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Liu F, Xu XH, Li CY, Zhang TT, Yin SL, Liu GQ, Hu F, Yu SB, Chen XQ. Rapid tumor recurrence in a novel murine GBM surgical model is associated with Akt/PD-L1/vimentin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 569:1-9. [PMID: 34216991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor without curable therapy. Surgical resection remains the first choice of patients with GBM but tumors relapse rapidly even combined with conventional chemoradiotherapy. The mechanism of GBM rapid recurrence is poorly understood, which is largely due to the lack of an appropriate animal model, thus heavily impedes the improvement of postoperative therapy. Here we established a highly reproducible mouse GBM surgical model by using the syngeneic G422TN-GBM cells, which faithfully recapitulates the features of rapid recurrence of human GBM after surgery. Implanting 2 × 103-5 × 104 of G422TN-GBM cells in mouse cerebral cortex caused death in all animal within 23 days, while surgery was an effective therapy but not curable. After complete removal of visible tumors on day 5-9 of tumor growth, the tumors recurred macroscopically within 5 days accompanied by increasing infiltrative cancer foci. Mechanistically, the rapid recurrence of resected tumors was positively correlated to early Akt activation, which subsequently upregulated PD-L1/Vimentin and promoted proliferation/migration of cancer cells. In addition, environmental astrocytic activation with strong PD-L1 signal was prominent. Taken together, we provided a novel GBM surgical recurrence model for preclinical studies and suggested complicated recurring mechanisms involving in strong oncogenic signaling as well as immune inhibitory signals from both GBM cells and their neighboring astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Hong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Yang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Song Lin Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Guo Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shang Bin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Qian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Zhang J, Fu M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Du Z, Zhang H, Hua W, Mao Y. DDX60 Is Associated With Glioma Malignancy and Serves as a Potential Immunotherapy Biomarker. Front Oncol 2021; 11:665360. [PMID: 34178649 PMCID: PMC8222729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.665360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DDX60, an interferon (IFN)-inducible gene, plays a promotional role in many tumors. However, its function in glioma remains unknown. In this study, bioinformatic analysis (TCGA, CGGA, Rembrandt) illustrated the upregulation and prognostic value of DDX60 in gliomas. Immunohistochemical staining of clinical samples (n = 49) validated the DDX60 expression is higher in gliomas than in normal tissue (n = 20, P < 0.0001). It also could be included in nomogram as a parameter to predict the 3- and 5-year survival risk (C-index = 0.86). The biological process of DDX60 in glioma was mainly enriched in the inflammatory and immune response by GSEA and GO analysis. DDX60 expression had a positive association with most inflammatory-related functions, such as hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) (R = 0.31), interferon (R = 0.72), STAT1 (R = 54), and a negative correlation with IgG (R = −0.24). Furthermore, DDX60 expression tends to be positively related to multiple infiltrating immune cells, while negatively related to CD56 dim nature killer cell in glioma. Some important immune checkpoints, like CTLA-4, PD-L1, EGF, CD96, and CD226, were all positively related with DDX60 (all Pearson correlation R > 0.26). The expression and correlation between DDX60, EGF, and PD-L1 were confirmed by western blot in clinical samples (n = 14, P < 0.0001) and GBM cells. These results indicated that DDX60 might have important clinical significance in glioma and could serve as a potential immune therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Minjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunguo Du
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan General Hospital, Tangshan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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53
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Yang D, Guo P, He T, Powell CA. Role of endothelial cells in tumor microenvironment. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e450. [PMID: 34185401 PMCID: PMC8214858 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital Institute for Clinical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai Engineering Research Center of AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghai Engineer & Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory MedicineZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Tianrui He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital Institute for Clinical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai Engineering Research Center of AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghai Engineer & Technology Research Center of Internet of Things for Respiratory MedicineZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Charles A. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Yao X, Wu S, Tian W, Gan C, Wan X, You C, Hu F, Zhang S, Zhang H, Zhao K, Shu K, Lei T. Programmed Cell Death 10 Mediated CXCL2-CXCR2 Signaling in Regulating Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages Recruitment in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637053. [PMID: 34108959 PMCID: PMC8182060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) plays a crucial role in regulating tumor phenotyping, especially in glioblastoma (GBM). Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) in tumor pathological microenvironment contribute to GBM progression. We previously found that the infiltration of GAMs was associated with PDCD10 expression in GBM patients. The present study aims to further explore the regulation of PDCD10 on GAMs in GBM. Methods Overexpression of PDCD10 in human- and murine-GBM cells was established by lentiviral transduction. Cell behaviors and polarization of primary microglia, microglia- and macrophage-like cells were investigated through indirect co-culture with GBM cells in vitro respectively. The PDCD10-induced release of chemokines was identified by a chemokine protein array. The cross-talk between GBM and microglia as well as macrophages was further studied using selective antagonist SB225002. Finally, an orthotopic homograft mouse model was employed to verify the results of in vitro experiments. Results Indirect co-culture with PDCD10-overexpressed GBM cells promoted proliferation and migration of microglia- and macrophage-like cells, and stimulated pro-tumorigenic polarization of primary microglia, microglia- and macrophage-like cells. Pdcd10-upregulated GBM cells triggered a nearly 6-fold increase of CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) release, which in turn activated CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and downstream Erk1/2 and Akt signaling in primary microglia, microglia- and macrophage-like cells. The blockage of CXCR2 signaling with specific inhibitor (SB225002) abolished microglia- and macrophage-like cell migration induced by PDCD10-upregulated GBM cells. Moreover, Pdcd10-upregulated GL261 cells promoted GAMs recruitment and tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that overexpression of PDCD10 in GBM recruits and activates microglia/macrophages, which in turn promotes tumor progression. CXCL2-CXCR2 signaling mediated by PDCD10 is potentially involved in the crosstalk between GBM cells and GAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chao Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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55
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Bi H, Zhang C. Extrinsic factors associated with the response to immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 511:47-55. [PMID: 33933551 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a heterogeneous and lethal brain tumor. Despite the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors against various malignancies, GBM remains largely refractory to treatment. The immune microenvironment of GBM is highly immunosuppressive, which poses a major hurdle for the success of immunotherapy. Obviously, except for the GBM cells itself, there are also extrinsic reasons for the lack of efficacy of immunotherapy. Accumulated evidence indicates that factors other than GBM cells determine the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, we first described the unique immune microenvironment of the brain, which must be considered when using immunotherapy in patients with GBM. Second, we also described the mechanisms by which different immune and non-immune cells in the GBM microenvironment affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. Furthermore, the impact of standard therapies on the response to immunotherapy was delineated. Finally, we briefly discussed strategies for resolving these problems and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Bi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Union Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China.
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Mitchell K, Troike K, Silver DJ, Lathia JD. The evolution of the cancer stem cell state in glioblastoma: emerging insights into the next generation of functional interactions. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:199-213. [PMID: 33173943 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is a hallmark of advanced cancers and has been ascribed in part to a population of self-renewing, therapeutically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, has served as a platform for the study of CSCs. In addition to illustrating the complexities of CSC biology, these investigations have led to a deeper understanding of GBM pathogenesis, revealed novel therapeutic targets, and driven innovation towards the development of next-generation therapies. While there continues to be an expansion in our knowledge of how CSCs contribute to GBM progression, opportunities have emerged to revisit this conceptual framework. In this review, we will summarize the current state of CSCs in GBM using key concepts of evolution as a paradigm (variation, inheritance, selection, and time) to describe how the CSC state is subject to alterations of cell intrinsic and extrinsic interactions that shape their evolutionarily trajectory. We identify emerging areas for future consideration, including appreciating CSCs as a cell state that is subject to plasticity, as opposed to a discrete population. These future considerations will not only have an impact on our understanding of this ever-expanding field but will also provide an opportunity to inform future therapies to effectively treat this complex and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katie Troike
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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57
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Guo Q, Xiao X, Zhang J. MYD88 Is a Potential Prognostic Gene and Immune Signature of Tumor Microenvironment for Gliomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:654388. [PMID: 33898320 PMCID: PMC8059377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.654388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the profiles of immune and stromal components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their related key genes in gliomas. Methods We applied bioinformatic techniques to identify the core gene that participated in the regulation of the TME of the gliomas. And immunohistochemistry staining was used to calculate the gene expressions in clinical cases. Results The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE were used to figure out the composition of TME in 698 glioma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differential expression analysis identified 2103 genes between the high and the low-score group. Then the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction were conducted based on these genes. MYD88 was identified as the key gene by the combination univariate Cox and PPI analysis. Furthermore, MYD88 expression was significantly associated with the overall survival and WHO grade of glioma patients. The genes in the high-expression MYD88 group were mainly in immune-related pathways in the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). We found that macrophage M2 accounted for the largest portion with an average of 27.6% in the glioma TIICs and was associated with high expression of MYD88. The results were verified in CGGA database and clinical cases in our hospital. Furthermore, we also found the MYD88 expression was higher in IDH1 wild types. The methylation rate was lower in high grade gliomas. Conclusion MYD88 had predictive prognostic value in glioma patients by influencing TIICs dysregulation especially the M2-type macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Zeng F, Li G, Liu X, Zhang K, Huang H, Jiang T, Zhang Y. Plasminogen Activator Urokinase Receptor Implies Immunosuppressive Features and Acts as an Unfavorable Prognostic Biomarker in Glioma. Oncologist 2021; 26:e1460-e1469. [PMID: 33687124 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical outcomes of patients with glioma are still poor, even after standard treatments, including surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. New therapeutic strategies and targets for glioma are urgently needed. Plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR), a highly glycosylated integral membrane protein, is reported to modulate plasminogen activation and extracellular matrix degradation in many malignant cancers, but its role in gliomas remains unclear. METHODS Glioma samples with mRNA sequencing data and clinical information from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (n = 310) data set and The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 611) data set were collected for this study. Analyses using Kaplan-Meier plots, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, Cox regression, and nomograms were conducted to evaluate the prognostic performance of PLAUR expression. Analyses using Metascape, ESTIMATE, EPIC, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to reveal the potential biological mechanism. The statistical analysis and graphical work were completed using SPSS, R language, and GraphPad Prism. RESULTS PLAUR was highly expressed in phenotypes associated with glioma malignancy and could serve as an independent prognostic indicator. Functional analysis revealed the correlation between PLAUR and immune response. Further studies found that samples with higher PLAUR expression were infiltrated with fewer CD8 T cells and many more M2 macrophages. Strong positive correlation was demonstrated between PLAUR expression and some immunosuppressive markers, including immune checkpoints and cytokines. These findings were also confirmed in patient samples. CONCLUSION Our results elucidated the clinical significance and immunosuppressive effect of PLAUR in gliomas, which might provide some clues in glioma immunotherapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Although the efficacy of immunotherapy has been verified in other tumors, its application in glioma is impeded because of the unique microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages, which are particularly abundant in a glioma mass, contribute much to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and offer new opportunities in glioma immunotherapy. The results of this study identified plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR) expression as a potential marker to predict the infiltration of macrophages and the status of immune microenvironment in patients with glioma, suggesting that treatment decisions could be based on PLAUR level when administering immunotherapeutics. The soluble PLAUR in blood and other body fluids would make this approach easy to implement in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Buonfiglioli A, Hambardzumyan D. Macrophages and microglia: the cerberus of glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:54. [PMID: 33766119 PMCID: PMC7992800 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadliest of the primary brain tumors, characterized by malignant growth, invasion into the brain parenchyma, and resistance to therapy. GBM is a heterogeneous disease characterized by high degrees of both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Another layer of complexity arises from the unique brain microenvironment in which GBM develops and grows. The GBM microenvironment consists of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. The most abundant non-neoplastic cells are those of the innate immune system, called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs constitute up to 40% of the tumor mass and consist of both brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells from the periphery. Although genetically stable, TAMs can change their expression profiles based upon the signals that they receive from tumor cells; therefore, heterogeneity in GBM creates heterogeneity in TAMs. By interacting with tumor cells and with the other non-neoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs promote tumor progression. Here, we review the origin, heterogeneity, and functional roles of TAMs. In addition, we discuss the prospects of therapeutically targeting TAMs alone or in combination with standard or newly-emerging GBM targeting therapies.
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60
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Dzikowski L, Mirzaei R, Sarkar S, Kumar M, Bose P, Bellail A, Hao C, Yong VW. Fibrinogen in the glioblastoma microenvironment contributes to the invasiveness of brain tumor-initiating cells. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12947. [PMID: 33694259 PMCID: PMC8412081 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive, recurrent, and lethal brain tumors that are maintained via brain tumor‐initiating cells (BTICs). The aggressiveness of BTICs may be dependent on the extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that are highly enriched within the GBM microenvironment. Here, we investigated the expression of ECM molecules in GBM patients by mining the transcriptomic databases and also staining human GBM specimens. RNA levels for fibronectin, brevican, versican, heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), and several laminins were high in GBMs compared to normal brain, and this was corroborated by immunohistochemistry. While fibrinogen transcript was at normal level in GBM, its protein immunoreactivity was prominent within GBM tissues. These ECM molecules in tumor specimens were in proximity to, and surrounding BTICs. In culture, fibronectin and pan‐laminin induced the adhesion of BTICs onto the plastic substratum. However, fibrinogen increased the size of the BTIC spheres by facilitating the adhesive property, motility, and invasiveness of BTICs. These features of elevated invasiveness were corroborated in resected GBM specimens by the close proximity of fibrinogen with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and‐9, which are proteases implicated in metastasis. Moreover, the effect of fibrinogen‐induced invasiveness was attenuated in BTICs where MMP‐2 and ‐9 have been inhibited with siRNAs or pharmacological inhibitors. Our results implicate fibrinogen in GBM as a mediator of the invasive properties of BTICs, and as a target for therapy to reduce BTIC tumorigenecity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Dzikowski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anita Bellail
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chunhai Hao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Wei J, Chen P, Gupta P, Ott M, Zamler D, Kassab C, Bhat KP, Curran MA, de Groot JF, Heimberger AB. Immune biology of glioma-associated macrophages and microglia: functional and therapeutic implications. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:180-194. [PMID: 31679017 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CNS immune defenses are marshaled and dominated by brain resident macrophages and microglia, which are the innate immune sentinels and frontline host immune barriers against various pathogenic insults. These myeloid lineage cells are the predominant immune population in gliomas and can constitute up to 30-50% of the total cellular composition. Parenchymal microglial cells and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages from the periphery exhibit disease-specific phenotypic characteristics with spatial and temporal distinctions and are heterogeneous subpopulations based on their molecular signatures. A preponderance of myeloid over lymphoid lineage cells during CNS inflammation, including gliomas, is a contrasting feature of brain immunity relative to peripheral immunity. Herein we discuss glioma-associated macrophage and microglia immune biology in the context of their identity, molecular drivers of recruitment, nomenclature and functional paradoxes, therapeutic reprogramming and polarization strategies, relevant challenges, and our perspectives on therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pravesh Gupta
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martina Ott
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cynthia Kassab
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Krishna P Bhat
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Curran
- Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John F de Groot
- Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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62
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Gao M, Wang X, Han D, Lu E, Zhang J, Zhang C, Wang L, Yang Q, Jiang Q, Wu J, Chen X, Zhao S. A Six-lncRNA Signature for Immunophenotype Prediction of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Genet 2021; 11:604655. [PMID: 33584801 PMCID: PMC7874158 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. As biomedicine advances, the researcher has found the development of GBM is closely related to immunity. In this study, we evaluated the GBM tumor immunoreactivity and defined the Immune-High (IH) and Immune-Low (IL) immunophenotypes using transcriptome data from 144 tumors profiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project based on the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) of five immune expression signatures (IFN-γ response, macrophages, lymphocyte infiltration, TGF-β response, and wound healing). Next, we identified six immunophenotype-related long non-coding RNA biomarkers (im-lncRNAs, USP30-AS1, HCP5, PSMB8-AS1, AL133264.2, LINC01684, and LINC01506) by employing a machine learning computational framework combining minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm (mRMR) and random forest model. Moreover, the expression level of identified im-lncRNAs was converted into an im-lncScore using the normalized principal component analysis. The im-lncScore showed a promising performance for distinguishing the GBM immunophenotypes with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.928. Furthermore, the im-lncRNAs were also closely associated with the levels of tumor immune cell infiltration in GBM. In summary, the im-lncRNA signature had important clinical implications for tumor immunophenotyping and guiding immunotherapy in glioblastoma patients in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinzhuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dayong Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Enzhou Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- North Broward Preparatory School, Coconut Creek, FL, United States
| | - Ligang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Colleges and Universities Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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63
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Huang Y, Zhang B, Haneke H, Haage V, Lubas M, Yuan Y, Xia P, Motta E, Nanvuma C, Dzaye O, Hu F, Kettenmann H. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increases matrix metallopeptidase 9 and 14 expression in microglia and promotes microglia-mediated glioma progression. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1048-1063. [PMID: 33404121 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is released by glioma cells and promotes tumor growth. We have previously found that GDNF released from the tumor cells is a chemoattractant for microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system. Here we show that GDNF increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and MMP14 expression in cultured microglial cells from mixed sexes of neonatal mice. The GDNF-induced microglial MMP9 and MMP14 upregulation is mediated by GDNF family receptor alpha 1 receptors and dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In organotypic brain slices, GDNF promotes the growth of glioma and this effect depends on the presence of microglia. We also previously found that MMP9 and MMP14 upregulation can be mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling and here we demonstrate that GDNF increases the expression of TLR1 and TLR2. In conclusion, GDNF promotes the pro-tumorigenic phenotype of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baole Zhang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hannah Haneke
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Haage
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Lubas
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yuan
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Motta
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Nanvuma
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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64
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Kalita M, Villanueva-Meyer J, Ohkawa Y, Kalyanaraman C, Chen K, Mohamed E, Parker MFL, Jacobson MP, Phillips JJ, Evans MJ, Wilson DM. Synthesis and Screening of α-Xylosides in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:451-460. [PMID: 33315406 PMCID: PMC8483608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate decorate all mammalian cell surfaces. These mucopolysaccharides act as coreceptors for extracellular ligands, regulating cell signaling, growth, proliferation, and adhesion. In glioblastoma, the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, dysregulated GAG biosynthesis results in altered chain length, sulfation patterns, and the ratio of contributing monosaccharides. These events contribute to the loss of normal cellular function, initiating and sustaining malignant growth. Disruption of the aberrant cell surface GAGs with small molecule inhibitors of GAG biosynthetic enzymes is a potential therapeutic approach to blocking the rogue signaling and proliferation in glioma, including glioblastoma. Previously, 4-azido-xylose-α-UDP sugar inhibited both xylosyltransferase (XYLT-1) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-7 (β-GALT-7)-the first and second enzymes of GAG biosynthesis-when microinjected into a cell. In another study, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-β-xylosides inhibited β-GALT-7 at 1 mM concentration in vitro. In this work, we seek to solve the enduring problem of drug delivery to human glioma cells at low concentrations. We developed a library of hydrophobic, presumed prodrugs 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-2,3-dibenzoyl-(α- or β-) xylosides and their corresponding hydrophilic inhibitors of XYLT-1 and β-GALT-7 enzymes. The prodrugs were designed to be activatable by carboxylesterase enzymes overexpressed in glioblastoma. Using a colorimetric MTT assay in human glioblastoma cell lines, we identified a prodrug-drug pair (4-nitrophenyl-α-xylosides) as lead drug candidates. The candidates arrest U251 cell growth at an IC50 = 380 nM (prodrug), 122 μM (drug), and U87 cells at IC50 = 10.57 μM (prodrug). Molecular docking studies were consistent with preferred binding of the α- versus β-nitro xyloside conformer to XYLT-1 and β-GALT-7 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Kalita
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Javier Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Katharine Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Esraa Mohamed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew F L Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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65
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Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. Tissue-specific features of microglial innate immune responses. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104924. [PMID: 33248205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, microglia are increasingly considered as cellular targets for therapeutical intervention. Innate immune responses in particular have been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) infections, neuro-oncology, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We here review the impact of 'nature and nurture' on microglial innate immune responses and summarize documented tissue-specific adaptations. Overall, such adaptations are associated with regulatory processes rather than with overt differences in the expressed repertoire of activating receptors of different tissue-resident macrophages. Microglial responses are characterized by slower kinetics, by a more persistent nature and by a differential usage of downstream enzymes and accessory receptors. We further consider factors like aging, previous exposure to inflammatory stimuli, and differences in the microenvironment that can modulate innate immune responses. The long-life span of microglia in the metabolically active CNS renders them susceptible to the phenomenon of 'inflammaging', and major challenges lie in the unraveling of the factors that underlie age-related alterations in microglial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - S M Burm
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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66
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Huang Y, Li Q, Tian H, Yao X, Bakina O, Zhang H, Lei T, Hu F. MEK inhibitor trametinib attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits following traumatic brain injury in mice. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:6351-6365. [PMID: 33194035 PMCID: PMC7653601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the hallmark pathological features following traumatic brain injury (TBI) that contributes to aggravated brain damage and cognitive deficits. These pathologies require novel effective treatments to improve prognosis. Trametinib, a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration in treating various malignant tumors, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The present study demonstrated that TBI mice treated with trametinib exhibited improved cognitive function. Trametinib treatment rescued oligodendrocytes and decreased infiltrating microglial density in the TBI area. Furthermore, this study revealed that ameliorated lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammatory reaction in microglial cells. Besides, trametinib attenuated inflammation factors expression during the early stages of TBI. In addition, trametinib inhibited LPS-induced microglial chemotactic activity. In conclusion, the results indicate that trametinib efficiently suppresses microglia-induced neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function of TBI mice, providing a potential therapy strategy for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in The Helmholtz AssociationBerlin 13125, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin 10117, Germany
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin 10117, Germany
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Third People’s Hospital of Hubei ProvinceWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Olga Bakina
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in The Helmholtz AssociationBerlin 13125, Germany
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
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67
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Caruso FP, Garofano L, D'Angelo F, Yu K, Tang F, Yuan J, Zhang J, Cerulo L, Pagnotta SM, Bedognetti D, Sims PA, Suvà M, Su XD, Lasorella A, Iavarone A, Ceccarelli M. A map of tumor-host interactions in glioma at single-cell resolution. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa109. [PMID: 33155039 PMCID: PMC7645027 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell RNA sequencing is the reference technique for characterizing the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. The composition of the various cell types making up the microenvironment can significantly affect the way in which the immune system activates cancer rejection mechanisms. Understanding the cross-talk signals between immune cells and cancer cells is of fundamental importance for the identification of immuno-oncology therapeutic targets. RESULTS We present a novel method, single-cell Tumor-Host Interaction tool (scTHI), to identify significantly activated ligand-receptor interactions across clusters of cells from single-cell RNA sequencing data. We apply our approach to uncover the ligand-receptor interactions in glioma using 6 publicly available human glioma datasets encompassing 57,060 gene expression profiles from 71 patients. By leveraging this large-scale collection we show that unexpected cross-talk partners are highly conserved across different datasets in the majority of the tumor samples. This suggests that shared cross-talk mechanisms exist in glioma. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a complete map of the active tumor-host interaction pairs in glioma that can be therapeutically exploited to reduce the immunosuppressive action of the microenvironment in brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pia Caruso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio 21, 80128 Naples, Italy
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEM, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio 21, 80128 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fulvio D'Angelo
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEM, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, Zone 52, Education City, 26999, Doha Qatar
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luigi Cerulo
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEM, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Stefano M Pagnotta
- Department of Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, Zone 52, Education City, 26999, Doha Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Di.M.I.), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York , NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mario Suvà
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian District, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York , NY 10032 USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York , NY 10032 USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio 21, 80128 Naples, Italy
- Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEM, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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68
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Tenascin-C Function in Glioma: Immunomodulation and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:149-172. [PMID: 32845507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First identified in the 1980s, tenascin-C (TNC) is a multi-domain extracellular matrix glycoprotein abundantly expressed during the development of multicellular organisms. TNC level is undetectable in most adult tissues but rapidly and transiently induced by a handful of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of pathological conditions including infection, inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing. Persistent TNC expression is associated with chronic inflammation and many malignancies, including glioma. By interacting with its receptor integrin and a myriad of other binding partners, TNC elicits context- and cell type-dependent function to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. TNC operates as an endogenous activator of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes inflammatory response by inducing the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in innate immune cells such as microglia and macrophages. In addition, TNC drives macrophage differentiation and polarization predominantly towards an M1-like phenotype. In contrast, TNC shows immunosuppressive function in T cells. In glioma, TNC is expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells; high expression of TNC is correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Besides promoting glioma invasion and angiogenesis, TNC has been found to affect the morphology and function of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages in glioma. Clinically, TNC can serve as a biomarker for tumor progression; and TNC antibodies have been utilized as an adjuvant agent to deliver anti-tumor drugs to target glioma. A better mechanistic understanding of how TNC impacts innate and adaptive immunity during tumorigenesis and tumor progression will open new therapeutic avenues to treat brain tumors and other malignancies.
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69
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Hu F, Huang Y, Semtner M, Zhao K, Tan Z, Dzaye O, Kettenmann H, Shu K, Lei T. Down-regulation of Aquaporin-1 mediates a microglial phenotype switch affecting glioma growth. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112323. [PMID: 33058832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a transmembrane protein that forms water channels, has previously been shown to facilitate growth and progression of many types of tumors by modulating tumor cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Here, we determined the impact of AQP1 expression in the tumor environment on the progression of brain tumors. Primary microglia from wild type(WT) and AQP1 knockout(KO) mice were used to test AQP1 effect on microglia function by using Western blot, quantative PCR, in an experimental in vivo mouse glioma model and organotypic brain slice culture. Deletion of AQP1 in the host tissue significantly reduced the survival of the mice implanted with GL261 glioma cells. The density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages was almost doubled in AQP1KO mice. We found that factors secreted from GL261 cells decrease microglial AQP1 expression via the MEK/ERK pathway, and that inhibition of this pathway with Trametinib reduced tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor bearing mice, an effect which required the presence of microglia. Deletion of AQP1 in cultured microglia resulted in an increase in migratory activity and a decrease in TLR4-dependent innate immune responses. Our study demonstrates a functional relevance of AQP1 expression in microglia and hints to AQP1 as a potential novel target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhoubin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Buonfiglioli A, Efe IE, Guneykaya D, Ivanov A, Huang Y, Orlowski E, Krüger C, Deisz RA, Markovic D, Flüh C, Newman AG, Schneider UC, Beule D, Wolf SA, Dzaye O, Gutmann DH, Semtner M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. let-7 MicroRNAs Regulate Microglial Function and Suppress Glioma Growth through Toll-Like Receptor 7. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3460-3471.e7. [PMID: 31825829 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sense pathogen- and host-derived factors, including single-stranded RNA. In the brain, let-7 microRNA (miRNA) family members are abundantly expressed, and some have recently been shown to serve as TLR7 ligands. We investigated whether let-7 miRNA family members differentially control microglia biology in health and disease. We found that a subset of let-7 miRNA family members function as signaling molecules to induce microglial release of inflammatory cytokines, modulate antigen presentation, and attenuate cell migration in a TLR7-dependent manner. The capability of the let-7 miRNAs to control microglial function is sequence specific, mapping to a let-7 UUGU motif. In human and murine glioblastoma/glioma, let-7 miRNAs are differentially expressed and reduce murine GL261 glioma growth in the same sequence-specific fashion through microglial TLR7. Taken together, these data establish let-7 miRNAs as key TLR7 signaling activators that serve to regulate the diverse functions of microglia in health and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Buonfiglioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim E Efe
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilansu Guneykaya
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Orlowski
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Deisz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Darko Markovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf C Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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71
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Islam S, Watanabe H. Versican: A Dynamic Regulator of the Extracellular Matrix. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:763-775. [PMID: 33131383 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420953922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan belonging to the aggrecan/lectican family. In adults, this proteoglycan serves as a structural macromolecule of the extracellular matrix in the brain and large blood vessels. In contrast, versican is transiently expressed at high levels during development and under pathological conditions when the extracellular matrix dramatically changes, including in the inflammation and repair process. There are many reports showing the upregulation of versican in cancer, which correlates with cancer aggressiveness. Versican has four classical splice variants, and all the variants contain G1 and G3 domains at N- and C-termini, respectively. There are two glycosaminoglycan attachment domains CSα and CSβ. The largest V0 variant contains both CSα and CSβ, V1 contains CSβ, V2 contains CSα, and the shortest G3 variant has neither of them. Versican degradation is initiated by cleavage at a site in the CSβ domain by ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) proteinases. The N-terminal fragment containing the G1 domain has been reported to exert various biological functions, although its mechanisms of action have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we describe the role of versican in inflammation and cancer and also address the biological function of versikine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Islam
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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72
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Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
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73
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Soubéran A, Tchoghandjian A. Practical Review on Preclinical Human 3D Glioblastoma Models: Advances and Challenges for Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092347. [PMID: 32825103 PMCID: PMC7563542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after the establishment of the Stupp protocol as the standard of care to treat glioblastomas, no major clinical advances have been achieved and increasing patient’s overall survival remains a challenge. Nevertheless, crucial molecular and cellular findings revealed the intra-tumoral and inter-tumoral complexities of these incurable brain tumors, and the essential role played by cells of the microenvironment in the lack of treatment efficacy. Taking this knowledge into account, fulfilling gaps between preclinical models and clinical samples is necessary to improve the successful rate of clinical trials. Since the beginning of the characterization of brain tumors initiated by Bailey and Cushing in the 1920s, several glioblastoma models have been developed and improved. In this review, we focused on the most widely used 3D human glioblastoma models, including spheroids, tumorospheres, organotypic slices, explants, tumoroids and glioblastoma-derived from cerebral organoids. We discuss their history, development and especially their usefulness.
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74
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Synergistic Toll-like Receptor 3/9 Signaling Affects Properties and Impairs Glioma-Promoting Activity of Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6428-6443. [PMID: 32631940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0666-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine experimental glioma models, TLR3 or TLR9 activation of microglial/macrophages has been shown to impair glioma growth, which could, however, not been verified in recent clinical trials. We therefore tested whether combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of microglia/macrophages would have a synergistic effect. Indeed, combined TLR3/TLR9 activation augmented the suppression of glioma growth in organotypic brain slices from male mice in a microglia-dependent fashion, and this synergistic suppression depended on interferon β release and phagocytic tumor clearance. Combined TLR3/TLR9 stimulation also augmented several functional features of microglia, such as the release of proinflammatory factors, motility, and phagocytosis activity. TLR3/TLR9 stimulation combined with CD47 blockade further augmented glioma clearance. Finally, we confirmed that the coactivation of TLR3/TLR9 also augments the impairment of glioma growth in vivo Our results show that combined activation of TLR3/TLR9 in microglia/macrophages results in a more efficient glioma suppression, which may provide a potential strategy for glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in glioma growth and are recently considered as antitumor targets. TLRs are involved in glioma growth, but the TLR3 or TLR9 ligands were not successful in clinical trials in treating glioma. We therefore combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of GAMs, resulting in a strong synergistic effect of tumor clearance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo Mechanisms of this GAM-glioma interaction involve IFNβ signaling and increased tumor clearance by GAMs. Interfering with CD47 signaling had an additional impact on tumor clearance. We propose that these signaling pathways could be exploited as anti-glioma targets.
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75
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Guo X, Pan Y, Gutmann DH. Genetic and genomic alterations differentially dictate low-grade glioma growth through cancer stem cell-specific chemokine recruitment of T cells and microglia. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:1250-1262. [PMID: 31111915 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the clinical hallmarks of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) arising in children with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) cancer predisposition syndrome is significant clinical variability with respect to tumor growth, associated neurologic deficits, and response to therapy. Numerous factors could contribute to this clinical heterogeneity, including the tumor cell of origin, the specific germline NF1 gene mutation, and the coexistence of additional genomic alterations. Since human specimens are rarely acquired, and have proven difficult to maintain in vitro or as xenografts in vivo, we have developed a series of Nf1 mutant optic glioma mouse strains representing each of these contributing factors. METHODS Optic glioma stem cells (o-GSCs) were generated from this collection of Nf1 genetically engineered mice, and analyzed for their intrinsic growth properties, as well as the production of chemokines that could differentially attract T cells and microglia. RESULTS The observed differences in Nf1 optic glioma growth are not the result of cell autonomous growth properties of o-GSCs, but rather the unique patterns of o-GSC chemokine expression, which differentially attract T cells and microglia. This immune profile collectively dictates the levels of chemokine C-C ligand 5 (Ccl5) expression, the key stromal factor that drives murine Nf1 optic glioma growth. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that genetic and genomic alterations create murine LGG biological heterogeneity through the differential recruitment of T cells and microglia by o-GSC-produced chemokines, which ultimately determine the expression of stromal factors that drive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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76
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Huang P, Kong Q, Gao W, Chu B, Li H, Mao Y, Cai Z, Xu R, Tian R. Spatial proteome profiling by immunohistochemistry-based laser capture microdissection and data-independent acquisition proteomics. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1127:140-148. [PMID: 32800117 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the tumor heterogeneity through spatially resolved proteome profiling is important for biomedical research and clinical application. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful technology for exploring local cell populations without losing spatial information. Conventionally, tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for cell-type identification before LCM. However, it generally requires experienced pathologists to distinguish different cell types, which limits the application of LCM to broad cancer research field. Here, we designed an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based workflow for cell type-resolved proteome analysis of tissue samples. Firstly, targeted cell type was marked by IHC using antibody targeting cell-type specific marker to improve accuracy and efficiency of LCM. Secondly, to increase protein recovery from chemically crosslinked IHC tissues, we optimized a decrosslinking procedure to seamlessly combine with the integrated spintip-based sample preparation technology SISPROT. This newly developed approach, termed IHC-SISPROT, has comparable performance as H&E staining-based proteomic analysis. High sensitivity and reproducibility of IHC-SISPROT were achieved by combining with data independent acquisition proteomics. More than 3500 proteins were identified from only 0.2 mm2 and 12 μm thickness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue section. Furthermore, using 5 mm2 and 12 μm thickness of HCC tissue section, 6660 and 6052 protein groups were quantified from cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by the IHC-SISPROT workflow. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the enrichment of cell type-specific ligands and receptors and potentially new communications between cancer cells and CAFs by these signaling proteins. Therefore, IHC-SISPROT is a sensitive and accurate proteomic approach for spatial profiling of cell type-specific proteome from tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qian Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Weina Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bizhu Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; SUSTech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiheng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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77
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Papadas A, Arauz G, Cicala A, Wiesner J, Asimakopoulos F. Versican and Versican-matrikines in Cancer Progression, Inflammation, and Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:871-885. [PMID: 32623942 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with key roles in multiple facets of cancer development, ranging from proliferative signaling, evasion of growth-suppressor pathways, regulation of cell death, promotion of neoangiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence implicate versican and its bioactive proteolytic fragments (matrikines) in the regulation of cancer inflammation and antitumor immune responses. The understanding of the dynamics of versican deposition/accumulation and its proteolytic turnover holds potential for the development of novel immune biomarkers as well as approaches to reset the immune thermostat of tumors, thus promoting efficacy of modern immunotherapies. This article summarizes work from several laboratories, including ours, on the role of this central matrix proteoglycan in tumor progression as well as tumor-immune cell cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Garrett Arauz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Wiesner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Roedig H, Damiescu R, Zeng-Brouwers J, Kutija I, Trebicka J, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Danger matrix molecules orchestrate CD14/CD44 signaling in cancer development. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:31-47. [PMID: 31412297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor matrix together with inflammation and autophagy are crucial regulators of cancer development. Embedded in the tumor stroma are numerous proteoglycans which, in their soluble form, act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). By interacting with innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), DAMPs autonomously trigger aseptic inflammation and can regulate autophagy. Biglycan, a known danger proteoglycan, can regulate the cross-talk between inflammation and autophagy by evoking a switch between pro-inflammatory CD14 and pro-autophagic CD44 co-receptors for TLRs. Thus, these novel mechanistic insights provide some explanation for the plethora of reports indicating that the same matrix-derived DAMP acts either as a promoter or suppressor of tumor growth. In this review we will summarize and critically discuss the role of the matrix-derived DAMPs biglycan, hyaluronan, and versican in regulating the TLR-, CD14- and CD44-signaling dialogue between inflammation and autophagy with particular emphasis on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roxana Damiescu
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Iva Kutija
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Translational Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Triller P, Bachorz J, Synowitz M, Kettenmann H, Markovic D. O-Vanillin Attenuates the TLR2 Mediated Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082959. [PMID: 32331440 PMCID: PMC7215774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are primary brain tumors with poor prognoses. These tumors are infiltrated by brain intrinsic microglia and peripheral monocytes which promote glioma cell invasion. In our previous studies, we discovered that the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on microglia/brain macrophages converts them into a protumorigenic phenotype through the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 9 and 14. In the present study, we used in vitro and in situ microglia-glioma interaction experimental models to test the impact of a novel inhibitor of TLR 2, ortho vanillin (O-Vanillin) to block TLR2 mediated microglia protumorigenic phenotype. We demonstrate that O-Vanillin inhibits the TLR2 mediated upregulation of MMP 9, MMP 14, IL 6 and iNOS expression. Similarly, the glioma supernatant induced MMP 9 and MMP 14 expression in murine and human microglia is abrogated by O-Vanillin treatment. O-Vanillin is not toxic for microglia, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Glioma growth in murine brain slice cultures is significantly reduced after treatment with O-Vanillin, and this reduced glioma growth depends on the presence of microglia. In addition, we also found that O-Vanillin inhibited the glioma induced proliferation of murine primary microglia. In summary, O-Vanillin attenuates the pro-tumorigenic phenotype of microglia/brain macrophages and thus qualifies as a candidate for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Triller
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (P.T.); (J.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Julia Bachorz
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (P.T.); (J.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Neurosurgery Department, Schleswig Holstein University Clinic, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (P.T.); (J.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Darko Markovic
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (P.T.); (J.B.); (H.K.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Helios Clinics Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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80
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Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H. Microglia/Brain Macrophages as Central Drivers of Brain Tumor Pathobiology. Neuron 2020; 104:442-449. [PMID: 31697921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common brain tumors in children and adults is glioma or astrocytoma. There are few effective therapies for these cancers, and patients with malignant glioma fare poorly, even after aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Over the past decade, it is now appreciated that these tumors are composed of numerous distinct neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell populations, which could each influence overall tumor biology and response to therapy. Among these noncancerous cell types, monocytes (microglia and macrophages) predominate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interactions involving microglia and macrophages relevant to glioma formation, progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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81
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Sarkar S, Li Y, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Poon CC, Wang J, Kumar M, Bose P, Yong VW. Demeclocycline Reduces the Growth of Human Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells: Direct Activity and Through Monocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:272. [PMID: 32153581 PMCID: PMC7047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells that infiltrate into brain tumors are deactivated or exploited by the tumor cells. We previously demonstrated that compromised microglia, monocytes, and macrophages in malignant gliomas could be reactivated by amphotericin-B to contain the growth of brain tumorinitiating cells (BTICs). We identified meclocycline as another activator of microglia, so we sought to test whether its better-tolerated derivative, demeclocycline, also stimulates monocytes to restrict BTIC growth. Monocytes were selected for study as they would be exposed to demeclocycline in the circulation prior to entry into brain tumors to become macrophages. We found that demeclocycline increased the activity of monocytes in culture, as determined by tumor necrosis factor-α production and chemotactic capacity. The conditioned medium of demeclocycline-stimulated monocytes attenuated the growth of BTICs generated from human glioblastoma resections, as evaluated using neurosphere and alamarBlue assays, and cell counts. Demeclocycline also had direct effects in reducing BTIC growth. A global gene expression screen identified several genes, such as DNA damage inducible transcript 4, frizzled class receptor 5 and reactive oxygen species modulator 1, as potential regulators of demeclocycline-mediated BTIC growth reduction. Amongst several tetracycline derivatives, only demeclocycline directly reduced BTIC growth. In summary, we have identified demeclocycline as a novel inhibitor of the growth of BTICs, through direct effect and through indirect stimulation of monocytes. Demeclocycline is a candidate to reactivate compromised immune cells to improve the prognosis of patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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82
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Deng X, Lin D, Zhang X, Shen X, Yang Z, Yang L, Lu X, Yu L, Zhang N, Lin J. Profiles of immune-related genes and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of diffuse lower-grade gliomas. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7321-7331. [PMID: 32162312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is highly correlated with tumor occurrence, progress, and prognosis. We aimed to investigate the immune-related gene (IRG) expression and immune infiltration pattern in the tumor microenvironment of lower-grade glioma (LGG). We employed the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm to calculate immune and stromal scores and identify prognostic IRG based on The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. The potential molecular functions of these genes were explored with the help of functional enrichment analysis and the protein-protein interaction network. Remarkably, three cohorts that were downloaded from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database were analyzed to further verify the prognostic values of these genes. Moreover, the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) algorithm was used to estimate the abundance of infiltrating immune cells and explore the immune infiltration pattern in LGG. And unsupervised cluster analysis determined three clusters of the immune infiltration pattern and indicated that CD8+ T cells and macrophages were significantly associated with LGG outcomes. Altogether, our study identified a list of prognostic IRGs and provided a perspective to explore the immune infiltration pattern in LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuchao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zelin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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83
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Xiong A, Spyrou A, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Involvement of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase in Neural Development and Pathogenesis of Brain Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:365-403. [PMID: 32274718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are aggressive and devastating diseases. The most common type of brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable and has one of the worst five-year survival rates of all human cancers. GBMs are invasive and infiltrate healthy brain tissue, which is one main reason they remain fatal despite resection, since cells that have already migrated away lead to rapid regrowth of the tumor. Curative therapy for medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, has improved, but the outcome is still poor for many patients, and treatment causes long-term complications. Recent advances in the classification of pediatric brain tumors reveal distinct subgroups, allowing more targeted therapy for the most aggressive forms, and sparing children with less malignant tumors the side-effects of massive treatment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), main components of the neurogenic niche, interact specifically with a large number of physiologically important molecules and vital roles for HS biosynthesis and degradation in neural stem cell differentiation have been presented. HSPGs are composed of a core protein with attached highly charged, sulfated disaccharide chains. The major enzyme that degrades HS is heparanase (HPSE), an important regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which has been suggested to promote the growth and invasion of other types of tumors. This is of clinical interest because GBM are highly invasive and children with metastatic MB at the time of diagnosis exhibit a worse outcome. Here we review the involvement of HS and HPSE in development of the nervous system and some of its most malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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84
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Role of Infiltrating Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:281-298. [PMID: 32034719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe the state of the art knowledge of the role played by myeloid cells in promoting and supporting the growth and the invasive properties of a deadly brain tumor, glioblastoma. We provide a review of the works describing the intercellular communication among glioma and associated microglia/macrophage cells (GAMs) using in vitro cellular models derived from mice, rats and human patients and in vivo animal models using syngeneic or xenogeneic experimental systems. Special emphasis will be given to 1) the timing alteration of brain microenvironment under the influence of glioma, 2) the bidirectional communication among tumor and GAMs, 3) possible approaches to interfere with or to guide these interactions, with the aim to identify molecular and cellular targets which could revert or delay the vicious cycle that favors tumor biology.
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85
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Abstract
Brain tumors are complex cellular ecosystems, composed of populations of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell types. While the contributions of the cancer cells in low-grade and high-grade gliomas have been extensively studied, there is comparatively less known about the contributions of the non-neoplastic cells in these tumors. As such, a large proportion of the non-neoplastic cells in gliomas are resident brain microglia, infiltrating circulating macrophages, and T lymphocytes. These immune system-like stromal cells are recruited into the evolving tumor through the elaboration of chemokines, and are reprogrammed to adopt new cellular identities critical for glioma formation, maintenance, and progression. In this manner, these populations of tumor-associated microglia and macrophages produce growth factors that support gliomagenesis and continued tumor growth. As we begin to characterize these immune cell contributions, future therapies might emerge as adjuvant approaches to glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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86
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Papadas A, Asimakopoulos F. Versican in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:55-72. [PMID: 32845502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with nonredundant roles in diverse biological and cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to adult inflammation and cancer. Versican is essential for cardiovascular morphogenesis, neural crest migration, and skeletal development during embryogenesis. In the adult, versican acts as an inflammation "amplifier" and regulator of immune cell activation and cytokine production. Increased versican expression has been observed in a wide range of malignant tumors and has been associated with poor patient outcomes. The main sources of versican production in the tumor microenvironment include accessory cells (myeloid cells and stromal components) and, in some contexts, the tumor cells themselves. Versican has been implicated in several classical hallmarks of cancer such as proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressor signaling, resistance to cell death, angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. More recently, versican has been implicated in escape from tumor immune surveillance, e.g., through dendritic cell dysfunction. Versican's multiple contributions to benign and malignant biological processes are further diversified through the generation of versican-derived bioactive proteolytic fragments (matrikines), with versikine being the most studied to date. Versican and versican-derived matrikines hold promise as targets in the management of inflammatory and malignant conditions as well as in the development of novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Diego (UCSD), Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Diego (UCSD), Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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87
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Broekman ML, Maas SLN, Abels ER, Mempel TR, Krichevsky AM, Breakefield XO. Multidimensional communication in the microenvirons of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 14:482-495. [PMID: 29985475 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are heterogeneous and invariably lethal tumours. They are characterized by genetic and epigenetic variations among tumour cells, which makes the development of therapies that eradicate all tumour cells challenging and currently impossible. An important component of glioblastoma growth is communication with and manipulation of other cells in the brain environs, which supports tumour progression and resistance to therapy. Glioblastoma cells recruit innate immune cells and change their phenotype to support tumour growth. Tumour cells also suppress adaptive immune responses, and our increasing understanding of how T cells access the brain and how the tumour thwarts the immune response offers new strategies for mobilizing an antitumour response. Tumours also subvert normal brain cells - including endothelial cells, neurons and astrocytes - to create a microenviron that favours tumour success. Overall, after glioblastoma-induced phenotypic modifications, normal cells cooperate with tumour cells to promote tumour proliferation, invasion of the brain, immune suppression and angiogenesis. This glioblastoma takeover of the brain involves multiple modes of communication, including soluble factors such as chemokines and cytokines, direct cell-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (including exosomes and microvesicles) and connecting nanotubes and microtubes. Understanding these multidimensional communications between the tumour and the cells in its environs could open new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike L Broekman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Erik R Abels
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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88
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Kaffes I, Szulzewsky F, Chen Z, Herting CJ, Gabanic B, Velázquez Vega JE, Shelton J, Switchenko JM, Ross JL, McSwain LF, Huse JT, Westermark B, Nelander S, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Uhrbom L, Maturi NP, Cimino PJ, Holland EC, Kettenmann H, Brennan CW, Brat DJ, Hambardzumyan D. Human Mesenchymal glioblastomas are characterized by an increased immune cell presence compared to Proneural and Classical tumors. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1655360. [PMID: 31646100 PMCID: PMC6791439 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1655360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of 14.6 months. Recent efforts have focused on identifying clinically relevant subgroups to improve our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms and patient stratification. Concurrently, the role of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment has received increasing attention, especially T cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The latter are a mixed population of activated brain-resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/monocyte-derived macrophages, both of which express ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1). This study investigated differences in immune cell subpopulations among distinct transcriptional subtypes of GBM. Human GBM samples were molecularly characterized and assigned to Proneural, Mesenchymal or Classical subtypes as defined by NanoString nCounter Technology. Subsequently, we performed and analyzed automated immunohistochemical stainings for TAM as well as specific T cell populations. The Mesenchymal subtype of GBM showed the highest presence of TAM, CD8+, CD3+ and FOXP3+ T cells, as compared to Proneural and Classical subtypes. High expression levels of the TAM-related gene AIF1, which encodes the TAM-specific protein IBA1, correlated with a worse prognosis in Proneural GBM, but conferred a survival benefit in Mesenchymal tumors. We used our data to construct a mathematical model that could reliably identify Mesenchymal GBM with high sensitivity using a combination of the aforementioned cell-specific IHC markers. In conclusion, we demonstrated that molecularly distinct GBM subtypes are characterized by profound differences in the composition of their immune microenvironment, which could potentially help to identify tumors amenable to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kaffes
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cameron J Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Gabanic
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Switchenko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James L Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leon F McSwain
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naga Prathyusha Maturi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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89
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You H, Baluszek S, Kaminska B. Immune Microenvironment of Brain Metastases-Are Microglia and Other Brain Macrophages Little Helpers? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1941. [PMID: 31481958 PMCID: PMC6710386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are common intracranial neoplasms and their frequency increases with prolonged survival of cancer patients. New pharmaceuticals targeting oncogenic kinases and immune checkpoint inhibitors augment both overall and progression-free survival in patients with brain metastases, but are not fully successful in reducing metastatic burden and still a majority of oncologic patients die due to dissemination of the disease. Despite therapy advancements, median survival of patients with brain metastases is several months, although it may vary in different types or subtypes of cancer. Contribution of the innate immune system to cancer progression is well established. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), instead of launching antitumor responses, promote extracellular matrix degradation, secrete immunosuppressive cytokines, promote neoangiogenesis and tumor growth. While their roles as pro-tumorigenic cells facilitating tissue remodeling, invasion and metastasis is well documented, much less is known about the immune microenvironment of brain metastases and roles of specific immune cells in those processes. The central nervous system (CNS) is armed in resident myeloid cells: microglia and perivascular macrophages which colonize CNS in early development and maintain homeostasis in brain parenchyma and at brain-blood vessels interfaces. In this study we discuss available data on the immune composition of most common brain metastases, focusing on interactions between metastatic cancer cells and microglia, perivascular and meningeal macrophages. Cancer cells ‘highjack’ several CNS protective mechanisms and may employ microglia and CNS-border associated macrophages into helping cancer cells to colonize a pre-metastatic niche. We describe emerging molecular insights into mechanisms governing communication between microglia and metastatic cancer cells that culminate in activation of CNS resident microglia and trafficking of monocytic cells from the periphery. We present mechanisms controlling those processes in brain metastases and hypothesize on potential therapeutic approaches. In summary, microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages are involved in multiple stages of a metastatic disease and, unlike tumor cells, are genetically stable and predictable, which makes them an attractive target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, YouJiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Szymon Baluszek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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90
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Molecular and Clinical Insights into the Invasive Capacity of Glioblastoma Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1740763. [PMID: 31467533 PMCID: PMC6699388 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1740763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The invasive capacity of GBM is one of the key tumoral features associated with treatment resistance, recurrence, and poor overall survival. The molecular machinery underlying GBM invasiveness comprises an intricate network of signaling pathways and interactions with the extracellular matrix and host cells. Among them, PI3k/Akt, Wnt, Hedgehog, and NFkB play a crucial role in the cellular processes related to invasion. A better understanding of these pathways could potentially help in developing new therapeutic approaches with better outcomes. Nevertheless, despite significant advances made over the last decade on these molecular and cellular mechanisms, they have not been translated into the clinical practice. Moreover, targeting the infiltrative tumor and its significance regarding outcome is still a major clinical challenge. For instance, the pre- and intraoperative methods used to identify the infiltrative tumor are limited when trying to accurately define the tumor boundaries and the burden of tumor cells in the infiltrated parenchyma. Besides, the impact of treating the infiltrative tumor remains unclear. Here we aim to highlight the molecular and clinical hallmarks of invasion in GBM.
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91
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Przanowski P, Mondal SS, Cabaj A, Dębski KJ, Wojtas B, Gielniewski B, Kaza B, Kaminska B, Dabrowski M. Open chromatin landscape of rat microglia upon proinvasive or inflammatory polarization. Glia 2019; 67:2312-2328. [PMID: 31339627 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident, myeloid cells that play important roles in health and brain pathologies. Herein, we report a comprehensive, replicated, false discovery rate-controlled dataset of DNase-hypersensitive (DHS) open chromatin regions for rat microglia. We compared the open chromatin landscapes in untreated primary microglial cultures and cultures stimulated for 6 hr with either glioma-conditioned medium (GCM) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Glioma-secreted factors induce proinvasive and immunosuppressive activation of microglia, and these cells then promote tumor growth. The open chromatin landscape of the rat microglia consisted of 126,640 reproducible DHS regions, among which 2,303 and 12,357 showed a significant change in openness following stimulation with GCM or LPS, respectively. Active genes exhibited constitutively open promoters, but there was no direct dependence between the aggregated openness of DHS regions near a gene and its expression. Individual regions mapped to the same gene often presented different patterns of openness changes. GCM-regulated DHS regions were more frequent in areas away from gene bodies, while LPS-regulated regions were more frequent in introns. GCM and LPS differentially affected the openness of regions mapped to immune checkpoint genes. The two treatments differentially affected the aggregated openness of regions mapped to genes in the Toll-like receptor signaling and axon guidance pathways, suggesting that the molecular machinery used by migrating microglia is similar to that of growing axons and that modulation of these pathways is instrumental in the induction of proinvasive polarization of microglia by glioma. Our dataset of open chromatin regions paves the way for studies of gene regulation in rat microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Przanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cabaj
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad J Dębski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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92
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Juliano J, Gil O, Hawkins-Daarud A, Noticewala S, Rockne RC, Gallaher J, Massey SC, Sims PA, Anderson ARA, Swanson KR, Canoll P. Comparative dynamics of microglial and glioma cell motility at the infiltrative margin of brain tumours. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0582. [PMID: 29445035 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are a major cellular component of gliomas, and abundant in the centre of the tumour and at the infiltrative margins. While glioma is a notoriously infiltrative disease, the dynamics of microglia and glioma migratory patterns have not been well characterized. To investigate the migratory behaviour of microglia and glioma cells at the infiltrative edge, we performed two-colour time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of brain slices generated from a platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGFB)-driven rat model of glioma, in which glioma cells and microglia were each labelled with one of two different fluorescent markers. We used mathematical techniques to analyse glioma cells and microglia motility with both single cell tracking and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Our results show microglia motility is strongly correlated with the presence of glioma, while the correlation of the speeds of glioma cells and microglia was variable and weak. Additionally, we showed that microglia and glioma cells exhibit different types of diffusive migratory behaviour. Microglia movement fit a simple random walk, while glioma cell movement fits a super diffusion pattern. These results show that glioma cells stimulate microglia motility at the infiltrative margins, creating a correlation between the spatial distribution of glioma cells and the pattern of microglia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Juliano
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orlando Gil
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sonal Noticewala
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jill Gallaher
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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93
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Sharifzad F, Yasavoli‐Sharahi H, Mardpour S, Fakharian E, Nikuinejad H, Heydari Y, Mardpour S, Taghikhani A, khellat R, Vafaei S, Kiani S, Ghavami S, Łos M, Noureddini M, Ebrahimi M, Verdi J, Hamidieh AA. Neuropathological and genomic characterization of glioblastoma‐induced rat model: How similar is it to humans for targeted therapy? J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22493-22504. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Yasavoli‐Sharahi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology University of Science and Culture Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Mardpour
- Department of Radiology Medical Imaging Center Imam Khomeini Hospital Tehran Iran
- Department of Radiology Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fakharian
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Hassan Nikuinejad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center Baqiyataallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Yasaman Heydari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Adeleh Taghikhani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Reza khellat
- Shafa Hospital Pathobiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Cancer Care Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Marek Łos
- Biotechnology Centre Silesian Technical University of Technology Gliwice Poland
| | - Mehdi Noureddini
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Department, Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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94
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Theocharis AD, Manou D, Karamanos NK. The extracellular matrix as a multitasking player in disease. FEBS J 2019; 286:2830-2869. [PMID: 30908868 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are highly specialized and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds into which cells reside in tissues. ECM is composed of a variety of fibrillar components, such as collagens, fibronectin, and elastin, and non-fibrillar molecules as proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and glycoproteins including matricellular proteins. These macromolecular components are interconnected forming complex networks that actively communicate with cells through binding to cell surface receptors and/or matrix effectors. ECMs exert diverse roles, either providing tissues with structural integrity and mechanical properties essential for tissue functions or regulating cell phenotype and functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM molecular composition and structure vary among tissues, and is markedly modified during normal tissue repair as well as during the progression of various diseases. Actually, abnormal ECM remodeling occurring in pathologic circumstances drives disease progression by regulating cell-matrix interactions. The importance of matrix molecules to normal tissue functions is also highlighted by mutations in matrix genes that give rise to genetic disorders with diverse clinical phenotypes. In this review, we present critical and emerging issues related to matrix assembly in tissues and the multitasking roles for ECM in diseases such as osteoarthritis, fibrosis, cancer, and genetic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the various matrix-based diseases are also discussed. Research focused on the highly dynamic 3D ECM networks will help to discover matrix-related causative abnormalities of diseases as well as novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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95
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Pappas AG, Magkouta S, Pateras IS, Skianis I, Moschos C, Vazakidou ME, Psarra K, Gorgoulis VG, Kalomenidis I. Versican modulates tumor-associated macrophage properties to stimulate mesothelioma growth. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1537427. [PMID: 30713792 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1537427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican promotes experimental tumor growth through cell- and non cell-autonomous mechanisms. Its role in mesothelioma progression has not been investigated so far. In this study we investigated the impact of tumor-derived versican in mesothelioma progression and the underlying mechanism of its action. For this purpose, versican-silenced or control ΑΕ17 and ΑΒ1 murine mesothelioma cells were intrapleuraly injected into syngeneic mice, in order to create pleural mesotheliomas and pleural effusions. Intratumoral and pleural immune subsets were assessed using flow cytometry. Mesothelioma cells were co-cultured with syngeneic macrophages to examine versican's impact on their interaction and endothelial cells to assess the effect of versican in endothelial permeability. Versican expression was assessed in human mesotheliomas and mesothelioma-related pleural effusions and benign pleural tissue and effusions. We observed that, versican silencing reduced mesothelioma mass and pleural fluid volume by affecting tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo, while tumor cell growth remained intact in vitro, and limited pleural vascular permeability. Mice harboring versican-deficient tumors presented fewer tumor/pleural macrophages and neutrophils, and fewer pleural T-regulatory cells, compared to the control animals. Macrophages co-cultured with versican-deficient mesothelioma cells were polarized towards M1 anti-tumor phenotype and demonstrated increased tumor cell phagocytic capacity, compared to macrophages co-cultured with control tumor cells. In co-culture, endothelial monolayer permeability was less effectively stimulated by versican-deficient cells than control cells. Versican was over-expressed in human mesothelioma tissue and mesothelioma-associated effusion. In conclusion, tumor cell-derived versican stimulates mesothelioma progression by shaping a tumor friendly inflammatory milieu, mainly by blunting macrophage anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos G Pappas
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Magkouta
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skianis
- Applied Econometrics & Data Analysis, Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economic & Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Moschos
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Vazakidou
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katherina Psarra
- Department of Immunology - Histocompatibility, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ioannis Kalomenidis
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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96
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Almiron Bonnin DA, Havrda MC, Israel MA. Glioma Cell Secretion: A Driver of Tumor Progression and a Potential Therapeutic Target. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6031-6039. [PMID: 30333116 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular secretion is an important mediator of cancer progression. Secreted molecules in glioma are key components of complex autocrine and paracrine pathways that mediate multiple oncogenic pathologies. In this review, we describe tumor cell secretion in high-grade glioma and highlight potential novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6031-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Almiron Bonnin
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Mark A Israel
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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97
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Qian J, Luo F, Yang J, Liu J, Liu R, Wang L, Wang C, Deng Y, Lu Z, Wang Y, Lu M, Wang JY, Chu Y. TLR2 Promotes Glioma Immune Evasion by Downregulating MHC Class II Molecules in Microglia. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1220-1233. [PMID: 30131377 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas, the most common primary neoplasms in the brain, are notorious for their ability to evade the immune response. Despite microglial infiltration in gliomas, expression of MHC class II molecules in those microglia is compromised. Here, we report that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation downregulated expression of MHC class II molecules in microglia in an orthotopic murine glioma model. TLR2-induced microglial impairment hindered the proliferation and activation of CD4+ T cells, which facilitated glioma immune evasion. TLR2-induced downregulation of MHC class II molecules was caused by suppression of the master regulator of MHC class II molecule transcription, Ciita TLR2 activation triggered downstream MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling and loss of histone H3 acetylation at Ciita promoters, which in turn inhibited Ciita expression. In glioblastoma tissues, various endogenous TLR2 ligands, including the heat shock proteins that are endogenous TLR2 ligands, were upregulated, a response that correlated with CIITA inhibition. Thus, TLR2 promotes glioma immune-system evasion. These results advance our understanding of microglia as antigen-presenting cells in the context of glioma. In the glioma tumor microenvironment, TLR2 activation of microglia induces downregulation of microglial MHC class II expression. Impaired MHC class II expression limits T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1220-33. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuedi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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98
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Mack M. Inflammation and fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:106-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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99
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Chen Z, Hambardzumyan D. Immune Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Subtypes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1004. [PMID: 29867979 PMCID: PMC5951930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors. Due to their malignant growth and invasion into the brain parenchyma coupled with resistance to therapy, GBMs are among the deadliest of all cancers. GBMs are highly heterogeneous at both the molecular and histological levels. Hallmark histological structures include pseudopalisading necrosis and microvascular proliferation. In addition to high levels of intratumoral heterogeneity, GBMs also exhibit high levels of inter-tumoral heterogeneity. The major non-neoplastic cell population in the GBM microenvironment includes cells of the innate immune system called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Correlative data from the literature suggest that molecularly distinct GBM subtypes exhibit differences in their microenvironment. Data from mouse models of GBM suggest that genetic driver mutations can create unique microenvironments. Here, we review the origin, features, and functions of TAMs in distinct GBM subtypes. We also discuss their interactions with other immune cell constituents and discuss prospects of therapeutically targeting TAMs to increase the efficacy of T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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100
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Cornelison RC, Munson JM. Perspective on Translating Biomaterials Into Glioma Therapy: Lessons From in vitro Models. FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS 2018; 5:27. [PMID: 30911536 PMCID: PMC6430582 DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer. Even with aggressive standard of care, GBM almost always recurs because its diffuse, infiltrative nature makes these tumors difficult to treat. The use of biomaterials is one strategy that has been, and is being, employed to study and overcome recurrence. Biomaterials have been used in GBM in two ways: in vitro as mediums in which to model the tumor microenvironment, and in vivo to sustain release of cytotoxic therapeutics. In vitro systems are a useful platform for studying the effects of drugs and tissue-level effectors on tumor cells in a physiologically relevant context. These systems have aided examination of how glioma cells respond to a variety of natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic biomaterials with varying substrate properties, biochemical factor presentations, and non-malignant parenchymal cell compositions in both 2D and 3D environments. The current in vivo paradigm is completely different, however. Polymeric implants are simply used to line the post-surgical resection cavities and deliver secondary therapies, offering moderate impacts on survival. Instead, perhaps we can use the data generated from in vitro systems to design novel biomaterial-based treatments for GBM akin to a tissue engineering approach. Here we offer our perspective on the topic, summarizing how biomaterials have been used to identify facets of glioma biology in vitro and discussing the elements that show promise for translating these systems in vivo as new therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Chase Cornelison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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