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Ma C, Bian C, Liu W, Sun Z, Xi X, Guo D, Liu X, Tian Y, Wang C, Zheng X. Strigolactone alleviates the salinity-alkalinity stress of Malus hupehensis seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:901782. [PMID: 35937337 PMCID: PMC9354494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.901782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salinity-alkalinity stress can remarkably affect the growth and yield of apple. Strigolactone (SL) is a class of carotenoid-derived compounds that functions in stress tolerance. However, the effects and mechanism of exogenous SL on the salinity-alkalinity tolerance of apple seedlings remain unclear. Here, we assessed the effect of SL on the salinity-alkalinity stress response of Malus hupehensis seedlings. Results showed that treatment with 100 μM exogenous SL analog (GR24) could effectively alleviate salinity-alkalinity stress with higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate than the apple seedlings without GR24 treatment. The mechanism was also explored: First, exogenous GR24 regulated the expression of Na+/K+ transporter genes and decreased the ratio of Na+/K+ in the cytoplasm to maintain ion homeostasis. Second, exogenous GR24 increased the enzyme activities of superoxide, peroxidase and catalase, thereby eliminating reactive oxygen species production. Third, exogenous GR24 alleviated the high pH stress by regulating the expression of H+-ATPase genes and inducing the production of organic acid. Last, exogenous GR24 application increased endogenous acetic acid, abscisic acid, zeatin riboside, and GA3 contents for co-responding to salinity-alkalinity stress indirectly. This study will provide important theoretical basis for analyzing the mechanism of exogenous GR24 in improving salinity-alkalinity tolerance of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanjie Bian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangli Xi
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianming Guo
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Zheng,
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Singh PK, Indoliya Y, Agrawal L, Awasthi S, Deeba F, Dwivedi S, Chakrabarty D, Shirke PA, Pandey V, Singh N, Dhankher OP, Barik SK, Tripathi RD. Genomic and proteomic responses to drought stress and biotechnological interventions for enhanced drought tolerance in plants. CURRENT PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 29:100239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpb.2022.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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Chen H, Bullock DA, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. To Fight or to Grow: The Balancing Role of Ethylene in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010033. [PMID: 35009037 PMCID: PMC8747122 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants often live in adverse environmental conditions and are exposed to various stresses, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, salt, radiation, poor lighting, nutrient deficiency, drought, or flooding. To adapt to unfavorable environments, plants have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms that serve to balance the trade-off between abiotic stress responses and growth. These mechanisms enable plants to continue to develop and reproduce even under adverse conditions. Ethylene, as a key growth regulator, is leveraged by plants to mitigate the negative effects of some of these stresses on plant development and growth. By cooperating with other hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CK), ethylene triggers defense and survival mechanisms thereby coordinating plant growth and development in response to abiotic stresses. This review describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones in tipping the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress responses.
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Diverse Effect of Two Cytokinins, Kinetin and Benzyladenine, on Plant Development, Biotic Stress Tolerance, and Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121404. [PMID: 34947935 PMCID: PMC8706806 DOI: 10.3390/life11121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormones cytokinins affect a various array of plant growth and development processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the opposite effect of two different cytokinins kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine) and benzyladenine (BA) on development and on the tolerance of Arabidopsis and tobacco plants to virus, bacteria, and fungi infection was reported. Treatments of Arabidopsis and tobacco seedlings with saturated solutions of BA inhibited plant progress, while treatments with saturated water solution of kinetin promoted plant development. Furthermore, BA pre-treatments strongly reduced the number of TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) lesions on tobacco and the tissue damage caused by the incompatible Pseudomonas bacteria on Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves. Similarly, BA pre-treatment significantly reduced the necrotic disease symptoms of Botrytis cinerea infection. Kinetin pre-treatments had a much weaker or no protective effect on the damage caused by the above pathogens. Accordingly, Arabidopsis gene expression profiles after treatments also showed that the two cytokinins have different effects on several plant processes. The gene expression results supported the more robust effect of BA, which up and downregulated more than 2000 genes, while only 436 genes were influenced by kinetin treatment. It is noteworthy that BA and kinetin treatment changed gene expressions in the same direction only in a relatively few cases (73 upregulated and 70 downregulated genes), and even 28 genes were regulated into the opposite directions by BA and kinetin. Both treatments had a strong effect on auxin and gibberellin-related genes, but only BA had a significant effect on cytokinin-induced processes. While kinetin exclusively activated the flavonoid synthesis genes, BA affected more significantly protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and plant defence-related genes. In conclusion, BA solution had sometimes the opposite and generally a much stronger effect than kinetin solution not only on the development and on biotic stress tolerance of tobacco and Arabidopsis plants but also on the gene expressions. The stronger protective effect of BA to necrotic stresses is probably due to its stronger senescence inhibitory effect on plant tissues, as supported by the stronger chlorophyll retardation of the BA-treated leaves.
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Zameer R, Sadaqat M, Fatima K, Fiaz S, Rasul S, Zafar H, Qayyum A, Nashat N, Raza A, Shah AN, Batool R, Azeem F, Sun S, Chung G. Two-Component System Genes in Sorghum bicolor: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling in Response to Environmental Stresses. Front Genet 2021; 12:794305. [PMID: 34899869 PMCID: PMC8655132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.794305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-component signal transduction system (TCS) acts in a variety of physiological processes in lower organisms and has emerged as a key signaling system in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including plants. TCS genes assist plants in processes such as stress resistance, cell division, nutrition signaling, leaf senescence, and chloroplast division. In plants, this system is composed of three types of proteins: response regulators (RRs), histidine kinases (HKs), and histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPs). We aimed to study the Sorghum bicolor genome and identified 37 SbTCS genes consisting of 13 HKs, 5 HPs, and 19 RRs (3 type-A RRs, 7 type-B RRs, 2 type-C RRs, and 7 pseudo-RRs). The structural and phylogenetic comparison of the SbTCS members with their counterparts in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Cicer arietinum, and Glycine max showed group-specific conservations and variations. Expansion of the gene family members is mostly a result of gene duplication, of both the tandem and segmental types. HKs and RRs were observed to be originated from segmental duplication, while some HPs originated from tandem duplication. The nuclear genome of S. bicolor contain 10 chromosomes and these SbTCS genes are randomly distributed on all the chromosomes. The promoter sequences of the SbTCS genes contain several abiotic stress-related cis-elements. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR-based expression analysis demonstrated most of the TCS genes were responsive to drought and salt stresses in leaves, which suggest their role in leaf development. This study lays a foundation for further functional study of TCS genes for stress tolerance and developmental improvement in S. bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Zameer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sadaqat
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Rasul
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hadeqa Zafar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Naima Nashat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Batool
- Department of Botany, GC Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sangmi Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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Saradadevi GP, Das D, Mangrauthia SK, Mohapatra S, Chikkaputtaiah C, Roorkiwal M, Solanki M, Sundaram RM, Chirravuri NN, Sakhare AS, Kota S, Varshney RK, Mohannath G. Genetic, Epigenetic, Genomic and Microbial Approaches to Enhance Salt Tolerance of Plants: A Comprehensive Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121255. [PMID: 34943170 PMCID: PMC8698797 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Globally, soil salinity, which refers to salt-affected soils, is increasing due to various environmental factors and human activities. Soil salinity poses one of the most serious challenges in the field of agriculture as it significantly reduces the growth and yield of crop plants, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Over the last few decades, several studies have been carried out to understand plant biology in response to soil salinity stress with a major emphasis on genetic and other hereditary components. Based on the outcome of these studies, several approaches are being followed to enhance plants’ ability to tolerate salt stress while still maintaining reasonable levels of crop yields. In this manuscript, we comprehensively list and discuss various biological approaches being followed and, based on the recent advances in the field of molecular biology, we propose some new approaches to improve salinity tolerance of crop plants. The global scientific community can make use of this information for the betterment of crop plants. This review also highlights the importance of maintaining global soil health to prevent several crop plant losses. Abstract Globally, soil salinity has been on the rise owing to various factors that are both human and environmental. The abiotic stress caused by soil salinity has become one of the most damaging abiotic stresses faced by crop plants, resulting in significant yield losses. Salt stress induces physiological and morphological modifications in plants as a result of significant changes in gene expression patterns and signal transduction cascades. In this comprehensive review, with a major focus on recent advances in the field of plant molecular biology, we discuss several approaches to enhance salinity tolerance in plants comprising various classical and advanced genetic and genetic engineering approaches, genomics and genome editing technologies, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based approaches. Furthermore, based on recent advances in the field of epigenetics, we propose novel approaches to create and exploit heritable genome-wide epigenetic variation in crop plants to enhance salinity tolerance. Specifically, we describe the concepts and the underlying principles of epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) and other epigenetic variants and methods to generate them. The proposed epigenetic approaches also have the potential to create additional genetic variation by modulating meiotic crossover frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Prasad Saradadevi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (G.P.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Debajit Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, India; (D.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Satendra K. Mangrauthia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Sridev Mohapatra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (G.P.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 785006, India; (D.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Manish Roorkiwal
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India;
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Manish Solanki
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Raman Meenakshi Sundaram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Neeraja N. Chirravuri
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Akshay S. Sakhare
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Suneetha Kota
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India; (S.K.M.); (M.S.); (R.M.S.); (N.N.C.); (A.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.K.V.); (G.M.); Tel.: +91-40-245-91268 (S.K.); +91-84-556-83305 (R.K.V.); +91-40-66303697 (G.M.)
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India;
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.K.V.); (G.M.); Tel.: +91-40-245-91268 (S.K.); +91-84-556-83305 (R.K.V.); +91-40-66303697 (G.M.)
| | - Gireesha Mohannath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (G.P.S.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.K.V.); (G.M.); Tel.: +91-40-245-91268 (S.K.); +91-84-556-83305 (R.K.V.); +91-40-66303697 (G.M.)
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Li Y, Wang L, Yu B, Guo J, Zhao Y, Zhu Y. Expression Analysis of AUX/IAA Family Genes in Apple Under Salt Stress. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:1205-1221. [PMID: 34802110 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family in plants are primary auxin-responsive genes that play important roles in many aspects of plant development and in responses to abiotic stress. Recently, 33 Aux/IAA have been identified in the apple genome. The biological responses of MdIAAs to salt stress are still unknown. In this study, Malus zumi, Malus baccata, and Malus × domestica 'Fuji' plantlets were subjected to salt stress by supplementing hydroponic media with NaCl at various concentrations. M. zumi showed the strongest salt resistance, followed by 'Fuji', and M. baccata was the most sensitive to salt stress. Tissue-specific expression profiles of MdIAAs were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. When apple plantlets were subjected to salt stress, most of salt-responsive MdIAAs were up-regulated by 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h in roots, shoot tips, and leaves, respectively. Highly expressed MdIAAs in roots, especially for M. zumi, consisted with the salt tolerance of apple rootstocks. Transgenic apple calli were tolerant to salt stress when over-expressed salt-responsive genes, MdIAA8, -9, and -25. These results provide clues about salt resistance in these three Malus species, which helps apple breeding of salt tolerance by genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Mehmood M, Pérez-Llorca M, Casadesús A, Farrakh S, Munné-Bosch S. Leaf size modulation by cytokinins in sesame plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:763-770. [PMID: 34530321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in controlling leaf size and in the modulation of various stress responses, including drought. In this study, hormone profiling analyses by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was performed in leaves collected at three stages of active leaf growth to unravel which phytohormones modulate leaf size in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants, an important oil-rich crop. Furthermore, endogenous contents of phytohormones were measured in parallel to various stress markers in sesame plants exposed to mild water deficit conditions by withholding water in potted plants for one week. Results revealed a major role of cytokinins and auxin in the modulation of leaf growth in sesame plants (which increased by 21.5 and 2.1-fold, respectively, with leaf growth), as well as a putative antagonistic response between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid during leaf development. Furthermore, growth arrest during water deficit stress appeared to be modulated by cytokinins, the endogenous contents of which decreased (by 48%) in parallel with ABA increases (by 59%). Reductions in the contents of the active cytokinin trans-zeatin occurred in parallel with increases in isopentenyladenine contents under drought, which suggests a partial metabolic limitation in cytokinin biosynthesis in leaves upon water deficit stress. These results provide useful information for the hormonal modulation of leaf size and the improvement of leaf growth and production in sesame plants through manipulation of the levels of key regulatory phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mehmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Andrea Casadesús
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sumaira Farrakh
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yan Z, Wang J, Wang F, Xie C, Lv B, Yu Z, Dai S, Liu X, Xia G, Tian H, Li C, Ding Z. MPK3/6-induced degradation of ARR1/10/12 promotes salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52457. [PMID: 34402578 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are phytohormones that regulate plant development, growth, and responses to stress. In particular, cytokinin has been reported to negatively regulate plant adaptation to high salinity; however, the molecular mechanisms that counteract cytokinin signaling and enable salt tolerance are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that salt stress induces the degradation of the cytokinin signaling components Arabidopsis (Arabidopisis thaliana) response regulator 1 (ARR1), ARR10 and ARR12. Furthermore, the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate ARR1/10/12 to promote their degradation in response to salt stress. As expected, salt tolerance is decreased in the mpk3/6 double mutant, but enhanced upon ectopic MPK3/MPK6 activation in an MKK5DD line. Importantly, salt hypersensitivity phenotypes of the mpk3/6 line were significantly alleviated by mutation of ARR1/12. The above results indicate that MPK3/6 enhance salt tolerance in part via their negative regulation of ARR1/10/12 protein stability. Thus, our work reveals a new molecular mechanism underlying salt-induced stress adaptation and the inhibition of plant growth, via enhanced degradation of cytokinin signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuantian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingsheng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Guangmin Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Feng Y, Wang Y, Zhang G, Gan Z, Gao M, Lv J, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Yang S, Han Z. Group-C/S1 bZIP heterodimers regulate MdIPT5b to negatively modulate drought tolerance in apple species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:399-417. [PMID: 33905154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play a central role in delaying senescence, reducing oxidative damage and maintaining plant growth during drought. This study showed that the ectopic expression of ProRE-deleted MdIPT5b, a key enzyme involved in cytokinin metabolism, increased the drought tolerance of transgenic Malus domestica (apple) callus and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seedlings by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis, and thus maintaining redox balance. Under restricted watering regimes, the yields of transgenic tomato plants were enhanced. Heterodimers of C/S1 bZIP are involved in the cytokinin-mediated drought response. The heterodimers bind the ProRE of MdIPT5b promoter, thus directly suppressing gene transcription. Single C/S1 bZIP members could not independently function as suppressors. However, specific paired members (heterodimers of MdbZIP80 with MdbZIP2 or with MdbZIP39) effectively suppressed transcription. The α-helical structure is essential for the heterodimerization of C/S1 bZIP members and for synergistic transcriptional suppression. As negative regulators of drought tolerance, suppressing either MdbZIP2 or MdbZIP39 alone does not improve the expression of MdIPT5b and did not increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, this could be achieved when they were co-suppressed. The suppression of MdbZIP80 alone could improve MdIPT5b expression and increase the drought tolerance of transgenic apple callus. However, these effects were reversed in response to the cosuppression of MdbZIP80 and MdIPT5b. Similar results were also observed during delayed dark-induced senescence in apple leaves. In conclusion, the apple C/S1 bZIP network (involving MdbZIP2, MdbZIP39 and MdbZIP80) directly suppressed the expression of MdIPT5b, thus negatively modulating drought tolerance and dark-induced senescence in a functionally redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zengyu Gan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Jogawat A, Yadav B, Lakra N, Singh AK, Narayan OP. Crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1106-1132. [PMID: 33421146 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress negatively affects crop performance and weakens global food security. It triggers the activation of downstream pathways, mainly through phytohormones homeostasis and their signaling networks, which further initiate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (SMs). Roots sense drought stress, the signal travels to the above-ground tissues to induce systemic phytohormones signaling. The systemic signals further trigger the biosynthesis of SMs and stomatal closure to prevent water loss. SMs primarily scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect plants from lipid peroxidation and also perform additional defense-related functions. Moreover, drought-induced volatile SMs can alert the plant tissues to perform drought stress mitigating functions in plants. Other phytohormone-induced stress responses include cell wall and cuticle thickening, root and leaf morphology alteration, and anatomical changes of roots, stems, and leaves, which in turn minimize the oxidative stress, water loss, and other adverse effects of drought. Exogenous applications of phytohormones and genetic engineering of phytohormones signaling and biosynthesis pathways mitigate the drought stress effects. Direct modulation of the SMs biosynthetic pathway genes or indirect via phytohormones' regulation provides drought tolerance. Thus, phytohormones and SMs play key roles in plant development under the drought stress environment in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Lakra
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Om Prakash Narayan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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Beznec A, Faccio P, Miralles DJ, Abeledo LG, Oneto CD, Garibotto MDB, Gonzalez G, Moreyra F, Elizondo M, Ruíz M, Lewi D, Blumwald E, Llorente B, Paleo AD, Bossio E. Stress-induced expression of IPT gene in transgenic wheat reduces grain yield penalty under drought. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:67. [PMID: 33970377 PMCID: PMC8110665 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The heterologous expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) under the transcriptional control of the senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK) promoter delayed cellular senescence and, through it, increased drought tolerance in plants. To evaluate the effect of pSARK::IPT expression in bread wheat, six independent transgenic events were obtained through the biolistic method and evaluated transgene expression, phenology, grain yield and physiological biomass components in plants grown under both drought and well-irrigating conditions. Experiments were performed at different levels: (i) pots and (ii) microplots inside a biosafety greenhouse, as well as under (iii) field conditions. Results Two transgenic events, called TR1 and TR4, outperformed the wild-type control under drought conditions. Transgenic plants showed higher yield under both greenhouse and field conditions, which was positively correlated to grain number (given by more spikes and grains per spike) than wild type. Interestingly, this yield advantage of the transgenic events was observed under both drought and well-watered conditions. Conclusions The results obtained allow us to conclude that the SARK promoter-regulated expression of the IPT gene in bread wheat not only reduced the yield penalty produced by water stress but also led to improved productivity under well-watered conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00171-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Beznec
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Faccio
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel J Miralles
- Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IFEVA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonor G Abeledo
- Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Decima Oneto
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, EEA Balcarce, INTA, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, B7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB, Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Belén Garibotto
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB, Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Matías Elizondo
- EEA San Juan, INTA, San Juan, Argentina.,Unidad Integrada INTA-UNSJ Dpto. Ing., San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mónica Ruíz
- EEA San Juan, INTA, San Juan, Argentina.,Unidad Integrada INTA-UNSJ Dpto. Ing., San Juan, Argentina
| | - Dalia Lewi
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Berta Llorente
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ezequiel Bossio
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gene Expression Analysis of Microtubers of Potato Solanum tuberosum L. Induced in Cytokinin Containing Medium and Osmotic Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050876. [PMID: 33925316 PMCID: PMC8146008 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Potato microtuber productions through in vitro techniques are ideal propagules for producing high quality seed potatoes. Microtuber development is influenced by several factors, i.e., high content sucrose and cytokinins are among them. To understand a molecular mechanism of microtuberization using osmotic stress and cytokinin signaling will help us to elucidate this process. We demonstrate in this work a rapid and efficient protocol for microtuber development and gene expression analysis. Medium with high content of sucrose and gelrite supplemented with 2iP as cytokinin under darkness condition produced the higher quantity and quality of microtubers. Gene expression analysis of genes involved in the two-component signaling system (StHK1), cytokinin signaling, (StHK3, StHP4, StRR1) homeodomains (WUSCHEL, POTH1, BEL5), auxin signaling, ARF5, carbon metabolism (TPI, TIM), protein synthesis, NAC5 and a morphogenetic regulator of tuberization (POTH15) was performed by qPCR real time. Differential gene expression was observed during microtuber development. Gene regulation of two component and cytokinin signaling is taking place during this developmental process, yielding more microtubers. Further analysis of each component is required to elucidate it.
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Hughes AM, Hallmark HT, Plačková L, Novák O, Rashotte AM. Clade III cytokinin response factors share common roles in response to oxidative stress responses linked to cytokinin synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3294-3306. [PMID: 33617640 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin response factors (CRFs) are transcription factors that are involved in cytokinin (CK) response, as well as being linked to abiotic stress tolerance. In particular, oxidative stress responses are activated by Clade III CRF members, such as AtCRF6. Here we explored the relationships between Clade III CRFs and oxidative stress. Transcriptomic responses to oxidative stress were determined in two Clade III transcription factors, Arabidopsis AtCRF5 and tomato SlCRF5. AtCRF5 was required for regulated expression of >240 genes that are involved in oxidative stress response. Similarly, SlCRF5 was involved in the regulated expression of nearly 420 oxidative stress response genes. Similarities in gene regulation by these Clade III members in response to oxidative stress were observed between Arabidopsis and tomato, as indicated by Gene Ontology term enrichment. CK levels were also changed in response to oxidative stress in both species. These changes were regulated by Clade III CRFs. Taken together, these findings suggest that Clade III CRFs play a role in oxidative stress response as well as having roles in CK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, USA
| | - H Tucker Hallmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, USA
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron M Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, USA
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Bhaskar A, Paul LK, Sharma E, Jha S, Jain M, Khurana JP. OsRR6, a type-A response regulator in rice, mediates cytokinin, light and stress responses when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:98-112. [PMID: 33581623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a complex network of components that sense and respond to diverse signals. In the present study, we have characterized OsRR6, a type-A response regulator, which is part of the two-component sensor-regulator machinery in rice. The expression of OsRR6 is induced by exogenous cytokinin and various abiotic stress treatments, including drought, cold and salinity stress. Organ-specific expression analysis revealed that its expression is high in anther and low in shoot apical meristem. The Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing OsRR6 (OsRR6OX) exhibited reduced cytokinin sensitivity, adventitious root formation and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in seeds. OsRR6OX plants were more tolerant to drought and salinity conditions when compared to wild-type. The hypocotyl growth in OsRR6OX seedlings was significantly inhibited under red, far-red and blue-light conditions and also a decline in transcript levels of OsRR6 was observed in rice under the above monochromatic as well as white light treatments. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the genes associated with defense responses and anthocyanin metabolism are up-regulated in OsRR6OX seedlings. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the genes associated with phenylpropanoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis are enriched among differentially expressed genes in OsRR6OX seedlings of Arabidopsis, which is in conformity with reanalysis of the transcriptome data performed in rice transgenics for OsRR6. Further, genes like DREB1A/CBF3, COR15A, KIN1, ERD10 and RD29A are significantly upregulated in OsRR6OX seedlings when subjected to ABA and abiotic stress treatments. Thus, a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling, OsRR6, plays a positive role in imparting abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Bhaskar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Laju K Paul
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Eshan Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sampoornananda Jha
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukesh Jain
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Advances in Wheat Physiology in Response to Drought and the Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Trigger Drought Tolerance. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040687. [PMID: 33810405 PMCID: PMC8066330 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coming century, climate change and the increasing human population are likely leading agriculture to face multiple challenges. Agricultural production has to increase while preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. Drought is one of the major abiotic problems, which limits the growth and productivity of crops and impacts 1–3% of all land.To cope with unfavorable water-deficit conditions, plants use through sophisticated and complex mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal crop yield are required. Among crop production, wheat is estimated to feed about one-fifth of humanity, but faces more and more drought stress periods, partially due to climate change. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are a promising and interesting way to develop productive and sustainable agriculture despite environmental stress. The current review focuses on drought stress effects on wheat and how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria trigger drought stress tolerance of wheat by highlighting several mechanisms. These bacteria can lead to better growth and higher yield through the production of phytohormones, osmolytes, antioxidants, volatile compounds, exopolysaccharides and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Based on the available literature, we provide a comprehensive review of mechanisms involved in drought resilience and how bacteria may alleviate this constraint
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Pérez-Oliver MA, Haro JG, Pavlović I, Novák O, Segura J, Sales E, Arrillaga I. Priming Maritime Pine Megagametophytes during Somatic Embryogenesis Improved Plant Adaptation to Heat Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030446. [PMID: 33652929 PMCID: PMC7996847 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, forest tree research should be addressed to provide genotypes with increased resilience to high temperature events. These improved plants can be obtained by heat priming during somatic embryogenesis (SE), which would produce an epigenetic-mediated transgenerational memory. Thereby, we applied 37 °C or 50 °C to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) megagametophytes and the obtained embryogenic masses went through the subsequent SE phases to produce plants that were further subjected to heat stress conditions. A putative transcription factor WRKY11 was upregulated in priming-derived embryonal masses, and also in the regenerated P37 and P50 plants, suggesting its role in establishing an epigenetic memory in this plant species. In vitro-grown P50 plants also showed higher cytokinin content and SOD upregulation, which points to a better responsiveness to heat stress. Heat exposure of two-year-old maritime pine plants induced upregulation of HSP70 in those derived from primed embryogenic masses, that also showed better osmotic adjustment and higher increases in chlorophyll, soluble sugars and starch contents. Moreover, ϕPSII of P50 plants was less affected by heat exposure. Thus, our results suggest that priming at 50 °C at the SE induction phase is a promising strategy to improve heat resilience in maritime pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Pérez-Oliver
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BiotecMed) Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.P.-O.); (J.G.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Juan Gregorio Haro
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BiotecMed) Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.P.-O.); (J.G.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Iva Pavlović
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (I.P.); (O.N.)
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Division of MoLecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (I.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Juan Segura
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BiotecMed) Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.P.-O.); (J.G.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Ester Sales
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, High Polytechnic School, Ctra. Cuarte s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Isabel Arrillaga
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BiotecMed) Institute, Universidad de Valencia, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.P.-O.); (J.G.H.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Zheng X, Li Y, Xi X, Ma C, Sun Z, Yang X, Li X, Tian Y, Wang C. Exogenous Strigolactones alleviate KCl stress by regulating photosynthesis, ROS migration and ion transport in Malus hupehensis Rehd. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:113-122. [PMID: 33359960 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In recent years, the application of large amounts of potash fertilizer in apple orchards leads to worsening KCl stress. Strigolactone (SL), as a novel phytohormone, reportedly participates in plant tolerance to NaCl and drought stresses. However, the underlying mechanism and the effects of exogenous SL on the KCl stress of apple seedlings remain unclear. METHODS We sprayed different concentrations of exogenous SL on Malus hupehensis Rehd. under KCl stress and measured the physiological indexes like, photosynthetic parameter, content of ROS, osmolytes and mineral element. In addition, the expressions of KCl-responding genes and SL-signaling genes were also detected and analyzed. RESULTS Application of exogenous SL protected the chlorophyll and maintained the photosynthetic rate of apple seedlings under KCl stress. Exogenous SL strengthened the enzyme activities of peroxidase and catalase, thereby eliminating reactive oxygen species production induced by KCl stress, promoting the accumulation of proline, and maintaining osmotic balance. Exogenous SL expelled K+ outside of the cytoplasm and compartmentalized K+ into the vacuole, increased the contents of Na+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ in the cytoplasm to maintain the ion homeostasis under KCl stress. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous SL can regulate photosynthesis, ROS migration and ion transport in apple seedlings to alleviate KCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangli Xi
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xueqing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Devireddy AR, Zandalinas SI, Fichman Y, Mittler R. Integration of reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling during abiotic stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:459-476. [PMID: 33015917 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Each year, abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, salinity, cold and particularly their different combinations, inflict a heavy toll on crop productivity worldwide. The effects of these adverse conditions on plant productivity are becoming ever more alarming in recent years in light of the increased rate and intensity of global climatic changes. Improving crop tolerance to abiotic stress conditions requires a deep understanding of the response of plants to changes in their environment. This response is dependent on early and late signal transduction events that involve important signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), different plant hormones and other signaling molecules. It is the integration of these signaling events, mediated by an interplay between ROS and different plant hormones that orchestrates the plant response to abiotic stress and drive changes in transcriptomic, metabolic and proteomic networks that lead to plant acclimation and survival. Here we review some of the different studies that address hormone and ROS integration during the response of plants to abiotic stress. We further highlight the integration of ROS and hormone signaling during early and late phases of the plant response to abiotic stress, the key role of respiratory burst oxidase homologs in the integration of ROS and hormone signaling during these phases, and the involvement of hormone and ROS in systemic signaling events that lead to systemic acquired acclimation. Lastly, we underscore the need to understand the complex interactions that occur between ROS and different plant hormones during stress combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith R Devireddy
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Sara I Zandalinas
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Yosef Fichman
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Skalak J, Nicolas KL, Vankova R, Hejatko J. Signal Integration in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses via Multistep Phosphorelay Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644823. [PMID: 33679861 PMCID: PMC7925916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in any particular geographical location are exposed to variable and diverse environmental conditions throughout their lifespan. The multifactorial environmental pressure resulted into evolution of plant adaptation and survival strategies requiring ability to integrate multiple signals that combine to yield specific responses. These adaptive responses enable plants to maintain their growth and development while acquiring tolerance to a variety of environmental conditions. An essential signaling cascade that incorporates a wide range of exogenous as well as endogenous stimuli is multistep phosphorelay (MSP). MSP mediates the signaling of essential plant hormones that balance growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which specific signals are recognized by a commonly-occurring pathway are not yet clearly understood. Here we summarize our knowledge on the latest model of multistep phosphorelay signaling in plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying the integration of multiple inputs including both hormonal (cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid) and environmental (light and temperature) signals into a common pathway. We provide an overview of abiotic stress responses mediated via MSP signaling that are both hormone-dependent and independent. We highlight the mutual interactions of key players such as sensor kinases of various substrate specificities including their downstream targets. These constitute a tightly interconnected signaling network, enabling timely adaptation by the plant to an ever-changing environment. Finally, we propose possible future directions in stress-oriented research on MSP signaling and highlight its potential importance for targeted crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalak
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katrina Leslie Nicolas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Hejatko,
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Berková V, Kameniarová M, Ondrisková V, Berka M, Menšíková S, Kopecká R, Luklová M, Novák J, Spíchal L, Rashotte AM, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Arabidopsis Response to Inhibitor of Cytokinin Degradation INCYDE: Modulations of Cytokinin Signaling and Plant Proteome. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1563. [PMID: 33202776 PMCID: PMC7698199 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins are multifaceted plant hormones that play crucial roles in plant interactions with the environment. Modulations in cytokinin metabolism and signaling have been successfully used for elevating plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Here, we analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana response to INhibitor of CYtokinin DEgradation (INCYDE), a potent inhibitor of cytokinin dehydrogenase. We found that at low nanomolar concentration, the effect of INCYCE on seedling growth and development was not significantly different from that of trans-Zeatin treatment. However, an alteration in the spatial distribution of cytokinin signaling was found at low micromolar concentrations, and proteomics analysis revealed a significant impact on the molecular level. An in-depth proteome analysis of an early (24 h) response and a dose-dependent response after 168 h highlighted the effects on primary and secondary metabolism, including alterations in ribosomal subunits, RNA metabolism, modulations of proteins associated with chromatin, and the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. The observed attenuation in stress-response mechanisms, including abscisic acid signaling and the metabolism of jasmonates, could explain previously reported positive effects of INCYDE under mild stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Vladěna Ondrisková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Simona Menšíková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Markéta Luklová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Aaron M. Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 811, USA;
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
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D'Alessandro S, Beaugelin I, Havaux M. Tanned or Sunburned: How Excessive Light Triggers Plant Cell Death. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1545-1555. [PMID: 32992028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants often encounter light intensities exceeding the capacity of photosynthesis (excessive light) mainly due to biotic and abiotic factors, which lower CO2 fixation and reduce light energy sinks. Under excessive light, the photosynthetic electron transport chain generates damaging molecules, hence leading to photooxidative stress and eventually to cell death. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms linking the excessive absorption of light energy in chloroplasts to programmed cell death in plant leaves. We highlight the importance of reactive carbonyl species generated by lipid photooxidation, their detoxification, and the integrating role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the adoption of phototolerance or cell-death pathways. Finally, we invite the scientific community to standardize the conditions of excessive light treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D'Alessandro
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265, BIAM, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Inès Beaugelin
- Singapore-CEA Alliance for Research in Circular Economy (SCARCE), School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, UMR7265, BIAM, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix Marseille, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Lucini L, Miras-Moreno B, Busconi M, Marocco A, Gatti M, Poni S. Molecular basis of rootstock-related tolerance to water deficit in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sangiovese: A physiological and metabolomic combined approach. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110600. [PMID: 32900438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rootstock M4 (V. vinifera × V. berlandieri) × V. berlandieri cv. Resseguier n.1) is a recent selection reported to confer improved drought tolerance to grafted V. vinifera scions, a very desired feature in the era of global warming. Therefore, a short-term study was performed on a batch of 12 potted cv. Sangiovese vines grafted either on M4 or on the drought susceptible SO4 rootstock. Ecophysiological assessments as whole canopy net CO2 exchange rate (NCER), transpiration (Tc), and pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) and UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS metabolomics were then used to investigate the different vine responses during water limiting conditions. Water stress was induced by applying 50 % of estimated daily water use from days of year 184-208. M4 was able to deliver similar CO2, at a significantly reduced water use, compared to SO4 grafting. In turn, this resulted in enhanced canopy water use efficiency (NCER/Tc ratio) quantified as +15.1 % during water stress and +21.7 % at re-watering. Untargeted metabolomics showed a similar modulation of brassinosteroids and ABA between the two rootstocks, whereas the up accumulation of cytokinins and gibberellins under drought was peculiar of M4 grafted vines. The increase in gibberellins, together with a concurrent down accumulation of chlorophyll precursors and catabolites and an up accumulation of folates in M4 rootstock suggests that the capacity of limiting reactive-oxygen-species and redox imbalance under drought stress was improved. Finally, distinctive osmolyte accumulation patterns could be observed, with SO4 investing more on proline and glycine-betaine content and M4 primarily showing polyols accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Begona Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Busconi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Marocco
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Gatti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Poni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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74
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Zhu C, Xiaoyu L, Junlan G, Yun X, Jie R. Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of hormone pathways in Acer rubrum during developmental leaf senescence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:410. [PMID: 32883206 PMCID: PMC7650285 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To fully elucidate the roles and mechanisms of plant hormones in leaf senescence, we adopted an integrated analysis of both non-senescing and senescing leaves from red maple with transcriptome and metabolome data. RESULTS Transcription and metabolite profiles were generated through a combination of deep sequencing, third-generation sequencing data analysis, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph Q extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS), respectively. We investigated the accumulation of compounds and the expression of biosynthesis and signaling genes for eight hormones. The results revealed that ethylene and abscisic acid concentrations increased during the leaf senescence process, while the contents of cytokinin, auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid continued to decrease. Correlation tests between the hormone content and transcriptional changes were analyzed, and in six pathways, genes closely linked with leaf senescence were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results will enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of plant hormones that regulate leaf senescence in red maple, while establishing a foundation for the genetic modification of Acer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Lu Xiaoyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui 230036 P.R. China
| | - Gao Junlan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yun
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Ren Jie
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
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Aremu AO, Fawole OA, Makunga NP, Masondo NA, Moyo M, Buthelezi NMD, Amoo SO, Spíchal L, Doležal K. Applications of Cytokinins in Horticultural Fruit Crops: Trends and Future Prospects. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091222. [PMID: 32842660 PMCID: PMC7563339 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a chemically diverse class of plant growth regulators, exhibiting wide-ranging actions on plant growth and development, hence their exploitation in agriculture for crop improvement and management. Their coordinated regulatory effects and cross-talk interactions with other phytohormones and signaling networks are highly sophisticated, eliciting and controlling varied biological processes at the cellular to organismal levels. In this review, we briefly introduce the mode of action and general molecular biological effects of naturally occurring CKs before highlighting the great variability in the response of fruit crops to CK-based innovations. We present a comprehensive compilation of research linked to the application of CKs in non-model crop species in different phases of fruit production and management. By doing so, it is clear that the effects of CKs on fruit set, development, maturation, and ripening are not necessarily generic, even for cultivars within the same species, illustrating the magnitude of yet unknown intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms regulating these processes in different fruit crops. Current approaches using genomic-to-metabolomic analysis are providing new insights into the in planta mechanisms of CKs, pinpointing the underlying CK-derived actions that may serve as potential targets for improving crop-specific traits and the development of new solutions for the preharvest and postharvest management of fruit crops. Where information is available, CK molecular biology is discussed in the context of its present and future implications in the applications of CKs to fruits of horticultural significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O. Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Olaniyi A. Fawole
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Nokwanda P. Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Nqobile A. Masondo
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Mack Moyo
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Nana M. D. Buthelezi
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
| | - Stephen O. Amoo
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa;
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Shi F, Wang M, An Y. Overexpression of a B-type cytokinin response regulator ( OsORR2) reduces plant height in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1780405. [PMID: 32552330 PMCID: PMC8570751 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1780405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development, with the signal transduction mediated by type-A and type-B response regulators (RRs).While much genetic knowledge about RRs on regulating plant height remains unclear. Here, we found that overexpressing an OsORR2 gene (a type-B RR) could reduce plant height in rice compared with the wild type (WT). Using quantitative real time (RT-qPCR) assay, OsORR2was expressed widely in most tissues such as root, culm, sheath, leaf, and panicle. Strong signals were detected in leaf mesophyll cells and anther by in situ hybridization assays (ISH). The subcellular localization of OsORR2 was in cell nucleus. In addition, we found that the transcriptional expression levels of type-A RR genes such as OsRR9, OsRR10, OsRR12, and OsRR13 were significantly up-regulated in the overexpression transgenic plants (OE) plants. Taken together, our data suggested that OsORR2was involved in the development of plant height in rice and provided a foundation for future deep molecular research of the type-B RRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fachao Shi
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Pesticide & Fertilizer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxing An
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Pesticide & Fertilizer, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Yuxing an Bioengineering Building No.1905, Shiliugang road 10#, Haizhu District, Gungzhou city, China
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Oshchepkov MS, Kalistratova AV, Savelieva EM, Romanov GA, Bystrova NA, Kochetkov KA. Natural and synthetic cytokinins and their applications in biotechnology, agrochemistry and medicine. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to cytokinins — classical plant hormones known for more than six decades. Nevertheless, different aspects of the action of cytokinins are still being investigated. Relevant studies produced interesting, often unexpected, results, which cast doubt on the old paradigms and open new prospects for the use of these phytohormones. Particular attention is given to recent advances in the applications of natural cytokinins and their synthetic analogues in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine and cosmetics. The chemical synthesis, properties and the possible use of artificial cytokinins are considered in detail. The review is aimed at researchers interested in the development and applications of new biologically active compounds with a wide spectrum of action on diverse biological objects, from plants to humans.
The bibliography includes 233 references.
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78
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Avni A, Golan Y, Shirron N, Shamai Y, Golumbic Y, Danin-Poleg Y, Gepstein S. From Survival to Productivity Mode: Cytokinins Allow Avoiding the Avoidance Strategy Under Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:879. [PMID: 32714345 PMCID: PMC7343901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation and stress-induced premature plant senescence are accompanied by a severe yield reduction and raise a major agro-economic concern. To improve biomass and yield in agricultural crops under mild stress conditions, the survival must be changed to productivity mode. Our previous successful attempts to delay premature senescence and growth inhibition under abiotic stress conditions by autoregulation of cytokinins (CKs) levels constitute a generic technology toward the development of highly productive plants. Since this technology is based on the induction of CKs synthesis during the age-dependent senescence phase by a senescence-specific promoter (SARK), which is not necessarily regulated by abiotic stress conditions, we developed autoregulating transgenic plants expressing the IPT gene specifically under abiotic stress conditions. The Arabidopsis promoter of the stress-induced metallothionein gene (AtMT) was isolated, fused to the IPT gene and transformed into tobacco plants. The MT:IPT transgenic tobacco plants displayed comparable elevated biomass productivity and maintained growth under drought conditions. To decipher the role and the molecular mechanisms of CKs in reverting the survival transcriptional program to a sustainable plant growth program, we performed gene expression analysis of candidate stress-related genes and found unexpectedly clear downregulation in the CK-overproducing plants. We also investigated kinase activity after applying exogenous CKs to tobacco cell suspensions that were grown in salinity stress. In-gel kinase activity analysis demonstrated CK-dependent deactivation of several stress-related kinases including two of the MAPK components, SIPK and WIPK and the NtOSAK, a member of SnRK2 kinase family, a key component of the ABA signaling cascade. A comprehensive phosphoproteomics analysis of tobacco cells, treated with exogenous CKs under salinity-stress conditions indicated that >50% of the identified phosphoproteins involved in stress responses were dephosphorylated by CKs. We hypothesize that upregulation of CK levels under stress conditions desensitize stress signaling cues through deactivation of kinases that are normally activated under stress conditions. CK-dependent desensitization of environmental stimuli is suggested to attenuate various pathways of the avoidance syndrome including the characteristic growth arrest and the premature senescence while allowing normal growth and metabolic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Avni
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yelena Golan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natali Shirron
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yeela Shamai
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaela Golumbic
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Danin-Poleg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shimon Gepstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Kinneret Academic College, Sea of Galilee, Israel
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79
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Karunadasa SS, Kurepa J, Shull TE, Smalle JA. Cytokinin-induced protein synthesis suppresses growth and osmotic stress tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:50-64. [PMID: 32129886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins control critical aspects of plant development and environmental responses. Perception of cytokinin ultimately leads to the activation of proteins belonging to the type-B Response Regulator family of cytokinin response activators. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ARR1 is one of the most abundantly expressed type-B Response Regulators. We investigated the link between cytokinin signaling, protein synthesis, plant growth and osmotic stress tolerance. We show that the increased cytokinin signaling in ARR1 gain-of-function transgenic lines is associated with increased rates of protein synthesis, which lead to growth inhibition and hypersensitivity to osmotic stress. Cytokinin-induced growth inhibition and osmotic stress hypersensitivity were rescued by treatments with ABA, a hormone known to inhibit protein synthesis. We also demonstrate that cytokinin-induced protein synthesis requires isoforms of the ribosomal protein L4 encoded by the cytokinin-inducible genes RPL4A and RPL4D, and that RPL4 loss-of-function increases osmotic stress tolerance and decreases sensitivity to cytokinin-induced growth inhibition. These findings reveal that an increase in protein synthesis negatively impacts growth and osmotic stress tolerance and explain some of the adverse effects of elevated cytokinin action on plant development and stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu S Karunadasa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Timothy E Shull
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Zlobin IE, Vankova R, Pashkovskiy PP, Dobrev P, Kartashov AV, Ivanov YV, Kuznetsov VV. Profiles of endogenous phytohormones and expression of some hormone-related genes in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings under water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:457-468. [PMID: 32289639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different plant hormones are involved in plant adaptation to water deficit. In comparison to angiosperms, little is known about the impact of drought on the pool of phytohormones in gymnosperms. Therefore, we studied the effect of polyethylene glycol-induced water deficit on the changes in content of different phytohormones in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings, which are known for their different strategies of adaptation to water deficit. The following hormone classes were analysed: cytokinins, auxins, jasmonates, salicylic and benzoic acids, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (an ethylene precursor). No consistent reaction to water stress was observed for the content of well-known stress-related hormones - salicylic acid and jasmonates. In contrast, drought induced a dose-dependent accumulation of cytokinins in pine needles, with less profound changes in spruce needles. The most prominent changes were observed for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content, which increased several-fold in spruce roots and pine needles under water deficit. Water-deficit-induced changes in the contents of cytokinins and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid were accompanied by the differential regulation of genes involved in the metabolism of these hormones. Possible links between changes in hormone pools and the adaptation of seedlings to water deficit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel P Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
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81
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Pavlíková D, Zemanová V, Pavlík M, Dobrev PI, Hnilička F, Motyka V. Response of cytokinins and nitrogen metabolism in the fronds of Pteris sp. under arsenic stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233055. [PMID: 32413087 PMCID: PMC7228123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the close relationship between cytokinins (CKs), photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, this study assessed the effect of arsenic (As) contamination on these metabolic components in the As-hyperaccumulators Pteris cretica L. var. Albo-lineata (Pc-A) and var. Parkerii (Pc-P) as well as the As-non-hyperaccumulator Pteris straminea Mett. ex Baker (Ps). The ferns were cultivated in a pot experiment for 23 weeks in soil spiked with As at the levels 20 and 100 mg·kg-1. For the purpose of this study, the CKs were placed into five functionally different groups according to their structure and physiological roles: bioactive forms (bCKs; CK free bases); inactive or weakly active forms (dCKs; CK N-glucosides); transport forms (tCKs; CK ribosides); storage forms (sCKs; O-glucosides); and primary products of CK biosynthesis (ppbCKs; CK nucleotides). An important finding was higher CKs total content, accumulation of sCKs and reduction of dCKs in As-hyperaccumulators in contrast to non-hyperaccumulator ferns. A significant depletion of C resources was confirmed in ferns, especially Ps, which was determined by measuring the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence. A fluorescence decrease signified a reduction in the C/N ratio, inducing an increase of bioactive CKs forms in Pc-P and Ps. The impact of As on N utilization was significant in As-hyperaccumulators. The glutamic acid/glutamine ratio, an indicator of primary N assimilation, diminished in all ferns with increased As level in the soil. In conclusion, the results indicate a large phenotypic diversity of Pteris species to As and suggest that the CKs composition and the glutamic acid/glutamine ratio can be used as a tool to diagnose As stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pavlíková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanová
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pavlík
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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82
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Effects of strigolactone on photosynthetic and physiological characteristics in salt-stressed rice seedlings. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6183. [PMID: 32277136 PMCID: PMC7148377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline stress has been identified as the primary factor inhibiting rice seedling growth, which represents a complex abiotic stress process. Most plant hormones have been shown to alleviate the plant damage caused by salt stress. The effects of synthetic strigolactone (GR24) on Jinongda 667 rice seedlings treated with 200 mM NaCl were studied. Photosynthesis and its related physiological characteristics were analyzed in salt-stressed rice seedlings treated with GR24. NaCL stress inhibited the growth of the rice, including plant height and root length, by approximately 14% and 40%, respectively. Compared to the control check group (CK), the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth status, leaf photosynthesis, and physiological/biochemical indices in the rice seedlings were alleviated in the GR24 treatment group. With increases in the GR24 concentration, the plant height and root length of the seedlings increased. The plant height in the groups treated with 1/2 Hoagland's complete nutrient solution + 200 mM NaCl +1 μM GR24 (T4) and 1/2 Hoagland's complete nutrient solution + 200 mM NaCl +5 μM GR24 (T5) were significantly different than the 1/2 Hoagland's complete nutrient solution + 200 mM NaCl group (T1) (P < 0.05), and there were significant differences between the T5 and T1 groups in root length (P < 0.05).The chlorophyll content in the rice seedling leaves was significantly different between the T1 group and all other groups (P < 0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of the T1 group was not significantly different from the T2 group (P > 0.05). The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentrations showed the same trends as the net photosynthetic rate. The MAD, POD, and SOD activities were significantly increased by 68%, 60%, 14%, respectively, compared to the CK group (P < 0.01). When the GR24 concentration was 1 μM, the rice seedlings were resistant to the adverse effects of high salt stress. Therefore, the addition of proper concentrations of GR24 could improve the rice yield in saline-alkali land.
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83
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Hai NN, Chuong NN, Tu NHC, Kisiala A, Hoang XLT, Thao NP. Role and Regulation of Cytokinins in Plant Response to Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E422. [PMID: 32244272 PMCID: PMC7238249 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are key phytohormones that not only regulate plant growth and development but also mediate plant tolerance to drought stress. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies coupled with in planta characterization have opened new avenues to investigate the drought-responsive expression of CK metabolic and signaling genes, as well as their functions in plant adaptation to drought. Under water deficit, CK signaling has evolved as an inter-cellular communication network which is essential to crosstalk with other types of phytohormones and their regulating pathways in mediating plant stress response. In this review, we revise the current understanding of CK involvement in drought stress tolerance. Particularly, a genetic framework for CK signaling and CK crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) in the precise monitoring of drought responses is proposed. In addition, the potential of endogenous CK alteration in crops towards developing drought-tolerant crops is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Hai
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Environmental and Life Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Canada
| | - Nguyen Nguyen Chuong
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Cam Tu
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada;
| | - Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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84
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Ahmad B, Azeem F, Ali MA, Nawaz MA, Nadeem H, Abbas A, Batool R, Atif RM, Ijaz U, Nieves-Cordones M, Chung G. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of two component system genes in Cicer arietinum. Genomics 2020; 112:1371-1383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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85
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Hyoung S, Cho SH, Chung JH, So WM, Cui MH, Shin JS. Cytokinin oxidase PpCKX1 plays regulatory roles in development and enhances dehydration and salt tolerance in Physcomitrella patens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:419-430. [PMID: 31863135 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PpCKX1 localizes to vacuoles and is dominantly expressed in the stem cells. PpCKX1 regulates developmental changes with increased growth of the rhizoid and enhances dehydration and salt tolerance. Cytokinins (CKs) are plant hormones that regulate plant development as well as many physiological processes, such as cell division, leaf senescence, control of shoot/root ratio, and reproductive competence. Cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKXs) control CK concentrations by degradation, and thereby influence plant growth and development. In the moss Physcomitrella patens, an evolutionarily early divergent plant, we identified six putative CKXs that, by phylogenetic analysis, form a monophyletic clade. We also observed that ProPpCKX1:GUS is expressed specifically in the stem cells and surrounding cells and that CKX1 localizes to vacuoles, as indicated by Pro35S:PpCKX1-smGFP. Under normal growth conditions, overexpression of PpCKX1 caused many phenotypic changes at different developmental stages, and we suspected that increased growth of the rhizoid could affect those changes. In addition, we present evidence that the PpCKX1-overexpressor plants show enhanced dehydration and salt stress tolerance. Taken together, we suggest that PpCKX1 plays regulatory roles in development and adaptation to abiotic stresses in this evolutionarily early land plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyoung
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joo Hee Chung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Won Mi So
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Mei Hua Cui
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeong Sheop Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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86
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Lohani N, Jain D, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Engineering Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Canola, Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32161602 PMCID: PMC7052498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of climate change like global warming, drought, flooding, and other extreme events are posing severe challenges to global crop production. Contribution of Brassica napus towards the oilseed industry makes it an essential component of international trade and agroeconomics. Consequences from increasing occurrences of multiple abiotic stresses on this crop are leading to agroeconomic losses making it vital to endow B. napus crop with an ability to survive and maintain yield when faced with simultaneous exposure to multiple abiotic stresses. For an improved understanding of the stress sensing machinery, there is a need for analyzing regulatory pathways of multiple stress-responsive genes and other regulatory elements such as non-coding RNAs. However, our understanding of these pathways and their interactions in B. napus is far from complete. This review outlines the current knowledge of stress-responsive genes and their role in imparting multiple stress tolerance in B. napus. Analysis of network cross-talk through omics data mining is now making it possible to unravel the underlying complexity required for stress sensing and signaling in plants. Novel biotechnological approaches such as transgene-free genome editing and utilization of nanoparticles as gene delivery tools are also discussed. These can contribute to providing solutions for developing climate change resilient B. napus varieties with reduced regulatory limitations. The potential ability of synthetic biology to engineer and modify networks through fine-tuning of stress regulatory elements for plant responses to stress adaption is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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87
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Acidri R, Sawai Y, Sugimoto Y, Handa T, Sasagawa D, Masunaga T, Yamamoto S, Nishihara E. Exogenous Kinetin Promotes the Nonenzymatic Antioxidant System and Photosynthetic Activity of Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) Plants Under Cold Stress Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E281. [PMID: 32098166 PMCID: PMC7076472 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coffee plants are seasonally exposed to low chilling temperatures in many coffee-producing regions. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of kinetin-a cytokinin elicitor compound on the nonenzymatic antioxidants and the photosynthetic physiology of young coffee plants subjected to cold stress conditions. Although net CO2 assimilation rates were not significantly affected amongst the treatments, the subjection of coffee plants to cold stress conditions caused low gas exchanges and photosynthetic efficiency, which was accompanied by membrane disintegration and the breakdown of chlorophyll pigments. Kinetin treatment, on the other hand, maintained a higher intercellular-to-ambient CO2 concentration ratio with concomitant improvement in stomatal conductance and mesophyll efficiency. Moreover, the leaves of kinetin-treated plants maintained slightly higher photochemical quenching (qP) and open photosystem II centers (qL), which was accompanied by higher electron transfer rates (ETRs) compared to their non-treated counterparts under cold stress conditions. The exogenous foliar application of kinetin also stimulated the metabolism of caffeine, trigonelline, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, mangiferin, anthocyanins and total phenolic content. The contents of these nonenzymatic antioxidants were highest under cold stress conditions in kinetin-treated plants than during optimal conditions. Our results further indicated that the exogenous application of kinetin increased the total radical scavenging capacity of coffee plants. Therefore, the exogenous application of kinetin has the potential to reinforce antioxidant capacity, as well as modulate the decline in photosynthetic productivity resulting in improved tolerance under cold stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Acidri
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-01 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.A.); (T.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Yumiko Sawai
- Sawai Coffee Limited, 278-6, Takenouchi danchi, Sakaiminato City, Tottori 648-0046, Japan;
| | - Yuko Sugimoto
- Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, 2032-3, Nakano-cho, Sakaiminato-shi, Tottori 684-0041, Japan
| | - Takuo Handa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-01 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.A.); (T.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Daisuke Sasagawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-01 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.A.); (T.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Tsugiyaki Masunaga
- Faculty of Soil Eco-engineering and Plant Nutrition, Shimane University, 1060, Nishikawatsucho, Matsue 690-8504, Japan;
| | - Sadahiro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Eiji Nishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
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88
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Abd-Hamid NA, Ahmad-Fauzi MI, Zainal Z, Ismail I. Diverse and dynamic roles of F-box proteins in plant biology. PLANTA 2020; 251:68. [PMID: 32072251 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The SCF complex is a widely studied multi-subunit ring E3 ubiquitin ligase that tags targeted proteins with ubiquitin for protein degradation by the ubiquitin 26S-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS is an important system that generally keeps cellular events tightly regulated by purging misfolded or damaged proteins and selectively degrading important regulatory proteins. The specificity of this post-translational regulation is controlled by F-box proteins (FBPs) via selective recognition of a protein-protein interaction motif at the C-terminal domain. Hence, FBPs are pivotal proteins in determining the plant response in multiple scenarios. It is not surprising that the FBP family is one of the largest protein families in the plant kingdom. In this review, the roles of FBPs, specifically in plants, are compiled to provide insights into their involvement in secondary metabolites, plant stresses, phytohormone signalling, plant developmental processes and miRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Athirah Abd-Hamid
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad-Izzat Ahmad-Fauzi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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89
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Ahanger MA, Mir RA, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Combined effects of brassinosteroid and kinetin mitigates salinity stress in tomato through the modulation of antioxidant and osmolyte metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:31-42. [PMID: 31838316 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress reduces growth and yield productivity of most crop plants. Potentiality of kinetin (Kn) and epi-brassinolide (EBL), either individually or combinedly in preventing the salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress mediated oxidative damage and photosynthetic inhibition was studied in Solanum lycopersicum. Combined application of Kn and EBL imparted much prominent impact on the growth, photosynthesis and metabolism of antioxidants, osmolytes and secondary metabolites. Synthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids increased and the photosynthetic parameters like stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and net photosynthesis were significantly improved due to application of Kn and EBL. Photosystem II functioning (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching and electron transport rate (ETR) improved significantly in Kn and EBL treated plants imparting significant decline in salinity induced non-photochemical quenching. Exogenous Kn and EBL effectively prevented the oxidative damage by significantly declining the generation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide under saline and non-saline conditions as reflected in lowered lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Reduced oxidative damage in Kn and EBL treated plants was accompanied down-regulation of protease and lipoxygenase concomitant with up-regulation of the antioxidant system and the accumulation of compatible osmolytes. Treatment of Kn and EBL proved effective in enhancing the contents of redox homeostasis, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione, and the secondary metabolites assisting the enzymatic antioxidant system in combating the salinity stress efficiently. Results suggest that combined application of Kn and EBL regulate growth and photosynthesis in tomato more effectively than their individual application through a probable regulatory crosstalk mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayees Ahmad Mir
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saudi University, P. O. Box. 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saudi University, P. O. Box. 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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90
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Yang Z, Li JL, Liu LN, Xie Q, Sui N. Photosynthetic Regulation Under Salt Stress and Salt-Tolerance Mechanism of Sweet Sorghum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1722. [PMID: 32010174 PMCID: PMC6974683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is a C4 crop with the characteristic of fast-growth and high-yields. It is a good source for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. On saline land, sweet sorghum can not only survive, but increase its sugar content. Therefore, it is regarded as a potential source for identifying salt-related genes. Here, we review the physiological and biochemical responses of sweet sorghum to salt stress, such as photosynthesis, sucrose synthesis, hormonal regulation, and ion homeostasis, as well as their potential salt-resistance mechanisms. The major advantages of salt-tolerant sweet sorghum include: 1) improving the Na+ exclusion ability to maintain ion homeostasis in roots under salt-stress conditions, which ensures a relatively low Na+ concentration in shoots; 2) maintaining a high sugar content in shoots under salt-stress conditions, by protecting the structures of photosystems, enhancing photosynthetic performance and sucrose synthetase activity, as well as inhibiting sucrose degradation. To study the regulatory mechanism of such genes will provide opportunities for increasing the salt tolerance of sweet sorghum by breeding and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Lu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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91
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Sharma L, Priya M, Kaushal N, Bhandhari K, Chaudhary S, Dhankher OP, Prasad PVV, Siddique KHM, Nayyar H. Plant growth-regulating molecules as thermoprotectants: functional relevance and prospects for improving heat tolerance in food crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:569-594. [PMID: 31328236 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Among various abiotic stresses, heat stress is one of the most damaging, threatening plant productivity and survival all over the world. Warmer temperatures due to climatic anomalies above optimum growing temperatures have detrimental impacts on crop yield potential as well as plant distribution patterns. Heat stress affects overall plant metabolism in terms of physiology, biochemistry, and gene expression. Membrane damage, protein degradation, enzyme inactivation, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species are some of the harmful effects of heat stress that cause injury to various cellular compartments. Although plants are equipped with various defense strategies to counteract these adversities, their defensive means are not sufficient to defend against the ever-rising temperatures. Hence, substantial yield losses have been observed in all crop species under heat stress. Here, we describe the involvement of various plant growth-regulators (PGRs) (hormones, polyamines, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other signaling molecules) in thermotolerance, through diverse cellular mechanisms that protect cells under heat stress. Several studies involving the exogenous application of PGRs to heat-stressed plants have demonstrated their role in imparting tolerance, suggesting the strong potential of these molecules in improving the performance of food crops grown under high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manu Priya
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeru Kaushal
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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92
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Harb A, Simpson C, Guo W, Govindan G, Kakani VG, Sunkar R. The Effect of Drought on Transcriptome and Hormonal Profiles in Barley Genotypes With Contrasting Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:618491. [PMID: 33424910 PMCID: PMC7786106 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Like many cereal crops, barley is also negatively affected by drought stress. However, due to its simple genome as well as enhanced stress resilient nature compared to rice and wheat, barley has been considered as a model to decipher drought tolerance in cereals. In the present study, transcriptomic and hormonal profiles along with several biochemical features were compared between drought-tolerant (Otis) and drought-sensitive (Baronesse) barley genotypes subjected to drought to identify molecular and biochemical differences between the genotypes. The drought-induced decrease in the leaf relative water content, net photosynthesis, and biomass accumulation was relatively low in Otis compared to Baronesse. The hormonal profiles did not reveal significant differences for majority of the compounds other than the GA20 and the cis-zeatin-o-glucoside (c-ZOG), whose levels were greatly increased in Otis compared to Baronesse under drought. The major differences that emerged from the transcriptome analysis are; (1), the overall number of differentially expressed genes was relatively low in drought-tolerant Otis compared to drought-sensitive Baronesse; (2), a wax biosynthesis gene (CER1), and NAC transcription factors were specifically induced in Otis but not in Baronesse; (3), the degree of upregulation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase and a homeobox transcription factor (genes with proven roles in imparting drought tolerance), was greater in Otis compared to Baronesse; (4) the extent of downregulation of gene expression profiles for proteins of the reaction center photosystem II (PSII) (D1 and D2) was low in Otis compared to Baronesse; and, (5), alternative splicing (AS) was also found to differ between the genotypes under drought. Taken together, the overall transcriptional responses were low in drought-tolerant Otis but the genes that could confer drought tolerance were either specifically induced or greatly upregulated in the tolerant genotype and these differences could be important for drought tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Harb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Amal Harb ;
| | - Craig Simpson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Informatics and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ganesan Govindan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Vijaya Gopal Kakani
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Ramanjulu Sunkar
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93
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Berka M, Luklová M, Dufková H, Berková V, Novák J, Saiz-Fernández I, Rashotte AM, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Barley Root Proteome and Metabolome in Response to Cytokinin and Abiotic Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590337. [PMID: 33250914 PMCID: PMC7673457 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin is a phytohormone involved in the regulation of diverse developmental and physiological processes in plants. Its potential in biotechnology and for development of higher-yield and more resilient plants has been recognized, yet the molecular mechanisms behind its action are far from understood. In this report, the roots of barley seedlings were explored as a new source to reveal as yet unknown cytokinin-responsive proteins for crop improvement. Here we found significant differences reproducibly observed for 178 proteins, for which some of the revealed cytokinin-responsive pathways were confirmed in metabolome analysis, including alterations phenylpropanoid pathway, amino acid biosynthesis and ROS metabolism. Bioinformatics analysis indicated a significant overlap between cytokinin response and response to abiotic stress. This was confirmed by comparing proteome and metabolome profiles in response to drought, salinity or a period of temperature stress. The results illustrate complex abiotic stress response in the early development of model crop plant and confirm an extensive crosstalk between plant hormone cytokinin and response to temperature stimuli, water availability or salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Luklová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Dufková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Aaron M. Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Martin Černý,
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94
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Li Y, Liu F, Li P, Wang T, Zheng C, Hou B. An Arabidopsis Cytokinin-Modifying Glycosyltransferase UGT76C2 Improves Drought and Salt Tolerance in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:560696. [PMID: 33224159 PMCID: PMC7674613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.560696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salt stresses are common environmental threats that negatively affect rice development and yield. Here we report that the overexpression of AtUGT76C2, a cytokinin glycosyltransferase, in rice modulates cytokinin homeostasis and confers the plants an eminent property in drought and salt tolerance. The transgenic plants exhibit sensitivity to salt and drought stress as well as abscisic acid during the germination stage and the postgermination stage while showing enhanced tolerance to drought and salinity at the young seedling stage and the mature stage. The overexpression of UGT76C2 decreases the endogenous cytokinin level and enhances root growth, which greatly contributes to stress adaptation. In addition, the transgenic plants also show enhanced ROS scavenging activity, reduced ion leakage under salt stress, smaller stomatal opening, and more proline and soluble sugar accumulation, which demonstrate that UGT76C2 acts as an important player in abiotic stress response in rice. To explore the molecular mechanism of UGT76C2 in response to stress adaptation, the expressions of eight stress-responsive genes including OsSOS1, OsPIP2.1, OsDREB2A, OsCOIN, OsABF2, OsRAB16, OsP5CR, and OsP5CS1 were detected, which showed notable upregulation in UGT76C2 overexpression plants under salt and drought stresses. Our results reveal that the ectopic expression of AtUGT76C2 confers the transgenic rice many traits in improving drought and salt stress tolerance in both developmental and physiological levels. It is believed that AtUGT76C2 could be a promising candidate gene for cultivating saline- and drought-tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Pharmacy>, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bingkai Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Bingkai Hou,
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95
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Héricourt F, Larcher M, Chefdor F, Koudounas K, Carqueijeiro I, Lemos Cruz P, Courdavault V, Tanigawa M, Maeda T, Depierreux C, Lamblin F, Glévarec G, Carpin S. New Insight into HPts as Hubs in Poplar Cytokinin and Osmosensing Multistep Phosphorelays: Cytokinin Pathway Uses Specific HPts. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120591. [PMID: 31835814 PMCID: PMC6963366 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified proteins in poplar which belong to an osmosensing (OS) signaling pathway, called a multistep phosphorelay (MSP). The MSP comprises histidine-aspartate kinases (HK), which act as membrane receptors; histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) proteins, which act as phosphorelay proteins; and response regulators (RR), some of which act as transcription factors. In this study, we identified the HK proteins homologous to the Arabidopsis cytokinin (CK) receptors, which are first partners in the poplar cytokinin MSP, and focused on specificity of these two MSPs (CK and OS), which seem to share the same pool of HPt proteins. Firstly, we isolated five CK HKs from poplar which are homologous to Arabidopsis AHK2, AHK3, and AHK4, namely, HK2, HK3a, HK3b, HK4a, HK4b. These HKs were shown to be functional kinases, as observed in a functional complementation of a yeast HK deleted strain. Moreover, one of these HKs, HK4a, was shown to have kinase activity dependent on the presence of CK. Exhaustive interaction tests between these five CK HKs and the 10 HPts characterized in poplar were performed using two-hybrid and BiFC experiments. The resulting partnership was compared to that previously identified between putative osmosensors HK1a/1b and HPt proteins. Finally, in planta coexpression analysis of genes encoding these potential partners revealed that almost all HPts are coexpressed with CK HKs in four different poplar organs. Overall, these results allowed us to unravel the common and specific partnerships existing between OS and CK MSP in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Héricourt
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Mélanie Larcher
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Françoise Chefdor
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Mirai Tanigawa
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Christiane Depierreux
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Sabine Carpin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3849-4804
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96
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Ahmad RM, Cheng C, Sheng J, Wang W, Ren H, Aslam M, Yan Y. Interruption of Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Causes Differential Responses in the Roots and Shoots of Maize Seedlings against Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246202. [PMID: 31835299 PMCID: PMC6969903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) together with jasmonic acid and its offshoots are lipid-derived endogenous hormones that play key roles in both developmental processes and different defense responses in plants. JAs have been studied intensively in the past decades for their substantial roles in plant defense comebacks against diverse environmental stresses among model plants. However, the role of this phytohormone has been poorly investigated in the monocotyledonous species against abiotic stresses. In this study, a JA biosynthesis mutant opr7opr8 was used for the investigation of JA roles in the salt stress responses of maize seedlings, whose roots were exposed to 0 to 300 mM NaCl. Foliar stomatal observation showed that opr7opr8 had a larger stomatal aperture than wild type (WT) (B73) under salinity stress, indicating that JA positively regulates guard cell movement under salt stress. The results regarding chlorophyll content and leaf senescence showed that opr7opr8 exhibited delayed leaf senescence under salt stress as compared to WT, indicating that JA plays a role in salt-inducing cell death and subsequent leaf senescence. Moreover, the morphological parameters, including the length of the shoots and roots, and the fresh and dry weights of the shoots and roots, showed that after 7 days of salt treatment, opr7opr8 had heavier and longer shoots than WT but slighter and shorter roots than WT. In addition, ion analysis showed that opr7opr8 accumulated less sodium but more potassium in the leaves than WT but more sodium and less potassium in the roots than WT, suggesting that JA deficiency causes higher salt stress to the roots but less stress to the leaves of the seedlings. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis showed that opr7opr8 produced less H2O2 than WT in the leaves but more H2O2 in the roots under salt treatment, and correspondingly, ROS-scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed a similar variation, i.e., opr7opr8 has lower enzymatic activities in the shoots but higher activities in the roots than WT under salt treatment. For osmotic adjustment, opr7opr8 produced less proline in the shoots at 100 and 300 mM NaCl treatments but more in the roots than the WT roots under all salt treatments. In addition, the gene expression for abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis under salt stress was investigated. Results showed that the expression levels of four key enzymes of ABA biosynthesis, ZEP1, NCED5, AO1, and VP10, were significantly downregulated in the shoots as compared to WT under salt treatment. Putting all the data together, we concluded that JA-deficiency in maize seedlings reduced the salt-stress responses in the shoots but exaggerated the responses in the roots. In addition, endogenous JA acted as a positive regulator for the transportation of sodium ions from the roots to the shoots because the mutant opr7opr8 had a higher level of sodium in the roots but a significantly lower level in the shoots than WT. Furthermore, JA may act as a positive regulator for ABA biosynthesis in the leaves under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramala Masood Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.M.A.); (C.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.M.A.); (C.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.M.A.); (C.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Upland Food Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (W.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Hong Ren
- Guizhou Institute of Upland Food Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (W.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Yuanxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.M.A.); (C.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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97
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Hallmark HT, Rashotte AM. Review - Cytokinin Response Factors: Responding to more than cytokinin. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110251. [PMID: 31623789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin Response Factors (CRFs) are a family of transcription factors which make up a side branch of the classical cytokinin two-component signaling pathway. CRFs were originally identified and have been primarily studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, although orthologs have be found throughout all land plants. Research into the evolution of CRFs as sub-group members of the larger APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) family has yielded interesting and useful insights related to the functional roles of CRFs in plants. Recent studies of CRFs suggest that these transcription factors are a lot more than just a group of cytokinin related genes and play important roles in both plant development and environmental stress response. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the roles of CRFs beyond cytokinin, in reproductive development and abiotic stress response, as well as to other environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tucker Hallmark
- 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, USA
| | - Aaron M Rashotte
- 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, USA.
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98
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Gujjar RS, Supaibulwatana K. The Mode of Cytokinin Functions Assisting Plant Adaptations to Osmotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E542. [PMID: 31779090 PMCID: PMC6963579 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to abiotic stresses by activating a specific genetic program that supports survival by developing robust adaptive mechanisms. This leads to accelerated senescence and reduced growth, resulting in negative agro-economic impacts on crop productivity. Cytokinins (CKs) customarily regulate various biological processes in plants, including growth and development. In recent years, cytokinins have been implicated in adaptations to osmotic stresses with improved plant growth and yield. Endogenous CK content under osmotic stresses can be enhanced either by transforming plants with a bacterial isopentenyl transferase (IPT) gene under the control of a stress inducible promoter or by exogenous application of synthetic CKs. CKs counteract osmotic stress-induced premature senescence by redistributing soluble sugars and inhibiting the expression of senescence-associated genes. Elevated CK contents under osmotic stress antagonize abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and ABA mediated responses, delay leaf senescence, reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage and lipid peroxidation, improve plant growth, and ameliorate osmotic stress adaptability in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Singh Gujjar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow 226002, India
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99
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Calvo-Polanco M, Armada E, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Aroca R. Local root ABA/cytokinin status and aquaporins regulate poplar responses to mild drought stress independently of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6437-6446. [PMID: 31504720 PMCID: PMC6859725 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The relatively better performance of mycorrhizal plants subjected to drought stress has commonly been linked to improved root water uptake through the fungal regulation of plant aquaporins and hormones. In this study, we examined the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in plant water relations and plant hormonal balance under mild drought using split-root seedlings of Populus trichocarpa × deltoides either with or without inoculation with Laccaria bicolor. The root compartments where the drought treatment was applied had higher ABA and lower cytokinin tZR contents, and greater expression of the plant aquaporins PtPIP1;1, PtPIP1;2, PtPIP2;5, and PtPIP2;7. On the other hand, the presence of L. bicolor within the roots down-regulated PtPIP1;4, PtPIP2;3, and PtPIP2;10, and reduced the abundance of PIP2 proteins. In addition, expression of the fungal aquaporins JQ585595 and JQ585596 were positively correlated with root ABA content, while tZR content was positively correlated with PtPIP1;4 and negatively correlated with PtPIP2;7. The results demonstrate a coordinated plant-fungal system that regulates the different mechanisms involved in water uptake in ectomycorrhizal poplar plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Calvo-Polanco
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel María Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Aroca
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
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100
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Wang WC, Lin TC, Kieber J, Tsai YC. Response Regulators 9 and 10 Negatively Regulate Salinity Tolerance in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2549-2563. [PMID: 31359043 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are involved in the regulation of many plant growth and development processes, and function in response to abiotic stress. Cytokinin signaling is similar to the prokaryotic two-component signaling systems and includes the transcriptional upregulation of type-A response regulators (RRs), which in turn act to inhibit cytokinin signal response via negative feedback. Cytokinin signaling consists of several gene families and only a handful full of genes is studied. In this study, we demonstrated the function of two highly identical type-A RR genes from rice, OsRR9 and OsRR10, which are induced by cytokinin and only OsRR10 repressed by salinity stress in rice. Loss-of-function mutations give rise to mutant genes, osrr9/osrr10, which have higher salinity tolerance than wild type rice seedlings. The transcriptomic analysis uncovered several ion transporter genes, which were upregulated in response to salt stress in the osrr9/osrr10 mutants relative to the wild type seedlings. These include high-affinity potassium transporters, such as OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;3 and OsHKT2;1, which play an important role in sodium and potassium homeostasis. In addition, disruption of the genes OsRR9 and OsRR10 also affects the expression of multiple genes related to photosynthesis, transcription and phytohormone signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that the genes OsRR9 and OsRR10 function as negative regulators in response to salinity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Che Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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