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Rigano MM, Lionetti V, Raiola A, Bellincampi D, Barone A. Pectic enzymes as potential enhancers of ascorbic acid production through the D-galacturonate pathway in Solanaceae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:55-63. [PMID: 29241567 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase of L-Ascorbic Acid (AsA) content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a common goal in breeding programs due to its beneficial effect on human health. To shed light into the regulation of fruit AsA content, we exploited a Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL12-4-SL) harbouring one quantitative trait locus that increases the content of total AsA in the fruit. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were carried out in fruits of IL12-4-SL in comparison with the cultivated line M82 at different stages of ripening. AsA content was studied in relation with pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and the degree of pectin methylesterification (DME). Our results indicated that the increase of AsA content in IL12-4-SL fruits was related with pectin de-methylesterification/degradation. Specific PME, polygalacturonase (PG) and UDP-D-glucuronic-acid-4-epimerase (UGlcAE) isoforms were proposed as components of the D-galacturonate pathway leading to AsA biosynthesis. The relationship between AsA content and PME activity was also exploited in PMEI tobacco plants expressing a specific PME inhibitor (PMEI). Here we report that tobacco PMEI plants, altered in PME activity and degree of pectin methylesterification, showed a reduction in low methylesterified pectic domains and exhibited a reduced AsA content. Overall, our results provide novel biochemical and genetic traits for increasing antioxidant content by marker-assisted selection in the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Zuma B, Dana MB, Wang D. Prolonged Expression of a Putative Invertase Inhibitor in Micropylar Endosperm Suppressed Embryo Growth in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 29441087 PMCID: PMC5797552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proper seed development requires coordinated growth among the three genetically distinct components, the embryo, the endosperm, and the seed coat. In Arabidopsis, embryo growth rate accelerates after endosperm cellularization, which requires a chromatin-remodeling complex, the FIS2-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). After cellularization, the endosperm ceases to grow and is eventually absorbed by the embryo. This sequential growth pattern displayed by the endosperm and the embryo suggests a possibility that the supply of sugar might be shifted from the endosperm to the embryo upon endosperm cellularization. Since invertases and invertase inhibitors play an important role in sugar partition, we investigated their expression pattern during early stages of seed development in Arabidopsis. Two putative invertase inhibitors (InvINH1 and InvINH2) were identified as being preferentially expressed in the micropylar endosperm that surrounds the embryo. After endosperm cellularization, InvINH1 and InvINH2 were down-regulated in a FIS2-dependent manner. We hypothesized that FIS2-PRC2 complex either directly or indirectly represses InvINH1 and InvINH2 to increase invertase activity around the embryo, making more hexose available to support the accelerated embryo growth after endosperm cellularization. In support of our hypothesis, embryo growth was delayed in transgenic lines that ectopically expressed InvINH1 in the cellularized endosperm. Our data suggested a novel mechanism for the FIS2-PRC2 complex to control embryo growth rate via the regulation of invertase activity in the endosperm.
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, MacMillan CP, Galletti R, Golz JF, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. Arabidopsis DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cell wall composition and axial growth in the inflorescence stem. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00027. [PMID: 31245676 PMCID: PMC6508578 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Axial growth in plant stems requires a fine balance between elongation and stem mechanical reinforcement to ensure mechanical stability. Strength is provided by the plant cell wall, the deposition of which must be coordinated with cell expansion and elongation to ensure that integrity is maintained during growth. Coordination of these processes is critical and yet poorly understood. The plant-specific calpain, DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), plays a key role in growth coordination in leaves, yet its role in regulating stem growth has not been addressed. Using plants overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1 (CALPAIN OE) and a DEK1 knockdown line (amiRNA-DEK1), we undertook morphological, biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic analyses of mature inflorescence stems. We identify a novel role for DEK1 in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and coordination of growth during inflorescence stem development. CALPAIN OE plants are significantly reduced in stature and have short, thickened stems, while amiRNA-DEK1 lines have weakened stems that are unable to stand upright. Microscopic analyses of the stems identify changes in cell size, shape and number, and differences in both primary and secondary cell wall thickness and composition. Taken together, our results suggest that DEK1 influences primary wall growth by indirectly regulating cellulose and pectin deposition. In addition, we observe changes in secondary cell walls that may compensate for altered primary cell wall composition. We propose that DEK1 activity is required for the coordination of stem strengthening with elongation during axial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchKölnGermany
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | - Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Gwyneth C. Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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Genomic, Network, and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Oomycete Effector Arsenal. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00408-17. [PMID: 29202039 PMCID: PMC5700374 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00408-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. In this study, we catalogued the number and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species whose genomes have been completely sequenced. Large expansions of effector protein families in Phytophthora species, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, were observed. Species-specific expansions were detected, including chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses were identified in Ap. astaci and Py. oligandrum. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available. The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes within the stramenopiles-alveolate-Rhizaria (SAR) supergroup and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. This study investigated the expansion and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species in 4 oomycete orders, including Albuginales, Peronosporales, Pythiales, and Saprolegniales species. Our results highlight the large expansions of effector protein families, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, in Phytophthora species. Species-specific expansions, including expansions of chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum, were detected. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses in Ap. astaci and Py. insidiosum were also identified. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located in a number of oomycete species. We also investigated the "RxLR" effector complement of all 37 species and, as expected, observed large expansions in Phytophthora species numbers. Our results provide in-depth sequence information on all putative RxLR effectors from all 37 species. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available. IMPORTANCE The oomycetes are a class of microscopic, filamentous eukaryotes and include ecologically significant animal and plant pathogens. Oomycetes secrete large arsenals of effector proteins that degrade host cell components, manipulate host immune responses, and induce necrosis, enabling parasitic colonization. In this study, we catalogued the number and evolution of effectors in 37 oomycete species whose genomes have been completely sequenced. Large expansions of effector protein families in Phytophthora species, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinases, and necrosis-inducing proteins, were observed. Species-specific expansions were detected, including chitinases in Aphanomyces astaci and Pythium oligandrum. Novel effectors which may be involved in suppressing animal immune responses were identified in Ap. astaci and Py. oligandrum. Type 2 necrosis-inducing proteins with an unusual phylogenetic history were also located. This work represents an up-to-date in silico catalogue of the effector arsenal of the oomycetes based on the 37 genomes currently available.
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Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) family can be related to male sterility in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:343-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sénéchal F, Habrylo O, Hocq L, Domon JM, Marcelo P, Lefebvre V, Pelloux J, Mercadante D. Structural and dynamical characterization of the pH-dependence of the pectin methylesterase-pectin methylesterase inhibitor complex. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21538-21547. [PMID: 29109147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of pectin, one of the main polysaccharides in the plant cell wall, and are of critical importance in plant development. PME activity generates highly negatively charged pectin and mutates the physiochemical properties of the plant cell wall such that remodeling of the plant cell can occur. PMEs are therefore tightly regulated by proteinaceous inhibitors (PMEIs), some of which become active upon changes in cellular pH. Nevertheless, a detailed picture of how this pH-dependent inhibition of PME occurs at the molecular level is missing. Herein, using an interdisciplinary approach that included homology modeling, MD simulations, and biophysical and biochemical characterizations, we investigated the molecular basis of PME3 inhibition by PMEI7 in Arabidopsis thaliana Our complementary approach uncovered how changes in the protonation of amino acids at the complex interface shift the network of interacting residues between intermolecular and intramolecular. These shifts ultimately regulate the stability of the PME3-PMEI7 complex and the inhibition of the PME as a function of the pH. These findings suggest a general model of how pH-dependent proteinaceous inhibitors function. Moreover, they enhance our understanding of how PMEs may be regulated by pH and provide new insights into how this regulation may control the physical properties and structure of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ludivine Hocq
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- the Plateforme ICAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France,
| | - Davide Mercadante
- the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg-HITS, 16920 Heidelberg, Germany, and .,the IWR-Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Stavolone L, Lionetti V. Extracellular Matrix in Plants and Animals: Hooks and Locks for Viruses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1760. [PMID: 28955324 PMCID: PMC5600933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal and plants cells plays important roles in viral diseases. While in animal cells extracellular matrix components can be exploited by viruses for recognition, attachment and entry, the plant cell wall acts as a physical barrier to viral entry and adds a higher level of difficulty to intercellular movement of viruses. Interestingly, both in plant and animal systems, ECM can be strongly remodeled during virus infection, and the understanding of remodeling mechanisms and molecular players offers new perspectives for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the different roles played by the ECM in plant and animal hosts during virus infection with special emphasis on the similarities and differences. Possible biotechnological applications aimed at improving viral resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Stavolone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheBari, Italy.,International Institute of Tropical AgricultureIbadan, Nigeria
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", "Sapienza" Università di RomaRome, Italy
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Goulao LF, Fernandes JC, Amâncio S. How the Depletion in Mineral Major Elements Affects Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Primary Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1439. [PMID: 28871267 PMCID: PMC5566972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The noteworthy fine remodeling that plant cell walls (CWs) undergo to adapt to developmental, physiological and environmental cues and the observation that its composition and dynamics differ between species represents an opportunity to couple crop species agronomic studies with research on CW modifications. Vitis vinifera is one of the most important crops from an economic point-of-view due to the high value of the fruit, predominantly for winemaking. The availability of some information related to this species' CWs allows researching its responses to imposed conditions that affect the plant's development. Mineral deficiency, in particular nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, strongly affects plant metabolism, reducing both growth and crop yield. Despite the importance of mineral nutrition in development, its influence on CW synthesis and modifications is still insufficiently documented. Addressing this knowledge gap, V. vinifera experimental models were used to study CW responses to imposed mineral depletion in unorganized (callus) and organized (shoots) tissues. The discussion of the obtained results is the main focus of this review. Callus and shoots submitted to mineral restriction are impaired in specific CW components, predominantly cellulose. Reorganization on structure and deposition of several other polymers, in particular the degree and pattern of pectin methyl-esterification and the amount of xyloglucan (XyG), arabinan and extensin, is also observed. In view of recently proposed CW models that consider biomechanical hotspots and direct linkages between pectins and XyG/cellulose, the outcome of these modifications in explaining maintenance of CW integrity through compensatory stiffening can be debated. Nutrient stresses do not affect evenly all tissues with undifferentiated callus tissues showing more pronounced responses, followed by shoot mature internodes, and then newly formed internodes. The impact of nitrogen depletion leads to more noticeable responses, supporting this nutrient's primary role in plant development and metabolism. The consequential compensatory mechanisms highlight the pivotal role of CW in rearranging under environmental stresses.
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Massonnet M, Fasoli M, Tornielli GB, Altieri M, Sandri M, Zuccolotto P, Paci P, Gardiman M, Zenoni S, Pezzotti M. Ripening Transcriptomic Program in Red and White Grapevine Varieties Correlates with Berry Skin Anthocyanin Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:2376-2396. [PMID: 28652263 PMCID: PMC5543946 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) berry development involves a succession of physiological and biochemical changes reflecting the transcriptional modulation of thousands of genes. Although recent studies have investigated the dynamic transcriptome during berry development, most have focused on a single grapevine variety, so there is a lack of comparative data representing different cultivars. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide transcriptional analysis of 120 RNA samples corresponding to 10 Italian grapevine varieties collected at four growth stages. The 10 varieties, representing five red-skinned and five white-skinned berries, were all cultivated in the same experimental vineyard to reduce environmental variability. The comparison of transcriptional changes during berry formation and ripening allowed us to determine the transcriptomic traits common to all varieties, thus defining the core transcriptome of berry development, as well as the transcriptional dynamics underlying differences between red and white berry varieties. A greater variation among the red cultivars than between red and white cultivars at the transcriptome level was revealed, suggesting that anthocyanin accumulation during berry maturation has a direct impact on the transcriptomic regulation of multiple biological processes. The expression of genes related to phenylpropanoid/flavonoid biosynthesis clearly distinguished the behavior of red and white berry genotypes during ripening but also reflected the differential accumulation of anthocyanins in the red berries, indicating some form of cross talk between the activation of stilbene biosynthesis and the accumulation of anthocyanins in ripening berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Mario Altieri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Zuccolotto
- Big & Open Data Innovation Laboratory, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science Antonio Ruberti, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy
- SysBio Centre for Systems Biology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Landis JB, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the evolution and development of flower size in Saltugilia (Polemoniaceae). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:475. [PMID: 28645249 PMCID: PMC5481933 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower size varies dramatically across angiosperms, representing innovations over the course of >130 million years of evolution and contributing substantially to relationships with pollinators. However, the genetic underpinning of flower size is not well understood. Saltugilia (Polemoniaceae) provides an excellent non-model system for extending the genetic study of flower size to interspecific differences that coincide with variation in pollinators. RESULTS Using targeted gene capture methods, we infer phylogenetic relationships among all members of Saltugilia to provide a framework for investigating the genetic control of flower size differences via RNA-Seq de novo assembly. Nuclear concatenation and species tree inference methods provide congruent topologies. The inferred evolutionary trajectory of flower size is from small flowers to larger flowers. We identified 4 to 10,368 transcripts that are differentially expressed during flower development, with many unigenes associated with cell wall modification and components of the auxin and gibberellin pathways. CONCLUSIONS Saltugilia is an excellent model for investigating covarying floral and pollinator evolution. Four candidate genes from model systems (BIG BROTHER, BIG PETAL, GASA, and LONGIFOLIA) show differential expression during development of flowers in Saltugilia, and four other genes (FLOWERING-PROMOTING FACTOR 1, PECTINESTERASE, POLYGALACTURONASE, and SUCROSE SYNTHASE) fit into hypothesized organ size pathways. Together, these gene sets provide a strong foundation for future functional studies to determine their roles in specifying interspecific differences in flower size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Landis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, 4412 Boyce Hall, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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Philippe F, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Plant pectin acetylesterase structure and function: new insights from bioinformatic analysis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:456. [PMID: 28595570 PMCID: PMC5465549 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pectins are plant cell wall polysaccharides that can be acetylated on C2 and/or C3 of galacturonic acid residues. The degree of acetylation of pectin can be modulated by pectin acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6, PAE). The function and structure of plant PAEs remain poorly understood and the role of the fine-tuning of pectin acetylation on cell wall properties has not yet been elucidated. Results In the present study, a bioinformatic approach was used on 72 plant PAEs from 16 species among 611 plant PAEs available in plant genomic databases. An overview of plant PAE proteins, particularly Arabidopsis thaliana PAEs, based on phylogeny analysis, protein motif identification and modeled 3D structure is presented. A phylogenetic tree analysis using protein sequences clustered the plant PAEs into five clades. AtPAEs clustered in four clades in the plant kingdom PAE tree while they formed three clades when a phylogenetic tree was performed only on Arabidopsis proteins, due to isoform AtPAE9. Primitive plants that display a smaller number of PAEs clustered into two clades, while in higher plants, the presence of multiple members of PAE genes indicated a diversification of AtPAEs. 3D homology modeling of AtPAE8 from clade 2 with a human Notum protein showed an α/β hydrolase structure with the hallmark Ser-His-Asp of the active site. A 3D model of AtPAE4 from clade 1 and AtPAE10 from clade 3 showed a similar shape suggesting that the diversification of AtPAEs is unlikely to arise from the shape of the protein. Primary structure prediction analysis of AtPAEs showed a specific motif characteristic of each clade and identified one major group of AtPAEs with a signal peptide and one group without a signal peptide. A multiple sequence alignment of the putative plant PAEs revealed consensus sequences with important putative catalytic residues: Ser, Asp, His and a pectin binding site. Data mining of gene expression profiles of AtPAE revealed that genes from clade 2 including AtPAE7, AtPAE8 and AtPAE11, which are duplicated genes, are highly expressed during plant growth and development while AtPAEs without a signal peptide, including AtPAE2 and AtPAE4, are more regulated in response to plant environmental conditions. Conclusion Bioinformatic analysis of plant, and particularly Arabidopsis, AtPAEs provides novel insights, including new motifs that could play a role in pectin binding and catalytic sites. The diversification of AtPAEs is likely to be related to neofunctionalization of some AtPAE genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3833-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Philippe
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France.
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Huang YC, Wu HC, Wang YD, Liu CH, Lin CC, Luo DL, Jinn TL. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE34 Contributes to Heat Tolerance through Its Role in Promoting Stomatal Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:748-763. [PMID: 28381503 PMCID: PMC5462046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, a major component of the primary cell wall, is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and exported to the cell wall in a highly methylesterified form, then is partially demethylesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs; EC 3.1.1.11). PME activity on the status of pectin methylesterification profoundly affects the properties of pectin and, thereby, is critical for plant development and the plant defense response, although the roles of PMEs under heat stress (HS) are poorly understood. Functional genome annotation predicts that at least 66 potential PME genes are contained in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Thermotolerance assays of PME gene T-DNA insertion lines revealed two null mutant alleles of PME34 (At3g49220) that both consistently showed reduced thermotolerance. Nevertheless, their impairment was independently associated with the expression of HS-responsive genes. It was also observed that PME34 transcription was induced by abscisic acid and highly expressed in guard cells. We showed that the PME34 mutation has a defect in the control of stomatal movement and greatly altered PME and polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) activity, resulting in a heat-sensitive phenotype. PME34 has a role in the regulation of transpiration through the control of the stomatal aperture due to its cell wall-modifying enzyme activity during the HS response. Hence, PME34 is required for regulating guard cell wall flexibility to mediate the heat response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Hui-Chen Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Yin-Da Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Ching-Chih Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Dan-Li Luo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
| | - Tsung-Luo Jinn
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Y.C.H., H.C.W., Y.D.W., C.H.L., C.C.L., D.L.L., T.L.J.); and
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan (H.C.W.)
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Lionetti V, Fabri E, De Caroli M, Hansen AR, Willats WGT, Piro G, Bellincampi D. Three Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors Protect Cell Wall Integrity for Arabidopsis Immunity to Botrytis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1844-1863. [PMID: 28082716 PMCID: PMC5338656 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection by necrotrophs is a complex process that starts with the breakdown of the cell wall (CW) matrix initiated by CW-degrading enzymes and results in an extensive tissue maceration. Plants exploit induced defense mechanisms based on biochemical modification of the CW components to protect themselves from enzymatic degradation. The pectin matrix is the main CW target of Botrytis cinerea, and pectin methylesterification status is strongly altered in response to infection. The methylesterification of pectin is controlled mainly by pectin methylesterases (PMEs), whose activity is posttranscriptionally regulated by endogenous protein inhibitors (PMEIs). Here, AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 are identified as functional PMEIs induced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during B. cinerea infection. AtPMEI expression is strictly regulated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling, while only AtPMEI11 expression is controlled by PME-related damage-associated molecular patterns, such as oligogalacturonides and methanol. The decrease of pectin methylesterification during infection is higher and the immunity to B. cinerea is compromised in pmei10, pmei11, and pmei12 mutants with respect to the control plants. A higher stimulation of the fungal oxalic acid biosynthetic pathway also can contribute to the higher susceptibility of pmei mutants. The lack of PMEI expression does not affect hemicellulose strengthening, callose deposition, and the synthesis of structural defense proteins, proposed as CW-remodeling mechanisms exploited by Arabidopsis to resist CW degradation upon B. cinerea infection. We show that PME activity and pectin methylesterification are dynamically modulated by PMEIs during B. cinerea infection. Our findings point to AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 as mediators of CW integrity maintenance in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.);
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Aleksander R Hansen
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - William G T Willats
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
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Hocq L, Sénéchal F, Lefebvre V, Lehner A, Domon JM, Mollet JC, Dehors J, Pageau K, Marcelo P, Guérineau F, Kolšek K, Mercadante D, Pelloux J. Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches Reveal Distinct pH Dependence of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1075-1093. [PMID: 28034952 PMCID: PMC5291010 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The fine-tuning of the degree of methylesterification of cell wall pectin is a key to regulating cell elongation and ultimately the shape of the plant body. Pectin methylesterification is spatiotemporally controlled by pectin methylesterases (PMEs; 66 members in Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). The comparably large number of proteinaceous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs; 76 members in Arabidopsis) questions the specificity of the PME-PMEI interaction and the functional role of such abundance. To understand the difference, or redundancy, between PMEIs, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the behavior of two PMEIs that are coexpressed and have distinct effects on plant development: AtPMEI4 and AtPMEI9. Simulations revealed the structural determinants of the pH dependence for the interaction of these inhibitors with AtPME3, a major PME expressed in roots. Key residues that are likely to play a role in the pH dependence were identified. The predictions obtained from MD simulations were confirmed in vitro, showing that AtPMEI9 is a stronger, less pH-independent inhibitor compared with AtPMEI4. Using pollen tubes as a developmental model, we showed that these biochemical differences have a biological significance. Application of purified proteins at pH ranges in which PMEI inhibition differed between AtPMEI4 and AtPMEI9 had distinct consequences on pollen tube elongation. Therefore, MD simulations have proven to be a powerful tool to predict functional diversity between PMEIs, allowing the discovery of a strategy that may be used by PMEIs to inhibit PMEs in different microenvironmental conditions and paving the way to identify the specific role of PMEI diversity in muro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Jérémy Dehors
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Karine Pageau
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - François Guérineau
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.)
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.)
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Katra Kolšek
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.);
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.);
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Davide Mercadante
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.);
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.);
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3417, Université de Picardie, F-80039 Amiens, France (L.H., F.S., V.L., J.-M.D., K.P., F.G., J.P.);
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (A.L., J.-C.M., J.D.);
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire en Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France (P.M.); and
- HITS GmbH, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (K.K., D.M.)
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Katsaros GJ, Alexandrakis ZS, Taoukis PS. Kinetic Assessment of High Pressure Inactivation of Different Plant Origin Pectinmethylesterase Enzymes. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-016-9153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hocq L, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. Connecting Homogalacturonan-Type Pectin Remodeling to Acid Growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:20-29. [PMID: 27884541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'acid growth theory', cell wall acidification controls cell elongation, therefore plant growth. This notably involves changes in cell wall mechanics through modifications of cell wall polysaccharide structure. Recently, advances in cell biology showed that changes in cell elongation rate can be mediated by the remodeling of pectins, and in particular of homogalacturonans (HGs). Their demethylesterification appears to be a key element controlling the chemistry and the rheology of the cell wall. We postulate that precise and dynamic modulation of extracellular pH plays a central role in the control of HG-modifying enzyme activities, and in particular those of pectin methylesterases and polygalacturonases. We propose that acid growth requires dynamic HG remodeling through the tight control of cell wall pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV, Pozdyshev DV, Ershova NM, Shindyapina AV, Tashlitsky VN, Sheval EV, Dorokhov YL. The Intergenic Interplay between Aldose 1-Epimerase-Like Protein and Pectin Methylesterase in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1646. [PMID: 28993784 PMCID: PMC5622589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical damage that often precedes the penetration of a leaf by a pathogen promotes the activation of pectin methylesterase (PME); the activation of PME leads to the emission of methanol, resulting in a "priming" effect on intact leaves, which is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and resistance to bacteria. In this study, we revealed that mRNA levels of the methanol-inducible gene encoding Nicotiana benthamiana aldose 1-epimerase-like protein (NbAELP) in the leaves of intact plants are very low compared with roots. However, stress and pathogen attack increased the accumulation of the NbAELP mRNA in the leaves. Using transiently transformed plants, we obtained data to support the mechanism underlying AELP/PME-related negative feedback The insertion of the NbAELP promoter sequence (proNbAELP) into the N. benthamiana genome resulted in the co-suppression of the natural NbAELP gene expression, accompanied by a reduction in the NbAELP mRNA content and increased PME synthesis. Knockdown of NbAELP resulted in high activity of PME in the cell wall and a decrease in the leaf glucose level, creating unfavorable conditions for Agrobacterium tumefaciens reproduction in injected leaves. Our results showed that NbAELP is capable of binding the TMV movement protein (MPTMV) in vitro and is likely to affect the cellular nucleocytoplasmic transport, which may explain the sensitivity of NbAELP knockdown plants to TMV. Although NbAELP was primarily detected in the cell wall, the influence of this protein on cellular PME mRNA levels might be associated with reduced transcriptional activity of the PME gene in the nucleus. To confirm this hypothesis, we isolated the N. tabacum PME gene promoter (proNtPME) and showed the inhibition of proNtPME-directed GFP and GUS expression in leaves when co-agroinjected with the NbAELP-encoding plasmid. We hypothesized that plant wounding and/or pathogen attack lead to PME activation and increased methanol emission, followed by increased NbAELP expression, which results in reversion of PME mRNA level and methanol emission to levels found in the intact plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics (RAS)Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics (RAS)Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Shindyapina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics (RAS)Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Eugene V. Sheval
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics (RAS)Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yuri L. Dorokhov
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, Galletti R, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) Regulates Cell Walls in the Leaf Epidermis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2204-2218. [PMID: 27756823 PMCID: PMC5129726 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis is crucial to survival, regulating interactions with the environment and controlling plant growth. The phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) is a master regulator of epidermal differentiation and maintenance, acting upstream of epidermis-specific transcription factors, and is required for correct cell adhesion. It is currently unclear how changes in DEK1 lead to cellular defects in the epidermis and the pathways through which DEK1 acts. We have combined growth kinematic studies, cell wall analysis, and transcriptional analysis of genes downstream of DEK1 to determine the cause of phenotypic changes observed in DEK1-modulated lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We reveal a novel role for DEK1 in the regulation of leaf epidermal cell wall structure. Lines with altered DEK1 activity have epidermis-specific changes in the thickness and polysaccharide composition of cell walls that likely underlie the loss of adhesion between epidermal cells in plants with reduced levels of DEK1 and changes in leaf shape and size in plants constitutively overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1. Calpain-overexpressing plants also have increased levels of cellulose and pectins in epidermal cell walls, and this is correlated with the expression of several cell wall-related genes, linking transcriptional regulation downstream of DEK1 with cellular effects. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of the epidermal cell walls in growth regulation and establish a new role for DEK1 in pathways regulating epidermal cell wall deposition and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Roberta Galletti
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
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Tiotiu A, Brazdova A, Longé C, Gallet P, Morisset M, Leduc V, Hilger C, Broussard C, Couderc R, Sutra JP, Sénéchal H, Poncet P. Urtica dioica pollen allergy: Clinical, biological, and allergomics analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117:527-534. [PMID: 27788883 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most emblematic members of Urticaceae at allergic risk level are wall pellitories (Parietaria), whereas nettle (Urtica) pollen is considered as poorly allergenic. No allergen from nettle pollen has yet been characterized, whereas 4 are listed for Parietaria pollen by the International Union of Immunological Societies. Clinical and biological profiles of 2 adult men who developed symptoms against nettle pollen and/or leaves were studied. OBJECTIVE To characterize the allergic reaction and identify the potential nettle pollen sensitizing allergens. METHODS IgE-mediated reaction to nettle pollen extract was evaluated by skin prick test, immunoassay, nasal provocation, and basophil activation test. To characterize specific nettle pollen allergens, an allergomic (IgE immunoproteomic) analysis was performed combining 1- and 2-dimensional electrophoresis, IgE immunoblots of nettle pollen extract, identification of allergens by mass spectrometry, and database queries. RESULTS The results of biological and immunochemical analyses revealed that the allergic rhinitis was due to Urtica dioica pollen in both patients. The allergomic analysis of nettle pollen extract allowed the characterization of 4 basic protein allergens: a thaumatin-like protein (osmotin) with a relative molecular mass of 27 to 29 kDa, a pectinesterase (relative molecular mass, 40 kDa), and 2 other basic proteins with relative molecular masses of 14 to 16 kDa and 43 kDa. There is no or only very weak allergen associations between pellitory and nettle pollen. CONCLUSION Exposure to nettle pollen can be responsible of allergic symptoms, and several allergens were characterized. Unravelling the allergens of this underestimated allergy might help to improve diagnosis and care for patients, to predict cross-reactivities and design adapted specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- Pneumology-Allergology Department, University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Andrea Brazdova
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Immunopathology and Immunoregulation Section, INSERM U1098, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Cyril Longé
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Patrice Gallet
- Pneumology-Allergology Department, University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Martine Morisset
- Immunology-Allergology Department, Luxembourg Hospital, Luxembourg-Ville, Luxembourg
| | | | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Broussard
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8104, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Proteomics Plateform 3P5, Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Couderc
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Sénéchal
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Allergy & Environment Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Center for Innovation and Technological Research, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.
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Bonavita A, Carratore V, Ciardiello MA, Giovane A, Servillo L, D'Avino R. Influence of pH on the Structure and Function of Kiwi Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5866-76. [PMID: 27335009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase is a pectin modifying enzyme that plays a key role in plant physiology. It is also an important quality-related enzyme in plant-based food products. The pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) from kiwifruit inhibits this enzyme activity and is widely used as an efficient tool for research purposes and also recommended in the context of fruit and vegetable processing. Using several methodologies of protein biochemistry, including circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, chemical modifications, direct protein-sequencing, enzyme activity, and bioinformatics analysis of the crystal structure, this study demonstrates that conformational changes occur in kiwi PMEI by the pH rising over 6.0 bringing about structure loosening, exposure, and cleavage of a natively buried disulfide bond, unfolding and aggregation, ultimately determining the loss of ability of kiwi PMEI to bind and inhibit PME. pH-induced structural changes are prevented when PMEI is already engaged in complex or is in a solution of high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitale Carratore
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Giovane
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossana D'Avino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
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71
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Ma J, Sheng H, Li X, Wang L. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals the mechanisms of silicon-mediated cadmium tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 104:71-80. [PMID: 27017433 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) can alleviate cadmium (Cd) stress in rice (Oryza sativa) plants, however, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the single-cell level remains limited. To address these questions, we investigated suspension cells of rice cultured in the dark environment in the absence and presence of Si with either short- (12 h) or long-term (5 d) Cd treatments using a combination of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), fluorescent staining, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). We identified 100 proteins differentially regulated by Si under the short- or long-term Cd stress. 70% of these proteins were down-regulated, suggesting that Si may improve protein use efficiency by maintaining cells in the normal physiological status. Furthermore, we showed two different mechanisms for Si-mediated Cd tolerance. Under the short-term Cd stress, the Si-modified cell walls inhibited the uptake of Cd ions into cells and consequently reduced the expressions of glycosidase, cell surface non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs), and several stress-related proteins. Under the long-term Cd stress, the amount of Cd in the cytoplasm in Si-accumulating (+Si) cells was decreased by compartmentation of Cd into vacuoles, thus leading to a lower expression of glutathione S-transferases (GST). These results provide protein-level insights into the Si-mediated Cd detoxification in rice single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Marzin S, Hanemann A, Sharma S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Schweizer G, Röder MS. Are PECTIN ESTERASE INHIBITOR Genes Involved in Mediating Resistance to Rhynchosporium commune in Barley? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150485. [PMID: 26937960 PMCID: PMC4777559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of putative PECTIN ESTERASE INHIBITOR (PEI) genes, which were detected in the genomic region co-segregating with the resistance gene Rrs2 against scald caused by Rhynchosporium commune in barley, were characterized and tested for their possible involvement in mediating resistance to the pathogen by complementation and overexpression analysis. The sequences of the respective genes were derived from two BAC contigs originating from the susceptible cultivar ‘Morex’. For the genes HvPEI2, HvPEI3, HvPEI4 and HvPEI6, specific haplotypes for 18 resistant and 23 susceptible cultivars were detected after PCR-amplification and haplotype-specific CAPS-markers were developed. None of the tested candidate genes HvPEI2, HvPEI3 and HvPEI4 alone conferred a high resistance level in transgenic over-expression plants, though an improvement of the resistance level was observed especially with OE-lines for gene HvPEI4. These results do not confirm but also do not exclude an involvement of the PEI gene family in the response to the pathogen. A candidate for the resistance gene Rrs2 could not be identified yet. It is possible that Rrs2 is a PEI gene or another type of gene which has not been detected in the susceptible cultivar ‘Morex’ or the full resistance reaction requires the presence of several PEI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Marzin
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hanemann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Marion S. Röder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
- * E-mail:
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73
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Fernandes JC, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Regulation of cell wall remodeling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) callus under individual mineral stress deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 190:95-105. [PMID: 26735749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure that determines the plant form, growth and response to environmental conditions. Vitis vinifera callus grown under nitrogen (-N), phosphorous (-P) and sulfur (-S) deficiency were used as a model system to address the influence of mineral stress in CW remodeling. Callus cells morphology was altered, mostly under -N, resulting in changes in cell length and width compared with the control. CW composition ascertained with specific staining and immuno-detection showed a decrease in cellulose and altered pattern of pectin methylesterification. Under mineral stress genes expression from candidate families disclosed mainly a downregulation of a glycosyl hydrolase family 9C (GH9C), xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) with predicted hydrolytic activity and pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Conversely, upregulation of PMEs inhibitors (PMEIs) was observed. While methylesterification patterns can be associated to PME/PMEI gene expression, the lower cellulose content cannot be attributed to altered cellulose synthase (CesA) gene expression suggesting the involvement of other gene families. Salt extracts from -N and -P callus tissues increased plastic deformation in cucumber hypocotyls while no effect was observed with -S extracts. The lower endo-acting glycosyl hydrolase activity of -N callus extracts pinpoints a more expressive impact of -N on CW-remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Fernandes
- DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F Goulao
- BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão-Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Amâncio
- DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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75
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Kent LM, Loo TS, Melton LD, Mercadante D, Williams MAK, Jameson GB. Structure and Properties of a Non-processive, Salt-requiring, and Acidophilic Pectin Methylesterase from Aspergillus niger Provide Insights into the Key Determinants of Processivity Control. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1289-306. [PMID: 26567911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are expressed in plants to modify plant cell-wall pectins for various physiological roles. These pectins are also attacked by PMEs from phytopathogens and phytophagous insects. The de-methylesterification by PMEs of the O6-methyl ester groups of the homogalacturonan component of pectin, exposing galacturonic acids, can occur processively or non-processively, respectively, describing sequential versus single de-methylesterification events occurring before enzyme-substrate dissociation. The high resolution x-ray structures of a PME from Aspergillus niger in deglycosylated and Asn-linked N-acetylglucosamine-stub forms reveal a 10⅔-turn parallel β-helix (similar to but with less extensive loops than bacterial, plant, and insect PMEs). Capillary electrophoresis shows that this PME is non-processive, halophilic, and acidophilic. Molecular dynamics simulations and electrostatic potential calculations reveal very different behavior and properties compared with processive PMEs. Specifically, uncorrelated rotations are observed about the glycosidic bonds of a partially de-methyl-esterified decasaccharide model substrate, in sharp contrast to the correlated rotations of processive PMEs, and the substrate-binding groove is negatively not positively charged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kent
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Trevor S Loo
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Laurence D Melton
- From Riddet Institute and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davide Mercadante
- From Riddet Institute and Molecular Biomechanics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Martin A K Williams
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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76
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L’Enfant M, Domon JM, Rayon C, Desnos T, Ralet MC, Bonnin E, Pelloux J, Pau-Roblot C. Substrate specificity of plant and fungi pectin methylesterases: Identification of novel inhibitors of PMEs. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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77
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Levesque-Tremblay G, Pelloux J, Braybrook SA, Müller K. Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development. PLANTA 2015; 242:791-811. [PMID: 26168980 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent publications have increased our knowledge of how pectin composition and the degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification impact the biochemical and biomechanical properties of plant cell walls, plant development, and plants' interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments. Experimental observations have shown that the relationships between the DM, the pattern of de-methylesterificaton, its effect on cell wall elasticity, other biomechanical parameters, and growth are not straightforward. Working towards a detailed understanding of these relationships at single cell resolution is one of the big tasks of pectin research. Pectins are highly complex polysaccharides abundant in plant primary cell walls. New analytical and microscopy techniques are revealing the composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall and increasing our knowledge on the topic. Progress in plant physiological research supports a link between cell wall pectin modifications and plant development and interactions with the environment. Homogalacturonan pectins, which are major components of the primary cell wall, have a potential for modifications such as methylesterification, as well as an ability to form cross-linked structures with divalent cations. This contributes to changing the mechanical properties of the cell wall. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the pectin component homogalacturonan, including its synthesis, modification, regulation and role in the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Energy Bioscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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78
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Li J, Flick F, Verheugd P, Carloni P, Lüscher B, Rossetti G. Insight into the Mechanism of Intramolecular Inhibition of the Catalytic Activity of Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139095. [PMID: 26407304 PMCID: PMC4583397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that has been associated with neurodegeneration and cancer. SIRT2 is composed of a central catalytic domain, the structure of which has been solved, and N- and C-terminal extensions that are thought to control SIRT2 function. However structural information of these N- and C-terminal regions is missing. Here, we provide the first full-length molecular models of SIRT2 in the absence and presence of NAD+. We also predict the structural alterations associated with phosphorylation of SIRT2 at S331, a modification that inhibits catalytic activity. Bioinformatics tools and molecular dynamics simulations, complemented by in vitro deacetylation assays, provide a consistent picture based on which the C-terminal region of SIRT2 is suggested to function as an autoinhibitory region. This has the capacity to partially occlude the NAD+ binding pocket or stabilize the NAD+ in a non-productive state. Furthermore, our simulations suggest that the phosphorylation at S331 causes large conformational changes in the C-terminal region that enhance the autoinhibitory activity, consistent with our previous findings that phosphorylation of S331 by cyclin-dependent kinases inhibits SIRT2 catalytic activity. The molecular insight into the role of the C-terminal region in controlling SIRT2 function described in this study may be useful for future design of selective inhibitors targeting SIRT2 for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Flick
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Verheugd
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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79
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Lionetti V, Raiola A, Mattei B, Bellincampi D. The Grapevine VvPMEI1 Gene Encodes a Novel Functional Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Associated to Grape Berry Development. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26204516 PMCID: PMC4512722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and partially de-methylesterified in the cell wall by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). PME activity is expressed during plant growth, development and stress responses. PME activity is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by proteins named PME inhibitors (PMEIs). We have identified, expressed and characterized VvPMEI1, a functional PME inhibitor of Vitis vinifera. VvPMEI1 typically affects the activity of plant PMEs and is inactive against microbial PMEs. The kinetics of PMEI-PME interaction, studied by surface plasmon resonance, indicates that the inhibitor strongly interacts with PME at apoplastic pH while the stability of the complex is reduced by increasing the pH. The analysis of VvPMEI1 expression in different grapevine tissues and during grape fruit development suggests that this inhibitor controls PME activity mainly during the earlier phase of berry development. A proteomic analysis performed at this stage indicates a PME isoform as possible target of VvPMEI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agroforestali, Università di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Sénéchal F, L'Enfant M, Domon JM, Rosiau E, Crépeau MJ, Surcouf O, Esquivel-Rodriguez J, Marcelo P, Mareck A, Guérineau F, Kim HR, Mravec J, Bonnin E, Jamet E, Kihara D, Lerouge P, Ralet MC, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Tuning of Pectin Methylesterification: PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR 7 MODULATES THE PROCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CO-EXPRESSED PECTIN METHYLESTERASE 3 IN A pH-DEPENDENT MANNER. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23320-35. [PMID: 26183897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan domains of pectin in plant cell walls and are regulated by endogenous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In Arabidopsis dark-grown hypocotyls, one PME (AtPME3) and one PMEI (AtPMEI7) were identified as potential interacting proteins. Using RT-quantitative PCR analysis and gene promoter::GUS fusions, we first showed that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 genes had overlapping patterns of expression in etiolated hypocotyls. The two proteins were identified in hypocotyl cell wall extracts by proteomics. To investigate the potential interaction between AtPME3 and AtPMEI7, both proteins were expressed in a heterologous system and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of recombinant AtPME3 was characterized on homogalacturonans (HGs) with distinct degrees/patterns of methylesterification. AtPME3 showed the highest activity at pH 7.5 on HG substrates with a degree of methylesterification between 60 and 80% and a random distribution of methyl esters. On the best HG substrate, AtPME3 generates long non-methylesterified stretches and leaves short highly methylesterified zones, indicating that it acts as a processive enzyme. The recombinant AtPMEI7 and AtPME3 interaction reduces the level of demethylesterification of the HG substrate but does not inhibit the processivity of the enzyme. These data suggest that the AtPME3·AtPMEI7 complex is not covalently linked and could, depending on the pH, be alternately formed and dissociated. Docking analysis indicated that the inhibition of AtPME3 could occur via the interaction of AtPMEI7 with a PME ligand-binding cleft structure. All of these data indicate that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 could be partners involved in the fine tuning of HG methylesterification during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | | | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Emeline Rosiau
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Marie-Jeanne Crépeau
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire and Analyses des Protéines (ICAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Hyung-Rae Kim
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jozef Mravec
- the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark, and
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- the LRSV, UMR 5546 Université Toulouse 3/CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- the Departments of Computer Sciences and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Catherine Rayon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
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Ruggieri V, Sacco A, Calafiore R, Frusciante L, Barone A. Dissecting a QTL into Candidate Genes Highlighted the Key Role of Pectinesterases in Regulating the Ascorbic Acid Content in Tomato Fruit. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2014.08.0038. [PMID: 33228315 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.08.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a crucial component of the human diet because of its high nutritional value and the antioxidant content of its fruit. As a member of the Solanaceae family, it is considered a model species for genomic studies in this family, especially since its genome has been completely sequenced. Among genomic resources available, Solanum pennellii introgression lines represent a valuable tool to mine the genetic diversity present in wild species. One introgression line, IL12-4, was previously selected for high ascorbic acid (AsA) content, and a transcriptomic analysis indicated the involvement of genes controlling pectin degradation in AsA accumulation. In this study the integration of data from different "omics" platforms has been exploited to identify candidate genes that increase AsA belonging to the wild region 12-4. Thirty-two genes potentially involved in pathways controlling AsA levels were analyzed with bioinformatic tools. Two hundred-fifty nonsynonymous polymorphisms were detected in their coding regions, and 11.6% revealed deleterious effects on predicted protein function. To reduce the number of genes that had to be functionally validated, introgression sublines of the region 12-4 were selected using species-specific polymorphic markers between the two Solanum species. Four sublines were obtained and we demonstrated that a subregion of around 1 Mbp includes 12 candidate genes potentially involved in AsA accumulation. Among these, only five exhibited structural deleterious variants, and one of the 12 was differentially expressed between the two Solanum species. We have highlighted the role of three polymorphic pectinesterases and inhibitors of pectinesterases that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Ruggieri
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Adriana Sacco
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Roberta Calafiore
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Amalia Barone
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
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82
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Guo S, Sun H, Zhang H, Liu J, Ren Y, Gong G, Jiao C, Zheng Y, Yang W, Fei Z, Xu Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Cultivated and Wild Watermelon during Fruit Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130267. [PMID: 26079257 PMCID: PMC4469606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is an important vegetable crop world-wide. Watermelon fruit quality is a complex trait determined by various factors such as sugar content, flesh color and flesh texture. Fruit quality and developmental process of cultivated and wild watermelon are highly different. To systematically understand the molecular basis of these differences, we compared transcriptome profiles of fruit tissues of cultivated watermelon 97103 and wild watermelon PI296341-FR. We identified 2,452, 826 and 322 differentially expressed genes in cultivated flesh, cultivated mesocarp and wild flesh, respectively, during fruit development. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of these genes indicated that biological processes and metabolic pathways related to fruit quality such as sweetness and flavor were significantly changed only in the flesh of 97103 during fruit development, while those related to abiotic stress response were changed mainly in the flesh of PI296341-FR. Our comparative transcriptome profiling analysis identified critical genes potentially involved in controlling fruit quality traits including α-galactosidase, invertase, UDP-galactose/glucose pyrophosphorylase and sugar transporter genes involved in the determination of fruit sugar content, phytoene synthase, β-carotene hydroxylase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes involved in carotenoid metabolism, and 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cellulose synthase, pectinesterase, pectinesterase inhibitor, polygalacturonase inhibitor and α-mannosidase genes involved in the regulation of flesh texture. In addition, we found that genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway including ACC oxidase, ethylene receptor and ethylene responsive factor showed highly ripening-associated expression patterns, indicating a possible role of ethylene in fruit development and ripening of watermelon, a non-climacteric fruit. Our analysis provides novel insights into watermelon fruit quality and ripening biology. Furthermore, the comparative expression profile data we developed provides a valuable resource to accelerate functional studies in watermelon and facilitate watermelon crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogui Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Jingan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Wencai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
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84
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Mei X, Shpigelman A, Verrijssen TA, Kyomugasho C, Luo Y, Van Loey AM, Michiels C, Huang K, Hendrickx ME. Recombinant kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor: Purification and characterization of the interaction with plant pectin methylesterase during thermal and high-pressure processing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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85
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Watson BS, Bedair MF, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Huhman DV, Yang DS, Allen SN, Li W, Tang Y, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal enhanced specialized metabolism in Medicago truncatula root border cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1699-716. [PMID: 25667316 PMCID: PMC4378151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics of Medicago truncatula seedling border cells and root tips revealed substantial metabolic differences between these distinct and spatially segregated root regions. Large differential increases in oxylipin-pathway lipoxygenases and auxin-responsive transcript levels in border cells corresponded to differences in phytohormone and volatile levels compared with adjacent root tips. Morphological examinations of border cells revealed the presence of significant starch deposits that serve as critical energy and carbon reserves, as documented through increased β-amylase transcript levels and associated starch hydrolysis metabolites. A substantial proportion of primary metabolism transcripts were decreased in border cells, while many flavonoid- and triterpenoid-related metabolite and transcript levels were increased dramatically. The cumulative data provide compounding evidence that primary and secondary metabolism are differentially programmed in border cells relative to root tips. Metabolic resources normally destined for growth and development are redirected toward elevated accumulation of specialized metabolites in border cells, resulting in constitutively elevated defense and signaling compounds needed to protect the delicate root cap and signal motile rhizobia required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Elevated levels of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone were further increased in border cells of roots exposed to cotton root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora), and the value of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone as an antimicrobial compound was demonstrated using in vitro growth inhibition assays. The cumulative and pathway-specific data provide key insights into the metabolic programming of border cells that strongly implicate a more prominent mechanistic role for border cells in plant-microbe signaling, defense, and interactions than envisioned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie S Watson
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Mohamed F Bedair
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Ewa Urbanczyk-Wochniak
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - David V Huhman
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Stacy N Allen
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Wensheng Li
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
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86
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Galindo-González L, Pinzón-Latorre D, Bergen EA, Jensen DC, Deyholos MK. Ion Torrent sequencing as a tool for mutation discovery in the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genome. PLANT METHODS 2015; 11:19. [PMID: 25788971 PMCID: PMC4363359 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of induced mutations is valuable for inferring gene function and for developing novel germplasm for crop improvement. Many reverse genetics approaches have been developed to identify mutations in genes of interest within a mutagenized population, including some approaches that rely on next-generation sequencing (e.g. exome capture, whole genome resequencing). As an alternative to these genome or exome-scale methods, we sought to develop a scalable and efficient method for detection of induced mutations that could be applied to a small number of target genes, using Ion Torrent technology. We developed this method in flax (Linum usitatissimum), to demonstrate its utility in a crop species. RESULTS We used an amplicon-based approach in which DNA samples from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population were pooled and used as template in PCR reactions to amplify a region of each gene of interest. Barcodes were incorporated during PCR, and the pooled amplicons were sequenced using an Ion Torrent PGM. A pilot experiment with known SNPs showed that they could be detected at a frequency > 0.3% within the pools. We then selected eight genes for which we wanted to discover novel mutations, and applied our approach to screen 768 individuals from the EMS population, using either the Ion 314 or Ion 316 chips. Out of 29 potential mutations identified after processing the NGS reads, 16 mutations were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The methodology presented here demonstrates the utility of Ion Torrent technology in detecting mutation variants in specific genome regions for large populations of a species such as flax. The methodology could be scaled-up to test >100 genes using the higher capacity chips now available from Ion Torrent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pinzón-Latorre
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Erik A Bergen
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Dustin C Jensen
- />Department of Computing Sciences, Kings University College, Edmonton, AB Canada T6B 2H3
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- />IK Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC Canada V1V 1 V7
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87
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Sénéchal F, Mareck A, Marcelo P, Lerouge P, Pelloux J. Arabidopsis PME17 Activity can be Controlled by Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor4. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e983351. [PMID: 25826258 PMCID: PMC4622950 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.983351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The degree of methylesterification (DM) of homogalacturonans (HGs), the main constituent of pectins in Arabidopsis thaliana, can be modified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Regulation of PME activity occurs through interaction with PME inhibitors (PMEIs) and subtilases (SBTs). Considering the size of the gene families encoding PMEs, PMEIs and SBTs, it is highly likely that specific pairs mediate localized changes in pectin structure with consequences on cell wall rheology and plant development. We previously reported that PME17, a group 2 PME expressed in root, could be processed by SBT3.5, a co-expressed subtilisin-like serine protease, to mediate changes in pectin properties and root growth. Here, we further report that a PMEI, PMEI4, is co-expressed with PME17 and is likely to regulate its activity. This sheds new light on the possible interplay of specific PMEs, PMEIs and SBTs in the fine-tuning of pectin structure.
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Key Words
- ARF, Auxin response factor
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- BES1/BIM1-3, BRI1 EMS suppressor 1/BES1 interaction MYC-like 1-3
- Col-0, Columbia-0
- DM, Degree of methylesterification
- Gal-A, Galacturonic acid
- HG, Homogalacturonan
- IEF, Isoelectric focusing
- KO, Knock-out
- OG, Oligogalacturonide
- PG, Polygalacturonase
- PL, Pectate lyase
- PM, Plasma membrane
- PME, Pectin methylesterase
- PMEI, Pectin methylesterase inhibitor
- RLK, Receptor-like kinase
- SBT, Subtilase
- TF, Transcription factor
- WAK, Wall-associated kinase
- cell wall
- co-expression
- growth
- pectin
- pectin methylesterase
- pectin methylesterase inhibitor
- root
- subtilase
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- EA4358-GlycoMEV Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale; IFRMP 23; UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire et Analyses des Protéines; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- EA4358-GlycoMEV Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale; IFRMP 23; UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
- Correspondence to: Jérôme Pelloux;
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88
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Zúñiga-Sánchez E, Soriano D, Martínez-Barajas E, Orozco-Segovia A, Gamboa-deBuen A. BIIDXI, the At4g32460 DUF642 gene, is involved in pectin methyl esterase regulation during Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and plant development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:338. [PMID: 25442819 PMCID: PMC4264326 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DUF642 proteins constitute a highly conserved family of proteins that are associated with the cell wall and are specific to spermatophytes. Transcriptome studies have suggested that members of this family are involved in seed development and germination processes. Previous in vitro studies have revealed that At4g32460- and At5g11420-encoded proteins interact with the catalytic domain of pectin methyl esterase 3 (AtPME3, which is encoded by At3g14310). PMEs play an important role in plant development, including seed germination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of the DUF642 gene At4g32460 during seed germination and plant development and to determine its relation to PME activity regulation. RESULTS Our results indicated that the DUF642 proteins encoded by At4g32460 and At5g11420 could be positive regulators of PME activity during several developmental processes. Transgenic lines overexpressing these proteins showed increased PME activity during seed germination, and improved seed germination performance. In plants expressing At4g32460 antisense RNA, PME activity was decreased in the leaves, and the siliques were very short and contained no seeds. This phenotype was also present in the SALK_142260 and SALK_054867 lines for At4g32460. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the DUF642 family contributes to the complexity of the methylesterification process by participating in the fine regulation of pectin status during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Zúñiga-Sánchez
- />Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Diana Soriano
- />Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Eleazar Martínez-Barajas
- />Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Alma Orozco-Segovia
- />Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa-deBuen
- />Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Distrito Federal Mexico
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Teller DC, Behnke CA, Pappan K, Shen Z, Reese JC, Reeck GR, Stenkamp RE. The structure of rice weevil pectin methylesterase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1480-4. [PMID: 25372813 PMCID: PMC4231848 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) use a pectin methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.11), along with other enzymes, to digest cell walls in cereal grains. The enzyme is a right-handed β-helix protein, but is circularly permuted relative to plant and bacterial pectin methylesterases, as shown by the crystal structure determination reported here. This is the first structure of an animal pectin methylesterase. Diffraction data were collected to 1.8 Å resolution some time ago for this crystal form, but structure solution required the use of molecular-replacement techniques that have been developed and similar structures that have been deposited in the last 15 years. Comparison of the structure of the rice weevil pectin methylesterase with that from Dickeya dandantii (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) indicates that the reaction mechanisms are the same for the insect, plant and bacterial pectin methylesterases. The similarity of the structure of the rice weevil enzyme to the Escherichia coli lipoprotein YbhC suggests that the evolutionary origin of the rice weevil enzyme was a bacterial lipoprotein, the gene for which was transferred to a primitive ancestor of modern weevils and other Curculionidae. Structural comparison of the rice weevil pectin methylesterase with plant and bacterial enzymes demonstrates that the rice weevil protein is circularly permuted relative to the plant and bacterial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Teller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357430, Seattle, WA 98195-7430, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
| | - Craig A. Behnke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357430, Seattle, WA 98195-7430, USA
| | - Kirk Pappan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Zicheng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John C. Reese
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gerald R. Reeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ronald E. Stenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357430, Seattle, WA 98195-7430, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
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90
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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91
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Jiang X, Jia Q, Chen L, Chen Q, Yang Q. Recombinant expression and inhibition mechanism analysis of pectin methylesterase fromAspergillus flavus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 355:12-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Jiang
- School of Life Science & Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Qiulei Jia
- School of Life Science & Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Science & Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Life Science & Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Life Science & Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
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92
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Guyon K, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Secretome analysis reveals effector candidates associated with broad host range necrotrophy in the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:336. [PMID: 24886033 PMCID: PMC4039746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white mold fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen with a remarkably broad host range. The interaction of necrotrophs with their hosts is more complex than initially thought, and still poorly understood. RESULTS We combined bioinformatics approaches to determine the repertoire of S. sclerotiorum effector candidates and conducted detailed sequence and expression analyses on selected candidates. We identified 486 S. sclerotiorum secreted protein genes expressed in planta, many of which have no predicted enzymatic activity and may be involved in the interaction between the fungus and its hosts. We focused on those showing (i) protein domains and motifs found in known fungal effectors, (ii) signatures of positive selection, (iii) recent gene duplication, or (iv) being S. sclerotiorum-specific. We identified 78 effector candidates based on these properties. We analyzed the expression pattern of 16 representative effector candidate genes on four host plants and revealed diverse expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal diverse predicted functions and expression patterns in the repertoire of S. sclerotiorum effector candidates. They will facilitate the functional analysis of fungal pathogenicity determinants and should prove useful in the search for plant quantitative disease resistance components active against the white mold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvain Raffaele
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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93
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Lionetti V, Raiola A, Cervone F, Bellincampi D. Transgenic expression of pectin methylesterase inhibitors limits tobamovirus spread in tobacco and Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:265-74. [PMID: 24127644 PMCID: PMC6638747 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant infection by a virus is a complex process influenced by virus-encoded factors and host components which support replication and movement. Critical factors for a successful tobamovirus infection are the viral movement protein (MP) and the host pectin methylesterase (PME), an important plant counterpart that cooperates with MP to sustain viral spread. The activity of PME is modulated by endogenous protein inhibitors (pectin methylesterase inhibitors, PMEIs). PMEIs are targeted to the extracellular matrix and typically inhibit plant PMEs by forming a specific and stable stoichiometric 1:1 complex. PMEIs counteract the action of plant PMEs and therefore may affect plant susceptibility to virus. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed genes encoding two well-characterized PMEIs in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Here, we report that, in tobacco plants constitutively expressing a PMEI from Actinidia chinensis (AcPMEI), systemic movement of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is limited and viral symptoms are reduced. A delayed movement of Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) and a reduced susceptibility to the virus were also observed in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPMEI-2. Our results provide evidence that PMEIs are able to limit tobamovirus movement and to reduce plant susceptibility to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', 'Sapienza' Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
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94
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Guerra-Guimarães L, Vieira A, Chaves I, Pinheiro C, Queiroz V, Renaut J, Ricardo CP. Effect of greenhouse conditions on the leaf apoplastic proteome of Coffea arabica plants. J Proteomics 2014; 104:128-39. [PMID: 24698662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This work describes the coffee leaf apoplastic proteome and its modulation by the greenhouse conditions. The apoplastic fluid (APF) was obtained by leaf vacuum infiltration, and the recovered proteins were separated by 2-DE and subsequently identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry, followed by homology search in EST coffee databases. Prediction tools revealed that the majority of the 195 identified proteins are involved in cell wall metabolism and in stress/defense responses. Although most of the proteins follow the classical secretory mechanism, a low percentage of them seem to result from unconventional secretion (leaderless secreted proteins). Principal components analysis revealed that the APF samples formed two distinct groups, with the temperature amplitude mostly contributing for this separation (higher or lower than 10°C, respectively). Sixty one polypeptide spots allowed defining these two groups and 28 proteins were identified, belonging to carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall modification and proteolysis. Interestingly stress/defense proteins appeared as more abundant in Group I which is associated with a higher temperature amplitude. It seems that the proteins in the coffee leaf APF might be implicated in structural modifications in the extracellular space that are crucial for plant development/adaptation to the conditions of the prevailing environment. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first detailed proteomic study of the coffee leaf apoplastic fluid (APF) and of its modulation by the greenhouse conditions. The comprehensive overview of the most abundant proteins present in the extra-cellular compartment is particularly important for the understanding of coffee responses to abiotic/biotic stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Environmental and structural proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Guerra-Guimarães
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/Biotrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ana Vieira
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/Biotrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Chaves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Apt 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Apt 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; DCV - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vagner Queiroz
- Departamento de Química e Física/CCA/Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cândido P Ricardo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Apt 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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95
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Evangelista DE, Schutzer de Godoy A, Fonseca Pereira de Paula F, Henrique-Silva F, Polikarpov I. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the pectin methylesterase from the sugar cane weevil Sphenophorus levis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:331-4. [PMID: 24598920 PMCID: PMC3944695 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase removes the methyl groups from the main chain of pectin, the major component of the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. The enzyme is involved in plant cell-wall development, is part of the enzymatic arsenal used by microorganisms to attack plants and also has a wide range of applications in the industrial sector. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in studies of the structure and function of this enzyme. In this work, the pectin methylesterase from Sphenophorus levis was produced in Pichia pastoris and purified. Crystals belonging to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 122.181, b = 82.213, c = 41.176 Å, β = 97.48°, were obtained by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method and an X-ray diffraction data set was collected to 2.1 Å resolution. Structure refinement and model building are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Elton Evangelista
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Schutzer de Godoy
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fonseca Pereira de Paula
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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96
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Mercadante D, Melton LD, Jameson GB, Williams MAK. Processive pectin methylesterases: the role of electrostatic potential, breathing motions and bond cleavage in the rectification of Brownian motions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87581. [PMID: 24503943 PMCID: PMC3913658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) hydrolyze the methylester groups that are found on the homogalacturonan (HG) chains of pectic polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. Plant and bacterial PMEs are especially interesting as the resulting de-methylesterified (carboxylated) sugar residues are found to be arranged contiguously, indicating a so-called processive nature of these enzymes. Here we report the results of continuum electrostatics calculations performed along the molecular dynamics trajectory of a PME-HG-decasaccharide complex. In particular it was observed that, when the methylester groups of the decasaccharide were arranged in order to mimic the just-formed carboxylate product of de-methylesterification, a net unidirectional sliding of the model decasaccharide was subsequently observed along the enzyme’s binding groove. The changes that occurred in the electrostatic binding energy and protein dynamics during this translocation provide insights into the mechanism by which the enzyme rectifies Brownian motions to achieve processivity. The free energy that drives these molecular motors is thus demonstrated to be incorporated endogenously in the methylesterified groups of the HG chains and is not supplied exogenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mercadante
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurence D. Melton
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martin A. K. Williams
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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97
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Bethke G, Grundman RE, Sreekanta S, Truman W, Katagiri F, Glazebrook J. Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs contribute to immunity against Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1093-107. [PMID: 24367018 PMCID: PMC3912082 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the Golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) upon export to the cell wall. PME activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Here, the roles of Arabidopsis PMEs in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326) were studied. Plant PME activity increased during pattern-triggered immunity and after inoculation with either pathogen. The increase of PME activity in response to pathogen treatment was concomitant with a decrease in pectin methylesterification. The pathogen-induced PME activity did not require salicylic acid or ethylene signaling, but was dependent on jasmonic acid signaling. In the case of induction by A. brassicicola, the ethylene response factor, but not the MYC2 branch of jasmonic acid signaling, contributed to induction of PME activity, whereas in the case of induction by Pma ES4326, both branches contributed. There are 66 PME genes in Arabidopsis, suggesting extensive genetic redundancy. Nevertheless, selected pme single, double, triple and quadruple mutants allowed significantly more growth of Pma ES4326 than wild-type plants, indicating a role of PMEs in resistance to this pathogen. No decreases in total PME activity were detected in these pme mutants, suggesting that the determinant of immunity is not total PME activity; rather, it is some specific effect of PMEs such as changes in the pattern of pectin methylesterification.
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98
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Cold active pectinases: advancing the food industry to the next generation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2324-37. [PMID: 24390855 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pectinase has been an integral part of commercial food processing, where it is used for degradation of pectin and facilitates different processing steps such as liquefaction, clarification and juice extraction. The industry currently uses pectinases from mesophilic or thermophilic microorganisms which are well established, but recently, there has been is a new trend in the food industry to adopt low-temperature processing. This trend is due to the potential economic and environmental advantages which the industry envisages. In order to achieve this change, an alternative for the existing pectinases, which are mostly mesophilic and temperature-dependent, must be identified, which can function efficiently at low temperatures. Psychrophilic pectinases derived from cold-adapted microorganisms, are known to function at low to freezing temperatures and may be an alternative to address the problem. Psychrophilic pectinases can be obtained from the vast microflora inhabiting various cold regions on earth such as oceans, Polar Regions, snow-covered mountains, and glaciers. This article is intended to study the advantages of cold active pectinases, its sources, and the current state of the research.
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99
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Bellincampi D, Cervone F, Lionetti V. Plant cell wall dynamics and wall-related susceptibility in plant-pathogen interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24904623 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is a dynamic structure that often determines the outcome of the interactions between plants and pathogens. It is a barrier that pathogens need to breach to colonize the plant tissue. While fungal necrotrophs extensively destroy the integrity of the cell wall through the combined action of degrading enzymes, biotrophic fungi require a more localized and controlled degradation of the cell wall in order to keep the host cells alive and utilize their feeding structures. Also bacteria and nematodes need to degrade the plant cell wall at a certain stage of their infection process, to obtain nutrients for their growth. Plants have developed a system for sensing pathogens and monitoring the cell wall integrity, upon which they activate defense responses that lead to a dynamic cell wall remodeling required to prevent the disease. Pathogens, on the other hand, may exploit the host cell wall metabolism to support the infection. We review here the strategies utilized by both plants and pathogens to prevail in the cell wall battleground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma Rome, Italy
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100
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Bellincampi D, Cervone F, Lionetti V. Plant cell wall dynamics and wall-related susceptibility in plant-pathogen interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:228. [PMID: 24904623 PMCID: PMC4036129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is a dynamic structure that often determines the outcome of the interactions between plants and pathogens. It is a barrier that pathogens need to breach to colonize the plant tissue. While fungal necrotrophs extensively destroy the integrity of the cell wall through the combined action of degrading enzymes, biotrophic fungi require a more localized and controlled degradation of the cell wall in order to keep the host cells alive and utilize their feeding structures. Also bacteria and nematodes need to degrade the plant cell wall at a certain stage of their infection process, to obtain nutrients for their growth. Plants have developed a system for sensing pathogens and monitoring the cell wall integrity, upon which they activate defense responses that lead to a dynamic cell wall remodeling required to prevent the disease. Pathogens, on the other hand, may exploit the host cell wall metabolism to support the infection. We review here the strategies utilized by both plants and pathogens to prevail in the cell wall battleground.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Lionetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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