribute to cognitive deficits in individuals with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas J. Bray
- Correspondence to: N. Bray, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK;
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97
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Vincent JB. Unstable repeat expansion in major psychiatric disorders: two decades on, is dynamic DNA back on the menu? Psychiatr Genet 2017; 26:156-65. [PMID: 27270050 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For a period in the mid-1990s, soon after the discovery of the involvement of trinucleotide repeat expansions in fragile-X syndrome (both A and E), Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and a number of hereditary ataxias, there was a clear sense that this new disease mechanism might provide answers for psychiatric disorders. Given the then failures to replicate initial genetic linkage findings for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), a greater emphasis was placed on the role of complex and non-Mendelian mechanisms, and repeat instability appeared to have the potential to provide adequate explanations for numerous apparently non-Mendelian features such as anticipation, incomplete penetrance, sporadic occurrence, and nonconcordance of monozygotic twins. Initial molecular studies using a ligation-based amplification method (repeat expansion detection) appeared to support the involvement of CAG•CTG repeat expansion in SCZ and BD. However, subsequent studies that dissected the large repeats responsible for much of the positive signal showed that there were three main loci where CAG•CTG repeat expansion was occurring (on 13q21.33, 17q21.33-q22, and 18q21.2). None of the expansions at these loci appeared to segregate with SCZ or BD, and research into repeat expansions in psychiatric illness petered out in the early 2000s. The 13q expansion occurs within a noncoding RNA and appears to be associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 8 (SCA8), but with a still unexplained dichotomy in penetrance - either very high or very low. The 17q expansion occurs within an intron of the carbonic anhydrase-like gene, CA10. The 18q expansion is located within an intron of the TCF4 gene. Mutations in TCF4 are a known cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Also, pertinently, genome-wide association studies have shown a well-replicated association between TCF4 and SCZ. Two decades on, in 2016, it appears to be an appropriate juncture to reflect on what we have learned, and, with the arrival of newer technologies, whether there is any mileage to be made in revisiting the unstable DNA hypothesis for psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- aMolecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute bInstitute of Medical Science cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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98
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An interaction network of mental disorder proteins in neural stem cells. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1082. [PMID: 28375211 PMCID: PMC5416693 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders (MDs) such as intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia have a strong genetic component. Recently, many gene mutations associated with ID, ASD or schizophrenia have been identified by high-throughput sequencing. A substantial fraction of these mutations are in genes encoding transcriptional regulators. Transcriptional regulators associated with different MDs but acting in the same gene regulatory network provide information on the molecular relation between MDs. Physical interaction between transcriptional regulators is a strong predictor for their cooperation in gene regulation. Here, we biochemically purified transcriptional regulators from neural stem cells, identified their interaction partners by mass spectrometry and assembled a protein interaction network containing 206 proteins, including 68 proteins mutated in MD patients and 52 proteins significantly lacking coding variation in humans. Our network shows molecular connections between established MD proteins and provides a discovery tool for novel MD genes. Network proteins preferentially co-localize on the genome and cooperate in disease-relevant gene regulation. Our results suggest that the observed transcriptional regulators associated with ID, ASD or schizophrenia are part of a transcriptional network in neural stem cells. We find that more severe mutations in network proteins are associated with MDs that include lower intelligence quotient (IQ), suggesting that the level of disruption of a shared transcriptional network correlates with cognitive dysfunction.
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Bruce HA, Kochunov P, Paciga SA, Hyde CL, Chen X, Xie Z, Zhang B, Xi HS, O'Donnell P, Whelan C, Schubert CR, Bellon A, Ament SA, Shukla DK, Du X, Rowland LM, O'Neill H, Hong LE. Potassium channel gene associations with joint processing speed and white matter impairments in schizophrenia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:515-521. [PMID: 28188958 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show decreased processing speed on neuropsychological testing and decreased white matter integrity as measured by diffusion tensor imaging, two traits shown to be both heritable and genetically associated indicating that there may be genes that influence both traits as well as schizophrenia disease risk. The potassium channel gene family is a reasonable candidate to harbor such a gene given the prominent role potassium channels play in the central nervous system in signal transduction, particularly in myelinated axons. We genotyped members of the large potassium channel gene family focusing on putatively functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a population of 363 controls, 194 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and 28 patients with affective disorders with psychotic features who completed imaging and neuropsychological testing. We then performed three association analyses using three phenotypes - processing speed, whole-brain white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis. We extracted SNPs showing an association at a nominal P value of <0.05 with all three phenotypes in the expected direction: decreased processing speed, decreased FA and increased risk of SSD. A single SNP, rs8234, in the 3' untranslated region of voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1) was identified. Rs8234 has been shown to affect KCNQ1 expression levels, and KCNQ1 levels have been shown to affect neuronal action potentials. This exploratory analysis provides preliminary data suggesting that KCNQ1 may contribute to the shared risk for diminished processing speed, diminished white mater integrity and increased risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Bruce
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - P Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - S A Paciga
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - C L Hyde
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - X Chen
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - Z Xie
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - B Zhang
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - H S Xi
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - C Whelan
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - A Bellon
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - S A Ament
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - D K Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - X Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - H O'Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L E Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Pitt Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that results from mutations of the clinically pleiotropic Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) gene. Mutations in the genomic locus of TCF4 on chromosome 18 have been linked to multiple disorders including 18q syndrome, schizophrenia, Fuch's corneal dystrophy, and sclerosing cholangitis. For PTHS, TCF4 mutation or deletion leads to the production of a dominant negative TCF4 protein and/or haploinsufficiency that results in abnormal brain development. The biology of TCF4 has been studied for several years in regards to its role in immune cell differentiation, although its role in neurodevelopment and the mechanisms resulting in the severe symptoms of PTHS are not well studied. Recent Findings Here, we summarize the current understanding of PTHS and recent findings that have begun to describe the biological implications of TCF4 deficiency during brain development and into adulthood. In particular, we focus on recent work that has looked at the role of TCF4 biology within the context of PTHS and highlight the potential for identification of therapeutic targets for PTHS. Summary PTHS research continues to uncover mutations in TCF4 that underlie the genetic cause of this rare disease, and emerging evidence for molecular mechanisms that TCF4 regulates in brain development and neuronal function is contributing to a more complete picture of how pathology arises from this genetic basis, with important implications for the potential of future clinical care.
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