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Hieda M, Howden EJ, Sarma S, Cornwell W, Lawley JS, Tarumi T, Palmer D, Samels M, Everding B, Livingston S, Fu Q, Zhang R, Levine BD. The impact of 2 years of high-intensity exercise training on a model of integrated cardiovascular regulation. J Physiol 2018; 597:419-429. [PMID: 30387144 DOI: 10.1113/jp276676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Heart rate variability, a common and easily measured index of cardiovascular dynamics, is the output variable of complicated cardiovascular and respiratory control systems. Both neural and non-neural control mechanisms may contribute to changes in heart rate variability. We previously developed an innovative method using transfer function analysis to assess the effect of prolonged exercise training on integrated cardiovascular regulation. In the present study, we modified and applied this to investigate the effect of 2 years of high-intensity training on circulatory components to tease out the primary effects of training. Our method incorporated the dynamic Starling mechanism, dynamic arterial elastance and arterial-cardiac baroreflex function. The dynamic Starling mechanism gain and arterial-cardiac baroreflex gain were significantly increased in the exercise group. These parameters remained unchanged in the controls. Conversely, neither group experienced a change in dynamic arterial elastance. The integrated cardiovascular regulation gain in the exercise group was 1.34-fold larger than that in the control group after the intervention. In these previously sedentary, otherwise healthy, middle-aged adults, 2 years of high-intensity exercise training improved integrated cardiovascular regulation by enhancing the dynamic Starling mechanism and arterial-cardiac baroreflex sensitivity. ABSTRACT Assessing the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular variability is challenging because of the complexity of multiple mechanisms. In a prospective, parallel-group, randomized controlled study, we examined the effect of 2 years of high-intensity exercise training on integrated cardiovascular function, which incorporates the dynamic Starling mechanism, dynamic arterial elastance and arterial-cardiac baroreflex function. Sixty-one healthy participants (48% male, aged 53 years, range 52-54 years) were randomized to either 2 years of exercise training (exercise group: n = 34) or control/yoga group (controls: n = 27). Before and after 2 years, subjects underwent a 6 min recording of beat-by-beat pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PAD), stroke volume index (SV index), systolic blood pressure (sBP) and RR interval measurements with controlled respiration at 0.2 Hz. The dynamic Starling mechanism, dynamic arterial elastance and arterial-cardiac baroreflex function were calculated by transfer function gain between PAD and SV index; SV index and sBP; and sBP and RR interval, respectively. Fifty-three participants (controls: n = 25; exercise group: n = 28) completed the intervention. After 2 years, the dynamic Starling mechanism gain (Group × Time interaction: P = 0.008) and the arterial-cardiac baroreflex gain (P = 0.005) were significantly increased in the exercise group but remained unchanged in the controls. There was no change in dynamic arterial elastance in either of the two groups. The integrated cardiovascular function gain in the exercise group increased 1.34-fold, whereas there was no change in the controls (P = 0.02). In these previously sedentary, otherwise healthy middle-aged adults, a 2 year programme of high-intensity exercise training improved integrated cardiovascular regulation by enhancing the dynamic Starling mechanism and arterial-cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, without changing dynamic arterial elastance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Hieda
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Erin J Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - William Cornwell
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA.,University of Colorado, School of Medicine, CO, USA
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA.,University of Innsbruck, Department of Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA.,Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dean Palmer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Mitchel Samels
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Braden Everding
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Sheryl Livingston
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, TX, USA
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Impact of high- and low-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in adults across the lifespan: a review. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:467-478. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lee SH, Scott SD, Pekas EJ, Lee S, Lee SH, Park SY. Taekwondo training reduces blood catecholamine levels and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with stage-2 hypertension: randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:675-681. [PMID: 30388905 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1539093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Menopause is associated with a progressive impairment of vascular function and muscular strength in women. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine if Taekwondo training could improve blood catecholamine levels, arterial stiffness, blood pressure (BP) and skeletal muscle strength in postmenopausal women with stage-2 hypertension. Methods: 20 postmenopausal women (70 ± 4 years old) with stage-2 hypertension were randomly assigned to a 1) Taekwondo training (TT; n = 10) or 2) Control (CON; n = 10) group. Taekwondo training was performed for 60 minutes/day, 3 days/week for 12-weeks. Results: There were significant (P < 0.05) group by time interactions for resting epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE) levels, with EP decreasing in the TT group and NE increasing in the CON group. Additionally, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, resting heart rate, and BP were significantly decreased, while hand grip and leg strength were significantly increased in the TT group compared to CON group. Conclusion: These results suggest that Taekwondo training can be a novel and beneficial mode of exercise for improving cardiovascular function and muscular strength in this population. Abbreviations: TT: Taekwondo training group; CON: control group; EP: epinephrine; NE: norepinephrine; ANS: autonomic nervous system; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Lee
- a Department of Taekwondo Mission, Kosin University , Busan , Korea
| | - Steven D Scott
- b School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Elizabeth J Pekas
- b School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
| | - Seok Hoon Lee
- d Department of Leisure & Sports Science, Dong-Eui University , Busan , Korea
| | - Song Young Park
- a Department of Taekwondo Mission, Kosin University , Busan , Korea.,b School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
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The Effects of a 12-Week Combined Exercise Training Program on Arterial Stiffness, Vasoactive Substances, Inflammatory Markers, Metabolic Profile, and Body Composition in Obese Adolescent Girls. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:480-486. [PMID: 30193554 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood and adolescent obesity is a major international public health crisis. It is crucial to prevent the negative effects of obesity at an early age by implementing appropriate lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. We evaluated the effects of a combined resistance and aerobic exercise training (CET) regimen on arterial stiffness, vasoactive substances, inflammatory markers, metabolic profile, and body composition in obese adolescent girls. METHODS A total of 30 obese adolescent girls were randomly assigned to a CET (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). The CET group trained for 3 days per week. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, C-reactive protein, arterial stiffness, glucose, insulin, the adiponectin/leptin ratio, and body fat were measured before and after 12 weeks. RESULTS There were significant increases (P < .05) in nitric oxide (4.0 μM) and adiponectin/leptin ratio (0.33); and decreases (P < .05) in arterial stiffness (-1.0 m/s), C-reactive protein (-0.5 mg/L), glucose (-1.2 mmol/L), insulin (-17.1 μU/mL), and body fat (-3.6%) following CET compared with control. There were no significant changes in endothelin-1 after CET or control. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that CET improves arterial stiffness, nitric oxide, and inflammatory and metabolic markers in obese adolescent girls. CET may have important health implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis at an early age.
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Effects of Resistance Training on Arterial Stiffness in Persons at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:2785-2795. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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56
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Effect of exercise order of combined aerobic and resistance training on arterial stiffness in older men. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise Training in Postmenopausal Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092523. [PMID: 30149647 PMCID: PMC6163560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is often considered the cornerstone of nonpharmacological therapy for postmenopausal hypertension while aerobic exercise is the mainstay of life style modification for antihypertension. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is well tolerated on most days of the week by most people with postmenopausal hypertension and is not suspected to detract from exercise adherence. That being said, moderate aerobic exercise may be superior for eliciting cardiovascular benefits in hypertensive postmenopausal women and resistance exercise may offer desirable benefits. The beneficial outcomes of exercise training for hypertensive postmenopausal women include improvements in blood pressure, autonomic tone, baroreflex sensitivity, oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO), bioavailability, and lipid profiles, as well as cardiovascular function and cardiorespiratory fitness. This partly explains the fact that exercise training programs have a positive effect for cardiovascular disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women. This review is to collect and present the literature of exercise training in postmenopausal hypertension. Our review may provide the current understanding of beneficial effects and mechanisms of exercise intervention for prevention and treatment of stage 1 to 2 hypertensive postmenopausal women.
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Ogola BO, Zimmerman MA, Clark GL, Abshire CM, Gentry KM, Miller KS, Lindsey SH. New insights into arterial stiffening: does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1073-H1087. [PMID: 30028199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses sexual dimorphism in arterial stiffening, disease pathology interactions, and the influence of sex on mechanisms and pathways. Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular mortality independent of blood pressure. Patients with increased arterial stiffness have a 48% higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Like other cardiovascular pathologies, arterial stiffness is sexually dimorphic. Young women have lower stiffness than aged-matched men, but this sex difference reverses during normal aging. Estrogen therapy does not attenuate progressive stiffening in postmenopausal women, indicating that currently prescribed drugs do not confer protection. Although remodeling of large arteries is a protective adaptation to higher wall stress, arterial stiffening increases afterload to the left ventricle and transmits higher pulsatile pressure to smaller arteries and target organs. Moreover, an increase in aortic stiffness may precede or exacerbate hypertension, particularly during aging. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which females are protected from arterial stiffness to provide insight into its mechanisms and, ultimately, therapeutic targets for treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gabrielle L Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Caleb M Abshire
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristin S Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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59
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Stair climbing exercise as a novel health intervention for menopause: cardiovascular and skeletal muscle implications. Menopause 2018; 25:721-722. [PMID: 29939891 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Bharath LP, Choi WW, Cho JM, Skobodzinski AA, Wong A, Sweeney TE, Park SY. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise training reduces insulin resistance and central adiposity in adolescent girls who are obese: randomized clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1653-1660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kujawski S, Kujawska A, Gajos M, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Stankiewicz B, Newton JL, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Zalewski P. Effects of 3-months sitting callisthenic balance and resistance exercise on aerobic capacity, aortic stiffness and body composition in healthy older participants. Randomized Controlled Trial. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:125-130. [PMID: 29655928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffness (AS) is a reduction in the ability of large arteries to readily accommodate the increase in blood ejected from the heart during systole related with aging. Physical exercise is associated with AS reduction. However, it remains controversial as to which modality and intensity (resistance vs aerobic, high vs low) would be the most effective. The aim of these studies is to examine the effects of 3-months sitting callisthenic balance (SCB) and resistance exercise (RET) on aerobic capacity, aortic stiffness and body composition in older participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao), return time (RT), diastolic reflection area (DRA) and blood pressure (BP) level changes were measured with Arteriograph. Aerobic capacity was examined with 6-min walk test (6-MWT) and spiroergometry (VO2max). Body composition was analyzed by Bioelectric Impedance Analysis using Tanita. RESULTS Significant improvements of BP, PWVao, RT and DRA were observed in the SCB group (p = 0.018, p = 0.017 and p = 0.012, respectively). % of fat mass improved in RET and SCB group (p = 0.003, p = 0.012, respectively). Visceral fat significantly improved in SCB group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Despite no significant changes in indicators of aerobic capacity (VO2max and 6MWT result) in both groups, significant improvement in all measures of AS, except SBPao were observed in the SCB group, while no AS improvement in the RET group was noted. There were some differences in pattern of body compositions improvement between two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Division of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kujawska
- Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland; Department of Geriatrics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajos
- Department of Geriatrics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Division of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mądra-Gackowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Julia L Newton
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Division of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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Combined exercise reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and blood markers for cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Menopause 2018; 24:262-268. [PMID: 27779565 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal women exhibit elevated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), an indicator of arterial stiffness, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of combined resistance and aerobic exercise training on baPWV, blood pressure (BP), and cardiovascular fitness in postmenopausal women with stage 1 hypertension. METHODS Twenty postmenopausal women (age, 75 ± 2 y; systolic BP, 152 ± 2 mm Hg, diastolic BP, 95 ± 3 mm Hg) were randomly assigned to a "no-exercise" (CON, n = 10) or combined exercise (EX, n = 10) group. The EX group performed resistance and aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, 3 times per week. Exercise intensity was increased gradually, from 40% to 70% of heart rate reserve, every 4 weeks. BaPWV, BP, blood nitrite/nitrate, endothelin-1 (ET-1), cardiovascular fitness, and body composition were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS BP, baPWV (-1.2 ± 0.4 m/s), ET-1 (-2.7 ± 0.3 μmol/mL), nitrite/nitrate (+4.5 ± 0.5 μM), functional capacity, and body composition were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the EX group after 12 weeks of training, but no changes were observed in the CON group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that 12 weeks of combined exercise training improves arterial stiffness, BP, ET-1, blood nitrite/nitrate, functional capacity, and body composition in postmenopausal women with stage 1 hypertension. Thus, this study provides evidence that combined exercise training is a useful therapeutic method to improve cardiovascular health which can reduce cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women with hypertension.
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Diniz TA, Rossi FE, Buonani C, Mota J, Forte Freitas-Junior I. EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO COMO TRATAMENTO NÃO FARMACOLÓGICO PARA A MELHORA DA SAÚDE PÓS-MENOPAUSA. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172304156418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O período da pós-menopausa é caracterizado por 12 meses consecutivos de amenorreia. Além de afetar o sistema reprodutivo e a produção de hormônios sexuais, principalmente o estrógeno, essas mulheres apresentam aumento da gordura corporal total, principalmente na região central, o que está relacionado com o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças crônicas, como dislipidemia, aterosclerose e resistência à insulina. Dessa forma, diferentes programas de exercício físico, aeróbico, resistido ou combinado (aeróbico e resistido em uma mesma sessão) podem ser uma forma interessante de tratamento não farmacológico para a prevenção e melhora dos desfechos. Entretanto, as adaptações promovidas pelos diferentes programas de exercício sobre a composição corporal, perfil lipídico e glicêmico não estão claras na literatura e precisam ser elucidadas. Assim sendo, esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir as diferentes adaptações do treinamento aeróbico, resistido e combinado na composição corporal, perfil lipídico e glicêmico de mulheres na pós-menopausa.
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Son WM, Sung KD, Bharath LP, Choi KJ, Park SY. Combined exercise training reduces blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and insulin resistance in obese prehypertensive adolescent girls. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:546-552. [PMID: 28590143 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1288742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is strongly linked to pathological processes for cardiovascular diseases in later adulthood. Obese adolescent girls with high blood pressure (BP) are reported to have increased arterial stiffness, which is associated with the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. The present study sought to examine the impact of combined resistance and aerobic exercise (CRAE) training on BP, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), insulin resistance (IR), and body composition in obese prehypertensive girls. Forty girls (age, 15 ± 1 years; systolic BP, 132 ± 2 mmHg, diastolic BP, 80 ± 5 mmHg) were randomly assigned to either a combined exercise (EX, n = 20) or no exercise group (CON, n = 20). The EX group performed CRAE for 12 weeks, 3 times per week. BP, baPWV, blood nitrite/nitrate, endothelin-1 (ET-1), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body composition were measured before and after the exercise intervention. BP (∆-7.3 ± 2.67 mmHg), baPWV (∆-1.23 ± 0.49 m/s), ET-1 (∆-14.35 ± 1.76 μmol/mL), nitrite/nitrate (∆0.5 ± 0.09 μM), HOMA-IR (∆-1.4 ± 0.07), percent body fat (∆-1.35 ± 0.9%), and waist circumference were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the EX group after 12 weeks of training versus the CON group. These findings indicate that 12 weeks of CRAE improves BP, HOMA-IR, and arterial stiffness and reduces central adiposity in obese adolescent girls with prehypertension. Thus, this study provides evidence that CRAE can be a useful therapeutic treatment for high BP, IR, and central adiposity, thereby reducing the likelihood of pathological development for cardiovascular diseases in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Mok Son
- a Department of Ocean Physical Education , National Korea Maritime and Ocean University , Busan , Korea.,b Department of Physical Education , Pusan National University , Busan , Korea
| | - Ki-Dong Sung
- b Department of Physical Education , Pusan National University , Busan , Korea
| | - Leena P Bharath
- c Department of Microbiology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kong-Jib Choi
- d Department of Taekwondo , Sehan University , Yeonam , Korea
| | - Song-Young Park
- b Department of Physical Education , Pusan National University , Busan , Korea.,e Department of Cardiology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,f School of Health and Kinesiology , University of Nebraska-Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
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Yaginuma Y, Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Kitamura T, Kawanishi M, Fukunaga T. Can Handgrip Strength Improve Following Body Mass-Based Lower Body Exercise? Biores Open Access 2017; 6:19-27. [PMID: 28451471 PMCID: PMC5385419 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee extension strength (KES) improves following body mass-based lower body exercise training; however, it is unknown whether this type of exercise increases handgrip strength (HGS) as a result of a cross-education effect in older individuals. Our aim was to investigate the effect of a body mass-based exercise intervention on HGS and KES in older adults. At baseline, 166 subjects started a 12-week intervention program, and 160 (108 women and 52 men) subjects completed the study. A self-selected group of 37 older adults (21 women and 16 men) served as a control group. HGS, KES, and ultrasound-derived anterior thigh muscle thickness (anterior thigh MT) were measured at baseline and post-testing, and relative strength of the knee extensor (KES/anterior thigh MT) was calculated. A linear regression model controlling for baseline values of body–mass index, % body fat, fat-free mass, HGS, chair stand time, anterior thigh MT, and KES/body mass ratio found a significant difference between control and training groups for KES post-testing values (p = 0.001) and anterior thigh MT post-testing values (p = 0.012), but not for HGS post-testing values (p = 0.287). Our results suggest that increases in lower body strength and muscle size following a 12-week lower body mass-based exercise intervention fail to translate into improvements in HGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yaginuma
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Robert S Thiebaud
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Takahiro Kitamura
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawanishi
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Fukunaga
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
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Faconti L, Silva MJ, Molaodi OR, Enayat ZE, Cassidy A, Karamanos A, Nanino E, Read UM, Dall P, Stansfield B, Harding S, Cruickshank KJ. Can arterial wave augmentation in young adults help account for variability of cardiovascular risk in different British ethnic groups? J Hypertens 2016; 34:2220-6. [PMID: 27490950 PMCID: PMC5051531 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not fully account for ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease. We tested if arterial function indices, particularly augmentation index (AIx), and their determinants from childhood could underlie such ethnic variability among young British adults in the 'DASH' longitudinal study. METHODS DASH, at http://dash.sphsu.mrc.ac.uk/, includes representative samples of six main British ethnic groups. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and AIx were recorded using the Arteriograph device at ages 21-23 years in a subsample (n = 666); psychosocial, anthropometric, and blood pressure (BP) measures were collected then and in two previous surveys at ages 11-13 years and 14-16 years. For n = 334, physical activity was measured over 5 days (ActivPal). RESULTS Unadjusted values and regression models for PWVs were similar or lower in ethnic minority than in White UK young adults, whereas AIx was higher - Caribbean (14.9, 95% confidence interval 12.3-17.0%), West African (15.3, 12.9-17.7%), Indian (15.1, 13.0-17.2%), and Pakistani/Bangladeshi (15.7, 13.7-17.7%), compared with White UK (11.9, 10.2-13.6%). In multivariate models, adjusted for sex, central SBP, height, and heart rate, Indian and Pakistani/Bangladeshi young adults had higher AIx (β = 3.35, 4.20, respectively, P < 0.01) than White UK with a similar trend for West Africans and Caribbeans but not statistically significant. Unlike PWV, physical activity, psychosocial or deprivation measures were not associated with AIx, with borderline associations from brachial BP but no other childhood variables. CONCLUSION Early adult AIx, but not arterial stiffness, may be a useful tool for testing components of excess cardiovascular risk in some ethnic minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Faconti
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | - Maria J. Silva
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | | | - Zinat E. Enayat
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | - Aidan Cassidy
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
| | - Alexis Karamanos
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | - Elisa Nanino
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | - Ursula M. Read
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
| | - Philippa Dall
- Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ben Stansfield
- Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seeromanie Harding
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
| | - Kennedy J. Cruickshank
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London; Cardiovascular and Social Epidemiology Groups, London
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Protein-Pacing and Multi-Component Exercise Training Improves Physical Performance Outcomes in Exercise-Trained Women: The PRISE 3 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060332. [PMID: 27258301 PMCID: PMC4924173 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial cardiometabolic and body composition effects of combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) and multi-mode exercise (resistance, interval, stretching, endurance; RISE) training (PRISE) in obese adults has previously been established. The current study examines PRISE on physical performance (endurance, strength and power) outcomes in healthy, physically active women. Thirty exercise-trained women (>4 days exercise/week) were randomized to either PRISE (n = 15) or a control (CON, 5-6 meals/day at 1.0 g/kg BW/day; n = 15) for 12 weeks. Muscular strength (1-RM bench press, 1-RM BP) endurance (sit-ups, SUs; push-ups, PUs), power (bench throws, BTs), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index, (AIx), and abdominal fat mass were assessed at Weeks 0 (pre) and 13 (post). At baseline, no differences existed between groups. Following the 12-week intervention, PRISE had greater gains (p < 0.05) in SUs, PUs (6 ± 7 vs. 10 ± 7, 40%; 8 ± 13 vs. 14 ± 12, 43% ∆reps, respectively), BTs (11 ± 35 vs. 44 ± 34, 75% ∆watts), AIx (1 ± 9 vs. -5 ± 11, 120%), and DBP (-5 ± 9 vs. -11 ± 11, 55% ∆mmHg). These findings suggest that combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) diet and multi-component exercise (RISE) training (PRISE) enhances muscular endurance, strength, power, and cardiovascular health in exercise-trained, active women.
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Franzen K, Reppel M, Köster J, Mortensen K. Acute and chronic effects on central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in professional rowers. Physiol Meas 2016; 37:544-53. [PMID: 26999470 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/4/544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Controversial data exist on acute and chronic effects of competitive sports on central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness. We investigated chronic as well as acute training effects in professional rowers. The trial was planned as a non-randomized, controlled pilot-study comparing athletes and controls. 13 German national team rowers (24.1 ± 1.5 years) and 12 controls (23.8 ± 0.8 years) participated. Aortic, brachial hemodynamics and arterial stiffness were measured (Arteriograph, TensioMed(®), Hungary) before and after a standardized exercise test. Chronic heart rate (49 [Formula: see text] 2 bpm versus 70 [Formula: see text] 2 bpm, p < 0.05) as well as brachial diastolic pressure (65 [Formula: see text] 2 mmHg versus 74 [Formula: see text] 2 mmHg, p < 0.05) was significantly lower in rowers. Physical power (305 [Formula: see text] 63 versus 158 [Formula: see text] 60 W, p < 0.001) was better. Chronic aortic pulse pressure (41.6 [Formula: see text] 6.0 versus 35.2 [Formula: see text] 3.8 mmHg; p < 0.01) and AIx (9.1 [Formula: see text] 5.4 versus 7.0 [Formula: see text] 10.2; p < 0.01) were significantly higher in athletes. After the all-out test (acute effects) pulse wave velocity (rowers: 6.6 [Formula: see text] 1.2 m s(-1) versus 7.8 [Formula: see text] 1.6 m s(-1), p < 0.001; control group 6.0 [Formula: see text] 0.4 m s(-1) versus 8.0 [Formula: see text] 1.4 m s(-1), p = 0.005) and heart rate (rowers: 49 [Formula: see text] 2 bpm versus 91 [Formula: see text] 3 bpm, p < 0.001; control group 70 [Formula: see text] 2 bpm versus 92 [Formula: see text] 4 bpm, p < 0.001) increased significantly in both groups. The controls' aortic AIx (7.0 [Formula: see text] 10.2 versus 2.0 [Formula: see text] 6.0; p < 0.01) decreased significantly after exercise. Professional rowers showed higher chronic aortic pulse pressure and arterial stiffness. Given the risk associated with elevated aortic pulse pressure and AIx for development of cardiovascular diseases, longterm observations of professional rowers are needed with respect to arterial stiffness and prognosis. Furthermore the acute effects need additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Franzen
- Medical Clinic III, Campus Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
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Park SY, Son WM, Kwon OS. Effects of whole body vibration training on body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and cardiovascular health. J Exerc Rehabil 2015; 11:289-95. [PMID: 26730378 PMCID: PMC4697776 DOI: 10.12965/jer.150254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has been used as a supplement to conventional exercise training such as resistance exercise training to improve skeletal muscle strength, specifically, in rehabilitation field. Recently, this exercise modality has been utilized by cardiovascular studies to examine whether WBVT can be a useful exercise modality to improve cardiovascular health. These studies reported that WBVT has not only beneficial effects on muscular strength but also cardiovascular health in elderly and disease population. However, its mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of WBVT in cardiovascular health has not been well documented. Therefore, this review highlighted the impacts of WBVT on cardiovascular health, and its mechanisms in conjunction with the improved muscular strength and body composition in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Young Park
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won-Mok Son
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Oh-Sung Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Kim BC, Kim MK, Han K, Lee SY, Lee SH, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Merchant AT, Yim HW, Lee WC, Park YG, Park YM. Low muscle mass is associated with metabolic syndrome only in nonobese young adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. Nutr Res 2015; 35:1070-8. [PMID: 26602833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between body composition and metabolic risk factors in young adults. We hypothesized that low muscle mass (LMM) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in young adults and that the associations vary by obesity. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. In total, 5300 young adults aged 19 to 39 years were evaluated. Low muscle mass was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight less than 1 SD below the mean for each participant's corresponding sex and age group. Obesity was defined as a body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2. The prevalence of LMM was higher in obese than nonobese participants (37.6% vs. 9.6%). In the nonobese participants, the prevalence of MetS, high waist circumference, high triglycerides, and high blood pressure was significantly greater in the LMM group than in the high muscle mass group. In the nonobese group, compared with high muscle mass participants, those with LMM had odds ratios for MetS of 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.48-8.76; P < .001) and 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.48-8.71; P < .001) in men and women, respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors. However, no significant association of LMM with MetS or its components was found in obese participants. In conclusion, our results suggest that young adults with LMM may have a high risk of MetS, especially when they are nonobese. Interventions aimed at increasing muscle mass at younger ages may have the potential to reduce MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Kim
- School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Young Lee
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Effects of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Central Arterial Stiffness and Gait Velocity in Patients with Chronic Poststroke Hemiparesis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 94:687-95. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Dijk SC, Swart KMA, Ham AC, Enneman AW, van Wijngaarden JP, Feskens EJ, Geleijnse JM, de Jongh RT, Blom HJ, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, de Groot LCPGM, van Schoor NM, Lips P, Uitterlinden AG, Mattace Raso FUS, Smulders YM, van den Meiracker AH, van der Velde N. Physical Fitness, Activity and Hand-Grip Strength Are Not Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Older Individuals. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:779-84. [PMID: 26193863 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whereas evidence exists about the benefits of intensive exercise on cardiovascular outcomes in older adults, data are lacking regarding long-term effects of physical fitness and physical activity on cardiovascular health. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal association of physical fitness, physical activity and muscle strength with arterial stiffness measures. DESIGN a longitudinal follow-up study (2 years) of data from the B-PROOF study. SETTING a subgroup of the B-PROOF study (n=497). PARTICIPANTS Four hundred ninety-seven participants with a mean age of 72.1 years (SD 5.4) of which 57% was male. MEASUREMENTS All performed at baseline and after two-year follow-up. Arterial stiffness was estimated by pulse wave velocity (PWV) measured with applanation tonometry. Furthermore, augmentation index (AIx) and aortic pulse pressure (PP) were assessed. Physical activity was estimated using a validated questionnaire regarding daily activities. Physical fitness was measured with a physical performance score, resulting from a walking, chair-stand and balance test. Muscle strength was assessed with hand-grip strength using a handheld dynamometer. RESULTS The median performance score was 9.0 [IQR 8.0-11.0], the mean physical activity was 744.4 (SD 539.4) kcal/day and the mean hand-grip strength was 33.1 (SD 10.2) kg. AIx differed between the baseline and follow-up measurement (26.2% (SD 10.1) vs. 28.1% (SD 9.9); p < 0.01), whereas PWV and aortic PP did not. In multivariable linear regression analysis, physical performance, physical activity and hand-grip strength at baseline were not associated with the amount of arterial stiffness after two years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Physical fitness, activity and muscle strength were not associated with arterial stiffness. More research is warranted to elucidate the long-term effects of daily and intensive physical activity on arterial stiffness in an elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C van Dijk
- S.C. van Dijk, MD, Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Phone: +31 10 70 35979 ; Fax: +31 10 70 34768 ; E:
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Andersson C, Lyass A, Larson MG, Spartano NL, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ, Murabito JM, Esliger DW, Blease SJ, Hamburg NM, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Physical activity measured by accelerometry and its associations with cardiac structure and vascular function in young and middle-aged adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001528. [PMID: 25792127 PMCID: PMC4392434 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with several health benefits, including lower cardiovascular disease risk. The independent influence of physical activity on cardiac and vascular function in the community, however, has been sparsely investigated. MEASURES AND RESULTS We related objective measures of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA, assessed by accelerometry) to cardiac and vascular indices in 2376 participants of the Framingham Heart Study third generation cohort (54% women, mean age 47 years). Using multivariable regression models, we related MVPA to the following echocardiographic and vascular measures: left ventricular mass, left atrial and aortic root sizes, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and forward pressure wave. Men and women engaged in MVPA 29.9±21.4 and 25.5±19.4 min/day, respectively. Higher values of MVPA (per 10-minute increment) were associated with lower carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (estimate -0.53 ms/m; P=0.006) and lower forward pressure wave (estimate -0.23 mm Hg; P=0.03) but were not associated with augmentation index (estimate 0.13%; P=0.25). MVPA was associated positively with log(e) left ventricular mass (estimate 0.006 log(e) [g/m(2)]; P=0.0003), left ventricular wall thickness (estimate 0.07 mm; P=0.0001), and left atrial dimension (estimate 0.10 mm; P=0.01). MVPA also tended to be positively associated with aortic root dimension (estimate 0.05 mm; P=0.052). Associations of MVPA with cardiovascular measures were similar, in general, for bouts lasting <10 versus ≥10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS In our community-based sample, greater physical activity was associated with lower vascular stiffness but with higher echocardiographic left ventricular mass and left atrial size. These findings suggest complex relations of usual levels of physical activity and cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andersson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.A.)
| | - Asya Lyass
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (A.L., M.G.L.)
| | - Martin G Larson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (A.L., M.G.L.)
| | - Nicole L Spartano
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | - Joseph A Vita
- The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.)
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.)
| | - Dale W Esliger
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (D.W.E.)
| | - Susan J Blease
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.)
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (N.L.S., J.A.V., N.M.H.)
| | | | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (C.A., A.L., M.G.L., E.J.B., J.M.M., S.J.B., R.S.V.) Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.A., N.L.S., E.J.B., J.M.M., R.S.V.) Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.)
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Menêses AL, Forjaz CLDM, de Lima PFM, Batista RMF, Monteiro MDF, Ritti-Dias RM. Influence of Endurance and Resistance Exercise Order on the Postexercise Hemodynamic Responses in Hypertensive Women. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:612-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kim JH, Cho JJ, Park YS. Relationship between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk as estimated by the Framingham risk score. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:264-71. [PMID: 25729248 PMCID: PMC4330480 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Korean adults (n=3,320; ≥40 yr) who participated in the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight was calculated for each participant; participants with values <1 standard deviation below the mean reference value (i.e., aged 20-39 yr) were considered sarcopenic. Subjects were further classified into 4 groups according to their obesity (i.e., body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2)) and sarcopenic status. Individuals' 10-yr CVD risk was determined using the Framingham risk model. The sarcopenic obese group had more participants (43.8% men, 14.6% women) with a high risk of CVD (≥20%). The sarcopenic obese group was associated with an increased 10-yr CVD risk than the non-sarcopenic, non-obese group (odds ratio [OR], 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-4.06, P<0.001 in men; OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.02-3.41, P=0.041 in women). Sarcopenic non-obese and non-sarcopenic obese subjects were not associated with an increased 10-yr CVD risk. Sarcopenic obesity, but not non-sarcopenic obesity, was closely associated with an increased CVD risk in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Yong Soon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Montero D, Vinet A, Roberts CK. Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training on arterial stiffness. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:69-76. [PMID: 25464222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While aerobic exercise training may decrease arterial stiffness, the impact of combined aerobic and resistance training is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on arterial stiffness, as determined by arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), and compare it with aerobic training. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched through November 2013 for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of aerobic or combined aerobic and resistance training on PWV. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) in PWV between exercise and control groups. Subgroup analyses were used to study potential moderating factors. RESULTS Twenty-one randomized controlled trials comparing exercise and control groups (overall n=752), met the inclusion criteria. After data pooling, PWV was decreased in aerobic trained groups compared with controls (10 trials, SMD=-0.52, 95% CI= -0.76, -0.27; P<0.0001) but did not reach statistical significance in combined trained groups compared with controls (11 trials, SMD=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.50, 0.04; P=0.10). The effect in aerobic trained groups did not differ compared with combined trained groups (P=0.12). In addition, aerobic training resulted in significantly lower SMD in PWV compared with combined training in interventions including a higher volume of aerobic training or assessing carotid-femoral PWV. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that combined aerobic and resistance training interventions may have reduced beneficial effects on arterial stiffness compared with control interventions, but do not appear to differ significantly with aerobic training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- Avignon University, LAPEC EA4278, F-84000 Avignon, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Agnès Vinet
- Avignon University, LAPEC EA4278, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Bang HS, Seo DY, Chung YM, Oh KM, Park JJ, Arturo F, Jeong SH, Kim N, Han J. Ursolic Acid-induced elevation of serum irisin augments muscle strength during resistance training in men. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:441-6. [PMID: 25352765 PMCID: PMC4211129 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a type of pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid purified from natural plants, can promote skeletal muscle development. We measured the effect of resistance training (RT) with/without UA on skeletal muscle development and related factors in men. Sixteen healthy male participants (age, 29.37±5.14 years; body mass index=27.13±2.16 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to RT (n=7) or RT with UA (RT+UA, n=9) groups. Both groups completed 8 weeks of intervention consisting of 5 sets of 26 exercises, with 10~15 repetitions at 60~80% of 1 repetition maximum and a 60~90-s rest interval between sets, performed 6 times/week. UA or placebo was orally ingested as 1 capsule 3 times/day for 8 weeks. The following factors were measured pre-and post-intervention: body composition, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), irisin, and skeletal muscle strength. Body fat percentage was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in the RT+UA group, despite body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, glucose, and insulin levels remaining unchanged. IGF-1 and irisin were significantly increased compared with baseline levels in the RT+UA group (p<0.05). Maximal right and left extension (p<0.01), right flexion (p<0.05), and left flexion (p<0.001) were significantly increased compared with baseline levels in the RT+UA group. These findings suggest that UA-induced elevation of serum irisin may be useful as an agent for the enhancement of skeletal muscle strength during RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Bang
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Yong Min Chung
- Department of Physical Education, Tongmyong University, Busan 608-711, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mo Oh
- Department of Physical Education, Pukyong University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Jung Jun Park
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Figueroa Arturo
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, USA
| | - Seung-Hun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
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79
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Ashor AW, Lara J, Siervo M, Celis-Morales C, Mathers JC. Effects of exercise modalities on arterial stiffness and wave reflection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110034. [PMID: 25333969 PMCID: PMC4198209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Physical activity is associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, the effects of different exercise modalities on arterial stiffness are currently unclear. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance or combined) on pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), and to determine whether the effects on these indices differed according to the participants' or exercise characteristics. METHODS We searched the Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception until April 2014 for randomized controlled trials lasting ≥ 4 weeks investigating the effects of exercise modalities on PWV and AIx in adults aged ≥ 18 years. RESULTS Forty-two studies (1627 participants) were included in this analysis. Aerobic exercise improved both PWV (WMD: -0.63 m/s, 95% CI: -0.90, -0.35) and AIx (WMD:-2.63%, 95% CI: -5.25 to -0.02) significantly. Aerobic exercise training showed significantly greater reduction in brachial-ankle (WMD: -1.01 m/s, 95% CI: -1.57, -0.44) than in carotid-femoral (WMD: -0.39 m/s, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.27) PWV. Higher aerobic exercise intensity was associated with larger reductions in AIx (β: -1.55%, CI -3.09, 0.0001). In addition, aerobic exercise had a significantly larger effect in reducing PWV (WMD:-1.0 m/s, 95% CI: -1.43, -0.57) in participants with stiffer arteries (PWV ≥ 8 m/s). Resistance exercise had no effect on PWV and AIx. There was no significant effect of combined exercise on PWV and AIx. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that aerobic exercise improved arterial stiffness significantly and that the effect was enhanced with higher aerobic exercise intensity and in participants with greater arterial stiffness at baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO Database registration: CRD42014009744.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar W. Ashor
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose Lara
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
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80
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Cardoso GA, Silva AS, de Souza AA, dos Santos MAP, da Silva RSB, de Lacerda LM, Motae MP. Influence of resistance training on blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome and menopause. J Hum Kinet 2014; 43:87-95. [PMID: 25713648 PMCID: PMC4332188 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the chronic and acute influence of resistance exercise on blood pressure in women with metabolic syndrome before and after climacteric. Twenty sedentary women, nine non-menopausal (RNM) and 11 menopausal (RM), performed training for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, 23 controls, 11 not menopausal (CNM) and 12 menopausal (CM), remained sedentary. Blood pressure was measured before and after the training period in conditions of rest and after a session of exercise. Training promoted variations in blood pressure at rest from 116±13 to 118±10 mmHg (p=0.73) and from 128±12 mmHg to 120±11mmHg (p=0.12) in RNM and RM, respectively. CNM and CM varied from 115±11 to 116±12 mmHg (p=0.9) and from 115±14 mmHg to 116±13 mmHg (p=0.74). Blood pressure values in one acute session did not differ between groups (p>0.05). Resistance training did not improve blood pressure in women with metabolic syndrome, regardless of climacteric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glêbia Alexa Cardoso
- Regional University Cariri-URCA, Descentralized Unit Iguatu, Department of Physical Education
| | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Physical Education, Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraiba, Laboratory Study of Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health
| | - Alesandra Araújo de Souza
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Physical Education, Graduate Associate Program in Physical Education University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraiba, Laboratory Study of Physical Training Applied to Performance and Health
| | | | | | | | - Maria Paula Motae
- Departament of Sport, Trás-os-Montes de Alto Douro University, Vila Real, Portugal
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81
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Li Y, Hanssen H, Cordes M, Rossmeissl A, Endes S, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Aerobic, resistance and combined exercise training on arterial stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive adults: A review. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:443-57. [PMID: 25251989 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.955129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training has different effects on arterial stiffness according to training modalities. The optimal exercise modality for improvement of arterial function in normotensive and hypertensive individuals has not been well established. In this review, we aim to evaluate the effects of aerobic, resistance and combined aerobic and resistance training on arterial stiffness in individuals with and without hypertension. We systematically searched the Pubmed and Web of Science database from 1985 until December 2013 for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The data were extracted by one investigator and checked by a second investigator. The training effects on arterial stiffness were estimated using weighted mean differences of the relative changes (%) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We finally reviewed the results from 17 RCTs. The available evidence indicates that aerobic exercise tends to have a beneficial effect on arterial stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients, but does not affect arterial stiffness in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Resistance exercise has differing effects on arterial stiffness depending on type and intensity. Vigorous resistance training is associated with an increase in arterial stiffness. There seem to be no unfavourable effects on arterial stiffness if the training is of low intensity, in a slow eccentric manner or with lower limb in healthy individuals. Combined training has neutral or even a beneficial effect on arterial stiffness. In conclusion, our review shows that exercise training has varying effects on arterial stiffness depending on the exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- a Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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82
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Wong AKW, Lord SR, Trollor JN, Sturnieks DL, Delbaere K, Menant J, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS, Close JCT. High Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity Is a Risk Factor for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older People. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1534-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K. W. Wong
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Stephen R. Lord
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing; School of Psychiatry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry; School of Psychiatry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Daina L. Sturnieks
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jasmine Menant
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing; School of Psychiatry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing; School of Psychiatry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jacqueline C. T. Close
- Falls and Balance Research Group; Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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83
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Kretzschmar J, Babbitt DM, Diaz KM, Feairheller DL, Sturgeon KM, Perkins AM, Veerabhadrappa P, Williamson ST, Ling C, Lee H, Grimm H, Thakkar SR, Crabbe DL, Kashem MA, Brown MD. A standardized exercise intervention differentially affects premenopausal and postmenopausal African-American women. Menopause 2014; 21:579-84. [PMID: 24193297 PMCID: PMC4013263 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African-American women represent an understudied population in menopause research yet face greater postmenopausal challenges associated with mortality than their white peers. We investigated the effects of a mild-intensity aerobic exercise training program on markers of mortality risk in both premenopausal and postmenopausal African-American women. METHODS Sixteen premenopausal women and 19 postmenopausal women underwent 6 months of mild-intensity aerobic exercise training. Measurements included markers of blood lipid and glucose profile, inflammation, kidney function, vascular health, and aerobic fitness before and after the exercise intervention. RESULTS Before the exercise intervention, the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups only differed in age, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels, with the latter two being higher in the postmenopausal group. Both triglycerides and markers of early-stage endothelial dysfunction (CD62E endothelial microparticles) improved in both groups with aerobic exercise training. Aerobic fitness, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, plasma glucose levels, and markers of late-stage endothelial dysfunction (CD31/CD42b endothelial microparticles) only improved in the premenopausal group. CONCLUSIONS Mild-intensity aerobic exercise training succeeds in improving some markers of cardiovascular disease and mortality in postmenopausal women. Higher levels of exercise intensity or perhaps additional interventions may need to be considered to further decrease mortality risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kretzschmar
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Keith M. Diaz
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah L. Feairheller
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Exercise Science Department, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Sturgeon
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M. Perkins
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Praveen Veerabhadrappa
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Education, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, PA, USA
| | - Sheara T. Williamson
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Notre Dame University of Maryland, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Chenyi Ling
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather Grimm
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunny R. Thakkar
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah L. Crabbe
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Kashem
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D. Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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84
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Wang CH, Chung MH, Chan P, Tsai JC, Chen FC. Effects of endurance exercise training on risk components for metabolic syndrome, interleukin-6, and the exercise capacity of postmenopausal women. Geriatr Nurs 2014; 35:212-8. [PMID: 24679550 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this study to investigate how an exercise program affects the risk components of metabolic syndrome (MS), serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and exercise capacity in postmenopausal women. A randomized clinical trial design was used. Women in an exercise group participated in a treadmill-exercise program for 12 weeks, whereas women in a control group maintained their customary lifestyle. Data on variables were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of the study, which was completed by 46 women (mean age, 56.0 ± 7.0 y). Our results indicate endurance exercise exerted significant beneficial effects on waist circumference, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and IL-6 levels, and exercise capacity (all P < 0.05). The beneficial effects on IL-6 and exercise capacity were correlated with improvements in HDL-C levels (r = -0.33, P = 0.03 and r = 0.31, P = 0.04, respectively). Our results suggest that health-care providers can incorporate an exercise program in treatments to improve the health of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Nursing, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Huey Chung
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Paul Chan
- College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Chen Tsai
- School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Feng-Chia Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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85
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Figueroa A, Wong A, Kinsey A, Kalfon R, Eddy W, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:338-44. [PMID: 24300595 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and reduced muscle strength are associated with increased blood pressure (BP). We examined the impact of milk proteins and combined exercise training (CET) on BP, arterial function, and muscle strength (one-repetition maximum (1-RM)). METHODS Thirty-three obese sedentary women (age = 30 ± 1 years; body mass index = 35.2 ± 0.9 kg/m(2); systolic BP (SBP) = 129 ± 2 mm Hg) were randomized to control carbohydrate (n = 11), whey (n = 11), and casein (n = 11) supplementation for 4 weeks. All participants performed moderate-intensity CET 3 days/week. Brachial and aortic SBP, augmentation index adjusted for 75 beats/minute (AIx@75), arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)), and 1-RM were measured before and after the interventions. RESULTS There were significant (P < 0.05) time-by-group interactions for brachial SBP (bSBP), aortic SBP (aSBP), AIx@75, and baPWV. Whey and casein supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) decreased bSBP (approximately 5mm Hg for both), aSBP (approximately 7 mm Hg and approximately 6mm Hg, respectively), AIx@75 (approximately 9.2% and approximately 8.1%, respectively) and baPWV (approximately 57 cm/s and approximately 53 cm/s, respectively) compared with no changes in the control group. Upper- (approximately 22.2%) and lower-body 1-RM (approximately 44.0%) increased similarly in all groups. Changes in arterial function and 1-RM were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS Milk protein supplementation with CET reduced SBP, wave reflection, and arterial stiffness in young obese women with prehypertension and hypertension. Because CET did not affect arterial function, milk proteins may have an antihypertensive effect by improving arterial function, as shown by reduced AIx@75 and baPWV. Muscle strength improvements after CET did not affect BP and arterial function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov Registration NCT01830946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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86
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Whole-body vibration exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with prehypertension and hypertension. Menopause 2014; 21:131-6. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318294528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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87
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EL C, M I. How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2329-44. [PMID: 23288690 PMCID: PMC3825007 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to review the scientific literature that investigated concurrent training adaptations in elderly populations, with the aim of identifying the optimal combination of both training program variables (i.e., strength and endurance) to avoid or minimize the interference effect in the elderly. Scielo, Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Concurrent training is the most effective strategy by which to improve neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions as well as functional capacity in the elderly. The volume and frequency of training appears to play a critical role in concurrent training-induced adaptations in elderly subjects. Furthermore, new evidence indicates that the intra-session exercise order may influence the magnitude of physiological adaptations. Despite the interference effect on strength gains that is caused by concurrent training, this type of training is advantageous in that the combination of strength and endurance training produces both neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations in the elderly. The interference phenomenon may be observed in elderly subjects when a moderate weekly volume of concurrent training (i.e., three times per week) is performed. However, even with the occurrence of this phenomenon, the performance of three concurrent training sessions per week appears to optimize the strength gains in relative brief periods of training (12 weeks). Moreover, performing strength prior to endurance exercise may optimize both neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadore EL
- />Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- />Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Campus of Tudela, Av. de Tarazona s/n, 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
| | - Izquierdo M
- />Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Campus of Tudela, Av. de Tarazona s/n, 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
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88
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Eight weeks of stretching training reduces aortic wave reflection magnitude and blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:246-50. [PMID: 24132138 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The augmentation index (AIx, a marker of wave reflection) is reduced and peripheral artery vasodilation increased following acute stretching exercise. We examined the effects of stretching training (ST) on arterial function, blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic vasomotor modulation. Twenty-eight obese postmenopausal women (57±1 years) were randomized to a ST (n=14) or no-exercise control (CON) group ( n=14). ST included stretching exercises 3 days week(-1) for 8 weeks. Brachial (b) and aortic (a) systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), carotid-femoral PWV (aPWV), femoral-ankle PWV (faPWV), AIx, low-frequency component of SBP (LFSBP) and sit/reach score (SRS) were measured before and after interventions. There were significant decreases in bSBP (P<0.05), aSBP (P<0.01), aDBP (P<0.05), aMAP (P<0.01), aAIx (P<0.05) and LFSBP (P<0.05) after ST compared with CON. SRS significantly (P<0.01) increased after ST but not after CON. There were no significant effects (P>0.05) on HR, baPWV, aPWV and faPWV after ST or CON. Eight weeks of ST decreases BP, AIx and LFSBP in obese postmenopausal women. Our findings show that ST reduces peripheral and central BP, wave reflection magnitude and vascular sympathetic activity in obese postmenopausal women with prehypertension and hypertension.
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89
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Romero-Arenas S, Martínez-Pascual M, Alcaraz PE. Impact of resistance circuit training on neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and body composition adaptations in the elderly. Aging Dis 2013; 4:256-63. [PMID: 24124631 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2013.0400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in maximal aerobic power and skeletal muscle force production with advancing age are examples of functional declines with aging, which can severely limit physical performance and independence, and are negatively correlated with all cause mortality. It is well known that both endurance exercise and resistance training can substantially improve physical fitness and health-related factors in older individuals. Circuit-based resistance training, where loads are lifted with minimal rest, may be a very effective strategy for increasing oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, strength, and functional capacity while improving body composition. In addition, circuit training is a time-efficient exercise modality that can elicit demonstrable improvements in health and physical fitness. Hence, it seems reasonable to identify the most effective combination of intensity, volume, work to rest ratio, weekly frequency and exercise sequence to promote neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and body composition adaptations in the elderly. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarize and update knowledge about the effects of circuit weight training in older adults and elderly population, as a starting point for developing future interventions that maintain a higher quality of life in people throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Romero-Arenas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte - UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain. ; UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport - UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain
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90
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Losurdo P, Grillo A, Panizon E, Cappellari GG, Fabris B, Bardelli M, Biolo G, Zanetti M, Carretta R. Supplementation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevents Increase in Arterial Stiffness After Experimental Menopause. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 19:114-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248413500716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Menopause is associated with increased arterial stiffness, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFAs) are thought to have multiple cardiovascular benefits, including prevention of arterial stiffness. We investigated whether treatment with N3-PUFA prevents increase in arterial stiffness in ovariectomized rats, an animal model of experimental menopause. Methods: A total of 43 Wistar rats, 2 months old, were divided into 3 groups, control, sham surgery, normal diet (CTRL, n = 15); ovariectomy, normal diet (OVX, n = 14); and ovariectomy with N3-PUFA supplementation (0.8 g/kg/d in daily gavages administration; OVX + O3, n = 14). Two months after surgery, carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial blood pressure (BP) were measured by carotid and femoral cannulation. Aortic morphometric measurements were performed after dissection. Results: Ovariectomy caused a significant increase in BP ( P < .05), PWV ( P < .0001), and elastic modulus ( P = .001) compared to CTRL. After ovariectomy, N3-PUFA supplementation completely prevented increase in arterial stiffness ( P < .0001 vs OVX) and BP ( P < .05 vs OVX) and resulted in a significant increase in body weight and aortic thickness. Conclusions: In an experimental model of menopause, N3-PUFA supplementation prevents arterial stiffening and other vascular changes induced by ovariectomy. These results represent a therapeutic benefit of N3-PUFAs in prevention of postmenopausal cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Losurdo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Grillo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emiliano Panizon
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gortan Cappellari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Clinica Medica Generale e Terapia Medica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Moreno Bardelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Clinica Medica Generale e Terapia Medica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Clinica Medica Generale e Terapia Medica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Renzo Carretta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, U.C.O. Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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91
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Aragão FR, Abrantes CG, Gabriel RE, Sousa MF, Castelo-Branco C, Moreira MH. Effects of a 12-month multi-component exercise program on the body composition of postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2013; 17:155-63. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.819328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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92
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Park SH, Park JH, Park HY, Jang HJ, Kim HK, Park J, Shin KJ, Lee JG, Moon YS. Additional role of sarcopenia to waist circumference in predicting the odds of metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:668-72. [PMID: 24074549 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is unclear whether sarcopenia contributes to the prediction of metabolic dysregulations in addition to that predicted by waist circumference. METHODS Subjects consisted of 6832 adult participants in the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, grouped into categories of waist circumference (normal vs. high). Sarcopenia was assessed by appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by weight. RESULTS In the normal waist circumference category, the risk of metabolic syndrome was nearly 3.5-fold higher in sarcopenic men (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.67-6.90) than in those without sarcopenia. For the high waist circumference category, the risk of metabolic syndrome was 2.5-fold higher in sarcopenic women (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.66-3.40) than in those without sarcopenia. The corresponding risk was also higher in sarcopenic men (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.11-2.94) than in those without sarcopenia. With the exception in men with high waist circumference category, adjustments for other potential confounders did not substantially affect the results. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by weight as a continuous variable was also associated with metabolic syndrome in men (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.35-0.44) and women (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.48-0.60). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia is associated with metabolic syndrome in men with normal waist circumference and women with high waist circumference. Our results emphasize that sarcopenia may contribute additionally to the risk of metabolic abnormalities beyond what is predicted by the abdominal obesity category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ha Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Park
- Armed Forces Nursing Academy, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, #1435, Jwa-dong, Haeundae-gu, Busan 612-030, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Jea Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinse Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Jin Shin
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Goo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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93
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Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Ho S. Potential benefits of exercise on blood pressure and vascular function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:494-506. [PMID: 23992766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity seems to enhance cardiovascular fitness during the course of the lifecycle, improve blood pressure, and is associated with decreased prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart disease. It may also delay or prevent age-related increases in arterial stiffness. It is unclear if specific exercise types (aerobic, resistance, or combination) have a better effect on blood pressure and vascular function. This review was written based on previous original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses indexed on PubMed from years 1975 to 2012 to identify studies on different types of exercise and the associations or effects on blood pressure and vascular function. In summary, aerobic exercise (30 to 40 minutes of training at 60% to 85% of predicted maximal heart rate, most days of the week) appears to significantly improve blood pressure and reduce augmentation index. Resistance training (three to four sets of eight to 12 repetitions at 10 repetition maximum, 3 days a week) appears to significantly improve blood pressure, whereas combination exercise training (15 minutes of aerobic and 15 minutes of resistance, 5 days a week) is beneficial to vascular function, but at a lower scale. Aerobic exercise seems to better benefit blood pressure and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Simone Radavelli-Bagatini
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suleen Ho
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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94
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Park SH, Park JH, Song PS, Kim DK, Kim KH, Seol SH, Kim HK, Jang HJ, Lee JG, Park HY, Park J, Shin KJ, Kim DI, Moon YS. Sarcopenic obesity as an independent risk factor of hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:420-5. [PMID: 23910010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low muscle mass has been associated with arterial stiffness. The aim of the study was to determine whether sarcopenic obesity is associated with hypertension. Subjects consisted of 6832 adults who participated in the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified as normal, sarcopenic, obese, or sarcopenic-obese based on the following measures: waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by weight (ASM/Wt). The sarcopenic-obese group had systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels that were ≈12 mm Hg and 5 mm Hg higher, respectively, than those in the normal group. Compared with the normal group, the odds ratio (OR) of having hypertension for the sarcopenic, obese, and sarcopenic-obese groups were 2.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89-6.16), 3.15 (95% CI, 2.76-3.59), and 6.42 (95% CI, 4.85-8.48) times higher, respectively. When waist circumference and ASM/Wt were used as continuous variables in the same regression model, ASM/Wt was a significant predictor of hypertension (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98). Sarcopenic obesity is associated with hypertension, while low muscle mass is also correlated with hypertension, independent of abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity and sarcopenia may potentiate each other to induce hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ha Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Park
- Military Nursing Research Center, Armed Forces Nursing Academy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pil Sang Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong Kie Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Seol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hang Jea Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung Goo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jinse Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyong Jin Shin
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Doo il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
| | - Young Soo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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95
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Vogel T, Leprêtre PM, Brechat PH, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Kaltenbach G, Lonsdorfer J, Benetos A. Effect of a short-term intermittent exercise-training programme on the pulse wave velocity and arterial pressure: a prospective study among 71 healthy older subjects. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67:420-6. [PMID: 23574102 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY Stiffening of large arteries has been associated with increased cardiovascular outcomes among older subjects. Endurance exercises might attenuate artery stiffness, but little is known about the effects of intermittent training programme. We evaluate the effect of a short Intermittent Work Exercise Training Program (IWEP) on arterial stiffness estimated by the measure of the pulse wave velocity (PWV). METHODS AND SUBJECTS Seventy-one healthy volunteers (mean age: 64.6 years) free of symptomatic cardiac and pulmonary disease performed a 9-week IWEP that consisted of a 30-min cycling twice a week over a 9-week period. Each session involved six 5-min bouts of exercise, each of the latter separated into 4-min cycling at the first ventilatory threshold alternated with 1-min cycling at 90% of the pretraining maximal tolerated power. Before and after the IWEP, the following measurements were made: carotid-radial PWV and carotid-femoral PWV with a tonometer and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS Training resulted in a non-significant decrease of the carotid-radial PWV, a significant decrease of the carotid-femoral PWV from 10.2 to 9.6 m/s (p < 0.001) (that was no longer significant after adjustment for mean arterial pressure) and a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, from 129.6 ± 14.9 mmHg to 120.1 ± 14.1 mmHg (p < 0.001) and from 77.2 ± 8.8 mmHg to 71.4 ± 10.1 mmHg (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present results support the idea that a short-term intermittent aerobic exercise programme may be an effective lifestyle intervention for reducing rapidly blood pressure and probably central arterial stiffness among older healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vogel
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France.
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96
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Corrick KL, Hunter GR, Fisher G, Glasser SP. Changes in vascular hemodynamics in older women following 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 15:241-6. [PMID: 23551723 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether combined (aerobic and anaerobic) training decreases blood pressure (BP) and improves vascular properties. Seventy-nine postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 3 groups that trained at different frequencies. Maximum oxygen uptake, body composition, BP, and arterial elasticity were evaluated prior to training and after 16 weeks of training. There was a significant time effect (decrease) for resting systolic BP (SBP) and rate pressure product. Exercise SBP, diastolic BP (DBP), heart rate, and RPP also decreased. Changes in total vascular impedance were related to SBP and changes in systemic vascular resistance were related to changes in DBP independent of body composition changes. Our findings suggest that combined training reduces SBP and improves vascular properties and that combined training 1 d/wk decreases BP similar to more frequent combined training. Training-induced changes in arterial resistance and impedance may be involved in inducing changes in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Corrick
- Department of Biology, Department of Human Studies, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, AL, USA.
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97
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Blood flow restricted exercise and vascular function. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:543218. [PMID: 23133756 PMCID: PMC3485988 DOI: 10.1155/2012/543218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that regular aerobic training improves vascular function, for example, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and arterial stiffness or compliance and thereby constitutes a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease. In contrast, high-intensity resistance training impairs vascular function, while the influence of moderate-intensity resistance training on vascular function is still controversial. However, aerobic training is insufficient to inhibit loss in muscular strength with advancing age; thus, resistance training is recommended to prevent sarcopenia. Recently, several lines of study have provided compelling data showing that exercise and training with blood flow restriction (BFR) leads to muscle hypertrophy and strength increase. As such, BFR training might be a novel means of overcoming the contradiction between aerobic and high-intensity resistance training. Although it is not enough evidence to obtain consensus about impact of BFR training on vascular function, available evidences suggested that BFR training did not change coagulation factors and arterial compliance though with inconsistence results in endothelial function. This paper is a review of the literature on the impact of BFR exercise and training on vascular function, such as endothelial function, arterial compliance, or other potential factors in comparison with those of aerobic and resistance training.
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98
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Effects of excess body mass on strength and fatigability of quadriceps in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2012; 19:556-61. [PMID: 22089183 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182364e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a major public health problem leading to, among other things, reduced functional capacity. Moreover, obesity-related declines in functional capacity may be compounded by the detrimental consequences of menopause. The aim of this study was to understand the potential effects of excess body mass on measures of functional capacity in postmenopausal women. METHODS Forty-five postmenopausal women aged 50 to 60 years were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI): obese (BMI, ≥ 30 kg/m(2); n = 19) and nonobese (BMI, 18.5-29.9 kg/m(2); n = 26). To determine clinical characteristics, body composition, bone mineral density, and maximal exercise testing was performed, and a 3-day dietary record was estimated. To assess quadriceps function, isokinetic exercise testing at 60° per second (quadriceps strength) and at 300° per second (quadriceps fatigue) was performed. RESULTS The absolute value of the peak torque was not significantly different between the groups; however, when the data were normalized by body mass and lean mass, significantly lower values were observed for obese women compared with those in the nonobese group (128% ± 25% vs 155% ± 24% and 224% ± 38% vs 257% ± 47%, P < 0.05). The fatigue index did not show any significant difference for either group; however, when the data were normalized by the body mass and lean mass, significantly lower values were observed for obese women (69% ± 16% vs 93% ± 18% and 120% ± 25% vs. 135% ± 23%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that despite reduced muscle force, the combination of obesity and postmenopause may be associated with greater resistance to muscle fatigue.
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99
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim HK, Baek YH, Kwak YS, Ko TH, Kim N, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ, Han J. Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:226-31. [PMID: 22808347 PMCID: PMC3395788 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a 12 weeks aged garlic extract (AGE) regimen with regular exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in postmenopausal women. A total of 30 postmenopausal women (54.4 ± 5.4 years) were randomly divided into the following four groups: Placebo (Placebo; n = 6), AGE intake (AGEI; n = 8), exercise and placebo (Ex + Placebo; n = 8), exercise and AGE (Ex + AGE; n = 8) groups. The AGE group consume 80 mg per day, and exercise groups performed moderate exercise (aerobic and resistance) three times per week. After 12 weeks of treatment, body composition, lipid profile, and CVD risk factors were analyzed. Body weight was significantly decreased in AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups compared to baseline. Body fat % was significantly decreased in the AGEI and Ex + Placebo groups. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups. Fat-free mass was significantly decreased in the AGEI group. Total cholesterol (TC) was significantly lower in the Ex + Placebo compared to the Placebo group. AGE supplementation or exercise effectively reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Triglyceride (TG) was significantly increased in the AGEI group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE compared to the placebo group. AGE supplementation reduced homocysteine levels regardless of whether the women also exercised. The present results suggest that AGE supplementation reduces cardiovascular risk factors independently of exercise in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
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