51
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Jennewein L, Bartsch G, Gust K, Kvasnicka HM, Haferkamp A, Blaheta R, Mittelbronn M, Harter PN, Mani J. Increased tumor vascularization is associated with the amount of immune competent PD-1 positive cells in testicular germ cell tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9852-9860. [PMID: 29928359 PMCID: PMC6004709 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell cancer in a metastatic state is curable with a cisplatin-based first line chemotherapy. However, 10-15% of these patients are resistant to first line chemotherapy and are thus left with only palliative options. Immunotherapies and inhibition of angiogenesis used in multiple types of cancer; however, the molecular context of angiogenesis and immune checkpoints in the development and progression of testicular cancers is still unknown. Therefore, the present study performed tissue micro array based analysis of 84 patients with immunohistochemistry of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) of testicular cancer and corresponding normal appearing testis tissue, matching the results with clinical data. The results demonstrated that PD-L1 was significantly upregulated in testicular tumors and that PD-1 positive cells significantly infiltrated the testicular tumor when compared with normal testicular tissue. VEGFR2 was significantly upregulated in testicular cancer. It was indicated that PD-1 expressing cytotoxic cells may require pathologic tumor vessels to pass the blood-testis-barrier in order to migrate into the tumor. Notably, when matching the clinical data for PD-1, PD-L1 and VEGFR2 there were no differences in expression in the different International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group stages of non-seminoma. These data suggested that the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and the anti-angiogenic therapy, sequentially or in combination, may be a promising option in the treatment of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jennewein
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kilian Gust
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Michael Kvasnicka
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Patrick N Harter
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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52
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Therapeutic cancer vaccines: From initial findings to prospects. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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53
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Abdo J, Cornell DL, Mittal SK, Agrawal DK. Immunotherapy Plus Cryotherapy: Potential Augmented Abscopal Effect for Advanced Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:85. [PMID: 29644213 PMCID: PMC5882833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1920s the gold standard for treating cancer has been surgery, which is typically preceded or followed with chemotherapy and/or radiation, a process that perhaps contributes to the destruction of a patient’s immune defense system. Cryosurgery ablation of a solid tumor is mechanistically similar to a vaccination where hundreds of unique antigens from a heterogeneous population of tumor cells derived from the invading cancer are released. However, releasing tumor-derived self-antigens into circulation may not be sufficient enough to overcome the checkpoint escape mechanisms some cancers have evolved to avoid immune responses. The potentiated immune response caused by blocking tumor checkpoints designed to prevent programmed cell death may be the optimal treatment method for the immune system to recognize these new circulating cryoablated self-antigens. Preclinical and clinical evidence exists for the complementary roles for Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA-4) and PD-1 antagonists in regulating adaptive immunity, demonstrating that combination immunotherapy followed by cryosurgery provides a more targeted immune response to distant lesions, a phenomenon known as the abscopal effect. We propose that when the host’s immune system has been “primed” with combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 adjuvants prior to cryosurgery, the preserved cryoablated tumor antigens will be presented and processed by the host’s immune system resulting in a robust cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell response. Based on recent investigations and well-described biochemical mechanisms presented herein, a polyvalent autoinoculation of many tumor-specific antigens, derived from a heterogeneous population of tumor cancer cells, would present to an unhindered yet pre-sensitized immune system yielding a superior advantage in locating, recognizing, and destroying tumor cells throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Abdo
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - David L Cornell
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Surgery, CHI Health Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sumeet K Mittal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Dignity Health, Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
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54
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Huang Y, Kim BY, Chan CK, Hahn SM, Weissman IL, Jiang W. Improving immune-vascular crosstalk for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:195-203. [PMID: 29332937 PMCID: PMC5922422 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature of tumours is highly abnormal and dysfunctional. Consequently, immune effector cells have an impaired ability to penetrate solid tumours and often exhibit compromised functions. Normalization of the tumour vasculature can enhance tissue perfusion and improve immune effector cell infiltration, leading to immunotherapy potentiation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the stimulation of immune cell functions can also help to normalize tumour vessels. In this Opinion article, we propose that the reciprocal regulation between tumour vascular normalization and immune reprogramming forms a reinforcing loop that reconditions the tumour immune microenvironment to induce durable antitumour immunity. A deeper understanding of these pathways could pave the way for identifying new biomarkers and developing more effective combination treatment strategies for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Huang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou, China, 215123
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province & Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Betty Y.S. Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Neurosurgery and Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, USA, 32224
| | - Charles K. Chan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, USA, 94305
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, USA, 77030
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, USA, 94305
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, USA, 77030
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55
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Park JK, Kim Y, Kim H, Jeon J, Kim TW, Park JH, Hwnag YI, Lee WJ, Kang JS. The anti-fibrotic effect of GV1001 combined with gemcitabine on treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75081-75093. [PMID: 27655706 PMCID: PMC5342724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GV1001 is a telomerase-based cancer vaccine made of a 16-mer telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) peptide, and human TERT, the rate-limiting subunit of the telomerase complex, is an attractive target for cancer vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of telomerase peptide vaccination, GV1001 combined with gemcitabine in treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Human PDAC cell lines were used in vitro experiment and also, PDAC xenograft mice model was established using PANC1, AsPC1 and CD133+ AsPC1 (PDAC stem cell). Treatment groups were divided as follows; control, gemcitabine, GV1001, gemcitabine and GV1001 combination. The inflammatory cytokines were measured from the blood, and xenograft tumor specimens were evaluated. GV1001 treatment alone did not affect the proliferation or the apoptosis of PDAC cells. Gemcitabine alone and gemcitabine with GV1001 groups had significantly reduced in tumor size and showed abundant apoptosis compared to other treatment groups. Surprisingly, xenograft PDAC tumor specimens of gemcitabine alone group had been replaced by severe fibrosis whereas gemcitabine with GV1001 group had significantly less fibrosis. Blood levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β increased in gemcitabine alone group, however, it was decreased in gemcitabine with GV1001 group. GV1001 combined with gemcitabine treatment showed significant loss of fibrosis in tumor tissue as well as tumor cell death. Therefore, further investigation of GV1001 effect combined with gemcitabine treatment may give us useful insights to overcome the hurdle in anti-cancer drug delivery over massive fibrosis around PDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Kyung Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jane Jeon
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwnag
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Anti-Oxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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56
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Obermajer N, Urban J, Wieckowski E, Muthuswamy R, Ravindranathan R, Bartlett DL, Kalinski P. Promoting the accumulation of tumor-specific T cells in tumor tissues by dendritic cell vaccines and chemokine-modulating agents. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:335-357. [PMID: 29345636 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes how to induce large numbers of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in the spleens and lymph nodes of mice receiving dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and how to modulate tumor microenvironments (TMEs) to ensure effective homing of the vaccination-induced CTLs to tumor tissues. We also describe how to evaluate the numbers of tumor-specific CTLs within tumors. The protocol contains detailed information describing how to generate a specialized DC vaccine with augmented ability to induce tumor-specific CTLs. We also describe methods to modulate the production of chemokines in the TME and show how to quantify tumor-specific CTLs in the lymphoid organs and tumor tissues of mice receiving different treatments. The combined experimental procedure, including tumor implantation, DC vaccine generation, chemokine-modulating (CKM) approaches, and the analyses of tumor-specific systemic and intratumoral immunity is performed over 30-40 d. The presented ELISpot-based ex vivo CTL assay takes 6 h to set up and 5 h to develop. In contrast to other methods of evaluating tumor-specific immunity in tumor tissues, our approach allows detection of intratumoral T-cell responses to nonmanipulated weakly immunogenic cancers. This detection method can be performed using basic laboratory skills, and facilitates the development and preclinical evaluation of new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Obermajer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Urban
- Immunotransplantation Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eva Wieckowski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Immunotransplantation Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Immunotransplantation Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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57
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Lardone RD, Plaisier SB, Navarrete MS, Shamonki JM, Jalas JR, Sieling PA, Lee DJ. Cross-platform comparison of independent datasets identifies an immune signature associated with improved survival in metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14415-28. [PMID: 26883106 PMCID: PMC4924725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Platform and study differences in prognostic signatures from metastatic melanoma (MM) gene expression reports often hinder consensus arrival. We performed survival/outcome-based pairwise comparisons of three independent MM gene expression profiles using the threshold-free algorithm rank-rank hypergeometric overlap analysis (RRHO). We found statistically significant overlap for genes overexpressed in favorable outcome (FO) groups, but no overlap for poor outcome (PO) groups. This “favorable outcome signature” (FOS) of 228 genes coinciding on all three overlapping gene lists showed immune function predominated in FO MM. Surprisingly, specific cell signature-enrichment analysis showed B cell-associated genes enriched in FO MM, along with T cell-associated genes. Higher levels of B and T cells (p<0.05) and their relative proximity (p<0.05) were detected in FO-to-PO tumor comparisons from an independent MM patients cohort. Finally, expression of FOS in two independent Stage III MM tumor datasets correctly predicted clinical outcome in 12/14 and 44/70 patients using a weighted gene voting classifier (area under the curve values 0.96 and 0.75, respectively). This RRHO-based, cross-study analysis emphasizes the RRHO approach power, confirms T cells relevance for prolonged MM survival, supports a favorable role for B cells in anti-melanoma immunity, and suggests B cells potential as means of intervention in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Lardone
- Department of Translational Immunology, Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Seema B Plaisier
- Department of Translational Immunology, Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Marian S Navarrete
- Department of Translational Immunology, Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | | | - John R Jalas
- Department of Pathology at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Peter A Sieling
- Department of Translational Immunology, Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Delphine J Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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58
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Li R, He Y, Zhang S, Qin J, Wang J. Cell membrane-based nanoparticles: a new biomimetic platform for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:14-22. [PMID: 29872619 PMCID: PMC5985624 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking inspiration from nature, the biomimetic concept has been integrated into drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. Disguised with cell membranes, the nanoparticles can acquire various functions of natural cells. The cell membrane-coating technology has pushed the limits of common nano-systems (fast elimination in circulation) to more effectively navigate within the body. Moreover, because of the various functional molecules on the surface, cell membrane-based nanoparticles (CMBNPs) are capable of interacting with the complex biological microenvironment of the tumor. Various sources of cell membranes have been explored to camouflage CMBNPs and different tumor-targeting strategies have been developed to enhance the anti-tumor drug delivery therapy. In this review article we highlight the most recent advances in CMBNP-based cancer targeting systems and address the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Key Words
- Biomimetic nanoparticle
- CC, cancer cell
- CMBNPS, cell membrane-based nanoparticles
- CTC, circulating tumor cell
- Cancer targeting
- Cell membrane
- Circulation
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DSPE, distearoyl phosphoethanolamine
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- ICG, indocyanine green
- Molecular recognition
- NIR, near infrared
- NPs, nanoparticles
- PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PM-NV, platelet membrane-coated nanovehicle
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RBC, red blood cell
- TDDS, targeting drug delivery system
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand
- VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China. Tel.: +86 21 51980088; fax: +86 21 51980002.
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Ong HK, Tan WS, Ho KL. Virus like particles as a platform for cancer vaccine development. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4053. [PMID: 29158984 PMCID: PMC5694210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers have killed millions of people in human history and are still posing a serious health problem worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Among various cancer vaccine development platforms, virus-like particles (VLPs) offer several advantages. VLPs are multimeric nanostructures with morphology resembling that of native viruses and are mainly composed of surface structural proteins of viruses but are devoid of viral genetic materials rendering them neither infective nor replicative. In addition, they can be engineered to display multiple, highly ordered heterologous epitopes or peptides in order to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the displayed entities. Like native viruses, specific epitopes displayed on VLPs can be taken up, processed, and presented by antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Several studies also indicated that VLPs could overcome the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment and break self-tolerance to elicit strong cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, which is crucial for both virus clearance and destruction of cancerous cells. Collectively, these unique characteristics of VLPs make them optimal cancer vaccine candidates. This review discusses current progress in the development of VLP-based cancer vaccines and some potential drawbacks of VLPs in cancer vaccine development. Extracellular vesicles with close resembling to viral particles are also discussed and compared with VLPs as a platform in cancer vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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60
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Fong HY, Abd Malek SN, Yee HS, Karsani SA. Helichrysetin Induces DNA Damage that Triggers JNK-Mediated Apoptosis in Ca Ski Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:607-612. [PMID: 29200721 PMCID: PMC5701399 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_53_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer has become one of the most common cancers in women and currently available treatment options for cervical cancer are very limited. Naturally occurring chalcones and its derivatives have been studied extensively as a potential anticancer agent in different types of cancer and helichrysetin is naturally occurring chalcone that possess potent antiproliferative activity toward human cancer cells. Materials and Methods Inhibitory activity of helichrysetin was evaluated at different concentrations. Ability of helichrysetin to induce apoptosis and its relation with c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated mechanism of apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry and Western blotting. Results Helichrysetin inhibited Ca Ski cells at half maximal inhibitory concentration 30.62 ± 0.38 μM. This compound has the ability to induce DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane disruption, and loss of cell membrane integrity. We have shown that apoptosis was induced through the activation of JNK-mediated apoptosis by DNA damage in the cells then triggering p53-downstream apoptotic pathway with increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and caspase 3, and suppression of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein. DNA damage in the cells also caused phosphorylation of protein ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, an activator of DNA damage response. Conclusion We conclude that helichrysetin can inhibit Ca Ski cells through DNA damage-induced JNK-mediated apoptotic pathway highlighting the potential of this compound as anticancer agent for cervical cancer. SUMMARY Helichrysetin induced DNA damage in Ca Ski cellsDNA damage caused JNK-mediated phosphorylation of p53 resulting in p53-mediated apoptosisHelichrysetin is a potential DNA damage inducing agent through JNK activation to kill human cervical carcinoma cells. Abbreviations used: ATM: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate, IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration, JC1-5,5',6,6'-Tetrachloro: 1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine, iodide, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential, PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline, SRB: Sulforhodamine B, TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yen Fong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Shin Yee
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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61
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promise in many solid tumors including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer with an evolving role in breast cancer. Immunotherapy encompasses a wide range of therapies including immune checkpoint inhibition, monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, vaccinations, antibody-drug conjugates, and identifying other emerging interventions targeting the tumor microenvironment. Increasing efficacy of these treatments in breast cancer patients requires identification of better biomarkers to guide patient selection; recognizing when to initiate these therapies in multi-modality treatment plans; establishing novel assays to monitor immune-mediated responses; and creating combined systemic therapy options incorporating conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. This review will focus on the current role and future directions of many of these immunotherapies in breast cancer, as well as highlighting clinical trials that are investigating several of these active issues.
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62
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Zhao A, Chen F, Ning C, Wu H, Song H, Wu Y, Chen R, Zhou K, Xu X, Lu Y, Gao J. Use of real-time cellular analysis and Plackett-Burman design to develop the serum-free media for PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185470. [PMID: 28945791 PMCID: PMC5612757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rapid strategy to screen a serum-free medium for culturing the anchorage-dependent PC-3 prostate cancer cells, which was going to be prepared in large scale to generate GM-CSF/TNFα-surface-modified whole cell prostate cancer vaccine. Automated real-time cellular analysis as a rapid and non-invasive technology was used to monitor the growth of PC-3 cells in 16-well plates. At the same time, Plackett-Burman design was employed to identify the most influential formulation by integrating relevant information statistically. The effects of the 16 selected factors were evaluated during exponential cell growth and three medium constituents (EGF, FGF and linoleic acid) were identified to have significant effects on the cell growth. Subsequently, the response surface methodology with central composite design was applied to determine the interactions among the three factors so that these factors were optimized to improve cell growth. Finally, the prediction of the best combination was made under the maximal response to optimize cell growth by Design-Expert software 7.0. A total of 20 experiments were conducted to construct a quadratic model and a second-order polynomial equation. With the optimized combination validated by the stability test of serial passaging PC-3 cells, the serum-free medium had similar cell density and cell viability to the original serum medium. In summary, this high-throughput scheme minimized the screening time and may thus provide a new platform to efficiently develop the serum-free media for adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fahai Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunhong Ning
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanfang Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Hospital 212 of the Nuclear Industry, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Kaihua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinxiang Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine& Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gatti-Mays ME, Redman JM, Collins JM, Bilusic M. Cancer vaccines: Enhanced immunogenic modulation through therapeutic combinations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2561-2574. [PMID: 28857666 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1364322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have gained significant popularity in recent years as new approaches for specific oncologic indications emerge. Three therapeutic cancer vaccines are FDA approved and one is currently approved by the EMA as monotherapy with modest treatment effects. Combining therapeutic cancer vaccines with other treatment modalities like radiotherapy (RT), hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and/or chemotherapy have been investigated as a means to enhance immune response and treatment efficacy. There is growing preclinical and clinical data that combination of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines can induce immunogenic intensification with favorable outcomes. Additionally, novel methods for identifying targetable neoantigens hold promise for personalized vaccine development. In this article, we review the rationale for various therapeutic combinations, clinical trial experiences, and future directions. We also highlight the most promising developments that could lead to approval of novel therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- a Medical Oncology Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jason M Redman
- a Medical Oncology Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Julie M Collins
- a Medical Oncology Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- b Genitourinary Malignancy Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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64
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Stern PL. Is immunity in cancer the key to improving clinical outcome?: Report on the International Symposium on Immunotherapy, The Royal Society, London, UK, 12-13 May 2017. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:55-68. [PMID: 28794878 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617720659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Suárez NG, Báez GB, Rodríguez MC, Pérez AG, García LC, Hernández Fernández DR, Pous JR, Ramírez BS. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects induced by simultaneous inactivation of HER1 and HER2 through endogenous polyclonal antibodies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82872-82884. [PMID: 29137309 PMCID: PMC5669935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1) and its partner HER2 are extensively described oncogenes and validated targets for cancer therapy. However, the effectiveness of monospecific therapies targeting these receptors is hampered by resistance emergence, which is frequently associated with the upregulation of other members of HER family. Combined therapies using monoclonal antibodies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been suggested as a promising strategy to circumvent this resistance mechanism. We propose an alternative approach based on simultaneous inactivation of HER1 and HER2 by multi-epitope blockade with specific polyclonal antibodies induced by vaccination. Elicited antibodies impaired both receptors activation and induced their degradation, which caused the inhibition of down-signaling cascades. This effect was translated into cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction of human tumor cells. Elicited antibodies were able to reduce the viability of a panel of human tumor lines with differential expression levels of HER1 and HER2. The most significant effects were obtained in the tumor lines with lower expression levels of both receptors. These new insights would contribute to the rational design of HER receptors targeting multivalent vaccines, as an encouraging approach for the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjara González Suárez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Gretchen Bergado Báez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Mabel Cruz Rodríguez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Amelia Gutiérrez Pérez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Lisset Chao García
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | | | - Judith Raymond Pous
- System Biology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Belinda Sánchez Ramírez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
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66
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Murgueitio MS, Ebner S, Hörtnagl P, Rakers C, Bruckner R, Henneke P, Wolber G, Santos-Sierra S. Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of in silico discovered agonists of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2680-2689. [PMID: 28734965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergent therapies in anticancer vaccination use Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists as dendritic cell (DC) vaccine adjuvants. DCs from the patient are isolated, stimulated with TLR agonists and tumor antigens ex vivo and then infused back into the patient. Although some TLR ligands have been tested in clinical trials, novel TLR agonists with improved immunomodulatory properties are essential to optimize treatment success. We report on the discovery of small-molecule TLR2 agonists, with favorable properties as synthetic adjuvants. METHODS We performed a shape- and featured-based similarity virtual screening against a commercially available compound library. The selected virtual hits were experimentally tested in TLR2-reporter cells and their activity in phagocytes and DCs was characterized. A binding model of the compounds to TLR2 (docking studies) was proposed. RESULTS Through a virtual screening approach against a library of three million compounds four virtual hits (AG1, AG2, AG3, AG4) were found to synergistically augment the NF-kB activation induced by the lipopeptide ligand Pam3CSK4 in luciferase reporter assays using HEK293-TLR2 cells. Biacore experiments indicated that AG1-AG4 are ago-allosteric modulators of TLR2 and AG2 bound TLR2 with high affinity (KD 0.8μM). The compounds induced TNF-α production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and they activated DCs as indicated by IL-12 production and upregulation of CD83/CD86. CONCLUSIONS Following a combined in silico/in vitro approach we have discovered TLR2-agonists (AG1-AG4) that activate human and mouse immune cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We introduce four novel TLR2 ago-allosteric modulators that stimulate myeloid cell activity and constitute promising candidates as synthetic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Murgueitio
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Ebner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Hörtnagl
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Rakers
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Bruckner
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Str.1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI) and Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Straße 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Wolber
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Santos-Sierra
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Str.1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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67
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Gulley JL, Madan RA, Pachynski R, Mulders P, Sheikh NA, Trager J, Drake CG. Role of Antigen Spread and Distinctive Characteristics of Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2982600. [PMID: 28376158 PMCID: PMC5441294 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important breakthrough in cancer. US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapies for cancer treatment (including, but not limited to, sipuleucel-T, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab) substantially improve overall survival across multiple malignancies. One mechanism of action of these treatments is to induce an immune response against antigen-bearing tumor cells; the resultant cell death releases secondary (nontargeted) tumor antigens. Secondary antigens prime subsequent immune responses (antigen spread). Immunotherapy-induced antigen spread has been shown in clinical studies. For example, in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, sipuleucel-T induced early immune responses to the immunizing antigen (PA2024) and/or the target antigen (prostatic acid phosphatase). Thereafter, most patients developed increased antibody responses to numerous secondary proteins, several of which are expressed in prostate cancer with functional relevance in cancer. The ipilimumab-induced antibody profile in melanoma patients shows that antigen spread also occurs with immune checkpoint blockade. In contrast to chemotherapy, immunotherapy often does not result in short-term changes in conventional disease progression end points (eg, progression-free survival, tumor size), which may be explained, in part, by the time taken for antigen spread to occur. Thus, immune-related response criteria need to be identified to better monitor the effectiveness of immunotherapy. As immunotherapy antitumor effects take time to evolve, immunotherapy in patients with less advanced cancer may have greater clinical benefit vs those with more advanced disease. This concept is supported by prostate cancer clinical studies with sipuleucel-T, PSA-TRICOM, and ipilimumab. We discuss antigen spread with cancer immunotherapy and its implications for clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Gulley
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Mulders
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Charles G Drake
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
From the application of Coley's toxin in the early 1900s to the present clinical trials using immune checkpoint regulatory inhibitors, the history of cancer immunotherapy has consisted of extremely high levels of enthusiasm after anecdotal case reports of enormous success, followed by decreasing levels of enthusiasm as the results of controlled clinical trials are available. In this review, this pattern will be documented for the various immunotherapeutic approaches over the years. The sole exception being vaccination against cancer causing viruses, which have already prevented thousands of cancers. We can only hope that the present high level of enthusiasm for the use of immune stimulation by removal of blocks to cancer immunity will be more productive than the incremental improvements using previous immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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69
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Kitagawa K, Oda T, Saito H, Araki A, Gonoi R, Shigemura K, Hashii Y, Katayama T, Fujisawa M, Shirakawa T. Development of oral cancer vaccine using recombinant Bifidobacterium displaying Wilms' tumor 1 protein. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:787-798. [PMID: 28299466 PMCID: PMC11028424 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several types of vaccine-delivering tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been developed in basic and clinical research. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), identified as a gene responsible for pediatric renal neoplasm, is one of the most promising TAA for cancer immunotherapy. Peptide and dendritic cell-based WT1 cancer vaccines showed some therapeutic efficacy in clinical and pre-clinical studies but as yet no oral WT1 vaccine can be administrated in a simple and easy way. In the present study, we constructed a novel oral cancer vaccine using a recombinant Bifidobacterium longum displaying WT1 protein. B. longum 420 was orally administered into mice inoculated with WT1-expressing tumor cells for 4 weeks to examine anti-tumor effects. To analyze the WT1-specific cellular immune responses to oral B. longum 420, mice splenocytes were isolated and cytokine production and cytotoxic activities were determined. Oral administrations of B. longum 420 significantly inhibited WT1-expressing tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice. Immunohistochemical study and immunological assays revealed that B. longum 420 substantially induced tumor infiltration of CD4+T and CD8+T cells, systemic WT1-specific cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity mediated by WT1-epitope specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, with no apparent adverse effects. Our novel oral cancer vaccine safely induced WT1-specific cellular immunity via activation of the gut mucosal immune system and achieved therapeutic efficacy with several practical advantages over existing non-oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tsugumi Oda
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ayame Araki
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Reina Gonoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Rational combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus and PD-L1 blockade works synergistically to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14754. [PMID: 28345650 PMCID: PMC5378974 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have demonstrated promise, yet have exhibited efficacy in only a small fraction of cancer patients. Here we hypothesized that an oncolytic poxvirus would attract T cells into the tumour, and induce PD-L1 expression in cancer and immune cells, leading to more susceptible targets for anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Our results demonstrate in colon and ovarian cancer models that an oncolytic vaccinia virus attracts effector T cells and induces PD-L1 expression on both cancer and immune cells in the tumour. The dual therapy reduces PD-L1+ cells and facilitates non-redundant tumour infiltration of effector CD8+, CD4+ T cells, with increased IFN-γ, ICOS, granzyme B and perforin expression. Furthermore, the treatment reduces the virus-induced PD-L1+ DC, MDSC, TAM and Treg, as well as co-inhibitory molecules-double-positive, severely exhausted PD-1+CD8+ T cells, leading to reduced tumour burden and improved survival. This combinatorial therapy may be applicable to a much wider population of cancer patients.
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71
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Maia MC, Hansen AR. A comprehensive review of immunotherapies in prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:292-303. [PMID: 28427519 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignant neoplasm in men worldwide and the fifth cause of cancer-related death. Although multiple new agents have been approved for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer over the last decade, it is still an incurable disease. New strategies to improve cancer control are needed and agents targeting the immune system have shown encouraging results in many tumor types. Despite being attractive for immunotherapies due to the expression of various tumor associated antigens, the microenvironment in prostate cancer is relatively immunosuppressive and may be responsible for the failures of various agents targeting the immune system in this disease. To date, sipuleucel-T is the only immunotherapy that has shown significant clinical efficacy in this setting, although the high cost and potential trial flaws have precluded its widespread incorporation into clinical practice. Issues with patient selection and trial design may have contributed to the multiple failures of immunotherapy in prostate cancer and provides an opportunity to tailor future studies to evaluate these agents more accurately. We have reviewed all the completed immune therapy trials in prostate cancer and highlight important considerations for the next generation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Caitano Maia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Av. Dr Arnaldo, 251, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aaron R Hansen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Cir#3172, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mohsen MO, Gomes AC, Cabral-Miranda G, Krueger CC, Leoratti FM, Stein JV, Bachmann MF. Delivering adjuvants and antigens in separate nanoparticles eliminates the need of physical linkage for effective vaccination. J Control Release 2017; 251:92-100. [PMID: 28257987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA rich in unmethylated CG motifs (CpGs) engage Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR-9) in endosomes and are well described stimulators of the innate and adaptive immune system. CpGs therefore can efficiently improve vaccines' immunogenicity. Packaging CpGs into nanoparticles, in particular into virus-like particles (VLPs), improves the pharmacological characteristics of CpGs as the protein shell protects them from DNAse activity and delivers the oligomers to the endosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). The current consensus in packaging and delivering CpGs in VLP-based vaccines is that both adjuvants and antigens should be kept in close proximity (i.e. physically linked) to ensure delivery of antigens and adjuvants to the same APCs. In the current study, we harness the draining properties of the lymphatic system and show that also non-linked VLPs are efficiently co-delivered to the same APCs in lymph nodes. Specifically, we have shown that CpGs can be packaged in one VLP and mixed with another VLP displaying the antigen prior to administration in vivo. Both VLPs efficiently reached the same draining lymph node where they were taken up and processed by the same APCs, namely dendritic cells and macrophages. This resulted in induction of specific CTLs producing cytokines and killing target cells in vivo at levels seen when using VLPs containing both CpGs and chemically conjugated antigen. Thus, delivery of antigens and adjuvants in separate nanoparticles eliminates the need of physical conjugation and thus can be beneficial when designing precision medicine VLP-based vaccines or help to re-formulate existing VLP vaccines not naturally carrying immunostimulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Qatar Foundation (QRLP), Doha, State of Qatar.
| | | | | | - Caroline C Krueger
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Ms Leoratti
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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73
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Zhang Q, Zhu B, Li Y. Resolution of Cancer-Promoting Inflammation: A New Approach for Anticancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28210259 PMCID: PMC5288347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response that eliminates harmful stimuli and restores tissue homeostasis, whereas the failure to resolve inflammation leads to the development of malignancies. Immune cells in the tumor inflammatory microenvironment endow cancer cells with their specific hallmarks, including mutations, metabolic reprograming, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Targeting the inflammatory microenvironment with anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin) or by enhancing antitumor immunity (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy) has been extensively investigated and has achieved promising results in many cancers. Recently, a novel approach promoting antitumor immunity via a dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving strategy was proposed based on the discovery of potent, endogenous, specialized pro-resolving mediators, including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. In this review, we describe the updated principal cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation resolution and cancer immunity and discuss the pro-resolution strategy in cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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74
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Xu A, Zhang L, Chen Y, Lin Z, Li R. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a rationally designed vaccine against vascular endothelial growth factor in mouse solid tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:181-192. [PMID: 27872951 PMCID: PMC11028649 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the progression of various cancers. The VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy was shown to significantly improve progression-free survival in certain cancers. However, repeated administration is necessary for effective suppression of VEGF, thereby making the therapy expensive and cumbersome. Thus, it is urgent to develop alternative reagents such as VEGF vaccines. Here we report that DTT-VEGF, a VEGF-based antigen consisting of the receptor-binding domain of VEGF and diphtheria toxin T domain (DTT), not only stimulated neutralizing antibody response, but also induced type 1 immune response as well as anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice when administered with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The antibodies triggered by DTT-VEGF immunization inhibited the binding of VEGF to VEGF receptor and downregulated the serum VEGF levels in tumor-bearing mice. VEGF-specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies as well as type 1 cytokines were stimulated by DTT-VEGF vaccination. The splenocytes from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice showed cytotoxic activity against B16-F10 cells expressing VEGF. Extensive necrosis with severe hemorrhage and enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration were observed in tumors from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice. The percentages of CD31+ vascular areas in the tumor sections from DTT-VEGF-immunized mice were significantly lower than those of control mice. DTT-VEGF significantly inhibited tumor growth in preventive and therapeutic vaccination settings in mouse models. Our data suggest that DTT is an effective antigen carrier to break immune self-tolerance and our vaccine design has potential to be used for human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Su M, Huang CX, Dai AP. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Therapeutic Tools for Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:905-10. [PMID: 27039716 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major threats to female health, and its incidence is rapidly increasing in many countries. Currently, breast cancer is treated with surgery, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both. However, a substantial proportion of breast cancer patients might have a risk for local relapse that leads to recurrence of their disease and/or metastatic breast cancer. Therefore searching for new and potential strategies for breast cancer treatment remains necessary. Immunotherapy is an attractive and promising approach that can exploit the ability of the immune system to identify and destroy tumors and thus prevent recurrence and metastatic lesions. The most promising and attractive approach of immunotherapeutic research in cancer is the blockade of immune checkpoints. In this review, we discuss the potential of certain inhibitors of immune checkpoints, such as antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), in breast cancer therapeutics. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may represent future standards of care for breast cancer as monotherapy or combined with standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China E-mail :
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease representing the seventh most frequent cause of death from cancer worldwide. Resistance of pancreatic tumors to current treatments leads to disappointing survival rates, and more specific and effective therapies are urgently needed. In recent years, immunotherapy has been proposed as a promising approach to the treatment of PC, and encouraging results have been published by various preclinical and clinical studies. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in the immunotherapeutic treatment of PC and summarizes the most recent and important clinical trials.
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77
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Short-term EGFR blockade enhances immune-mediated cytotoxicity of EGFR mutant lung cancer cells: rationale for combination therapies. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2380. [PMID: 27685624 PMCID: PMC5059888 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib has been approved for years as a first-line therapy for patients harboring EGFR-sensitizing mutations. With the promising implementation of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung cancer, there is a growing interest in developing combinatorial therapies that could utilize immune approaches in the context of conventional or targeted therapies. Tumor cells are known to evade immune attack by multiple strategies, including undergoing phenotypic plasticity via a process designated as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). As signaling through EGFR is a major inducer of EMT in epithelial cells, we have investigated the effect of EGFR inhibition with erlotinib on tumor phenotype and susceptibility to immune attack. Our data shows that short-term exposure of tumor cells to low-dose erlotinib modulates tumor plasticity and immune-mediated cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells harboring a sensitizing EGFR mutation, leading to a remarkable enhancement of tumor lysis mediated by innate NK cells and antigen-specific T cells. This effect positively correlated with the ability of short-term EGFR blockade to modulate tumor phenotype towards a more epithelial one, as well as to increase susceptibility to caspase-mediated apoptosis. The effect, however, was lost when erlotinib was utilized for long periods of time in vitro or in vivo, which resulted in gain of mesenchymal features and decreased (rather than increased) tumor lysis in response to immune effector mechanisms. Our data provides rationale for potential combinations of erlotinib and immunotherapies for the treatment of lung carcinomas in the early setting, before the establishment of tumor relapse with long-term EGFR inhibition.
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78
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Sakamoto S, Yoshitomi M, Yutani S, Terazaki Y, Yoshiyama K, Ioji T, Matsueda S, Yamada A, Takamori S, Itoh K, Hattori N, Kohno N, Sasada T. Evaluation of prognostic significance of granulocyte-related factors in cancer patients undergoing personalized peptide vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2784-9. [PMID: 26325075 PMCID: PMC5054776 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1075107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since cancer vaccines do not always elicit beneficial effects in treated patients, identification of biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes would be highly desirable. We previously reported that abnormal granulocytes present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may contribute to poor prognosis in advanced prostate cancer patients receiving personalized peptide vaccination (PPV). In the current study, we examined whether soluble factors derived from granulocytes, such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and arginase 1 (ARG1), and inhibitory cytokine TGFβ in pre-vaccination plasma were useful for predicting prognosis after PPV in advanced cancer patients. In biliary tract cancer (n=25), multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that patients with higher plasma MMP-9 levels had a significantly worse overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.637, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.670 - 12.877, P = 0.003], whereas MPO, ARG1, or TGFβ levels were not correlated with OS. Similarly, patients with higher MMP-9 levels showed worse prognosis than those with lower MMP-9 levels in other types of advanced cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (n=32, P = 0.037 by log-rank test), and pancreatic cancer (n=41, P = 0.042 by log-rank test). Taken together, plasma MMP-9 levels before vaccination might be potentially useful as a biomarker for selecting advanced cancer patients who would benefit from PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Sakamoto
- a Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan.,b Cancer Vaccine Center; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan.,c Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine ; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University ; Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Munehiro Yoshitomi
- d Department of Surgery ; Kurume University School of Medicine ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Shigeru Yutani
- b Cancer Vaccine Center; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Terazaki
- d Department of Surgery ; Kurume University School of Medicine ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshiyama
- d Department of Surgery ; Kurume University School of Medicine ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ioji
- b Cancer Vaccine Center; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan
| | | | - Akira Yamada
- a Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Shinzo Takamori
- d Department of Surgery ; Kurume University School of Medicine ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- b Cancer Vaccine Center; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- c Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine ; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University ; Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Nobuoki Kohno
- c Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine ; Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences; Hiroshima University ; Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- b Cancer Vaccine Center; Kurume University ; Kurume , Japan.,e Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute ; Yokohama , Japan
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79
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Gabitzsch ES, Tsang KY, Palena C, David JM, Fantini M, Kwilas A, Rice AE, Latchman Y, Hodge JW, Gulley JL, Madan RA, Heery CR, Balint JP, Jones FR, Schlom J. The generation and analyses of a novel combination of recombinant adenovirus vaccines targeting three tumor antigens as an immunotherapeutic. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31344-59. [PMID: 26374823 PMCID: PMC4741610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity of human carcinoma lesions, including heterogeneity in expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), is a well-established phenomenon. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC1, and brachyury are diverse TAAs, each of which is expressed on a wide range of human tumors. We have previously reported on a novel adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector gene delivery platform (Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]) in which regions of the early 1 (E1), early 2 (E2b), and early 3 (E3) genes have been deleted. The unique deletions in this platform result in a dramatic decrease in late gene expression, leading to a marked reduction in host immune response to the vector. Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA vaccine (ETBX-011) has been employed in clinical studies as an active vaccine to induce immune responses to CEA in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. We report here the development of novel recombinant Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-brachyury and-MUC1 vaccine constructs, each capable of activating antigen-specific human T cells in vitro and inducing antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice. We also describe the use of a combination of the three vaccines (designated Tri-Ad5) of Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA, Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-brachyury and Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-MUC1, and demonstrate that there is minimal to no “antigenic competition” in in vitro studies of human dendritic cells, or in murine vaccination studies. The studies reported herein support the rationale for the application of Tri-Ad5 as a therapeutic modality to induce immune responses to a diverse range of human TAAs for potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwong Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin M David
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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80
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Hoesli RC, Moyer JS. Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2016; 3:74-81. [PMID: 27398287 PMCID: PMC4936409 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-016-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has been found to be an immunosuppressive malignancy, with many defects in the host immune system contributing to the progression of disease. A greater understanding of these defects has lead to the identification and investigation of new therapeutic strategies, targeting immune system dysfunction in an effort to improve the outcomes of this disease. This article provides a brief review of the knowledge regarding the immune defects present in head and neck cancer, as well as a review of the current therapeutic strategies being investigated for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hoesli
- University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive - SPC 5312, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jeffrey S Moyer
- University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive - SPC 5312, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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81
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Ananth AA, Tai LH, Lansdell C, Alkayyal AA, Baxter KE, Angka L, Zhang J, Tanese de Souza C, Stephenson KB, Parato K, Bramson JL, Bell JC, Lichty BD, Auer RC. Surgical Stress Abrogates Pre-Existing Protective T Cell Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity Leading to Postoperative Cancer Recurrence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155947. [PMID: 27196057 PMCID: PMC4873120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor CD8+ T cells are a key determinant for overall survival in patients following surgical resection for solid malignancies. Using a mouse model of cancer vaccination (adenovirus expressing melanoma tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-dopachrome tautomerase (AdDCT) and resection resulting in major surgical stress (abdominal nephrectomy), we demonstrate that surgical stress results in a reduction in the number of CD8+ T cell that produce cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, Granzyme B) in response to TAA. This effect is secondary to both reduced proliferation and impaired T cell function following antigen binding. In a prophylactic model, surgical stress completely abrogates tumor protection conferred by vaccination in the immediate postoperative period. In a clinically relevant surgical resection model, vaccinated mice undergoing a positive margin resection with surgical stress had decreased survival compared to mice with positive margin resection alone. Preoperative immunotherapy with IFNα significantly extends survival in surgically stressed mice. Importantly, myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) population numbers and functional impairment of TAA-specific CD8+ T cell were altered in surgically stressed mice. Our observations suggest that cancer progression may result from surgery-induced suppression of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Preoperative immunotherapies aimed at targeting the prometastatic effects of cancer surgery will reduce recurrence and improve survival in cancer surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami A. Ananth
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Casey Lansdell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Almohanad A. Alkayyal
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katherine E. Baxter
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Angka
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jiqing Zhang
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | | | - Kyle B. Stephenson
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelley Parato
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan L. Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D. Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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82
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Pérez Sánchez L, Morera Díaz Y, Bequet-Romero M, Ramses Hernández G, Rodríguez Y, Castro Velazco J, Puente Pérez P, Ayala Avila M, Gavilondo JV. Experimental studies of a vaccine formulation of recombinant human VEGF antigen with aluminum phosphate. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2030-7. [PMID: 25891359 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1029213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CIGB-247 is a cancer vaccine that is a formulation of a recombinant protein antigen representative of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with a bacterially-derived adjuvant (VSSP). The vaccine has shown an excellent safety profile in mice, rats, rabbits, not-human primates and in recent clinical trials in cancer patients. Response to the vaccine is characterized by specific antibody titers that neutralize VEGF/VEGFR2 binding and a cytotoxic tumor-specific response. To expand our present anti-VEGF active immunotherapy strategies, we have now studied in mice and non-human primates the effects of vaccination with a formulation of our recombinant VEGF antigen and aluminum phosphate adjuvant (hereafter denominated CIGB-247-A). Administered bi-weekly, CIGB-247-A produces high titers of anti-VEGF IgG blocking antibodies in 2 mice strains. Particularly in BALB/c, the treatment impaired subcutaneous F3II mammary tumor growth and reduced the number of spontaneous lung macro metastases, increasing animals' survival. Spleen cells from specifically immunized mice directly killed F3II tumor cells in vitro. CIGB-247-A also showed to be immunogenic in non-human primates, which developed anti-VEGF blocking antibodies and the ability for specific direct cell cytotoxic responses, all without impairing the healing of deep skin wounds or other side effect. Our results support consideration of aluminum phosphate as a suitable adjuvant for the development of new vaccine formulations using VEGF as antigen.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- Aluminum phosphate
- CFSE, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CTL, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GST, Glutathione S-transferase
- HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography
- KDR, kinase domain receptor
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- VSSP, very small sized proteoliposomes
- adjuvant
- antibodies
- cancer therapeutic vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincidio Pérez Sánchez
- a Cancer Immunotherapy Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceuticals; Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) ; Playa Cubanacan , Havana , Cuba
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83
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Sakamoto S, Noguchi M, Yamada A, Itoh K, Sasada T. Prospect and progress of personalized peptide vaccinations for advanced cancers. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:689-98. [PMID: 26938083 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1161752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of cancer immunotherapy has made dramatic progress in the past 20 years, in part due to the identification of numerous tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). We have developed a novel immunotherapeutic approach called the personalized peptide vaccine (PPV), in which a maximum of four human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched vaccine peptides are selected based on the pre-existing host immunity before vaccination. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent progress in the use of PPV for various types of advanced cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although various approaches for therapeutic cancer immunotherapies, including peptide-based vaccines, have been developed and clinically examined, the diverse and heterogeneous characteristics of tumor cells and host immunity seem to limit their therapeutic efficacy. Selection of suitable peptide vaccines for individual patients based on the pre-existing host immunity before vaccination could resolve this limitation and could be a rational approach for developing effective cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Sakamoto
- a Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan.,b Cancer Vaccine Center , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan.,c Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Masanori Noguchi
- a Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan
| | - Akira Yamada
- a Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- b Cancer Vaccine Center , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- b Cancer Vaccine Center , Kurume University , Kurume , Japan.,d Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute , Yokohama , Japan
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84
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Curigliano G, Romieu G, Campone M, Dorval T, Duck L, Canon JL, Roemer-Becuwe C, Roselli M, Neciosup S, Burny W, Callegaro A, de Sousa Alves PM, Louahed J, Brichard V, Lehmann FF. A phase I/II trial of the safety and clinical activity of a HER2-protein based immunotherapeutic for treating women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:301-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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85
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Emens LA, Middleton G. The interplay of immunotherapy and chemotherapy: harnessing potential synergies. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 3:436-43. [PMID: 25941355 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer chemotherapy has historically been considered immune suppressive, it is now accepted that certain chemotherapies can augment tumor immunity. The recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has renewed interest in immunotherapies, and in combining them with chemotherapy to achieve additive or synergistic clinical activity. Two major ways that chemotherapy promotes tumor immunity are by inducing immunogenic cell death as part of its intended therapeutic effect and by disrupting strategies that tumors use to evade immune recognition. This second strategy, in particular, is dependent on the drug, its dose, and the schedule of chemotherapy administration in relation to antigen exposure or release. In this Cancer Immunology at the Crossroads article, we focus on cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade as a forum for reviewing preclinical and clinical data demonstrating the interplay between immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Gary Middleton
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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86
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Vandenberk L, Belmans J, Van Woensel M, Riva M, Van Gool SW. Exploiting the Immunogenic Potential of Cancer Cells for Improved Dendritic Cell Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 6:663. [PMID: 26834740 PMCID: PMC4712296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, owing predominantly to the discovery of immune checkpoint blockers. These promising antibodies and their attractive combinatorial features have initiated the revival of other effective immunotherapies, such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations. Although DC-based immunotherapy can induce objective clinical and immunological responses in several tumor types, the immunogenic potential of this monotherapy is still considered suboptimal. Hence, focus should be directed on potentiating its immunogenicity by making step-by-step protocol innovations to obtain next-generation Th1-driving DC vaccines. We review some of the latest developments in the DC vaccination field, with a special emphasis on strategies that are applied to obtain a highly immunogenic tumor cell cargo to load and to activate the DCs. To this end, we discuss the effects of three immunogenic treatment modalities (ultraviolet light, oxidizing treatments, and heat shock) and five potent inducers of immunogenic cell death [radiotherapy, shikonin, high-hydrostatic pressure, oncolytic viruses, and (hypericin-based) photodynamic therapy] on DC biology and their application in DC-based immunotherapy in preclinical as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vandenberk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jochen Belmans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Woensel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefaan W Van Gool
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Kinderklinik, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Immunologic-Oncologic Centre Cologne (IOZK), Köln, Germany
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87
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Wang H, Chen J, Ying J, Xu Y, Sheng R. Hydrophobic chain modified low molecular weight polyethylenimine for efficient antigen delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new therapeutic vaccines to promote antigen cross-presentation in antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells, is regarded as a promising approach to prime antigen-specific T cell responses against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jiajun Ying
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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88
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. Design of universal cancer vaccines using natural tumor vessel-specific antigens (SANTAVAC). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:689-98. [PMID: 25714389 PMCID: PMC4514425 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against endothelial cells (ECs) lining the tumor vasculature represents one of the most attractive potential cancer immunotherapy options due to its ability to prevent solid tumor growth. Using this approach, target antigens can be derived from ECs and used to develop a universal cancer vaccine. Unfortunately, direct immunization with EC preparations can elicit autoimmune vasculitis in normal tissues. Recently, tumor-induced changes to the human EC surface were described that provided a basis for designing efficient EC-based vaccines capable of eliciting immune responses that targeted the tumor endothelium directly. This review examines these data from the perspective of designing EC-based cancer vaccines for the treatment of all solid tumors, including the antigen composition of vaccine formulations, the selection ECs for antigen derivation, the production and control of antigens, and the method for estimating vaccine efficacy and safety. As the vaccine preparation requires a specifically derived set of natural cell surface antigens, a new vaccine preparation concept was formulated. Antigen compositions prepared according to this concept were named SANTAVAC (Set of All Natural Target Antigens for Vaccination Against Cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Lokhov
- a Institute of Biomedical Chemistry ; Moscow , Russia
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89
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Cheng Y, Schorey JS. Targeting soluble proteins to exosomes using a ubiquitin tag. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1315-24. [PMID: 26574179 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As "natural" antigen carriers in the body, exosomes are potential vaccine vectors. A number of animal studies indicate that antigen-containing exosomes can induce a specific immune response which can protect against tumor progression or various infections. Exosomes that carry the protective antigens can be purified from cells that release them including tumor cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. However, this strategy is restricted to proteins that are naturally targeted to exosomes and is therefore limited in the number of antigens present within exosomes. Therefore, with the goal of developing an exosome-based vaccine that is more flexible in its antigen composition and has the potential to be scalable, we have developed a new approach where recombinant soluble proteins can be packaged into exosomes and released from a transformed cell line. In this study, we determined that a C-terminal fusion of ubiquitin to EGFP, tumor antigenic protein nHer2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins Ag85B and ESAT6 served as an efficient delivery sequence into exosomes when expressed in a human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line, a cell line widely used in industrial recombinant protein production. Two stably transgenic HEK293 cell lines were generated using a retroviral vector to express the Ag85B-ESAT6 fusion protein either alone or tagged at the C-terminus with ubiquitin. Both transformants released exosomes containing the fusion proteins. However, the concentration of Ag85B and ESAT6 in exosomes was increased approximately 10-fold when they were coupled to ubiquitin. Moreover, when the exosomes were used for immunization, there was a direct correlation between the amount of fusion protein within the exosomes and the number of Ag85B and ESAT6 specific INFɣ-secreting T lymphocytes in the lung and spleen. This suggests that exosomes containing recombinant antigen can be used to elicit a T cell response. In summary our data indicates that a ubiquitin-based exosomal protein delivery strategy could represent a unique approach to generate antigen-specific exosomes with the potential to be used as novel vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1315-1324. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Jeffery S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556.
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90
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Gulley JL, Mulders P, Albers P, Banchereau J, Bolla M, Pantel K, Powles T. Perspectives on sipuleucel-T: Its role in the prostate cancer treatment paradigm. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1107698. [PMID: 27141392 PMCID: PMC4839373 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1107698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy approved in the US for patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This significant advance for mCRPC treatment provides healthcare professionals with another effective therapy to extend survival. As an immunotherapy, sipuleucel-T possesses specific characteristics differentiating it from traditional therapies. At a roundtable meeting of experts, sipuleucel-T data were discussed, focusing on interpretation and clinical implications. Important differences between immunotherapies and traditional therapies were explored, e.g., mode of action, outcomes, data consistency and robustness, timing of sipuleucel-T treatment, and future perspectives in areas such as short-term markers of long-term benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch and Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Mulders
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Albers
- Düsseldorf University, Medical Faculty , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Michel Bolla
- Department of Radiation Therapy, C.H.U. Grenoble , Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
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91
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Allen CT, Clavijo PE, Van Waes C, Chen Z. Anti-Tumor Immunity in Head and Neck Cancer: Understanding the Evidence, How Tumors Escape and Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2397-414. [PMID: 26690220 PMCID: PMC4695900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many carcinogen- and human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancers (HNSCC) display a hematopoietic cell infiltrate indicative of a T-cell inflamed phenotype and an underlying anti-tumor immune response. However, by definition, these tumors have escaped immune elimination and formed a clinically significant malignancy. A number of both genetic and environmental mechanisms may allow such immune escape, including selection of poorly antigenic cancer cell subsets, tumor produced proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines, recruitment of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets into the tumor and expression of checkpoint pathway components that limit T-cell responses. Here, we explore concepts of antigenicity and immunogenicity in solid tumors, summarize the scientific and clinical data that supports the use of immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with head and neck cancer, and discuss immune-based treatment approaches currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Allen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious therapeutic challenge and targeted therapies only provide a modest benefit in terms of overall survival. Novel approaches are urgently needed for the treatment of this prevalent malignancy. Evidence demonstrating the antigenicity of tumour cells, the discovery that immune checkpoint molecules have an essential role in immune evasion of tumour cells, and the impressive clinical results achieved by blocking these inhibitory receptors, are revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the data on HCC immunogenicity, the mechanisms for HCC immune subversion and the different immunotherapies that have been tested to treat HCC. Taking into account the multiplicity of hyperadditive immunosuppressive forces acting within the HCC microenvironment, a combinatorial approach is advised. Strategies include combinations of systemic immunomodulation and gene therapy, cell therapy or virotherapy.
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93
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Chan IH, Wu V, McCauley S, Grimm EA, Mumm JB. IL-10: Expanding the Immune Oncology Horizon. RECEPTORS & CLINICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 2:1041. [PMID: 26661378 PMCID: PMC4675350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunoncology have dramatically changed the treatment options available to cancer patients. However, the fundamental challenges with this therapeutic modality are not new and still persist with the current wave of immunoncology compounds. These challenges are centered on the activation and expansion, induction of intratumoral infiltration and persistence of highly activated, cytotoxic, tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells. We have investigated the anti-tumor mechanism of action of pegylated recombinant interleukin-10, (PEG-rIL-10) both pre-clinically with murine (PEG-rMuIL-10) and now clinically (AM0010) with human pegylated interleukin-10. The preponderance of data suggest that IL-10's engagement of its receptor on CD8+ T cells enhances their activation status leading to antigen specific expansion. Quantitation of CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration reveals that treatment of both humans and mice with pegylated rIL-10 results in 3-4 fold increases of intratumoral, cytotoxic, CD8+ T cells. In addition, mice cured of their tumors with PEG-rMuIL-10 exhibit long term immunological protection from tumor re-challenge and long term treatment of cancer patients with AM0010 results in the persistence of highly activated CD8+ T cells. Cumulatively, these data suggest the IL-10 represents an emerging therapeutic that specifically addresses the fundamental challenges of the current wave of immunoncology assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan H. Chan
- ARMO BioSciences 575 Chesapeake Drive Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Victoria Wu
- ARMO BioSciences 575 Chesapeake Drive Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences 575 Chesapeake Drive Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Elizabeth A. Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Box 421, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030
| | - John B. Mumm
- ARMO BioSciences 575 Chesapeake Drive Redwood City, CA 94063
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94
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Marczynska J, Banas M, Guzik K, Koltun M, Majewski P, Cichy J, Krzykawska-Serda M, Makarska A, Kwitniewski M. Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic effect diminishes therapeutic potential of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-based whole-tumour-cell vaccine in mice bearing squamous cell carcinoma SCCVII. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:455-62. [PMID: 26569454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After years of setbacks, therapeutic cancer vaccines have become an alternative treatment option. Among the diversity of targeted tumour associated antigens (TAA), cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are promising targets for cancer immunotherapy because they are highly immunogenic; meanwhile, they are expressed in human tumours of different histological origin but not in adult somatic tissues. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, regulate CTAs expression both in normal and cancer cells. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR), a DNA hypomethylating drug, induces the expression of CTAs in neoplastic cells. In these studies, we used 5-AZA-CdR-mediated up-regulation of CTAs and chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic effect in the production of a whole-tumour-cell vaccine against murine squamous cell carcinoma SCCVII in C3H/HeN mice. The results show that 5-AZA-CdR can be used to elevate levels of diverse CTAs in SCCVII cells. The 5-AZA-CdR-based vaccine, combined with the systemic administration of 5-AZA-CdR, delayed tumour growth. However, the treatment had no effect on survival in mice, most likely because of the toxicity of systemic treatment with 5-AZA-CdR. The photodynamic effect diminished therapeutic potential of 5-AZA-CdR-based vaccine. Chemo-immunotherapy with 5-AZA-CdR and therapeutic cancer vaccines may be an alternative approach to cancer therapy. However, further studies are needed to optimize treatment and vaccine preparation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Marczynska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Banas
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Michal Koltun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Martyna Krzykawska-Serda
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland; Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, MC 0085, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Makarska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
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95
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Fernández A, Oliver L, Alvarez R, Fernández LE, Lee KP, Mesa C. Adjuvants and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: enemies or allies in therapeutic cancer vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3251-60. [PMID: 25483674 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are a critical but largely overlooked and poorly understood component included in vaccine formulations to stimulate and modulate the desired immune responses to an antigen. However, unlike in the protective infectious disease vaccines, adjuvants for cancer vaccines also need to overcome the effect of tumor-induced suppressive immune populations circulating in tumor-bearing individuals. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are considered to be one of the key immunosuppressive populations that inhibit tumor-specific T cell responses in cancer patients. This review focuses on the different signals for the activation of the immune system induced by adjuvants, and the close relationship to the mechanisms of recruitment and activation of MDSC. This work explores the possibility that a cancer vaccine adjuvant may either strengthen or weaken the effect of tumor-induced MDSC, and the crucial need to address this in present and future cancer vaccines.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cells
- ARG1, arginase 1
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- G-MDSC, granulocytic MDSC
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MDSC
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- Mo-MDSC, monocytic MDSC
- NK, natural killer
- NOS2, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- TLR ligands
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- adjuvants
- cancer
- cytokines
- immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Audry Fernández
- a Immunobiology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology ; Havana , Cuba
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96
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Rossmann E, Österborg A, Löfvenberg E, Choudhury A, Forssmann U, von Heydebreck A, Schröder A, Mellstedt H. Mucin 1-specific active cancer immunotherapy with tecemotide (L-BLP25) in patients with multiple myeloma: an exploratory study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3394-408. [PMID: 25483677 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients (n = 34) with previously untreated, slowly progressive asymptomatic stage I/II multiple myeloma or with stage II/III multiple myeloma in stable response/plateau phase following conventional anti-tumor therapy were immunized repeatedly with the antigen-specific cancer immunotherapeutic agent tecemotide (L-BLP25). Additionally, patients were randomly allocated to either single or multiple low doses of cyclophosphamide to inhibit regulatory T cells (Treg). Immunization with tecemotide resulted in the induction/augmentation of a mucin 1-specific immune response in 47% of patients. The immune responses appeared to involve a Th1-like cellular immune response involving CD4 and CD8 T cells. The rate of immune responses was similar with single versus multiple dosing of cyclophosphamide and in patients with vs. without pre-existing mucin 1 immunity. On-treatment reductions in the slope of M-protein concentration over time (but not fulfilling clinical criteria for responses with conventional anti-tumor agents) were observed in 45% of evaluable patients, predominantly in those without versus with pre-existing mucin 1 immunity and in patients with early stage disease. No differences were seen in patients receiving single or multiple cyclophosphamide dosing. Treatment with tecemotide was generally well tolerated. Repeated vs. single dosing of cyclophosphamide had no impact on Treg numbers and was stopped after a case of fatal encephalitis that was assessed as possibly study-related. Tecemotide immunotherapy induces mucin 1-specific cellular immune responses in a substantial proportion of patients, with preliminary evidence of changes in the M-protein concentration time curve in a subset of patients.
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Key Words
- ASCI, antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy
- AUC, area under the curve
- Cy, cyclophosphamide
- ELISpot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HR, hazard ratio
- IDA, Immunologic Diagnostic Analysis
- IFN-g, interferon-g
- IL-17, interleukin-17
- IQR, interquartile range
- L-BLP25
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MUC1
- MUC1, mucin 1
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- URR, upper reference range
- immunotherapy
- mucin 1
- multiple myeloma
- tecemotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rossmann
- a Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm , Sweden
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97
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[Therapeutic approaches using genetically modified cells]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:1274-80. [PMID: 26349563 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal products containing genetically modified cells are, in most cases, classified as gene therapy and cell therapy medicinal products. Although no medicinal product containing genetically modified cells has been licensed in Europe yet, a variety of therapeutic strategies using genetically modified cells are in different stages of clinical development for the treatment of acquired and inherited diseases. In this chapter, several examples of promising approaches are presented, with an emphasis on gene therapy for inherited immunodeficiencies and on tumour immunotherapy with genetically modified T-cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor or a recombinant T-cell receptor.
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98
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Anastasopoulou EA, Voutsas IF, Keramitsoglou T, Gouttefangeas C, Kalbacher H, Thanos A, Papamichail M, Perez SA, Baxevanis CN. A pilot study in prostate cancer patients treated with the AE37 Ii-key-HER-2/neu polypeptide vaccine suggests that HLA-A*24 and HLA-DRB1*11 alleles may be prognostic and predictive biomarkers for clinical benefit. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1123-36. [PMID: 26026288 PMCID: PMC11028543 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several types of immunotherapies have been shown to induce encouraging clinical results, though in a restricted number of patients. Consequently, there is a need to identify immune biomarkers to select patients who will benefit from such therapies. Such predictive biomarkers may be also used as surrogates for overall survival (OS). We have recently found correlations between immunologic parameters and clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients who had been vaccinated with a HER-2/neu hybrid polypeptide vaccine (AE37) and received one booster 6 months post-primary vaccinations. Herein, we aimed to expand these retrospective analyses by studying the predictive impact of HLA-A*24 and HLA-DRB1*11 alleles, which are expressed at high frequencies among responders in our vaccinated patients, for clinical and immunological responses to AE37 vaccination. Our data show an increased OS of patients expressing the HLA-DRB1*11 or HLA-A*24 alleles, or both. Vaccine-induced immunological responses, measured as interferon γ (IFN-γ) responses in vitro or delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, were also higher in these patients and inversely correlated with suppressor elements. Preexisting (i.e., before vaccinations with AE37) levels of vaccine-specific IFN-γ immunity and plasma TGF-β, among the HLA-A*24 and/or HLA-DRB1*11 positive patients, were strong indicators for immunological responses to AE37 treatment. These data suggest that HLA-DRB1*11 and HLA-A*24 are likely to be predictive factors for immunological and clinical responses to vaccination with AE37, though prospective validation in larger cohorts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria A. Anastasopoulou
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, “Saint Savas” Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis F. Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, “Saint Savas” Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Papamichail
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, “Saint Savas” Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Sonia A. Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, “Saint Savas” Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin N. Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, “Saint Savas” Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens, Greece
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99
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Allison RR. Radiobiological modifiers in clinical radiation oncology: current reality and future potential. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2359-79. [PMID: 25525845 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy can successfully ablate tumors. However, the same ionization process that destroys a cancer can also permanently damage surrounding organs resulting in unwanted clinical morbidity. Therefore, modern radiation therapy attempts to minimize dose to normal tissue to prevent side effects. Still, as tumors and normal tissues intercalate, the risk of normal tissue injury often may prevent tumoricidal doses of radiation therapy to be delivered. This paper will review current outcomes and limitations of radiobiological modifiers that may selectively enhance the radiosensitivity of tumors as well as parallel techniques that may protect normal tissues from radiation injury. Future endeavors based in part upon newly elucidated genetic pathways will be highlighted.
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100
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Garnett-Benson C, Hodge JW, Gameiro SR. Combination regimens of radiation therapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines: mechanisms and opportunities. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:46-53. [PMID: 25481266 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is widely used with curative or palliative intent in the clinical management of multiple cancers. Although mainly aimed at direct tumor cell killing, mounting evidence suggests that radiation can alter the tumor to become an immunostimulatory milieu. Data suggest that the immunogenic effects of radiation can be exploited to promote synergistic antitumor effects in combination with immunotherapeutic agents. We review concepts associated with the immunogenic consequences of RT and highlight how preclinical findings are translating into clinical benefit for patients receiving combination regimens of RT and therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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