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Genschik P, Marrocco K, Bach L, Noir S, Criqui MC. Selective protein degradation: a rheostat to modulate cell-cycle phase transitions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2603-15. [PMID: 24353246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth control has become a major focus due to economic reasons and results from a balance of cell proliferation in meristems and cell elongation that occurs during differentiation. Research on plant cell proliferation over the last two decades has revealed that the basic cell-cycle machinery is conserved between human and plants, although specificities exist. While many regulatory circuits control each step of the cell cycle, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) appears in fungi and metazoans as a major player. In particular, the UPS promotes irreversible proteolysis of a set of regulatory proteins absolutely required for cell-cycle phase transitions. Not unexpectedly, work over the last decade has brought the UPS to the forefront of plant cell-cycle research. In this review, we will summarize our knowledge of the function of the UPS in the mitotic cycle and in endoreduplication, and also in meiosis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes 'Claude Grignon', UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Katia Marrocco
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes 'Claude Grignon', UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Lien Bach
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes 'Claude Grignon', UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Claire Criqui
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Lin HY, Chen JC, Wei MJ, Lien YC, Li HH, Ko SS, Liu ZH, Fang SC. Genome-wide annotation, expression profiling, and protein interaction studies of the core cell-cycle genes in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:203-26. [PMID: 24222213 PMCID: PMC3840290 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the most abundant and diverse families in the plant kingdom and its unique developmental patterns have drawn the attention of many evolutionary biologists. Particular areas of interest have included the co-evolution of pollinators and distinct floral structures, and symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal flora. However, comprehensive studies to decipher the molecular basis of growth and development in orchids remain scarce. Cell proliferation governed by cell-cycle regulation is fundamental to growth and development of the plant body. We took advantage of recently released transcriptome information to systematically isolate and annotate the core cell-cycle regulators in the moth orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Our data verified that Phalaenopsis cyclin-dependent kinase A (CDKA) is an evolutionarily conserved CDK. Expression profiling studies suggested that core cell-cycle genes functioning during the G1/S, S, and G2/M stages were preferentially enriched in the meristematic tissues that have high proliferation activity. In addition, subcellular localization and pairwise interaction analyses of various combinations of CDKs and cyclins, and of E2 promoter-binding factors and dimerization partners confirmed interactions of the functional units. Furthermore, our data showed that expression of the core cell-cycle genes was coordinately regulated during pollination-induced reproductive development. The data obtained establish a fundamental framework for study of the cell-cycle machinery in Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ju Wei
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lien
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Huang-Hsien Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Zin-Huang Liu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, No. 59, Siraya Blvd., Xinshi District, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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Kalve S, De Vos D, Beemster GTS. Leaf development: a cellular perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:362. [PMID: 25132838 PMCID: PMC4116805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Through its photosynthetic capacity the leaf provides the basis for growth of the whole plant. In order to improve crops for higher productivity and resistance for future climate scenarios, it is important to obtain a mechanistic understanding of leaf growth and development and the effect of genetic and environmental factors on the process. Cells are both the basic building blocks of the leaf and the regulatory units that integrate genetic and environmental information into the developmental program. Therefore, to fundamentally understand leaf development, one needs to be able to reconstruct the developmental pathway of individual cells (and their progeny) from the stem cell niche to their final position in the mature leaf. To build the basis for such understanding, we review current knowledge on the spatial and temporal regulation mechanisms operating on cells, contributing to the formation of a leaf. We focus on the molecular networks that control exit from stem cell fate, leaf initiation, polarity, cytoplasmic growth, cell division, endoreduplication, transition between division and expansion, expansion and differentiation and their regulation by intercellular signaling molecules, including plant hormones, sugars, peptides, proteins, and microRNAs. We discuss to what extent the knowledge available in the literature is suitable to be applied in systems biology approaches to model the process of leaf growth, in order to better understand and predict leaf growth starting with the model species Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kalve
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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Godínez-Palma SK, García E, Sánchez MDLP, Rosas F, Vázquez-Ramos JM. Complexes of D-type cyclins with CDKs during maize germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5661-71. [PMID: 24127516 PMCID: PMC3871821 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cell proliferation in plant growth and development has been well documented. The majority of studies on basic cell cycle mechanisms in plants have been at the level of gene expression and much less knowledge has accumulated in terms of protein interactions and activation. Two key proteins, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are fundamental for cell cycle regulation and advancement. Our aim has been to understand the role of D-type cyclins and type A and B CDKs in the cell cycle taking place during a developmental process such as maize seed germination. Results indicate that three maize D-type cyclins-D2;2, D4;2, and D5;3-(G1-S cyclins by definition) bind and activate two different types of CDK-A and B1;1-in a differential way during germination. Whereas CDKA-D-type cyclin complexes are more active at early germination times than at later times, it was surprising to observe that CDKB1;1, a supposedly G2-M kinase, bound in a differential way to all D-type cyclins tested during germination. Binding to cyclin D2;2 was detectable at all germination times, forming a complex with kinase activity, whereas binding to D4;2 and D5;3 was more variable; in particular, D5;3 was only detected at late germination times. Results are discussed in terms of cell cycle advancement and its importance for seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia K. Godínez-Palma
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | - Elpidio García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | | | - Fernando Rosas
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | - Jorge M. Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zabka A, Trzaskoma P, Maszewski J. Dissimilar effects of β-lapachone- and hydroxyurea-induced DNA replication stress in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:282-293. [PMID: 24184448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two anticancer drugs, β-lapachone (β-lap, a naphthoquinone) and hydroxyurea (HU, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase), differently affect nuclear morphology and cell cycle control mechanisms in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. The 18 h treatment with 100 μM β-lap results in a lowered number of M-phase cells, increased occurrence of mitotic abnormalities, including over-condensation of chromosomes, their enhanced stickiness, formation of anaphase bridges, micronucleation and reduced mitotic spindles. Following prolonged incubations using high doses of β-lap, cell nuclei reveal dark-red fluorescence evenly distributed in chromatin surrounding the unstained regions of nucleoli. Both drugs generate H2O2 and induce DNA double strand breaks, which is correlated with γ-phoshorylation of H2AX histones. However, the extent of H2AX phosphorylation (including the frequency of γ-H2AX foci and the relative number cells creating phospho-H2AX domains) is considerably reduced in root meristem cells treated jointly with the β-lap/HU mixture. Furthermore, various effects of caffeine (an inhibitor of ATM/ATR cell cycle checkpoint kinases) on β-lap- and HU-induced γ-phoshorylation of H2AX histones and the protective activity of HU against β-lap suggest that their genotoxic activities are largely dissimilar. β-Lap treatment results in the induction of apoptosis-like programmed cell death, while HU treatment leads to cell adaptation to replication stress and promotion of abnormal nuclear divisions with biphasic interphase/mitotic states of chromatin condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Zabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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Kyndt T, Vieira P, Gheysen G, de Almeida-Engler J. Nematode feeding sites: unique organs in plant roots. PLANTA 2013; 238:807-18. [PMID: 23824525 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although generally unnoticed, nearly all crop plants have one or more species of nematodes that feed on their roots, frequently causing tremendous yield losses. The group of sedentary nematodes, which are among the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes, cause the formation of special organs called nematode feeding sites (NFS) in the root tissue. In this review we discuss key metabolic and cellular changes correlated with NFS development, and similarities and discrepancies between different types of NFS are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University (UGent), Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Vieira P, Escudero C, Rodiuc N, Boruc J, Russinova E, Glab N, Mota M, De Veylder L, Abad P, Engler G, de Almeida Engler J. Ectopic expression of Kip-related proteins restrains root-knot nematode-feeding site expansion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:505-519. [PMID: 23574394 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes involves the synchronized activation of cell cycle processes such as acytokinetic mitoses and DNA amplification. A number of key cell cycle genes are reported to be critical for nematode feeding site development. However, it remains unknown whether plant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors such as the Arabidopsis interactor/inhibitor of CDK (ICK)/Kip-related protein (KRP) family are involved in nematode feeding site development. This study demonstrates the involvement of Arabidopsis ICK2/KRP2 and ICK1/KRP1 in the control of mitosis to endoreduplication in galls induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Using ICK/KRP promoter-GUS fusions and mRNA in situ hybridizations, we showed that ICK2/KRP2, ICK3/KRP5 and ICK4/KRP6 are expressed in galls after nematode infection. Loss-of-function mutants have minor effects on gall development and nematode reproduction. Conversely, overexpression of both ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 impaired mitosis in giant cells and blocked neighboring cell proliferation, resulting in a drastic reduction of gall size. Studying the dynamics of protein expression demonstrated that protein levels of ICK2/KRP2 are tightly regulated during giant cell development and reliant on the presence of the nematode. This work demonstrates that impeding cell cycle progression by means of ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 overexpression severely restricts gall development, leading to a marked limitation of root-knot nematode development and reduced numbers of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Carmen Escudero
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Natalia Rodiuc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Joanna Boruc
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Glab
- UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11, Bat 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Abad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Gilbert Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Jégu T, Latrasse D, Delarue M, Mazubert C, Bourge M, Hudik E, Blanchet S, Soler MN, Charon C, De Veylder L, Raynaud C, Bergounioux C, Benhamed M. Multiple functions of Kip-related protein5 connect endoreduplication and cell elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1694-705. [PMID: 23426196 PMCID: PMC3613449 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in our knowledge regarding the cell cycle inhibitor of the Kip-related protein (KRP) family in plants, less is known about the coordination of endoreduplication and cell differentiation. In animals, the role of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors as multifunctional factors coordinating cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation is well documented and involves not only the inhibition of CDK/cyclin complexes but also other mechanisms, among them the regulation of transcription. Interestingly, several plant KRPs have a punctuated distribution in the nucleus, suggesting that they are associated with heterochromatin. Here, one of these chromatin-bound KRPs, KRP5, has been studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). KRP5 is expressed in endoreduplicating cells, and loss of KRP5 function decreases endoreduplication, indicating that KRP5 is a positive regulator of endoreduplication. This regulation relies on several mechanisms: in addition to its role in cyclin/CDK kinase inhibition previously described, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data combined with transcript quantification provide evidence that KRP5 regulates the transcription of genes involved in cell wall organization. Furthermore, KRP5 overexpression increases chromocenter decondensation and endoreduplication in the Arabidopsis trithorax-related protein5 (atxr5) atxr6 double mutant, which is deficient for the deposition of heterochromatin marks. Hence, KRP5 could bind chromatin to coordinately control endoreduplication and chromatin structure and allow the expression of genes required for cell elongation.
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de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. Nematode-induced endoreduplication in plant host cells: why and how? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:17-24. [PMID: 23194340 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0128-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot and cyst nematodes have acquired the ability to induce remarkable changes in host cells during the formation of feeding sites. Root-knot nematodes induce several multinucleate giant cells inside a gall whereas cyst nematodes provoke the formation of a multinucleate syncytium. Both strategies impinge on the deregulation of the cell cycle, involving a major role for endoreduplication. This review will first describe the current knowledge on the control of normal and aberrant cell cycles. Thereafter, we will focus on the role of both cell-cycle routes in the transformation process of root cells into large and highly differentiated feeding sites as induced by the phytoparasitic root-knot and cyst nematodes.
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Feng Z, Zhu J, Du X, Cui X. Effects of three auxin-inducible LBD members on lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2012; 236:1227-37. [PMID: 22699776 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, two Auxin Response Factors (ARF7 and ARF19) and several Aux/IAAs regulate auxin-induced lateral root (LR) formation. As direct targets of ARF7 and ARF19, Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain 16 (LBD16), LBD29, and LBD18 have a biological function in the formation of lateral roots (LRs). However, the details of the functions of these three LBDs have remained unclear. Each single T-DNA insert mutant has been shown to have slightly fewer LRs than the wild type. We then created a triple mutant, which exhibited a dramatic defect in the LR formation. Our results show that the lbd mutations can lead to impairment in auxin-induced pericycle cell division and in the expression levels of some D-type cyclins (CYCDs). Simultaneously, Plethora (PLT) and PIN-formed (PIN), which have been well documented to promote cell mitotic activity and are required for auxin response effects, were down-regulated by these lbd mutations. Our results so far indicate that CYCDs, PLT, and PINs are the main targets of the LBDs. We believe that these three LBDs are involved in cell cycle progression of the pericycle in response to auxin. Overexpression of any of these three LBD genes in the triple mutant was found incapable of completely replacing the other two LBDs. The phenotypes of lbd29 mutants were not completely consistent with lbd16 or lbd18 mutants. This indicates that LBD29 may play a distinctive role compared with LBD16 or LBD18 and LBDs might play partially independent roles during the formation of LRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Bergougnoux V, Zalabák D, Jandová M, Novák O, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Fellner M. Effect of blue light on endogenous isopentenyladenine and endoreduplication during photomorphogenesis and de-etiolation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45255. [PMID: 23049779 PMCID: PMC3458014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factor influencing plant growth and development all through their life cycle. One of the well-known light-regulated processes is de-etiolation, i.e. the switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. The hormones cytokinins (CKs) play an important role during the establishment of photomorphogenesis as exogenous CKs induced photomorphogenesis of dark-grown seedlings. Most of the studies are conducted on the plant model Arabidopsis, but no or few information are available for important crop species, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In our study, we analyzed for the first time the endogenous CKs content in tomato hypocotyls during skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and de-etiolation. For this purpose, two tomato genotypes were used: cv. Rutgers (wild-type; WT) and its corresponding mutant (7B-1) affected in its responses to blue light (BL). Using physiological and molecular approaches, we identified that the skotomorphogenesis is characterized by an endoreduplication-mediated cell expansion, which is inhibited upon BL exposure as seen by the accumulation of trancripts encoding CycD3, key regulators of the cell cycle. Our study showed for the first time that iP (isopentenyladenine) is the CK accumulated in the tomato hypocotyl upon BL exposure, suggesting its specific role in photomorphogenesis. This result was supported by physiological experiments and gene expression data. We propose a common model to explain the role and the relationship between CKs, namely iP, and endoreduplication during de-etiolation and photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bergougnoux
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (VB); (MF)
| | - David Zalabák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Jandová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Fellner
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (VB); (MF)
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Zhao X, Harashima H, Dissmeyer N, Pusch S, Weimer AK, Bramsiepe J, Bouyer D, Rademacher S, Nowack MK, Novak B, Sprunck S, Schnittger A. A general G1/S-phase cell-cycle control module in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002847. [PMID: 22879821 PMCID: PMC3410867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The decision to replicate its DNA is of crucial importance for every cell and, in many organisms, is decisive for the progression through the entire cell cycle. A comparison of animals versus yeast has shown that, although most of the involved cell-cycle regulators are divergent in both clades, they fulfill a similar role and the overall network topology of G1/S regulation is highly conserved. Using germline development as a model system, we identified a regulatory cascade controlling entry into S phase in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which, as a member of the Plantae supergroup, is phylogenetically only distantly related to Opisthokonts such as yeast and animals. This module comprises the Arabidopsis homologs of the animal transcription factor E2F, the plant homolog of the animal transcriptional repressor Retinoblastoma (Rb)-related 1 (RBR1), the plant-specific F-box protein F-BOX-LIKE 17 (FBL17), the plant specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors KRPs, as well as CDKA;1, the plant homolog of the yeast and animal Cdc2⁺/Cdk1 kinases. Our data show that the principle of a double negative wiring of Rb proteins is highly conserved, likely representing a universal mechanism in eukaryotic cell-cycle control. However, this negative feedback of Rb proteins is differently implemented in plants as it is brought about through a quadruple negative regulation centered around the F-box protein FBL17 that mediates the degradation of CDK inhibitors but is itself directly repressed by Rb. Biomathematical simulations and subsequent experimental confirmation of computational predictions revealed that this regulatory circuit can give rise to hysteresis highlighting the here identified dosage sensitivity of CDK inhibitors in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin'Ai Zhao
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hirofumi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Trinationales Institut für Pflanzenforschung, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzü chtungsforschung, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Annika K. Weimer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jonathan Bramsiepe
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Bouyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Svenja Rademacher
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bela Novak
- Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Trinationales Institut für Pflanzenforschung, Strasbourg, France
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzü chtungsforschung, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
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63
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Pfeuty B. Dynamical principles of cell-cycle arrest: reversible, irreversible, and mixed strategies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:021917. [PMID: 23005795 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.021917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Living cells often alternate between proliferating and nonproliferating states as part of individual or collective strategies to adapt to complex and changing environments. To this aim, they have evolved a biochemical regulatory network enabling them to switch between cell-division cycles (i.e., oscillatory state) and cell-cycle arrests (i.e., steady state) in response to extracellular cues. This can be achieved by means of a variety of bifurcation mechanisms that potentially give rise to qualitatively distinct cell-cycle arrest properties. In this paper, we study the dynamics of a minimal biochemical network model in which a cell-division oscillator and a differentiation switch mutually antagonize. We identify the existence of three biologically plausible bifurcation scenarios organized around a codimension-four swallowtail-homoclinic singularity. As a result, the model exhibits a broad repertoire of cell-cycle arrest properties in terms of reversibility of these arrests, tunability of interdivision time, and ability to track time-varying signals. This dynamic versatility would explain the diversity of cell-cycle arrest strategies developed in different living species and functional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pfeuty
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes, et Molécules, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8523, Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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64
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Transcriptome Analysis of Age-Related Gain of Callus-Forming Capacity in Arabidopsis Hypocotyls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1457-69. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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65
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Claeys H, Skirycz A, Maleux K, Inzé D. DELLA signaling mediates stress-induced cell differentiation in Arabidopsis leaves through modulation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:739-47. [PMID: 22535421 PMCID: PMC3375938 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought is responsible for considerable yield losses in agriculture due to its detrimental effects on growth. Drought responses have been extensively studied, but mostly on the level of complete plants or mature tissues. However, stress responses were shown to be highly tissue and developmental stage specific, and dividing tissues have developed unique mechanisms to respond to stress. Previously, we studied the effects of osmotic stress on dividing leaf cells in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and found that stress causes early mitotic exit, in which cells end their mitotic division and start endoreduplication earlier. In this study, we analyzed this phenomenon in more detail. Osmotic stress induces changes in gibberellin metabolism, resulting in the stabilization of DELLAs, which are responsible for mitotic exit and earlier onset of endoreduplication. Consequently, this response is absent in mutants with altered gibberellin levels or DELLA activity. Mitotic exit and onset of endoreduplication do not correlate with an up-regulation of known cell cycle inhibitors but are the result of reduced levels of DP-E2F-LIKE1/E2Fe and UV-B-INSENSITIVE4, both inhibitors of the developmental transition from mitosis to endoreduplication by modulating anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity, which are down-regulated rapidly after DELLA stabilization. This work fits into an emerging view of DELLAs as regulators of cell division by regulating the transition to endoreduplication and differentiation.
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66
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De Vos D, Dzhurakhalov A, Draelants D, Bogaerts I, Kalve S, Prinsen E, Vissenberg K, Vanroose W, Broeckhove J, Beemster GTS. Towards mechanistic models of plant organ growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3325-37. [PMID: 22371079 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Modelling and simulation are increasingly used as tools in the study of plant growth and developmental processes. By formulating experimentally obtained knowledge as a system of interacting mathematical equations, it becomes feasible for biologists to gain a mechanistic understanding of the complex behaviour of biological systems. In this review, the modelling tools that are currently available and the progress that has been made to model plant development, based on experimental knowledge, are described. In terms of implementation, it is argued that, for the modelling of plant organ growth, the cellular level should form the cornerstone. It integrates the output of molecular regulatory networks to two processes, cell division and cell expansion, that drive growth and development of the organ. In turn, these cellular processes are controlled at the molecular level by hormone signalling. Therefore, combining a cellular modelling framework with regulatory modules for the regulation of cell division, expansion, and hormone signalling could form the basis of a functional organ growth simulation model. The current state of progress towards this aim is that the regulation of the cell cycle and hormone transport have been modelled extensively and these modules could be integrated. However, much less progress has been made on the modelling of cell expansion, which urgently needs to be addressed. A limitation of the current generation models is that they are largely qualitative. The possibilities to characterize existing and future models more quantitatively will be discussed. Together with experimental methods to measure crucial model parameters, these modelling techniques provide a basis to develop a Systems Biology approach to gain a fundamental insight into the relationship between gene function and whole organ behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Vos
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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67
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Czerednik A, Busscher M, Bielen BA, Wolters-Arts M, de Maagd RA, Angenent GC. Regulation of tomato fruit pericarp development by an interplay between CDKB and CDKA1 cell cycle genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2605-17. [PMID: 22282536 PMCID: PMC3346228 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of tomato fruits is determined by cell division and cell expansion, which are tightly controlled by factors that drive the core cell cycle. The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their interacting partners, the cyclins, play a key role in the progression of the cell cycle. In this study the role of CDKA1, CDKB1, and CDKB2 in fruit development was characterized by fruit-specific overexpression and down-regulation. CDKA1 is expressed in the pericarp throughout development, but is strongly up-regulated in the outer pericarp cell layers at the end of the growth period, when CDKB gene expression has ceased. Overexpression of the CDKB genes at later stages of development and the down-regulation of CDKA1 result in a very similar fruit phenotype, showing a reduction in the number of cell layers in the pericarp and alterations in the desiccation of the fruits. Expression studies revealed that CDKA1 is down-regulated by the expression of CDKB1/2 in CDKB1 and CDKB2 overexpression mutants, suggesting opposite roles for these types of CDK proteins in tomato pericarp development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czerednik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Busscher
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram A.M. Bielen
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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68
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Hafidh S, Breznenová K, Růžička P, Feciková J, Čapková V, Honys D. Comprehensive analysis of tobacco pollen transcriptome unveils common pathways in polar cell expansion and underlying heterochronic shift during spermatogenesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:24. [PMID: 22340370 PMCID: PMC3305590 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many flowering plants produce bicellular pollen. The two cells of the pollen grain are destined for separate fates in the male gametophyte, which provides a unique opportunity to study genetic interactions that govern guided single-cell polar expansion of the growing pollen tube and the coordinated control of germ cell division and sperm cell fate specification. We applied the Agilent 44 K tobacco gene chip to conduct the first transcriptomic analysis of the tobacco male gametophyte. In addition, we performed a comparative study of the Arabidopsis root-hair trichoblast transcriptome to evaluate genetic factors and common pathways involved in polarized cell-tip expansion. RESULTS Progression of pollen grains from freshly dehisced anthers to pollen tubes 4 h after germination is accompanied with > 5,161 (14.9%) gametophyte-specific expressed probes active in at least one of the developmental stages. In contrast, > 18,821 (54.4%) probes were preferentially expressed in the sporophyte. Our comparative approach identified a subset of 104 pollen tube-expressed genes that overlap with root-hair trichoblasts. Reverse genetic analysis of selected candidates demonstrated that Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (CSD1), a WD-40 containing protein (BP130384), and Replication factor C1 (NtRFC1) are among the central regulators of pollen-tube tip growth. Extension of our analysis beyond the second haploid mitosis enabled identification of an opposing-dynamic accumulation of core regulators of cell proliferation and cell fate determinants in accordance with the progression of the germ cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides a foundation to isolate conserved regulators of cell tip expansion and those that are unique for pollen tube growth to the female gametophyte. A transcriptomic data set is presented as a benchmark for future functional studies using developing pollen as a model. Our results demonstrated previously unknown functions of certain genes in pollen-tube tip growth. In addition, we highlighted the molecular dynamics of core cell-cycle regulators in the male gametophyte and postulated the first genetic model to account for the differential timing of spermatogenesis among angiosperms and its coordination with female gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Hafidh
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Breznenová
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Růžička
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Feciková
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Čapková
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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69
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Magyar Z, Horváth B, Khan S, Mohammed B, Henriques R, De Veylder L, Bakó L, Scheres B, Bögre L. Arabidopsis E2FA stimulates proliferation and endocycle separately through RBR-bound and RBR-free complexes. EMBO J 2012; 31:1480-93. [PMID: 22307083 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-embryonic growth in plants depends on the continuous supply of undifferentiated cells within meristems. Proliferating cells maintain their competence for division by active repression of differentiation and the associated endocycle entry. We show by upregulation and downregulation of E2FA that it is required for maintaining proliferation, as well as for endocycle entry. While E2FB-RBR1 (retinoblastoma-related protein 1) complexes are reduced after sucrose addition or at elevated CYCD3;1 levels, E2FA maintains a stable complex with RBR1 in proliferating cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that RBR1 binds in the proximity of E2F promoter elements in CCS52A1 and CSS52A2 genes, central regulators for the switch from proliferation to endocycles. Overexpression of a truncated E2FA mutant (E2FA(ΔRB)) lacking the RBR1-binding domain interferes with RBR1 recruitment to promoters through E2FA, leading to decreased meristem size in roots, premature cell expansion and hyperactivated endocycle in leaves. E2F target genes, including CCS52A1 and CCS52A2, are upregulated in E2FA(ΔRB) and e2fa knockout lines. These data suggest that E2FA in complex with RBR1 forms a repressor complex in proliferating cells to inhibit premature differentiation and endocycle entry. Thus, E2FA regulates organ growth via two distinct, sequentially operating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Magyar
- Royal Holloway, University of London, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Egham, UK.
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70
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Na X, Hu Y, Yue K, Lu H, Jia P, Wang H, Wang X, Bi Y. Concentration-dependent effects of narciclasine on cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis root tips. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:184. [PMID: 22204558 PMCID: PMC3282671 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narciclasine (NCS) is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs. NCS has inhibitory effects on a broad range of biological activities and thus has various potential practical applications. Here we examine how NCS represses plant root growth. RESULTS Results showed that the inhibition of NCS on cell division in Arabidopsis root tips and its effects on cell differentiation are concentration-dependent; at low concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 μM) NCS preferentially targets mitotic cell cycle specific/cyclin complexes, whereas at high concentration (5.0 μM) the NCS-stimulated accumulation of Kip-related proteins (KRP1 and RP2) affects the CDK complexes with a role at both G1/S and G2/M phases. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NCS modulates the coordination between cell division and differentiation in Arabidopsis root tips and hence affects the postembryonic development of Arabidopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Na
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huahua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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71
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The sprout inhibitor 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene induces the expression of the cell cycle inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2 in potatoes. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 12:533-41. [PMID: 22113341 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of sprout growth is critical for the long-term storage of potato tubers. 1,4-Dimethylenapthlene (DMN) is a new class of sprout control agent but the metabolic mode of action for this compound has yet to be elucidated. Changes in transcriptional profiles of meristems isolated from potato tubers treated with the DMN were investigated using an Agilent 44 K 60-mer-oligo microarray. RNA was isolated from nondormant Russet Burbank meristems isolated from tubers treated with DMN for 3 days or activated charcoal as a control. RNA was used to develop probes that were hybridized against a microarray developed by the Potato Oligo Chip Initiative. Analysis of the array data was conducted in two stages: total array data was examined using a linear model and the software Limma and pathway analysis was conducted by linking the potato sequences to the Arabidopsis thaliana. DMN elicited a change in a number of transcripts associated with cold responses, water regulation, salt stress, and osmotic adjustment. DMN also resulted in a repression of cyclin or cyclin-like transcripts. DMN also resulted in a 50% decrease in thymidine incorporation suggesting a repression of the S phase of the cell cycle. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that DMN increased transcripts for the cell cycle inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2. We conclude the DMN results in alteration of genes associated with the maintenance of a G1/S phase block possibly through the induction of the cell cycle inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2.
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72
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Fuente IMDL, Cortes JM, Perez-Pinilla MB, Ruiz-Rodriguez V, Veguillas J. The metabolic core and catalytic switches are fundamental elements in the self-regulation of the systemic metabolic structure of cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27224. [PMID: 22125607 PMCID: PMC3220688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental observations and numerical studies with dissipative metabolic networks have shown that cellular enzymatic activity self-organizes spontaneously leading to the emergence of a metabolic core formed by a set of enzymatic reactions which are always active under all environmental conditions, while the rest of catalytic processes are only intermittently active. The reactions of the metabolic core are essential for biomass formation and to assure optimal metabolic performance. The on-off catalytic reactions and the metabolic core are essential elements of a Systemic Metabolic Structure which seems to be a key feature common to all cellular organisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to investigate the functional importance of the metabolic core we have studied different catalytic patterns of a dissipative metabolic network under different external conditions. The emerging biochemical data have been analysed using information-based dynamic tools, such as Pearson's correlation and Transfer Entropy (which measures effective functionality). Our results show that a functional structure of effective connectivity emerges which is dynamical and characterized by significant variations of bio-molecular information flows. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have quantified essential aspects of the metabolic core functionality. The always active enzymatic reactions form a hub--with a high degree of effective connectivity--exhibiting a wide range of functional information values being able to act either as a source or as a sink of bio-molecular causal interactions. Likewise, we have found that the metabolic core is an essential part of an emergent functional structure characterized by catalytic modules and metabolic switches which allow critical transitions in enzymatic activity. Both, the metabolic core and the catalytic switches in which also intermittently-active enzymes are involved seem to be fundamental elements in the self-regulation of the Systemic Metabolic Structure.
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73
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De Veylder L, Larkin JC, Schnittger A. Molecular control and function of endoreplication in development and physiology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:624-34. [PMID: 21889902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoreplication, also called endoreduplication, is a cell cycle variant of multicellular eukaryotes in which mitosis is skipped and cells repeatedly replicate their DNA, resulting in cellular polyploidy. In recent years, research results have shed light on the molecular mechanism of endoreplication control, but the function of this cell-cycle variant has remained elusive. However, new evidence is at last providing insight into the biological relevance of cellular polyploidy, demonstrating that endoreplication is essential for developmental processes, such as cell fate maintenance, and is a prominent response to physiological conditions, such as pathogen attack or DNA damage. Thus, endoreplication is being revealed as an important module in plant growth that contributes to the robustness of plant life.
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74
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Kasili R, Huang CC, Walker JD, Simmons LA, Zhou J, Faulk C, Hülskamp M, Larkin JC. BRANCHLESS TRICHOMES links cell shape and cell cycle control in Arabidopsis trichomes. Development 2011; 138:2379-88. [PMID: 21558384 DOI: 10.1242/dev.058982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoreplication, also called endoreduplication, is a modified cell cycle in which DNA is repeatedly replicated without subsequent cell division. Endoreplication is often associated with increased cell size and specialized cell shapes, but the mechanism coordinating DNA content with shape and size remains obscure. Here we identify the product of the BRANCHLESS TRICHOMES (BLT) gene, a protein of hitherto unknown function that has been conserved throughout angiosperm evolution, as a link in coordinating cell shape and nuclear DNA content in endoreplicated Arabidopsis trichomes. Loss-of-function mutations in BLT were found to enhance the multicellular trichome phenotype of mutants in the SIAMESE (SIM) gene, which encodes a repressor of endoreplication. Epistasis and overexpression experiments revealed that BLT encodes a key regulator of trichome branching. Additional experiments showed that BLT interacts both genetically and physically with STICHEL, another key regulator of trichome branching. Although blt mutants have normal trichome DNA content, overexpression of BLT results in an additional round of endoreplication, and blt mutants uncouple DNA content from morphogenesis in mutants with increased trichome branching, further emphasizing its role in linking cell shape and endoreplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remmy Kasili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1715, USA
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75
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DePaoli HC, Brito MS, Quiapim AC, Teixeira SP, Goldman GH, Dornelas MC, Goldman MHS. Stigma/style cell cycle inhibitor 1 (SCI1), a tissue-specific cell cycle regulator that controls upper pistil development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:882-895. [PMID: 21388377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a small lysine-rich protein of unknown function was identified in a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) stigma/style suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library. After its characterization, the corresponding gene was designated stigma/style cell cycle inhibitor 1 (SCI1). Fluorescence microscopy with an SCI1-GFP protein fusion demonstrated its nuclear localization, which was confined to the interchromatic region. Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization experiments showed that SCI1 is stigma/style-specific and developmentally regulated. SCI1 RNAi knockdown and overexpression plants had stigmas/styles with remarkably enlarged and reduced areas, respectively, which was attributable to differences in cell numbers. These results indicate that SCI1 is a tissue-specific negative cell cycle regulator. The differences in cell division had an effect on the timing of the differentiation of the stigmatic papillar cells, suggesting that their differentiation is coupled to stigma cell divisions. This is consistent with a role for SCI1 in triggering differentiation through cell proliferation control. Our results revealed that SCI1 is a novel tissue-specific gene that controls cell proliferation/differentiation, probably as a component of a developmental signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique C DePaoli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Michael S Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Simone P Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
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76
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Malinowski R, Kasprzewska A, Fleming AJ. Targeted manipulation of leaf form via local growth repression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:941-952. [PMID: 21418354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A classical view is that leaf shape is the result of local promotion of growth linked to cell proliferation. However, an alternative hypothesis is that leaf form is the result of local repression of growth in an otherwise growing system. Here we show that leaf form can indeed be manipulated in a directed fashion by local repression of growth. We show that targeting expression of an inhibitor of a cyclin-dependent kinase (KRP1) to the sinus area of developing leaves of Arabidopsis leads to local growth repression and the formation of organs with extreme lobing, including generation of leaflet-like organs. Directing KRP1 expression to other regions of the leaf using an miRNA target sequence tagging approach also leads to predictable novel leaf forms, and repression of growth in the leaf margin blocks the outgrowth of lobes, leading to a smoother perimeter. In addition, we show that decreased growth around the perimeter and across the leaf abaxial surface leads to a change in 3D form, as predicted by mechanical models of leaf growth. Our analysis provides experimental evidence that local repression of growth influences leaf shape, suggesting that it could be part of the mechanism of morphogenesis in plants in the context of an otherwise growing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malinowski
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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77
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The TCP4 transcription factor of Arabidopsis blocks cell division in yeast at G1→S transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:276-81. [PMID: 21658370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The TCP transcription factors control important aspects of plant development. Members of class I TCP proteins promote cell cycle by regulating genes directly involved in cell proliferation. In contrast, members of class II TCP proteins repress cell division. While it has been postulated that class II proteins induce differentiation signal, their exact role on cell cycle has not been studied. Here, we report that TCP4, a class II TCP protein from Arabidopsis that repress cell proliferation in developing leaves, inhibits cell division by blocking G1→S transition in budding yeast. Cells expressing TCP4 protein with increased transcriptional activity fail to progress beyond G1 phase. By analyzing global transcriptional status of these cells, we show that expression of a number of cell cycle genes is altered. The possible mechanism of G1→S arrest is discussed.
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78
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Chevalier C, Nafati M, Mathieu-Rivet E, Bourdon M, Frangne N, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Gévaudant F, Hernould M. Elucidating the functional role of endoreduplication in tomato fruit development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1159-69. [PMID: 21199834 PMCID: PMC3091799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. The process of endoreduplication results from the ability of cells to modify their classical cell cycle into a partial cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs independently from mitosis. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of the phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication remains vague, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell differentiation and cell size determination. SCOPE Here recent advances in the knowledge of endoreduplication and fruit organogenesis are reviewed, focusing on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model, and the functional analyses of endoreduplication-associated regulatory genes in tomato fruit are described. CONCLUSIONS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory kinase WEE1 and the anaphase promoting complex activator CCS52A both participate in the control of cell size and the endoreduplication process driving cell expansion during early fruit development in tomato. Moreover the fruit-specific functional analysis of the tomato CDK inhibitor KRP1 reveals that cell size and fruit size determination can be uncoupled from DNA ploidy levels, indicating that endoreduplication acts rather as a limiting factor for cell growth. The overall functional data contribute to unravelling the physiological role of endoreduplication in growth induction of fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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79
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Sanz L, Dewitte W, Forzani C, Patell F, Nieuwland J, Wen B, Quelhas P, De Jager S, Titmus C, Campilho A, Ren H, Estelle M, Wang H, Murray JA. The Arabidopsis D-type cyclin CYCD2;1 and the inhibitor ICK2/KRP2 modulate auxin-induced lateral root formation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:641-60. [PMID: 21357490 PMCID: PMC3077792 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The integration of cell division in root growth and development requires mediation of developmental and physiological signals through regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Cells within the pericycle form de novo lateral root meristems, and D-type cyclins (CYCD), as regulators of the G₁-to-S phase cell cycle transition, are anticipated to play a role. Here, we show that the D-type cyclin protein CYCD2;1 is nuclear in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells, with the highest concentration in apical and lateral meristems. Loss of CYCD2;1 has a marginal effect on unstimulated lateral root density, but CYCD2;1 is rate-limiting for the response to low levels of exogenous auxin. However, while CYCD2;1 expression requires sucrose, it does not respond to auxin. The protein Inhibitor-Interactor of CDK/Kip Related Protein2 (ICK2/KRP2), which interacts with CYCD2;1, inhibits lateral root formation, and ick2/krp2 mutants show increased lateral root density. ICK2/KRP2 can modulate the nuclear levels of CYCD2;1, and since auxin reduces ICK2/KRP2 protein levels, it affects both activity and cellular distribution of CYCD2;1. Hence, as ICK2/KRP2 levels decrease, the increase in lateral root density depends on CYCD2;1, irrespective of ICK2/CYCD2;1 nuclear localization. We propose that ICK2/KRP2 restrains root ramification by maintaining CYCD2;1 inactive and that this modulates pericycle responses to auxin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanz
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Forzani
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Patell
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Nieuwland
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Quelhas
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Divisão de Sinal e Imagem, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah De Jager
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Titmus
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélio Campilho
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Divisão de Sinal e Imagem, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hong Ren
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Mark Estelle
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - James A.H. Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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80
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Malladi A, Johnson LK. Expression profiling of cell cycle genes reveals key facilitators of cell production during carpel development, fruit set, and fruit growth in apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:205-19. [PMID: 20732881 PMCID: PMC2993910 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell production is an essential facilitator of fruit growth and development. Cell production during carpel/floral-tube growth, fruit set, and fruit growth, and its regulation by cell cycle genes were investigated in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.). Cell production was inhibited during late carpel/floral-tube development, resulting in growth arrest before bloom. Fruit set re-activated cell production between 8 d and 11 d after full bloom (DAFB) and triggered fruit growth. The early phase of fruit growth involved rapid cell production followed by exit from cell proliferation at ∼24 DAFB. Seventy-one cell cycle genes were identified, and expression of 59 genes was investigated using quantitative RT-PCR. Changes in expression of 19 genes were consistently associated with transitions in cell production during carpel/floral-tube growth, fruit set, and fruit growth. Fourteen genes, including B-type cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and A2-, B1-, and B2-type cyclins, were positively associated with cell production, suggesting that availability of G2/M phase regulators of the cell cycle is limiting for cell proliferation. Enhanced expression of five genes including that of the putative CDK inhibitors, MdKRP4 and MdKRP5, was associated with reduced cell production. Exit from cell proliferation at G0/G1 during fruit growth was facilitated by multiple mechanisms including down-regulation of putative regulators of G1/S and G2/M phase progression and up-regulation of KRP genes. Interestingly, two CDKA genes and several CDK-activating factors were up-regulated during this period, suggesting functions for these genes in mediating exit from cell proliferation at G0/G1. Together, the data indicate that cell cycle genes are important facilitators of cell production during apple fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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81
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Dissmeyer N, Weimer AK, De Veylder L, Novak B, Schnittger A. The regulatory network of cell-cycle progression is fundamentally different in plants versus yeast or metazoans. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1613-8. [PMID: 21139435 PMCID: PMC3115114 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and proliferation control is coming into a global focus due to recent ecological and economical developments. Plants represent not only the largest food supply for mankind but also may serve as a global source of renewable energies. However, plant breeding has to accomplish a tremendous boost in yield to match the growing demand of a still rapidly increasing human population. Moreover, breeding has to adjust to changing environmental conditions, in particular increased drought. Regulation of cell-cycle control is a major determinant of plant growth and therefore an obvious target for plant breeding. Furthermore, cell-cycle control is also crucial for the DNA damage response, for instance upon irradiation. Thus, an in-depth understanding of plant cell-cycle regulation is of importance beyond a scientific point of view. The mere presence of many conserved core cell-cycle regulators, e.g. CDKs, cyclins, or CDK inhibitors, has formed the idea that the cell cycle in plants is exactly or at least very similarly controlled as in yeast or human cells. Here together with a recent publication we demonstrate that this dogma is not true and show that the control of entry into mitosis is fundamentally different in plants versus yeast or metazoans. Our findings build an important base for the understanding and ultimate modulation of plant growth not only during unperturbed but also under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dissmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS; IBMP-CNRS; Unité Propre de Recherche 2357; Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS; IBMP-CNRS; Unité Propre de Recherche 2357; Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology; Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Universiteit Gent; Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics; Universiteit Gent; Gent, Belgium
| | - Bela Novak
- Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology; Department of Biochemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS; IBMP-CNRS; Unité Propre de Recherche 2357; Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
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82
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Sreenivasulu N, Radchuk V, Alawady A, Borisjuk L, Weier D, Staroske N, Fuchs J, Miersch O, Strickert M, Usadel B, Wobus U, Grimm B, Weber H, Weschke W. De-regulation of abscisic acid contents causes abnormal endosperm development in the barley mutant seg8. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:589-603. [PMID: 20822501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain development of the maternal effect shrunken endosperm mutant seg8 was analysed by comprehensive molecular, biochemical and histological methods. The most obvious finding was de-regulation of ABA levels, which were lower compared to wild-type during the pre-storage phase but higher during the transition from cell division/differentiation to accumulation of storage products. Ploidy levels and ABA amounts were inversely correlated in the developing endosperms of both mutant and wild-type, suggesting an influence of ABA on cell-cycle regulation. The low ABA levels found in seg8 grains between anthesis and beginning endosperm cellularization may result from a gene dosage effect in the syncytial endosperm that causes impaired transfer of ABA synthesized in vegetative tissues into filial grain parts. Increased ABA levels during the transition phase are accompanied by higher chlorophyll and carotenoid/xanthophyll contents. The data suggest a disturbed ABA-releasing biosynthetic pathway. This is indicated by up-regulation of expression of the geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) gene, which may be induced by ABA deficiency during the pre-storage phase. Abnormal cellularization/differentiation of the developing seg8 endosperm and reduced accumulation of starch are phenotypic characteristics that reflect these disturbances. The present study did not reveal the primary gene defect causing the seg8 phenotype, but presents new insights into the maternal/filial relationships regulating barley endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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83
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He F, Zhou Y, Zhang Z. Deciphering the Arabidopsis floral transition process by integrating a protein-protein interaction network and gene expression data. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1492-505. [PMID: 20530214 PMCID: PMC2923896 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.153650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In a plant, the progression from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is called the floral transition. Over the past several decades, the floral transition has been shown to be determined not by a single gene but by a complicated gene network. This important biological process, however, has not been investigated at a genome-wide network level. We collected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protein-protein interaction data from several public databases and compiled them into a genome-wide Arabidopsis interactome. Then, we integrated gene expression profiles during the Arabidopsis floral transition process into the established protein-protein interaction network to identify two types of anticorrelated modules associated with vegetative and reproductive growth. Generally, the vegetative modules are conserved in plants, while the reproductive modules are more specific to advanced plants. The existence of floral transition switches demonstrates that vegetative and reproductive processes might be coordinated by the interacting interface of these modules. Our work also provides many candidates for mediating the interactions between these modules, which may play important roles during the Arabidopsis vegetative/reproductive switch.
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84
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Bramsiepe J, Wester K, Weinl C, Roodbarkelari F, Kasili R, Larkin JC, Hülskamp M, Schnittger A. Endoreplication controls cell fate maintenance. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000996. [PMID: 20585618 PMCID: PMC2891705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-fate specification is typically thought to precede and determine cell-cycle regulation during differentiation. Here we show that endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, a specialized cell-cycle variant often associated with cell differentiation but also frequently occurring in malignant cells, plays a role in maintaining cell fate. For our study we have used Arabidopsis trichomes as a model system and have manipulated endoreplication levels via mutants of cell-cycle regulators and overexpression of cell-cycle inhibitors under a trichome-specific promoter. Strikingly, a reduction of endoreplication resulted in reduced trichome numbers and caused trichomes to lose their identity. Live observations of young Arabidopsis leaves revealed that dedifferentiating trichomes re-entered mitosis and were re-integrated into the epidermal pavement-cell layer, acquiring the typical characteristics of the surrounding epidermal cells. Conversely, when we promoted endoreplication in glabrous patterning mutants, trichome fate could be restored, demonstrating that endoreplication is an important determinant of cell identity. Our data lead to a new model of cell-fate control and tissue integrity during development by revealing a cell-fate quality control system at the tissue level. Differentiating cells often amplify their nuclear DNA content through a special cell-cycle variant, called endoreplication, in which cell division is skipped. Although this process is widespread from humans to plants, not much is currently known about the biological importance of endoreplication. Moreover, the control of cell-cycle activities has been thought to follow developmental decisions and the adoption of a specific cell fate. Here we have uncovered a previously unrecognized function of endoreplication in maintaining cell identity, presenting a striking example of how cell fate and cell-cycle progression are linked. Using leaf hairs on the reference plant Arabidopsis as a model, we show that compromising endoreplication leads to dedifferentiation of the newly forming leaf hair cell. Live observations of young Arabidopsis leaves revealed that dedifferentiating leaf hairs underwent repeated rounds of cell division and were re-integrated into the epidermal cell layer acquiring the typical characteristics of the surrounding epidermal cells. Conversely, promoting endoreplication in mutants that fail to develop hairs could at least partially restore their differentiation program. With this, our findings also pinpoint an important role of the social context of a cell, revealing a differentiation control system at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bramsiepe
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katja Wester
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Christina Weinl
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Farshad Roodbarkelari
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Remmy Kasili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
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85
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Roeder AHK, Chickarmane V, Cunha A, Obara B, Manjunath BS, Meyerowitz EM. Variability in the control of cell division underlies sepal epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000367. [PMID: 20485493 PMCID: PMC2867943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How growth and proliferation are precisely controlled in organs during development and how the regulation of cell division contributes to the formation of complex cell type patterns are important questions in developmental biology. Such a pattern of diverse cell sizes is characteristic of the sepals, the outermost floral organs, of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine how the cell size pattern is formed in the sepal epidermis, we iterate between generating predictions from a computational model and testing these predictions through time-lapse imaging. We show that the cell size diversity is due to the variability in decisions of individual cells about when to divide and when to stop dividing and enter the specialized endoreduplication cell cycle. We further show that altering the activity of cell cycle inhibitors biases the timing and changes the cell size pattern as our model predicts. Models and observations together demonstrate that variability in the time of cell division is a major determinant in the formation of a characteristic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Study of Cell Regulation, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Vijay Chickarmane
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Cunha
- Center for Integrative Study of Cell Regulation, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Computing Research, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Boguslaw Obara
- Center for Bio-Image Informatics, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - B. S. Manjunath
- Center for Bio-Image Informatics, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Elliot M. Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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86
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SIAMESE cooperates with the CDH1-like protein CCS52A1 to establish endoreplication in Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes. Genetics 2010; 185:257-68. [PMID: 20194967 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.113274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoreplication, also known as endoreduplication, is a phyogenetically widespread modified version of the cell cycle in which DNA replication is not followed by cell division. The SIAMESE (SIM) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes the founding member of a novel class of plant-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors and is a key regulator of endoreplication during the development of trichomes (shoot epidermal hairs). Here, we have identified mutations in the CCS52A1 gene as genetic modifiers of the multicellular trichome phenotype of sim mutants. Loss-of-function ccs52A1 mutations dramatically enhance the multicellularity of sim mutants trichomes in double mutants, whereas overexpression of CCS52A1 completely suppresses the sim mutant phenotype. CCS52A1 encodes a CDH1/FZR-like protein, a class of proteins that function as activators of the anaphase-promoting complex. Unicellular ccs52A1 trichomes become multicellular upon overexpression of B-type cyclin, consistent with repression of the accumulation of mitotic cyclins in the developing trichome by CCS52A1. As these M-phase-specific cyclins are known to accumulate in sim mutant trichomes, our data suggest that CCS52A1 and SIM cooperate in repressing accumulation of mitotic cyclins to establish the trichome endocycle. Comparison with endoreplication pathways in Drosophila and mammals indicates that while these organisms all use similar components to initiate endoreplication, the components are deployed differently in each organism.
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Genome-wide analysis of the diatom cell cycle unveils a novel type of cyclins involved in environmental signaling. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R17. [PMID: 20146805 PMCID: PMC2872877 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-2-r17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the enormous importance of diatoms in aquatic ecosystems and their broad industrial potential, little is known about their life cycle control. Diatoms typically inhabit rapidly changing and unstable environments, suggesting that cell cycle regulation in diatoms must have evolved to adequately integrate various environmental signals. The recent genome sequencing of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum allows us to explore the molecular conservation of cell cycle regulation in diatoms. RESULTS By profile-based annotation of cell cycle genes, counterparts of conserved as well as new regulators were identified in T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum. In particular, the cyclin gene family was found to be expanded extensively compared to that of other eukaryotes and a novel type of cyclins was discovered, the diatom-specific cyclins. We established a synchronization method for P. tricornutum that enabled assignment of the different annotated genes to specific cell cycle phase transitions. The diatom-specific cyclins are predominantly expressed at the G1-to-S transition and some respond to phosphate availability, hinting at a role in connecting cell division to environmental stimuli. CONCLUSION The discovery of highly conserved and new cell cycle regulators suggests the evolution of unique control mechanisms for diatom cell division, probably contributing to their ability to adapt and survive under highly fluctuating environmental conditions.
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88
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Bourdon M, Frangne N, Mathieu-Rivet E, Nafati M, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Chevalier C. Endoreduplication and Growth of Fleshy Fruits. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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89
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Dissmeyer N, Weimer AK, Pusch S, De Schutter K, Alvim Kamei CL, Nowack MK, Novak B, Duan GL, Zhu YG, De Veylder L, Schnittger A. Control of cell proliferation, organ growth, and DNA damage response operate independently of dephosphorylation of the Arabidopsis Cdk1 homolog CDKA;1. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3641-54. [PMID: 19948791 PMCID: PMC2798325 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is universally controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A key regulatory event in metazoans and fission yeast is CDK activation by the removal of inhibitory phosphate groups in the ATP binding pocket catalyzed by Cdc25 phosphatases. In contrast with other multicellular organisms, we show here that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, cell cycle control does not depend on sudden changes in the phosphorylation pattern of the PSTAIRE-containing Cdk1 homolog CDKA;1. Consistently, we found that neither mutants in a previously identified CDC25 candidate gene nor plants in which it is overexpressed display cell cycle defects. Inhibitory phosphorylation of CDKs is also the key event in metazoans to arrest cell cycle progression upon DNA damage. However, we show here that the DNA damage checkpoint in Arabidopsis can also operate independently of the phosphorylation of CDKA;1. These observations reveal a surprising degree of divergence in the circuitry of highly conserved core cell cycle regulators in multicellular organisms. Based on biomathematical simulations, we propose a plant-specific model of how progression through the cell cycle could be wired in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dissmeyer
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
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90
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Sonoda Y, Sako K, Maki Y, Yamazaki N, Yamamoto H, Ikeda A, Yamaguchi J. Regulation of leaf organ size by the Arabidopsis RPT2a 19S proteasome subunit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:68-78. [PMID: 19500299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway plays a central role in the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins, to control many cellular events. To further understand this pathway, we focused on the RPT2 subunit of the 26S proteasome regulatory particle. The Arabidopsis genome contains two genes, AtRPT2a and AtRPT2b, which encode paralog molecules of the RPT2 subunit, with a difference of only three amino acids in the protein sequences. Both genes showed similar mRNA accumulation patterns. However, the rpt2a mutant showed a specific phenotype of enlarged leaves caused by increased cell size, in correlation with increased ploidy. Detailed analyses revealed that cell expansion is increased in the rpt2a mutant by extended endoreduplication early in leaf development. The transcription of genes encoding cell cycle-related components, for DNA replication licensing and the G2/M phase, was also promoted in the rpt2a mutant, suggesting that extended endoreduplication was caused by increased DNA replication, and disrupted regulation of the G2/M checkpoint, at the proliferation stage of leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sonoda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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91
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Seo PJ, Xiang F, Qiao M, Park JY, Lee YN, Kim SG, Lee YH, Park WJ, Park CM. The MYB96 transcription factor mediates abscisic acid signaling during drought stress response in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:275-289. [PMID: 19625633 DOI: 10.2307/40537768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptive responses to drought are coordinated by adjusting growth and developmental processes as well as molecular and cellular activities. The root system is the primary site that perceives drought stress signals, and its development is profoundly affected by soil water content. Various growth hormones, particularly abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin, play a critical role in root growth under drought through complex signaling networks. Here, we report that a R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, MYB96, regulates drought stress response by integrating ABA and auxin signals. The MYB96-mediated ABA signals are integrated into an auxin signaling pathway that involves a subset of GH3 genes encoding auxin-conjugating enzymes. A MYB96-overexpressing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant exhibited enhanced drought resistance with reduced lateral roots. In the mutant, while lateral root primordia were normally developed, meristem activation and lateral root elongation were suppressed. In contrast, a T-DNA insertional knockout mutant was more susceptible to drought. Auxin also induces MYB96 primarily in the roots, which in turn induces the GH3 genes and modulates endogenous auxin levels during lateral root development. We propose that MYB96 is a molecular link that mediates ABA-auxin cross talk in drought stress response and lateral root growth, providing an adaptive strategy under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joon Seo
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 151-742
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92
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Seo PJ, Xiang F, Qiao M, Park JY, Lee YN, Kim SG, Lee YH, Park WJ, Park CM. The MYB96 transcription factor mediates abscisic acid signaling during drought stress response in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:275-89. [PMID: 19625633 PMCID: PMC2735973 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptive responses to drought are coordinated by adjusting growth and developmental processes as well as molecular and cellular activities. The root system is the primary site that perceives drought stress signals, and its development is profoundly affected by soil water content. Various growth hormones, particularly abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin, play a critical role in root growth under drought through complex signaling networks. Here, we report that a R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, MYB96, regulates drought stress response by integrating ABA and auxin signals. The MYB96-mediated ABA signals are integrated into an auxin signaling pathway that involves a subset of GH3 genes encoding auxin-conjugating enzymes. A MYB96-overexpressing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant exhibited enhanced drought resistance with reduced lateral roots. In the mutant, while lateral root primordia were normally developed, meristem activation and lateral root elongation were suppressed. In contrast, a T-DNA insertional knockout mutant was more susceptible to drought. Auxin also induces MYB96 primarily in the roots, which in turn induces the GH3 genes and modulates endogenous auxin levels during lateral root development. We propose that MYB96 is a molecular link that mediates ABA-auxin cross talk in drought stress response and lateral root growth, providing an adaptive strategy under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joon Seo
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 151-742
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93
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Mandadi KK, Misra A, Ren S, McKnight TD. BT2, a BTB protein, mediates multiple responses to nutrients, stresses, and hormones in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1930-9. [PMID: 19525324 PMCID: PMC2719139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene BT2 encodes a 41-kD protein that possesses an amino-terminal BTB domain, a central TAZ domain, and a carboxyl-terminal calmodulin-binding domain. We previously demonstrated that BT2 could activate telomerase expression in mature Arabidopsis leaves. Here, we report its distinct role in mediating diverse hormone, stress, and metabolic responses. We serendipitously discovered that steady-state expression of BT2 mRNA was regulated diurnally and controlled by the circadian clock, with maximum expression in the dark. This pattern of expression suggested that BT2 mRNA could be linked to the availability of photosynthate in the plant. Exogenous sugars decreased BT2 expression, whereas exogenous nitrogen increased expression. bt2 loss-of-function mutants displayed a hypersensitive response to both sugar-mediated inhibition of germination and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of germination, thus supporting a role of ABA in sugar signaling in germination and development. Moreover, constitutive expression of BT2 imparted resistance to both sugars and ABA at germination, suggesting that BT2 suppresses sugar and ABA responses. In support of the previously described antagonistic relationship between ABA and auxin, we found that BT2 positively regulated certain auxin responses in plants, as revealed by knocking down BT2 expression in the high-auxin mutant yucca. Accumulation of BT2 mRNA was affected by a variety of hormones, nutrients, and stresses, and BT2 was required for responses to many of these same factors. Together, these results suggest that BT2 is a central component of an interconnected signaling network that detects and responds to multiple inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranthi K Mandadi
- Department of Biology , Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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94
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Gusti A, Baumberger N, Nowack M, Pusch S, Eisler H, Potuschak T, De Veylder L, Schnittger A, Genschik P. The Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein FBL17 is essential for progression through the second mitosis during pollen development. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4780. [PMID: 19277118 PMCID: PMC2651519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungi and metazoans, the SCF-type Ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) play a critical role in cell cycle regulation by degrading negative regulators, such as cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) at the G1-to-S-phase checkpoint. Here we report that FBL17, an Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein, is involved in cell cycle regulation during male gametogenesis. FBL17 expression is strongly enhanced in plants co-expressing E2Fa and DPa, transcription factors that promote S-phase entry. FBL17 loss-of-function mutants fail to undergo pollen mitosis II, which generates the two sperm cells in mature A. thaliana pollen. Nonetheless, the single sperm cell-like cell in fbl17 mutants is functional but will exclusively fertilize the egg cell of the female gametophyte, giving rise to an embryo that will later abort, most likely due to the lack of functional endosperm. Seed abortion can, however, be overcome by mutations in FIE, a component of the Polycomb group complex, overall resembling loss-of-function mutations in the A. thaliana cyclin-dependent kinase CDKA;1. Finally we identified ASK11, as an SKP1-like partner protein of FBL17 and discuss a possible mechanism how SCF(FBL17) may regulate cell division during male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Gusti
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Baumberger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Moritz Nowack
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Herfried Eisler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Potuschak
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Gent, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Unigruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Lehrstuhl für Botanik III, Universität Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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95
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Lai J, Chen H, Teng K, Zhao Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liang L, Xia R, Wu Y, Guo H, Xie Q. RKP, a RING finger E3 ligase induced by BSCTV C4 protein, affects geminivirus infection by regulation of the plant cell cycle. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:905-17. [PMID: 19000158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The C4 protein from Curtovirus is known as a major symptom determinant, but the mode of action of the C4 protein remains unclear. To understand the mechanism of involvement of C4 protein in virus-plant interactions, we introduced the C4 gene from Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) into Arabidopsis under a conditional expression promoter; the resulting overexpression of BSCTV C4 led to abnormal host cell division. RKP, a RING finger protein, which is a homolog of the human cell cycle regulator KPC1, was discovered to be induced by BSCTV C4 protein. Mutation of RKP reduced the susceptibility to BSCTV in Arabidopsis and impaired BSCTV replication in plant cells. Callus formation is impaired in rkp mutants, indicating a role of RKP in the plant cell cycle. RKP was demonstrated to be a functional ubiquitin E3 ligase and is able to interact with cell-cycle inhibitor ICK/KRP proteins in vitro. Accumulation of the protein ICK2/KRP2 was found increased in the rkp mutant. The above results strengthen the possibility that RKP might regulate the degradation of ICK/KRP proteins. In addition, the protein level of ICK2/KRP2 was decreased upon BSCTV infection. Overexpression of ICK1/KRP1 in Arabidopsis could reduce the susceptibility to BSCTV. In conclusion, we found that RKP is induced by BSCTV C4 and may affect BSCTV infection by regulating the host cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, China
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96
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Cools T, De Veylder L. DNA stress checkpoint control and plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:23-28. [PMID: 19010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sedentary, and so have unavoidably close contact with agents that target their genome integrity. To sense and react to these threats, plants have evolved DNA stress checkpoint mechanisms that arrest the cell cycle and activate the DNA repair machinery to preserve the genome content. Although the pathways that maintain DNA integrity are largely conserved among eukaryotic organisms, plants put different accents on cell cycle control under DNA stress and might have their own way to cope with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Cools
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
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97
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Kim HJ, Oh SA, Brownfield L, Hong SH, Ryu H, Hwang I, Twell D, Nam HG. Control of plant germline proliferation by SCF(FBL17) degradation of cell cycle inhibitors. Nature 2008; 455:1134-7. [PMID: 18948957 DOI: 10.1038/nature07289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants possess a unique reproductive strategy, involving double fertilization by twin sperm cells. Unlike animal germ lines, the male germ cell lineage in plants only forms after meiosis and involves asymmetric division of haploid microspores, to produce a large, non-germline vegetative cell and a germ cell that undergoes one further division to produce the twin sperm cells. Although this switch in cell cycle control is critical for sperm cell production and delivery, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here we identify a novel F-box protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, designated FBL17 (F-box-like 17), that enables this switch by targeting the degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase A;1 inhibitors specifically in male germ cells. We show that FBL17 is transiently expressed in the male germ line after asymmetric division and forms an SKP1-Cullin1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (SCF(FBL17)) that targets the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors KRP6 and KRP7 for proteasome-dependent degradation. Accordingly, the loss of FBL17 function leads to the stabilization of KRP6 and inhibition of germ cell cycle progression. Our results identify SCF(FBL17) as an essential male germ cell proliferation complex that promotes twin sperm cell production and double fertilization in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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98
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Vázquez-Ramos JM, Lara-Nuñez A. Cyclins D, phytoregulators and cell cycle onset in germinating maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:578-579. [PMID: 19704474 PMCID: PMC2634502 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.8.5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several different D-type cyclins can be found in plants and in maize, four of these have been characterized: CycD2;1, CycD4;1, CycD5;1 and CycD5;2. These cyclins appear to form complexes with Cdks, with PCNA and also with KRP proteins and in these kinase activity can be measured. The expression of the corresponding genes during maize germination is highly stimulated by phytohormones like auxin and cytokinin, however this is not followed by an equivalent increase in the amount of the corresponding proteins; nonetheless, auxins do stimulate the associated kinase activity, particularly at early germination times. Thus, auxins appear to stimulate the cell cycle during germination at two levels, transcription and kinase activation. Both auxins and cytokinins appear to shorten the G1 phase during germination and stimulate DNA synthesis, but apparently they do it in different ways as the simultaneous addition of both to germinating maize axes eliminates DNA synthesis stimulation. Therefore, similar actions may be achieved by different paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química; Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Avenida Universidad y Copilco; México, México
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99
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Ren H, Santner A, del Pozo JC, Murray JAH, Estelle M. Degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1 is regulated by two different ubiquitin E3 ligases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:705-16. [PMID: 18005227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In animals and fungi, a group of proteins called the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors play a key role in cell cycle regulation. However, comparatively little is known about the role of these proteins in plant cell cycle regulation. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which the plant cell cycle is regulated, we studied the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1 in Arabidopsis. KRP1 interacts with the CDKA;1/CYCD2;1 complex in planta and functions in the G1-S transition of the cell cycle. Furthermore, we show that KRP1 is a likely target of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Two different ubiquitin protein ligases, SCF(SKP2) and the RING protein RKP, contribute to its degradation. These results suggest that SCF(SKP2b) and RPK play an important role in the cell cycle through regulating KRP1 protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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100
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Abstract
Here we summarize progress in identification of three classes of genes useful for control of plant architecture: those affecting hormone metabolism and signaling; transcription and other regulatory factors; and the cell cycle. We focus on strong modifiers of stature and form that may be useful for directed modification of plant architecture, rather than the detailed mechanisms of gene action. Gibberellin (GA) metabolic and response genes are particularly attractive targets for manipulation because many act in a dose-dependent manner; similar phenotypic effects can be readily achieved in heterologous species; and induced pleiotropic effects--such as on nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis, and lateral root production--are usually positive with respect to crop performance. Genes encoding transcription factors represent strong candidates for manipulation of plant architecture. For example, AINTEGUMENTA, ARGOS (auxin-regulated gene controlling organ size), and growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are strong modifiers of leaf and/or flower size. Plants overexpressing these genes had increased organ size and did not display negative pleiotropic effects in glasshouse environments. TCP-domain genes such as CINCINNATA, and the associated regulatory miRNAs such as miRJAW, may provide useful means to modulate leaf curvature and other foliage properties. There are considerable opportunities for comparative and translational genomics in nonmodel plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Busov
- Michigan Technological University, School of Forest Research and Environmental Science, 101 Noblet Hall, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Forestry, 304 Cheatham Hall (0324), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA
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