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Sundqvist A, Voytyuk O, Hamdi M, Popeijus HE, Bijlsma-van der Burgt C, Janssen J, Martens JW, Moustakas A, Heldin CH, ten Dijke P, van Dam H. JNK-Dependent cJun Phosphorylation Mitigates TGFβ- and EGF-Induced Pre-Malignant Breast Cancer Cell Invasion by Suppressing AP-1-Mediated Transcriptional Responses. Cells 2019; 8:E1481. [PMID: 31766464 PMCID: PMC6952832 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects in breast cancer. These functions are partly mediated through Smads, intracellular transcriptional effectors of TGFβ. Smads form complexes with other DNA-binding transcription factors to elicit cell-type-dependent responses. Previously, we found that the collagen invasion and migration of pre-malignant breast cancer cells in response to TGFβ and epidermal growth factor (EGF) critically depend on multiple Jun and Fos components of the activator protein (AP)-1 transcription factor complex. Here we report that the same process is negatively regulated by Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent cJun phosphorylation. This was demonstrated by analysis of phospho-deficient, phospho-mimicking, and dimer-specific cJun mutants, and experiments employing a mutant version of the phosphatase MKP1 that specifically inhibits JNK. Hyper-phosphorylation of cJun by JNK strongly inhibited its ability to induce several Jun/Fos-regulated genes and to promote migration and invasion. These results show that MEK-AP-1 and JNK-phospho-cJun exhibit distinct pro- and anti-invasive functions, respectively, through differential regulation of Smad- and AP-1-dependent TGFβ target genes. Our findings are of importance for personalized cancer therapy, such as for patients suffering from specific types of breast tumors with activated EGF receptor-Ras or inactivated JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (C.-H.H.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Oleksandr Voytyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (C.-H.H.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Mohamed Hamdi
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Herman E. Popeijus
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Corina Bijlsma-van der Burgt
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Josephine Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
| | - John W.M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (C.-H.H.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (C.-H.H.); (P.t.D.)
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.M.); (C.-H.H.); (P.t.D.)
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (H.E.P.); (C.B.-v.d.B.); (J.J.)
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Inhibition of Gap Junctions Sensitizes Primary Glioblastoma Cells for Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060858. [PMID: 31226836 PMCID: PMC6628126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions have recently been shown to interconnect glioblastoma cells to a multicellular syncytial network, thereby allowing intercellular communication over long distances as well as enabling glioblastoma cells to form routes for brain microinvasion. Against this backdrop gap junction-targeted therapies might provide for an essential contribution to isolate cancer cells within the brain, thus increasing the tumor cells’ vulnerability to the standard chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. By utilizing INI-0602—a novel gap junction inhibitor optimized for crossing the blood brain barrier—in an oncological setting, the present study was aimed at evaluating the potential of gap junction-targeted therapy on primary human glioblastoma cell populations. Pharmacological inhibition of gap junctions profoundly sensitized primary glioblastoma cells to temozolomide-mediated cell death. On the molecular level, gap junction inhibition was associated with elevated activity of the JNK signaling pathway. With the use of a novel gap junction inhibitor capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier—thus constituting an auspicious drug for clinical applicability—these results may constitute a promising new therapeutic strategy in the field of current translational glioblastoma research.
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53
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DUXAP10 inhibition attenuates the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181457. [PMID: 30996112 PMCID: PMC6542759 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA DUXAP10 has been involved in the development, progression, and metastasis in several human cancers, but its biological function and underlying mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still undetermined. The present study was proposed to explore the effect of DUXAP10 on the growth and metastasis of HCC cells and the potential mechanisms involved. The results showed that DUXAP10 is dramatically elevated in HCC tumor tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of DUXAP10 by DUXAP10 si-RNA significantly inhibited the cell viability, proliferation and induce the apoptosis of HCC cell line. Meanwhile, inhibition of DUXAP10 attenuates the cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. No significant change of JNK MAPK pathway was detected in DUXAP10 siRNA transfected HCC cell lines. The β-catenin and pAkt levels were decreased in the Hep G2+DUXAP10 siRNA and SMMC7721+DUXAP10 siRNA groups, while the activation of Wnt/β-catenin or PI3K/Akt suppressed the inhibition of DUXAP10 siRNA on cell proliferation and migration. Collectively, DUXAP10 plays a critical role in regulating HCC development, potentially by regulating EMT and cell proliferation through the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of DUXAP10 in HCC HepG2 cells could attenuate the EMT and cell proliferation and invasion. Therefore, DUXAP10 might be a promising therapy target to inhibit the growth of HCC.
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Insua-Rodríguez J, Pein M, Hongu T, Meier J, Descot A, Lowy CM, De Braekeleer E, Sinn HP, Spaich S, Sütterlin M, Schneeweiss A, Oskarsson T. Stress signaling in breast cancer cells induces matrix components that promote chemoresistant metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809003. [PMID: 30190333 PMCID: PMC6180299 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression remains a major burden for cancer patients and is associated with eventual resistance to prevailing therapies such as chemotherapy. Here, we reveal how chemotherapy induces an extracellular matrix (ECM), wound healing, and stem cell network in cancer cells via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. We find that elevated JNK activity in cancer cells is linked to poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients and is critical for tumor initiation and metastasis in xenograft mouse models of breast cancer. We show that JNK signaling enhances expression of the ECM and stem cell niche components osteopontin, also called secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and tenascin C (TNC), that promote lung metastasis. We demonstrate that both SPP1 and TNC are direct targets of the c-Jun transcription factor. Exposure to multiple chemotherapies further exploits this JNK-mediated axis to confer treatment resistance. Importantly, JNK inhibition or disruption of SPP1 or TNC expression sensitizes experimental mammary tumors and metastases to chemotherapy, thus providing insights to consider for future treatment strategies against metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Insua-Rodríguez
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Pein
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsunaki Hongu
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry and Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jasmin Meier
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Descot
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camille M Lowy
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Etienne De Braekeleer
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Spaich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc Sütterlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- National Center for Tumor Diseases-NCT, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thordur Oskarsson
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany .,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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55
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Jara CP, do Prado TP, Dias Bóbbo VC, Ramalho ADFS, Lima MHM, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Topical Topiramate Improves Wound Healing in an Animal Model of Hyperglycemia. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:420-430. [PMID: 31043061 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419845058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is severely affected in hyperglycemia and other metabolic conditions. Finding new therapeutic approaches that accelerate wound healing and improve the quality of the scar may reduce the morbidity commonly associated with skin lesions in diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of topical topiramate (TPM) on wound healing in C57 mice. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice were subjected to a wound on the back and randomly allocated for treatment with either vehicle or topical TPM cream (2%) once a day for 14 days. Polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and microscopy were performed for the analysis. TPM improved wound healing (complete resolution at Day 10, 98% ± 5 for TPM vs. 81% ± 28 for vehicle), increased organization and deposition of collagen Type I, and enhanced the quality of the scars as determined by microscopy. In addition, TPM modulated the expression of cytokines and proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway: In early wound-healing stages, expression of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory marker, increased, whereas at the late phase, the pro-inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased and there was increased expression of a vascular endothelial growth factor. Proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway were stimulated in the late wound-healing phase. Topical TPM improves the quality of wound healing in an animal model of hyperglycemia. The effect of TPM is accompanied by modulation of inflammatory and growth factors and proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway. Therefore, topical TPM presents as a potential therapeutic agent in skin wounds in patients with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Poblete Jara
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Paulino do Prado
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Dias Bóbbo
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina de Fátima S Ramalho
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria H M Lima
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- 1 Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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56
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Udden SN, Kwak YT, Godfrey V, Khan MAW, Khan S, Loof N, Peng L, Zhu H, Zaki H. NLRP12 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of cJun N-terminal kinase activation in the hepatocyte. eLife 2019; 8:40396. [PMID: 30990169 PMCID: PMC6483596 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly human cancer associated with chronic inflammation. The cytosolic pathogen sensor NLRP12 has emerged as a negative regulator of inflammation, but its role in HCC is unknown. Here we investigated the role of NLRP12 in HCC using mouse models of HCC induced by carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Nlrp12-/- mice were highly susceptible to DEN-induced HCC with increased inflammation, hepatocyte proliferation, and tumor burden. Consistently, Nlrp12-/- tumors showed higher expression of proto-oncogenes cJun and cMyc and downregulation of tumor suppressor p21. Interestingly, antibiotics treatment dramatically diminished tumorigenesis in Nlrp12-/- mouse livers. Signaling analyses demonstrated higher JNK activation in Nlrp12-/- HCC and cultured hepatocytes during stimulation with microbial pattern molecules. JNK inhibition or NLRP12 overexpression reduced proliferative and inflammatory responses of Nlrp12-/- hepatocytes. In summary, NLRP12 negatively regulates HCC pathogenesis via downregulation of JNK-dependent inflammation and proliferation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sm Nashir Udden
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Youn-Tae Kwak
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Md Abdul Wadud Khan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Nicolas Loof
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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57
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Hu X, Tang Z, Ma S, Yu Y, Chen X, Zang G. Tripartite motif-containing protein 7 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via the DUSP6/p38 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:889-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis arising from different etiologies, including hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and their downstream targets nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 drive inflammation-associated HCC. Further, while adaptive immunity promotes immune surveillance to eradicate early HCC, adaptive immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells, and B cells, can also stimulate HCC development. Thus, the role of the hepatic immune system in HCC development is a highly complex topic. This review highlights the role of cytokine signals, NF-κB, JNK, innate and adaptive immunity, and hepatic stellate cells in HCC and discusses whether these pathways could be therapeutic targets. The authors will also discuss cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis because biliary inflammation and tumor-associated stroma are essential for cholangiocarcinoma development and because primary tumor-derived inflammatory mediators promote the formation of a "premetastasis niche" in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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59
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Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010024. [PMID: 30591653 PMCID: PMC6356226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes the development of numerous cancers, such as liver and colorectal cancers, which is at least partly due to obesity-induced, chronic, low-grade inflammation. In particular, the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue systemically increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These proinflammatory cytokines not only impair insulin action in metabolic tissues, but also favor cancer development. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how obesity affects inflammatory TNFα and IL-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers.
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60
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Wood RA, Barbour MJ, Gould GW, Cunningham MR, Plevin RJ. Conflicting evidence for the role of JNK as a target in breast cancer cell proliferation: Comparisons between pharmacological inhibition and selective shRNA knockdown approaches. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6. [PMID: 29417765 PMCID: PMC5817830 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a target, the JNK pathway has been implicated in roles including cell death, proliferation, and inflammation in variety of contexts which span cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative pathologies, and cancer. JNK1 and JNK2 have recently been demonstrated to function independently, highlighting a new parameter in the study of the JNK pathway. In order for JNK1 and JNK2-specific roles to be defined, better tools need to be employed. Previous studies have relied upon the broad spectrum JNK inhibitor, SP600125, to characterize the role of JNK signaling in a number of cell lines, including the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In line with previous literature, our study has demonstrated that SP600125 treatment inhibited c-Jun and JNK phosphorylation and MCF-7 proliferation. However, in addition to targeting JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, SP600125 has been previously demonstrated to suppress the activity of a number of other serine/threonine kinases, making SP600125 an inadequate tool for JNK isoform-specific roles to be determined. In this study, lentiviral shRNA was employed to selectively knockdown JNK1, JNK2, and JNK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. Using this approach, JNK phosphorylation was fully inhibited following stable knockdown of respective JNK isoforms. Interestingly, despite suppression of JNK phosphorylation, MCF-7 cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, or cell death remained unaffected. These findings raise the question of whether JNK phosphorylation really is pivotal in MCF-7 cell growth and death or if suppression of these events is a result of one of the many off-targets cited for SP600125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Wood
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark J Barbour
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret R Cunningham
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robin J Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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61
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Kim W, Khan SK, Liu Y, Xu R, Park O, He Y, Cha B, Gao B, Yang Y. Hepatic Hippo signaling inhibits protumoural microenvironment to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2018; 67:1692-1703. [PMID: 28866620 PMCID: PMC6592016 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hippo signalling is a recently identified major oncosuppressive pathway that plays critical roles in inhibiting hepatocyte proliferation, survival and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation. Hippo kinase (Mst1 and Mst2) inhibits HCC proliferation by suppressing Yap/Taz transcription activities. As human HCC is mainly driven by chronic liver inflammation, it is not clear whether Hippo signalling inhibits HCC by shaping its inflammatory microenvironment. DESIGN We have established a genetic HCC model by deleting Mst1 and Mst2 in hepatocytes. Functions of inflammatory responses in this model were characterised by molecular, cellular and FACS analysis, immunohistochemistry and genetic deletion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp1) or Yap. Human HCC databases and human HCC samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Genetic deletion of Mst1 and Mst2 in hepatocytes (DKO) led to HCC development, highly upregulated Mcp1 expression and massive infiltration of macrophages with mixed M1 and M2 phenotypes. Macrophage ablation or deletion of Mcp1 in DKO mice markedly reduced hepatic inflammation and HCC development. Moreover, Yap removal abolished induction of Mcp1 expression and restored normal liver growth in the Mst1/Mst2 DKO mice. Finally, we showed that MCP1 is a direct transcription target of YAP in hepatocytes and identified a strong gene expression correlation between YAP targets and MCP-1 in human HCCs. CONCLUSIONS Hippo signalling in hepatocytes maintains normal liver growth by suppressing macrophage infiltration during protumoural microenvironment formation through the inhibition of Yap-dependent Mcp1 expression, providing new targets and strategies to treat HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantae Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Khan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02215, USA.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ogyi Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Correspondence to:Yingzi Yang, PhD, Professor of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Tel: 617–432–8304, Fax: 617–432–3246, , Bin Gao, MD, PhD, Senior Investigator, Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 2S-33, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel: 301.443.3998; Fax: 301 480.0257,
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Correspondence to:Yingzi Yang, PhD, Professor of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Tel: 617–432–8304, Fax: 617–432–3246, , Bin Gao, MD, PhD, Senior Investigator, Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 2S-33, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel: 301.443.3998; Fax: 301 480.0257,
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62
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Papa S, Bubici C. Feeding the Hedgehog: A new meaning for JNK signalling in liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2018; 69:572-574. [PMID: 29870764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Papa
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Laboratory, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Concetta Bubici
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Fujiwara N, Nakagawa H, Enooku K, Kudo Y, Hayata Y, Nakatsuka T, Tanaka Y, Tateishi R, Hikiba Y, Misumi K, Tanaka M, Hayashi A, Shibahara J, Fukayama M, Arita J, Hasegawa K, Hirschfield H, Hoshida Y, Hirata Y, Otsuka M, Tateishi K, Koike K. CPT2 downregulation adapts HCC to lipid-rich environment and promotes carcinogenesis via acylcarnitine accumulation in obesity. Gut 2018; 67:1493-1504. [PMID: 29437870 PMCID: PMC6039238 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic reprogramming of tumour cells that allows for adaptation to their local environment is a hallmark of cancer. Interestingly, obesity-driven and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse models commonly exhibit strong steatosis in tumour cells as seen in human steatohepatitic HCC (SH-HCC), which may reflect a characteristic metabolic alteration. DESIGN Non-tumour and HCC tissues obtained from diethylnitrosamine-injected mice fed either a normal or a high-fat diet (HFD) were subjected to comprehensive metabolome analysis, and the significance of obesity-mediated metabolic alteration in hepatocarcinogenesis was evaluated. RESULTS The extensive accumulation of acylcarnitine species was seen in HCC tissues and in the serum of HFD-fed mice. A similar increase was found in the serum of patients with NASH-HCC. The accumulation of acylcarnitine could be attributed to the downregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), which was also seen in human SH-HCC. CPT2 downregulation induced the suppression of fatty acid β-oxidation, which would account for the steatotic changes in HCC. CPT2 knockdown in HCC cells resulted in their resistance to lipotoxicity by inhibiting the Src-mediated JNK activation. Additionally, oleoylcarnitine enhanced sphere formation by HCC cells via STAT3 activation, suggesting that acylcarnitine accumulation was a surrogate marker of CPT2 downregulation and directly contributed to hepatocarcinogenesis. HFD feeding and carnitine supplementation synergistically enhanced HCC development accompanied by acylcarnitine accumulation in vivo. CONCLUSION In obesity-driven and NASH-driven HCC, metabolic reprogramming mediated by the downregulation of CPT2 enables HCC cells to escape lipotoxicity and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655,Corresponding Author: Hayato Nakagawa, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, , Tel: +81-3-3815-5411; Fax: +81-3-3814-0021
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655,Corresponding Author: Hayato Nakagawa, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, , Tel: +81-3-3815-5411; Fax: +81-3-3814-0021
| | - Kenichiro Enooku
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Yotaro Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Yuki Hayata
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Takuma Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Yohko Hikiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation 2-2-6 Nihonbashibakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002
| | - Kento Misumi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Akimasa Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Junichi Arita
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Hadassa Hirschfield
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
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Xu P, Zhang G, Hou S, Sha LG. MAPK8 mediates resistance to temozolomide and apoptosis of glioblastoma cells through MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1419-1427. [PMID: 30119215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression and functions of MAPK8 in temozolomide (TMZ) -resistant glioblastoma cells as well as to explore the mechanism of TMZ resistance in glioblastoma cells. METHODS Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used for identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TMZ resistant samples. The functional partner genes of TMZ were screened out by Gene-drug interaction network (STITCH) and the glioblastoma-related genes were selected by gene search engine with evidence sentences (Digsee). The interactions among identified DEGs and glioblastoma-related genes were detected by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING). The dysregulated pathways were identified by Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression level of MAPK8 in glioblastoma cells. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of MAPK8 and MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins. MTT assay was utilized to measure the cell viability of TMZ sensitive and resistant cells. Colony formation assay was performed to detect the clone ability and flow cytometry (FCM) assay was applied to identify the apoptosis rate of TMZ resistant glioblastoma cells. RESULTS MAPK8 was one of the DEGs and was up-regulated in TMZ resistant glioblastoma cells. The MAPK signaling pathway was activated in TMZ resistant glioblastoma cells under the condition of over-expression of MAPK8. The inhibition of MAPK8 restrained the colony formation, inducing apoptosis of TMZ resistant glioblastoma cells and suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION MAPK8 promoted the resistance to TMZ, accelerated cell proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of glioblastoma cells via activating MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- The Fourth Department of Geronotology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuangxing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, 201399, Shanghai, China.
| | - Long-Gui Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, 201399, Shanghai, China.
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65
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Lee J, Liao R, Wang G, Yang BH, Luo X, Varki NM, Qiu SJ, Ren B, Fu W, Feng GS. Preventive Inhibition of Liver Tumorigenesis by Systemic Activation of Innate Immune Functions. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1870-1882. [PMID: 29141219 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has become the second most deadly malignant disease, with no efficient targeted or immune therapeutic agents available yet. While dissecting the roles of cytoplasmic signaling molecules in hepatocarcinogenesis using an inducible mouse gene targeting system, Mx1-cre, we identified a potent liver tumor-inhibitory effect of synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pIC), an inducer of the Mx1-cre system. Injection of pIC at the pre-cancer stage robustly suppressed liver tumorigenesis either induced by chemical carcinogens or by Pten loss and associated hepatosteatosis. The immunostimulatory dsRNA inhibited liver cancer initiation, apparently by boosting multiple anti-tumor activities of innate immunity, including induction of immunoregulatory cytokines, activation of NK cells and dendritic cells, and reprogramming of macrophage polarization. This study paves the way for the development of preventive and early interfering strategies for liver cancer to reduce the rapidly increasing incidences of liver cancer in an ever-growing population with chronic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bi-Huei Yang
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, USA
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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66
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Li X, He J, Li B, Gao M, Zeng Y, Lian J, Shi C, Huang Y, He F. The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone sensitizes the BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol to induce apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1213-1222. [PMID: 29856104 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol (-)-G has shown promising efficacy to kill several kinds of cancer cells or potentiate current chemotherapeutics. But it induces limited apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. The nuclear receptor PPARγ and its agonist rosiglitazone can suppress various malignancies. More importantly, rosiglitazone is able to enhance the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy drugs such as carboplatin and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we for the first time demonstrated that rosiglitazone could sensitize (-)-G to induce apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, we found that (-)-G increased the mRNA level and protein stability of Mcl-1, which weakened the pro-apoptotic effect of (-)-G. Rosiglitazone attenuated the (-)-G-induced Mcl-1 stability through decreasing JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, rosiglitazone upregulated dual-specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16), leading to a reduction of (-)-G-triggered JNK phosphorylation. Animal experiments showed that rosiglitazone could sensitize (-)-G to repress the growth of cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2 in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that the PPARγ agonists may enhance the therapeutic effect of BH3 mimetics in cancers with high level of Bcl-2 through regulating the DUSP16/JNK/Mcl-1 singling pathway. This study may provide novel insights into the cancer therapeutics based on the combination of PPARγ agonists and BH3 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao He
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chinese PLA 44 Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yijun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiqin Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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67
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Zhao X, Zhou H, Cheng Y, Yu W, Luo G, Duan C, Yao F, Xiao B, Feng C, Xia X, Wei M, Wang Y, Li J, Dai R. Reduction in activating transcription factor 4 promotes carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide/D‑galactosamine‑mediated liver injury in mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1718-1725. [PMID: 29845243 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is involved in the regulation of numerous biological functions, whether ATF4 has a direct role in liver injury is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ATF4 in liver injury using mouse models. The results revealed that ATF4 protein is expressed markedly higher in the mouse liver when in comparison with other tissues. Notably, tunicamycin treatment, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, induced the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), but decreased ATF4 protein levels in the mouse liver. This suggested an unconventional regulation pattern of ATF4 protein not associated with ER stress or eIF2α. In addition, it was also observed that the liver levels of ATF4 protein were significantly reduced upon chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). ATF4 protein was also decreased in acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus D‑galactosamine (D‑GalN). Furthermore, the results revealed that knockdown of ATF4 by injecting ATF4‑targeting Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)‑CRISPR associated protein 9 plasmids exacerbated CCl4 and LPS/D‑GalN‑induced liver injury as demonstrated by elevated serum aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. ATF4 suppression also enhanced CCl4 and LPS/D‑GalN mediated c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase activation. By contrast, ATF4 overexpression alleviated CCl4 and LPS/D‑GalN‑induced liver injury. Taken together, these observations suggested that ATF4 may serve a protective role in the mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Guosong Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Fuli Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Liver Diseases Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Liver Diseases Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Hori T, Saito K, Moore R, Flake GP, Negishi M. Nuclear Receptor CAR Suppresses GADD45B-p38 MAPK Signaling to Promote Phenobarbital-induced Proliferation in Mouse Liver. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1309-1318. [PMID: 29716964 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenobarbital, a nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen, induces hepatic proliferation and promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rodents. Nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor (NR1I3/CAR) regulates the induction and promotion activities of phenobarbital. Here, it is demonstrated that phenobarbital treatment results in dephosphorylation of a tumor suppressor p38 MAPK in the liver of C57BL/6 and C3H/HeNCrlBR mice. The molecular mechanism entails CAR binding and inhibition of the growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45B)-MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6) scaffold to repress phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Phenobarbital-induced hepatocyte proliferation, as determined by BrdUrd incorporation, was significantly reduced in both male and female livers of GADD45B knockout (KO) mice compared with the wild-type mice. The phenobarbital-induced proliferation continued until 48 hours after phenobarbital injection in only the C57BL/6 males, but neither in males of GADD45B KO mice nor in females of C57BL/6 and GADD45B KO mice. Thus, these data reveal nuclear receptor CAR interacts with GADD45B to repress p38 MAPK signaling and elicit hepatocyte proliferation in male mice.Implications: This GADD45B-regulated male-predominant proliferation can be expanded as a phenobarbital promotion signal of HCC development in future studies.Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/16/8/1309/F1.large.jpg Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1309-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gordon P Flake
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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Abdou AG, Marae AH, Shoeib M, Dawood G, Abouelfath E. C-Jun expression in lichen planus, psoriasis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, an immunohistochemical study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:58-69. [PMID: 29144206 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1395347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The AP-1 transcription factor complex is a key player in regulating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell transformation. The aim of the present study is to investigate C-Jun (one of AP-1complex) expression and its proliferative role in skin samples of lichen planus, psoriasis as common inflammatory skin diseases and squamous cell carcinoma using immunohistochemical method. The present study was carried out on skin biopsies of 15 psoriatic patients, 15 lichen planus patients, 15 SCC, and 15 normal skin biopsies. Nuclear expression of C-Jun was detected in basal and few suprabasal layers of epidermis of normal skin. C-Jun was expressed in the whole epidermal layers of both psoriasis (14/15) and lichen planus (15/15) in addition to its expression in lymphocytic infiltrate in the latter in about half of cases (8/15). C-Jun was also expressed in 93.3% (14/15) of SCC in a percentage lower than that of psoriasis, lichen planus, and normal skin. The percentage of C-Jun expression in SCC was significantly associated with an early stage (p = 0.000), free surgical margins (p = 0.022), and small tumour size (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The marked reduction of C-Jun in SCC in comparison to normal skin and inflammatory skin dermatoses may refer to its tumour suppressor activity. C-Jun expression in SCC carries favourable prognosis. Absence of significant association between C-Jun and Ki-67 either in SCC or inflammatory skin diseases indicates that it does not affect proliferative capacity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- a Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Alaa Hassan Marae
- b Dermatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Mohammed Shoeib
- b Dermatology Departments, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Ghada Dawood
- c Dermatology Departments , Shibin Elkom Teaching Hospital , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
| | - Enas Abouelfath
- c Dermatology Departments , Shibin Elkom Teaching Hospital , Shibin Elkom , Egypt
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BOK promotes chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:708-720. [PMID: 29229991 PMCID: PMC5864194 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) is a conserved and widely expressed BCL-2 family member with sequence homology to pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK, but with poorly understood pathophysiological function. Since several members of the BCL-2 family are critically involved in the regulation of hepatocellular apoptosis and carcinogenesis we aimed to establish whether loss of BOK affects diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Short-term exposure to DEN lead to upregulation of BOK mRNA and protein in the liver. Of note, induction of CHOP and the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins PUMA and BIM by DEN was strongly reduced in the absence of BOK. Accordingly, Bok-/- mice were significantly protected from DEN-induced acute hepatocellular apoptosis and associated inflammation. As a consequence, Bok-/- animals were partially protected against chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis showing fewer and, surprisingly, also smaller tumors than WT controls. Gene expression profiling revealed that downregulation of BOK results in upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle arrest. Bok-/- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) displayed higher expression levels of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p19INK4d and p21cip1. Accordingly, hepatocellular carcinoma in Bok-/- animals, BOK-deficient human HCC cell lines, as well as non-transformed cells, showed significantly less proliferation than BOK-proficient controls. We conclude that BOK is induced by DEN, contributes to DEN-induced hepatocellular apoptosis and resulting hepatocarcinogenesis. In line with its previously reported predominant localization at the endoplasmic reticulum, our findings support a role of BOK that links the cell cycle and cell death machineries upstream of mitochondrial damage.
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Fang J, Sun X, Xue B, Fang N, Zhou M. Dahuang Zexie Decoction Protects against High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD by Modulating Gut Microbiota-Mediated Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Activation and Loss of Intestinal Barrier. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:2945803. [PMID: 29259643 PMCID: PMC5702401 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2945803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that intestinal dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling play key roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Dahuang Zexie Decoction (DZD) has been verified to be effective for treating NAFLD, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of DZD on NAFLD rats and determined whether such effects were associated with change of the gut microbiota, downregulated activity of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and increased expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the gut. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD and then given DZD intervention for 4 weeks. We found that DZD reduced body and liver weights of NAFLD rats, improved serum lipid levels and liver function parameters, and relieved NAFLD. We further found that DZD changed intestinal bacterial communities, inhibited the intestinal TLR4 signaling pathway, and restored the expressions of TJ proteins in the gut. Meanwhile ten potential components of DZD had been identified. These findings suggest that DZD may protects against NAFLD by modulating gut microbiota-mediated TLR4 signaling activation and loss of intestinal barrier. However, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which DZD treats NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Police Tactics, Nanjing Forest Police College, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Boyu Xue
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nanyuan Fang
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Zhou
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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High expression of IL-4R enhances proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e384-e390. [PMID: 28665449 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We collected 40 pairs of human HCC and adjacent normal tissue specimens and examined the expression levels of IL-4R. After IL-4R knockdown in HCC cell lines, cell proliferation and invasion ability were examined. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. The activity of multiple signaling pathways was examined by Western blot. RESULTS IL-4R was overexpressed in HCC tumors compared with adjacent normal control tissues and was associated with tumor differentiation status. IL-4R knockdown resulted in enhanced apoptosis, impaired proliferation and reduced invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, IL-4R knockdown abolished IL-4-induced activation of the Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS IL-4R plays an important role in regulating HCC cell survival and metastasis, and regulates the activity of the JAK1/STAT6 and JNK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. We therefore suggest that IL-4/IL-4R may be a new therapeutic target for HCC.
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Wang J, Tai G. Role of C-Jun N-terminal Kinase in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. Target Oncol 2017; 11:723-738. [PMID: 27392951 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most frequently occurring cancers and the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Identification of the signaling pathways regulating liver carcinogenesis is critical for developing novel chemoprevention and targeted therapies. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of a larger group of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases known as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNK is an important signaling component that converts external stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as the development of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer growth, and metabolic diseases. Because of the essential roles of JNK in these cellular functions, deregulated JNK is often found to contribute to the development of HCC. Recently, the functions and molecular mechanisms of JNK in HCC development have been addressed using mouse models and human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that the activation of JNK by oncogenes can promote the development of cancers by regulating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathway, which makes the oncogenes/JNK/Smad signaling pathway an attractive target for cancer therapy. Additionally, JNK-targeted therapy has a broad potential for clinical applications. In summary, we are convinced that promising new avenues for the treatment of HCC by targeting JNK are on the horizon, which will undoubtedly lead to better, more effective, and faster therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China.
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74
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Xu H, Zou S, Xu X. The β-glucan from Lentinus edodes suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86693-86709. [PMID: 29156828 PMCID: PMC5689718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in worldwide women, and novel interventions are needed to overcome the resistance occurring in the estrogen-targeted endocrine therapy. Herein, we demonstrate that the β-glucan from Lentinus edodes (LNT) exhibited a profound inhibition ratio of ∼53% against estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF-7 tumor growth in nude mice similar to the positive control of cisplatin. Immunohistochemistry images showed that LNT evidently suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in MCF-7 tumor tissues. The Western blotting analysis indicated that LNT up-regulated the tumor suppressor p53, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2), cleaved-Caspase 3 and poly [ADP (ribose)] polymerase 1 (PARP 1) protein levels, and reduced the expression of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), estrogen receptor α (ERα), etc. in tumor tissues. Moreover, LNT significantly suppressed phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein levels. It was thus proposed that LNT inhibited MCF-7 tumor growth through suppressing cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis possibly via multiple pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB-, ERK-, ERα-, caspase- and p53-dependent pathways. Interestingly, the cell viability assay, siRNA transfection, Western blotting and flow cytometric analysis suggested that LNT targeted p53/ERα to only suppress cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase without apoptosis in vitro. The big difference between in vivo and in vitro data suggested that the immune responses triggered by the polysaccharide should mainly contribute to the apoptotic effect in vivo. Overall, this work provides a novel strategy to treat ER+ breast cancers by using a naturally occurring β-glucan from mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siwei Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Boege Y, Malehmir M, Healy ME, Bettermann K, Lorentzen A, Vucur M, Ahuja AK, Böhm F, Mertens JC, Shimizu Y, Frick L, Remouchamps C, Mutreja K, Kähne T, Sundaravinayagam D, Wolf MJ, Rehrauer H, Koppe C, Speicher T, Padrissa-Altés S, Maire R, Schattenberg JM, Jeong JS, Liu L, Zwirner S, Boger R, Hüser N, Davis RJ, Müllhaupt B, Moch H, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Clavien PA, Werner S, Borsig L, Luther SA, Jost PJ, Weinlich R, Unger K, Behrens A, Hillert L, Dillon C, Di Virgilio M, Wallach D, Dejardin E, Zender L, Naumann M, Walczak H, Green DR, Lopes M, Lavrik I, Luedde T, Heikenwalder M, Weber A. A Dual Role of Caspase-8 in Triggering and Sensing Proliferation-Associated DNA Damage, a Key Determinant of Liver Cancer Development. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:342-359.e10. [PMID: 28898696 PMCID: PMC5598544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant hepatocyte apoptosis and regeneration is a hallmark of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) predisposing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we mechanistically link caspase-8-dependent apoptosis to HCC development via proliferation- and replication-associated DNA damage. Proliferation-associated replication stress, DNA damage, and genetic instability are detectable in CLDs before any neoplastic changes occur. Accumulated levels of hepatocyte apoptosis determine and predict subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Proliferation-associated DNA damage is sensed by a complex comprising caspase-8, FADD, c-FLIP, and a kinase-dependent function of RIPK1. This platform requires a non-apoptotic function of caspase-8, but no caspase-3 or caspase-8 cleavage. It may represent a DNA damage-sensing mechanism in hepatocytes that can act via JNK and subsequent phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Boege
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Malehmir
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc E Healy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Akshay K Ahuja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Böhm
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Lukas Frick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karun Mutreja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika J Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Koppe
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud Maire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ju-Seong Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zwirner
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Regina Boger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Clinic of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laura Hillert
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michela Di Virgilio
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inna Lavrik
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institute of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Deutsches Krebs-Forschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Lessel W, Silver A, Jechorek D, Guenther T, Roehl FW, Kalinski T, Roessner A, Poehlmann-Nitsche A. Inactivation of JNK2 as carcinogenic factor in colitis-associated and sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:559-569. [PMID: 28383667 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that dysregulated c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) activity causes defective cell cycle checkpoint control, inducing neoplastic transformation in a cellular ulcerative colitis (UC) model. In the quiescent chronic phase of UC, p-p54 JNK was down-regulated and p-p46 JNK was up-regulated. Both were up-regulated in the acute phase. Consequently, increased p21WAF1 and γ-H2AX, two JNK-regulated proteins, induced cell cycle arrest. Their down-regulation led to checkpoint override, causing increased proliferation and undetected DNA damage in quiescent chronic phase, all characteristics of tumorigenesis. We investigated expression of p-JNK2, p-JNK1-3, p21WAF1, γ-H2AX and Ki67 by immunohistochemistry in cases of quiescent UC (QUC), active UC (AUC), UC-dysplasia and UC-related colorectal carcinoma (UC-CRC). Comparison was made to normal healthy colorectal mucosa, sporadic adenoma and colorectal carcinoma (CRC), diverticulitis and Crohns disease (CD). We found p-JNK2 up-regulation in AUC and its early down-regulation in UC-CRC and CRC carcinogenesis. With down-regulated p-JNK2, p21WAF1 was also decreased. Ki67 was inversely expressed, showing increased proliferation early in UC-CRC and CRC carcinogenesis. p-JNK1-3 was increased in AUC and QUC. Less increased γ-H2AX in UC-CRC compared to CRC gave evidence that colitis-triggered inflammation masks DNA damage, thus contributing to neoplastic transformation. We hypothesize that JNK-dependent cell cycle arrest is important in AUC, while chronic inflammation causes dysregulated JNK activity in quiescent phase that may contribute to checkpoint override, promoting UC carcinogenesis. We suggest restoring p-JNK2 expression as a novel therapeutic strategy to early prevent the development of UC-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Lessel
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Silver
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Genomic and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, E1 2A London, UK
| | - Doerthe Jechorek
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Guenther
- Department of Pathology, 22339 Hamburg, Germany.,Academic Department of Histopathology, St. Mark's Hospital, HA1 3UJ Harrow, Middlesex, UK
| | - Friedrich-Wilhelm Roehl
- Department of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Albert Roessner
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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77
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Yuan D, Huang S, Berger E, Liu L, Gross N, Heinzmann F, Ringelhan M, Connor TO, Stadler M, Meister M, Weber J, Öllinger R, Simonavicius N, Reisinger F, Hartmann D, Meyer R, Reich M, Seehawer M, Leone V, Höchst B, Wohlleber D, Jörs S, Prinz M, Spalding D, Protzer U, Luedde T, Terracciano L, Matter M, Longerich T, Knolle P, Ried T, Keitel V, Geisler F, Unger K, Cinnamon E, Pikarsky E, Hüser N, Davis RJ, Tschaharganeh DF, Rad R, Weber A, Zender L, Haller D, Heikenwalder M. Kupffer Cell-Derived Tnf Triggers Cholangiocellular Tumorigenesis through JNK due to Chronic Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:771-789.e6. [PMID: 28609656 PMCID: PMC7909318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly malignant, heterogeneous cancer with poor treatment options. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress trigger a niche favoring cholangiocellular overgrowth and tumorigenesis. Liver damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and paracrine tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) from Kupffer cells caused JNK-mediated cholangiocellular proliferation and oncogenic transformation. Anti-oxidant treatment, Kupffer cell depletion, Tnfr1 deletion, or JNK inhibition reduced cholangiocellular pre-neoplastic lesions. Liver-specific JNK1/2 deletion led to tumor reduction and enhanced survival in Akt/Notch- or p53/Kras-induced ICC models. In human ICC, high Tnf expression near ICC lesions, cholangiocellular JNK-phosphorylation, and ROS accumulation in surrounding hepatocytes are present. Thus, Kupffer cell-derived Tnf favors cholangiocellular proliferation/differentiation and carcinogenesis. Targeting the ROS/Tnf/JNK axis may provide opportunities for ICC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Yuan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shan Huang
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Gross
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heinzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy O Connor
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mira Stadler
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Simonavicius
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Reisinger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Meyer
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Reich
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Leone
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Jörs
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Duncan Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Matter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Einat Cinnamon
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Helmholtz-University Group "Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) & Institute of Pathology University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nepali S, Ki HH, Lee JH, Lee HY, Kim DK, Lee YM. Wheatgrass-Derived Polysaccharide Has Antiinflammatory, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects on LPS-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1107-1116. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Nepali
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54907 Korea
| | - Hyeon-Hui Ki
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54907 Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54907 Korea
| | - Hoon-Yeon Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 54538 Korea
| | - Dae-Ki Kim
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54907 Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute; Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 54538 Korea
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79
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The RB–IL-6 axis controls self-renewal and endocrine therapy resistance by fine-tuning mitochondrial activity. Oncogene 2017; 36:5145-5157. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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80
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Kang BS, Hwang YJ, Dong Z. ERK1 Directly Interacts With JNK1 Leading to Regulation of JNK1/c-Jun Activity and Cell Transformation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2357-2370. [PMID: 28106280 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 share a great deal of homology and have been presumed to have similar functions. Available antibodies recognize both isoforms making the elucidation of functional differences challenging. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase networks are commonly depicted in the literature as linear and sequential phosphorylation cascades; however, the activation of these pathways is not mutually exclusive. Little doubt exists that MAP kinases engage in crosstalk, but the extent or the direct effect of these "conversations" is unclear. Here, we report the possible points of direct interaction as "crosstalk" points between ERK1 and JNK1 and a potential mechanism for ERK1 function in repressing Ras/JNK-mediated cell transformation. ERK1, but not ERK2, directly interacts with and antagonizes JNK1 phosphorylation and activity, resulting in suppression of neoplastic cell transformation mediated by the Ras/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Interestingly, ERK1 phosphorylation was increased in normal tissues compared to liver cancer tissues. Furthermore, predominant JNK/c-Jun activation was observed in liver cancer tissues. These phenomena can provide evidence for the existence of a functional association between ERK and JNK signaling pathways during in vivo tumorigenesis. Overall, our findings provide new evidence supporting the paradigm of an ERK1/JNK1 antagonistic interaction as a novel mechanism of trans-regulation between different MAP kinase signaling modules. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2357-2370, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Seok Kang
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Hwang
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, Minnesota, 55912
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81
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JNKs function as CDK4-activating kinases by phosphorylating CDK4 and p21. Oncogene 2017; 36:4349-4361. [PMID: 28368408 PMCID: PMC5537611 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D-CDK4/6 are the first cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes to be activated by mitogenic/oncogenic pathways. They have a central role in the cell multiplication decision and in its deregulation in cancer cells. We identified T172 phosphorylation of CDK4 rather than cyclin D accumulation as the distinctly regulated step determining CDK4 activation. This finding challenges the view that the only identified metazoan CDK-activating kinase, cyclin H-CDK7-Mat1 (CAK), which is constitutively active, is responsible for the activating phosphorylation of all cell cycle CDKs. We previously showed that T172 phosphorylation of CDK4 is conditioned by an adjacent proline (P173), which is not present in CDK6 and CDK1/2. Although CDK7 activity was recently shown to be required for CDK4 activation, we proposed that proline-directed kinases might specifically initiate the activation of CDK4. Here, we report that JNKs, but not ERK1/2 or CAK, can be direct CDK4-activating kinases for cyclin D-CDK4 complexes that are inactivated by p21-mediated stabilization. JNKs and ERK1/2 also phosphorylated p21 at S130 and T57, which might facilitate CDK7-dependent activation of p21-bound CDK4, however, mutation of these sites did not impair the phosphorylation of CDK4 by JNKs. In two selected tumor cells, two different JNK inhibitors inhibited the phosphorylation and activation of cyclin D1-CDK4-p21 but not the activation of cyclin D3-CDK4 that is mainly associated to p27. Specific inhibition by chemical genetics in MEFs confirmed the involvement of JNK2 in cyclin D1-CDK4 activation. Therefore, JNKs could be activating kinases for cyclin D1-CDK4 bound to p21, by independently phosphorylating both CDK4 and p21.
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82
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Solinas G, Becattini B. JNK at the crossroad of obesity, insulin resistance, and cell stress response. Mol Metab 2016; 6:174-184. [PMID: 28180059 PMCID: PMC5279903 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cJun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) plays a central role in the cell stress response, with outcomes ranging from cell death to cell proliferation and survival, depending on the specific context. JNK is also one of the most investigated signal transducers in obesity and insulin resistance, and studies have identified new molecular mechanisms linking obesity and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that whereas JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms promote the development of obesity and insulin resistance, JNK3 activity protects from excessive adiposity. Furthermore, current evidence indicates that JNK activity within specific cell types may, in specific stages of disease progression, promote cell tolerance to the stress associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of the current literature on the role of JNK in the progression from obesity to insulin resistance, NAFLD, type-2 diabetes, and diabetes complications. MAJOR CONCLUSION Whereas current evidence indicates that JNK1/2 inhibition may improve insulin sensitivity in obesity, the role of JNK in the progression from insulin resistance to diabetes, and its complications is largely unresolved. A better understanding of the role of JNK in the stress response to obesity and type-2 diabetes, and the development of isoform-specific inhibitors with specific tissue distribution will be necessary to exploit JNK as possible drug target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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83
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Ito T, Igaki T. Dissecting cellular senescence and SASP in Drosophila. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:25. [PMID: 29259698 PMCID: PMC5725765 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence can act as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter depending on the cellular contexts. On one hand, premature senescence has been considered as an innate host defense mechanism against carcinogenesis in mammals. In response to various stresses including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and oncogenic stress, suffered cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest, leading to tumor suppression. On the other hand, recent studies in mammalian systems have revealed that senescent cells can drive oncogenesis by secreting diverse proteins such as inflammatory cytokines, matrix remodeling factors, and growth factors, the phenomenon called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the mechanisms by which these contradictory effects regulate tumor growth and metastasis in vivo have been elusive. Here, we review the recent discovery of cellular senescence in Drosophila and the mechanisms underlying senescence-mediated tumor regulation dissected by Drosophila genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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84
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The Differential Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 Between HCV-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma With and Without Cirrhosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:75-87. [PMID: 25710583 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes 70.48% of all liver tumors among Egyptians with multifactorial etiology and complex pathogenesis. HCV infection is the most common risk factor of HCC in Egypt, which commonly develops on top of cirrhosis (HCC-C); however, 15% to 20% of HCC are reported to arise in noncirrhotic livers (HCC-NC). This study aimed to explore the differences in the immunohistochemical expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 between HCC-C and HCC-NC to verify the underlying molecular pathways and to study their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study investigated 103 cases of HCC (86 cases of HCC-C and 17 cases HCC-NC including tumorous and nontumorous tissues) together with 10 cases of chronic hepatitis and 10 cases of pure cirrhosis as control groups. Zero, 100%, 100%, and 50% of chronic hepatitis cases were positive for p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21, respectively. All cirrhotic cases were negative for p53 and c-Jun, whereas they were all positive for c-Myc and p21. A total of 41%, 11.65%, 86.4%, and 57.3% of HCC cases showed p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 expression, respectively. The only difference between HCC-C and HCC-NC was the H-score values of p21 expression, which were higher in HCC-C compared with HCC-NC (P=0.03). HCV-related HCC commonly develops on top of cirrhosis with a minority develops on top of noncirrhotic liver. Only p21 pathway appears to be upregulated in favor of HCC-C than HCC-NC. p53 is considered as a late-event molecular carcinogen, whereas p21 and c-Myc may serve as early-event molecular carcinogen in HCC. The oncogenic role of p21 may be related to its cytoplasmic localization and its promotion of c-Myc expression. Progressive increase in the intensity of c-Myc expression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis to HCC may refer to its role as a multistep regulator of hepatocarcinogenesis. The marked reduction of c-Jun in HCC may refer to its tumor suppressor activity.
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85
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Song WH, Feng XJ, Gong SJ, Chen JM, Wang SM, Xing DJ, Zhu MH, Zhang SH, Xu AM. microRNA-622 acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:1754-63. [PMID: 26467022 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1095402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of tumor development and progression. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression and role of miR-622 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that miR-622 was significantly downregulated in human HCC specimens compared to adjacent noncancerous liver tissues. miR-622 downregulation was significantly associated with aggressive parameters and poor prognosis in HCC. Enforced expression of miR-622 significantly decreased the proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis of HCC cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that miR-622 overexpression retarded the growth of HCC xenograft tumors. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assays revealed that miR-622 directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 (MAP4K4) mRNA. Ectopic expression of miR-622 led to a significant reduction of MAP4K4 expression in HCC cells and xenograft tumors. Overexpression of MAP4K4 partially restored cell proliferation and colony formation and reversed the induction of apoptosis in miR-622-overexpressing HCC cells. Inhibition of JNK and NF-κB signaling phenocopied the anticancer effects of miR-622 on HCC cells. Taken together, miR-622 acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC and restoration of miR-622 may provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Song
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao-Jun Feng
- b Department of Pathology ; Yueyang Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Shao-Juan Gong
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Jian-Ming Chen
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Shou-Mei Wang
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China.,b Department of Pathology ; Yueyang Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Dong-Juan Xing
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Ming-Hua Zhu
- c Department of Pathology ; Changhai Hospital and Institute of Liver Diseases; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Shu-Hui Zhang
- b Department of Pathology ; Yueyang Hospital; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Ai-Min Xu
- a Department of Interventional Oncology ; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University ; Shanghai , China
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86
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Hotamisligil GS, Davis RJ. Cell Signaling and Stress Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:8/10/a006072. [PMID: 27698029 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular environments. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by biosynthetic stress and leads to a compensatory increase in ER function. The JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways control adaptive responses to intracellular and extracellular stresses, including environmental changes such as UV light, heat, and hyperosmotic conditions, and exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic stress caused by a high-fat diet represents an example of a stimulus that coordinately activates both the UPR and JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Chronic activation of these stress-response pathways ultimately causes metabolic changes associated with obesity and altered insulin sensitivity. Stress-signaling pathways, therefore, represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the metabolic stress response and other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard-MIT, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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87
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Shalini S, Nikolic A, Wilson CH, Puccini J, Sladojevic N, Finnie J, Dorstyn L, Kumar S. Caspase-2 deficiency accelerates chemically induced liver cancer in mice. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1727-36. [PMID: 27518436 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cell death/survival has a critical role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Caspase-2, a cell death protease, limits oxidative stress and chromosomal instability. To study its role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage-induced liver cancer, we assessed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated tumour development in caspase-2-deficient (Casp2(-/-)) mice. Following DEN injection in young animals, tumour development was monitored for 10 months. We found that DEN-treated Casp2(-/-) mice have dramatically elevated tumour burden and accelerated tumour progression with increased incidence of HCC, accompanied by higher oxidative damage and inflammation. Furthermore, following acute DEN injection, liver injury, DNA damage, inflammatory cytokine release and hepatocyte proliferation were enhanced in mice lacking caspase-2. Our study demonstrates for the first time that caspase-2 limits the progression of tumourigenesis induced by an ROS producing and DNA damaging reagent. Our findings suggest that after initial DEN-induced DNA damage, caspase-2 may remove aberrant cells to limit liver damage and disease progression. We propose that Casp2(-/-) mice, which are more susceptible to genomic instability, are limited in their ability to respond to DNA damage and thus carry more damaged cells resulting in accelerated tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shalini
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - A Nikolic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - C H Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - J Puccini
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - N Sladojevic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - J Finnie
- SA Pathology and School of Medical and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - L Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - S Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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88
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Cubero FJ, Zoubek ME, Trautwein C. Reply. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:372-3. [PMID: 27376523 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany and Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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89
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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90
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Conway EM, Pikor LA, Kung SHY, Hamilton MJ, Lam S, Lam WL, Bennewith KL. Macrophages, Inflammation, and Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:116-30. [PMID: 26583808 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201508-1545ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, and at only 18%, it has one of the lowest 5-year survival rates of all malignancies. With its highly complex mutational landscape, treatment strategies against lung cancer have proved largely ineffective. However with the recent success of immunotherapy trials in lung cancer, there is renewed enthusiasm in targeting the immune component of tumors. Macrophages make up the majority of the immune infiltrate in tumors and are a key cell type linking inflammation and cancer. Although the mechanisms through which inflammation promotes cancer are not fully understood, two connected hypotheses have emerged: an intrinsic pathway, driven by genetic alterations that lead to neoplasia and inflammation, and an extrinsic pathway, driven by inflammatory conditions that increase cancer risk. Here, we discuss the contribution of macrophages to these pathways and subsequently their roles in established tumors. We highlight studies investigating the association of macrophages with lung cancer prognosis and discuss emerging therapeutic strategies for targeting macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Conway
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Larissa A Pikor
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melisa J Hamilton
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin L Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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91
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Cubero FJ, Zoubek ME, Peng J, Hu W, Zhao G, Nevzorova YA, Al Masaoudi M, Bechmann LP, Boekschoten MV, Muller M, Preisinger C, Gassler N, Canbay AE, Luedde T, Davis RJ, Liedtke C, Trautwein C. Combined Activities of JNK1 and JNK2 in Hepatocytes Protect Against Toxic Liver Injury. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:968-81. [PMID: 26708719 PMCID: PMC5285516 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and JNK2 are expressed in hepatocytes and have overlapping and distinct functions. JNK proteins are activated via phosphorylation in response to acetaminophen- or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage; the level of activation correlates with the degree of injury. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, has been reported to block acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We investigated the role of JNK in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in liver tissue from patients and in mice with genetic deletion of JNK in hepatocytes. METHODS We studied liver sections from patients with DILI (due to acetaminophen, phenprocoumon, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or autoimmune hepatitis) or patients without acute liver failure (controls) collected from a DILI Biobank in Germany. Levels of total and activated (phosphorylated) JNK were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Jnk1 (Jnk1(Δhepa)) or combination of Jnk1 and Jnk2 (Jnk(Δhepa)), as well as Jnk1-floxed C57BL/6 (control) mice, were given injections of CCl4 (to induce fibrosis) or acetaminophen (to induce toxic liver injury). We performed gene expression microarray and phosphoproteomic analyses to determine mechanisms of JNK activity in hepatocytes. RESULTS Liver samples from DILI patients contained more activated JNK, predominantly in nuclei of hepatocytes and in immune cells, than healthy tissue. Administration of acetaminophen to Jnk(Δhepa) mice produced a greater level of liver injury than that observed in Jnk1(Δhepa) or control mice, based on levels of serum markers and microscopic and histologic analysis of liver tissues. Administration of CCl4 also induced stronger hepatic injury in Jnk(Δhepa) mice, based on increased inflammation, cell proliferation, and fibrosis progression, compared with Jnk1(Δhepa) or control mice. Hepatocytes from Jnk(Δhepa) mice given acetaminophen had an increased oxidative stress response, leading to decreased activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, total protein adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase levels, and pJunD and subsequent necrosis. Administration of SP600125 before or with acetaminophen protected Jnk(Δhepa) and control mice from liver injury. CONCLUSIONS In hepatocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 appear to have combined effects in protecting mice from CCl4- and acetaminophen-induced liver injury. It is important to study the tissue-specific functions of both proteins, rather than just JNK1, in the onset of toxic liver injury. JNK inhibition with SP600125 shows off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Malika Al Masaoudi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars P. Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics group, Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Muller
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics group, Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali E. Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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92
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Han MS, Barrett T, Brehm MA, Davis RJ. Inflammation Mediated by JNK in Myeloid Cells Promotes the Development of Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2016; 15:19-26. [PMID: 27052181 PMCID: PMC4826851 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is required for the development of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A role for JNK in liver parenchymal cells has been proposed, but more recent studies have implicated non-parenchymal liver cells as the relevant site of JNK signaling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that myeloid cells mediate this function of JNK. We show that mice with myeloid cell-specific JNK deficiency exhibit reduced hepatic inflammation and suppression of both hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These data identify myeloid cells as a site of pro-inflammatory signaling by JNK that can promote liver pathology. Targeting myeloid cells with a drug that inhibits JNK may therefore provide therapeutic benefit for the treatment of inflammation-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tamera Barrett
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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93
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TAK1 regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis through SREBP. Oncogene 2016; 35:3829-38. [PMID: 26973245 PMCID: PMC4956508 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription factors regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. SREBP activity is tightly regulated to maintain lipid homeostasis, and is modulated upon extracellular stimuli such as growth factors. While the homeostatic SREBP regulation is well studied, stimuli-dependent regulatory mechanisms are still elusive. Here we demonstrate that SREBPs are regulated by a previously uncharacterized mechanism through TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a signaling molecule of inflammation. We found that TAK1 binds to and inhibits mature forms of SREBPs. In an in vivo setting, hepatocyte-specific Tak1 deletion upregulates liver lipid deposition and lipogenic enzymes in the mouse model. Furthermore, hepatic Tak1 deficiency causes steatosis pathologies including elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which are established risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and are indeed correlated with Tak1-deficiency-induced HCC development. Pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs alleviated the steatosis and reduced the expression level of the HCC marker gene in the Tak1-deficient liver. Thus, TAK1 regulation of SREBP critically contributes to the maintenance of liver homeostasis to prevent steatosis, which is a potentially important mechanism to prevent HCC development.
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94
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Wątroba M, Szukiewicz D. The role of sirtuins in aging and age-related diseases. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:52-62. [PMID: 26521204 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins, initially described as histone deacetylases and gene silencers in yeast, are now known to have much more functions and to be much more abundant in living organisms. Sirtuins gained much attention when they were first acknowledged to be responsible for some beneficial and longevity-promoting effects of calorie restriction in many species of animals - from fruit flies to mammals. In this paper, we discuss some detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing these effects, and wonder if they could be possibly mimicked without actually applying calorie restriction, through induction of sirtuin activity. It is known now that sirtuins, when adjusting the pattern of cellular metabolism to nutrient availability, can regulate many metabolic functions significant from the standpoint of aging research - including DNA repair, genome stability, inflammatory response, apoptosis, cell cycle, and mitochondrial functions. While carrying out these regulations, sirtuins cooperate with many transcription factors, including PGC-1a, NFKB, p53 and FoxO. This paper contains some considerations about possible use of facilitating activity of the sirtuins in prevention of aging, metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, and other diseases.
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95
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Katari SK, Natarajan P, Swargam S, Kanipakam H, Pasala C, Umamaheswari A. Inhibitor design against JNK1 through e-pharmacophore modeling docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:558-571. [PMID: 26906522 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun-NH2 terminal kinases (JNKs) come under a class of serine/threonine protein kinases and are encoded by three genes, namely JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. Human JNK1 is a cytosolic kinase belonging to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, which plays a major role in intracrinal signal transduction cascade mechanism. Overexpressed human JNK1, a key kinase interacts with other kinases involved in the etiology of many cancers, such as skin cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, multiple myeloma and lymphoma. Thus, to unveil a novel human JNK1 antagonist, receptor-based pharmacophore modeling was performed with the available eighteen cocrystal structures of JNK1 in the protein data bank. Eighteen e-pharmacophores were generated from the 18 cocrystal structures. Four common e-pharmacophores were developed from the 18 e-pharmacophores, which were used as three-dimensional (3D) query for shape-based similarity screening against more than one million small molecules to generate a JNK1 ligand library. Rigid receptor docking (RRD) performed using GLIDE v6.3 for the 1683 compounds from in-house library and 18 cocrystal ligands with human JNK1 from lower stringency to higher stringency revealed 17 leads. Further to derive the best leads, dock complexes obtained from RRD were studied further with quantum-polarized ligand docking (QPLD), induced fit docking (IFD) and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA). Four leads have showed lesser binding free energy and better binding affinity towards JNK1 compared to 18 cocrystal ligands. Additionally, JNK1-lead1 complex interaction stability was reasserted using 50 ns MD simulations run and also compared with the best resolute cocrystal structure using Desmond v3.8. Thus, the results obtained from RRD, QPLD, IFD and MD simulations indicated that lead1 might be used as a potent antagonist toward human JNK1 in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Kumar Katari
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Sandeep Swargam
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Hema Kanipakam
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Chiranjeevi Pasala
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Amineni Umamaheswari
- a Department of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Center , SVIMS University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
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96
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Deng L, Yang J, Chen H, Ma B, Pan K, Su C, Xu F, Zhang J. Knockdown of TMEM16A suppressed MAPK and inhibited cell proliferation and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:325-33. [PMID: 26834491 PMCID: PMC4716773 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM16A plays an important role in cell proliferation in various cancers. However, less was known about the expression and role of TMEM16A in hepatocellular carcinoma. We screened the expression of TMEM16A in patients' hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, and also analyzed the biological function of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by knockdown of TMEM16A, as well as the expression of MAPK signaling proteins, including p38, p-p38, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, JNK, and p-JNK, and cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1 in TMEM16A siRNA-transfected SMMC-7721 cells by Western blot. Our results showed that TMEM16A was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Inhibition of TMEM16A suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and cell cycle progression but did not influence the cell apoptosis. TMEM16A siRNA-suppressed cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth were accompanied by a reduction of p38 and ERK1/2 activation and cyclin D1 induction, and were not influenced by other tested MAPK signaling proteins. In addition, inhibition of TMEM16A suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. TMEM16A is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, and that inhibition of TMEM16A suppressed MAPK and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. TMEM16A could be a potentially novel therapeutic target for human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangming Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Caikun Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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97
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Li YS, Deng ZH, Zeng C, Lei GH. JNK pathway in osteosarcoma: pathogenesis and therapeutics. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:465-70. [PMID: 26669256 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase super family. JNK can phosphorylate a number of activator protein-1 components, activating several transcription factors, and thus, JNK signaling pathway is being involved in several carcinogenic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have reviewed the recent updates of the association of JNK pathway with osteosarcoma (OS), which is one of the most common and aggressive bone malignancies. METHODS In this review, we have explored the databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, etc., and collected the most relevant papers of JNK signaling pathway involved in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of OS. RESULTS Evidence showed that JNK is a master protein kinase that plays an important role in osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Interesting reports showed that chemical JNK inhibitors reduce OS cell proliferation and metastasis. Many of the components of this pathway have now been identified and the application of JNK inhibitors has been proven to work in vivo in human and in animal models; however, JNK pathway has not been translated into clinical use. CONCLUSION Therapeutic interventions of potent and selective inhibitors of JNK might provide promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of OS, and could improve the survival rate and quality of life of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Li
- a Department of Orthopaedics , Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Zhen-Han Deng
- a Department of Orthopaedics , Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Chao Zeng
- a Department of Orthopaedics , Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Guang-Hua Lei
- a Department of Orthopaedics , Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , China
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98
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Han T, Xiang DM, Sun W, Liu N, Sun HL, Wen W, Shen WF, Wang RY, Chen C, Wang X, Cheng Z, Li HY, Wu MC, Cong WM, Feng GS, Ding J, Wang HY. PTPN11/Shp2 overexpression enhances liver cancer progression and predicts poor prognosis of patients. J Hepatol 2015; 63:651-60. [PMID: 25865556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We have previously reported that Shp2, a tyrosine phosphatase previously known as a pro-leukemogenic molecule, suppresses the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of Shp2 in HCC progression remains obscure. METHODS Shp2 expression was determined in human HCC using real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Clinical significance of Shp2 expression was analyzed in 301 HCC tissues with clinico-pathological characteristics and follow-up information. Short hairpin RNA was utilized to investigate the function of Shp2 in hepatoma cell behavior. Role of Shp2 in HCC progression was monitored through nude mice xenograft assay. Kinase activity assay and co-immunoprecipitation were used for mechanism analysis. RESULTS Elevated expression of Shp2 was detected in 65.9% (394/598) of human HCCs, and its levels were even higher in metastasized foci. Overexpression of Shp2 correlated well with the malignant clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC and predicted the poor prognosis of patients. Interference of Shp2 expression suppressed the proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro and inhibited the growth of HCC xenografts in vivo. Down-regulation of Shp2 attenuated the adhesion and migration of hepatoma cells and diminished metastasized HCC formation in mice. Our data demonstrated that Shp2 promotes HCC growth and metastasis by coordinately activating Ras/Raf/Erk pathway and PI3-K/Akt/mTOR cascade. Moreover, down-regulation of Shp2 enhanced the sensitivity of hepatoma cells upon sorafenib treatment, and patients with low Shp2 expression exhibited superior prognosis to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Shp2 promotes the progression of HCC and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dai-Min Xiang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huan-Lin Sun
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Wen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Feng Shen
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heng-Yu Li
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- The Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cong
- The Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jin Ding
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
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99
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Gangwani MR, Kumar A. Multiple Protein Kinases via Activation of Transcription Factors NF-κB, AP-1 and C/EBP-δ Regulate the IL-6/IL-8 Production by HIV-1 Vpr in Astrocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135633. [PMID: 26270987 PMCID: PMC4535882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairments affect a substantial population of HIV-1 infected individuals despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy in controlling viral replication. Astrocytes are emerging as a crucial cell type that might be playing a very important role in the persistence of neuroinflammation seen in patients suffering from HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. HIV-1 viral proteins including Vpr exert neurotoxicity through direct and indirect mechanisms. Induction of IL-8 in microglial cells has been shown as one of the indirect mechanism through which Vpr reduces neuronal survival. We show that HIV-1 Vpr induces IL-6 and IL-8 in astrocytes in a time-dependent manner. Additional experiments utilizing chemical inhibitors and siRNA revealed that HIV-1 Vpr activates transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1 and C/EBP-δ via upstream protein kinases PI3K/Akt, p38-MAPK and Jnk-MAPK leading to the induction of IL-6 and IL-8 in astrocytes. We demonstrate that one of the mechanism for neuroinflammation seen in HIV-1 infected individuals involves induction of IL-6 and IL-8 by Vpr in astrocytes. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the HIV-1 neuroinflammation would be helpful in the design of adjunct therapy to ameliorate some of the symptoms associated with HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohitkumar R. Gangwani
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Wang J, Liu G, Li Q, Wang F, Xie F, Zhai R, Guo Y, Chen T, Zhang N, Ni W, Yuan H, Tai G. Mucin1 promotes the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 at the C-terminal and linker regions. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19264-78. [PMID: 26057631 PMCID: PMC4662489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin1 (MUC1), as an oncogene, plays a key role in the progression and tumorigenesis of many human adenocarcinomas. In this study, wound-healing, transwell migration and matrigel invasion assays showed that MUC1 promotes human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell migration and invasion by MUC1 gene silencing and overexpressing. Treatment with exogenous transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1, TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) inhibitor, TGF-β1 siRNAs, or activator protein 1 (AP-1) inhibitor to MUC1-overexpressing HCC cells revealed that MUC1-induced autocrine TGF-β via JNK/AP-1 pathway promotes the cell migration and invasion. In addition, the migration and invasion of HCC cells were more significantly inhibited by JNK inhibitor compared with that by TβRI inhibitor or TGF-β1 siRNAs. Further studies demonstrated that MUC1-mediated JNK activation not only enhances the phosphorylation of Smad2 C-terminal at Ser-465/467 site (Smad2C) through TGF-β/TβRI, but also directly enhances the phosphorylation of Smad2 linker region at Ser-245/250/255 site (Smad2L), and then both of them collaborate to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-mediated cell migration and invasion of HCC. These results indicate that MUC1 is an attractive target in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guomu Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiongshu Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiping Zhai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tanxiu Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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