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Ruan X, Wang Z, Su Y, Wang T. Population Genomics Reveals Gene Flow and Adaptive Signature in Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1279. [PMID: 34440453 PMCID: PMC8394975 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing and unresolved issue in invasion biology concerns the rapid adaptation of invaders to nonindigenous environments. Mikania micrantha is a notorious invasive weed that causes substantial economic losses and negative ecological consequences in southern China. However, the contributions of gene flow, environmental variables, and functional genes, all generally recognized as important factors driving invasive success, to its successful invasion of southern China are not fully understood. Here, we utilized a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to sequence 306 M. micrantha individuals from 21 invasive populations. Based on the obtained genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we observed that all the populations possessed similar high levels of genetic diversity that were not constrained by longitude and latitude. Mikania micrantha was introduced multiple times and subsequently experienced rapid-range expansion with recurrent high gene flow. Using FST outliers, a latent factor mixed model, and the Bayesian method, we identified 38 outlier SNPs associated with environmental variables. The analysis of these outlier SNPs revealed that soil composition, temperature, precipitation, and ecological variables were important determinants affecting the invasive adaptation of M. micrantha. Candidate genes with outlier signatures were related to abiotic stress response. Gene family clustering analysis revealed 683 gene families unique to M. micrantha which may have significant implications for the growth, metabolism, and defense responses of M. micrantha. Forty-one genes showing significant positive selection signatures were identified. These genes mainly function in binding, DNA replication and repair, signature transduction, transcription, and cellular components. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of gene flow to the invasion and spread of M. micrantha and indicate the roles of adaptive loci and functional genes in invasive adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Ruan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.R.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.R.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yingjuan Su
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (X.R.); (Z.W.)
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
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52
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Verma K, Song XP, Tian DD, Singh M, Verma CL, Rajput VD, Singh RK, Sharma A, Singh P, Malviya MK, Li YR. Investigation of Defensive Role of Silicon during Drought Stress Induced by Irrigation Capacity in Sugarcane: Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19811-19821. [PMID: 34368568 PMCID: PMC8340432 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water stress may become one of the most inevitable factors in years to come regulating crop growth, development, and productivity globally. The application of eco-friendly stress mitigator may sustain physiological fitness of the plants as uptake and accumulation of silicon (Si) found to alleviate stress with plant performance. Our study focused on the mitigative effects of Si using calcium metasilicate (wollastonite powder, CaO·SiO2) in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) prior to the exposure of water stress created by the retention of 50-45% soil moisture capacity. Si (0, 50, 100, and 500 ppm L-1) was supplied through soil irrigation in S. officinarum L. grown at about half of the soil moisture capacity for a period of 90 days. Water stress impaired plant growth, biomass, leaf relative water content, SPAD value, photosynthetic pigments capacity, and photochemical efficiency (F v/F m) of photosystem II. The levels of antioxidative defense-induced enzymes, viz., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, enhanced. Silicon-treated plants expressed positive correlation with their performance index. A quadratic nonlinear relation observed between loss and gain (%) in physiological and biochemical parameters during water stress upon Si application. Si was found to be effective in restoring the water stress injuries integrated to facilitate the operation of antioxidant defense machinery in S. officinarum L. with improved plant performance index and photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan
K. Verma
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Munna Singh
- Department
of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | - Chhedi Lal Verma
- Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow 226005, India
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy
of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal
University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Anjney Sharma
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Malviya
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key
Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of
Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi, China
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53
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Devanna BN, Mandlik R, Raturi G, Sudhakaran SS, Sharma Y, Sharma S, Rana N, Bansal R, Barvkar V, Tripathi DK, Shivaraj SM, Deshmukh R. Versatile role of silicon in cereals: Health benefits, uptake mechanism, and evolution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:173-186. [PMID: 34044226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is an omnipresent and second most abundant element in the soil lithosphere after oxygen. Silicon being a beneficial element imparts several benefits to the plants and animals. In many plant species, including the cereals the uptake of Si from the soil even exceeds the uptake of essential nutrients. Cereals are the monocots which are known to accumulate a high amount of Si, and reaping maximum benefits associated with it. Cereals contribute a high amount of Si to the human diet compared to other food crops. In the present review, we have summarized distribution of the dietary Si in cereals and its role in the animal and human health. The Si derived benefits in cereals, specifically with respect to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance has been described. We have also discussed the molecular mechanism involved in the Si uptake in cereals, evolution of the Si transport mechanism and genetic variation in the Si concentration among different cultivars of the same species. Various genetic mutants deficient in the Si uptake have been developed and many QTLs governing the Si accumulation have been identified in cereals. The existing knowledge about the Si biology and available resources needs to be explored to understand and improve the Si accumulation in crop plants to achieve sustainability in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Devanna
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sreeja S Sudhakaran
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nitika Rana
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Durgesh K Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, AUUP Campus Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India.
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54
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Waterman JM, Cibils-Stewart X, Cazzonelli CI, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Short-term exposure to silicon rapidly enhances plant resistance to herbivory. Ecology 2021; 102:e03438. [PMID: 34139023 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) can adversely affect insect herbivores, particularly in plants that evolved the ability to accumulate large quantities of Si. Very rapid herbivore-induced accumulation of Si has recently been demonstrated, but the level of protection against herbivory this affords plants remains unknown. Brachypodium distachyon, a model Si hyperaccumulating grass, was exposed to the chewing herbivore, Helicoverpa armigera, and grown under three conditions: supplied Si over 34 d (+Si), not supplied Si (-Si), or supplied Si once herbivory began (-Si → +Si). We evaluated the effectiveness of each Si treatment at reducing herbivore performance and measured Si-based defenses and phenolics (another form of defense often reduced by Si). Although Si concentrations remained lower, within 72 h of exposure to Si, -Si → +Si plants were as resistant to herbivory as +Si plants. Both +Si and -Si → +Si treatments reduced herbivore damage and growth, and increased mandible wear compared to -Si. After 6 h, herbivory increased filled Si cell density in -Si → +Si plants, and within 24 h, -Si → +Si plants reached similar filled Si cell densities to +Si plants, although decreased phenolics only occurred in +Si plants. We demonstrate that plants with short-term Si exposure can rapidly accumulate Si-based antiherbivore defenses as effectively as plants with long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela Research Station, Ruta 50, Km. 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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55
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Klotz M, Schaller J, Kurze S, Engelbrecht BMJ. Variation of foliar silicon concentrations in temperate forbs: effects of soil silicon, phylogeny and habitat. Oecologia 2021; 196:977-987. [PMID: 34259905 PMCID: PMC8367921 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) accumulation is known to alleviate various biotic and abiotic stressors in plants with potential ecological consequences. However, for dicotyledonous plants our understanding of Si variation remains limited. We conducted a comparative experimental study to investigate (1) interspecific variation of foliar Si concentrations across 37 dicotyledonous forbs of temperate grasslands, (2) intraspecific variation in foliar Si concentration in response to soil Si availability, the influence of (3) phylogenetic relatedness, and (4) habitat association to moisture. Foliar Si differed markedly (approx. 70-fold) across the investigated forbs, with some species exhibiting Si accumulation similar to grasses. Foliar Si increased with soil Si availability, but the response varied across species: species with higher Si accumulation capacity showed a stronger response, indicating that they did not actively upregulate Si uptake under low soil Si availability. Foliar Si showed a pronounced phylogenetic signal, i.e., closely related species exhibited more similar foliar Si concentrations than distantly related species. Significant differences in foliar Si concentration within closely related species pairs nevertheless support that active Si uptake and associated high Si concentrations has evolved multiple times in forbs. Foliar Si was not higher in species associated with drier habitats, implying that in dicotyledonous forbs of temperate grasslands high foliar Si is not an adaptive trait to withstand drought. Our results demonstrated considerable inter- and intraspecific variation in foliar Si concentration in temperate forbs. This variation should have pervasive, but so far understudied, ecological consequences for community composition and functioning of temperate grasslands under land-use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Klotz
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kurze
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bettina M J Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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56
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Thabet AF, Boraei HA, Galal OA, El-Samahy MFM, Mousa KM, Zhang YZ, Tuda M, Helmy EA, Wen J, Nozaki T. Silica nanoparticles as pesticide against insects of different feeding types and their non-target attraction of predators. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14484. [PMID: 34262071 PMCID: PMC8280210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The agricultural use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to control insect pests while the safety and tritrophic effects on plants and beneficial natural enemies remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the effects of silica NPs on insect pests with different feeding niches, natural enemies, and a plant. Silica NPs were applied at different concentrations (75-425 mg/L) on field-cultivated faba bean and soybean for two growing seasons. The faba bean pests, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora and the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, and the soybean pest, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, were monitored along with their associated predators. Additional laboratory experiments were performed to test the effects of silica NPs on the growth of faba bean seedlings and to determine whether the rove beetle Paederus fuscipes is attracted to cotton leafworm-infested soybean treated with silica NPs. In the field experiments, silica NPs reduced the populations of all three insect pests and their associated predators, including rove beetles, as the concentration of silica NPs increased. In soybean fields, however, the total number of predators initially increased after applying the lowest concentration. An olfactometer-based choice test found that rove beetles were more likely to move towards an herbivore-infested plant treated with silica NPs than to a water-treated control, suggesting that silica NPs enhance the attraction of natural enemies via herbivore-induced plant volatiles. In the laboratory, while silica NPs inhibited the development of faba bean roots at 400 mg/L, they did not affect germination percentage, germination time, shoot length, or vigor index compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Thabet
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Field Crop Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Hessien A Boraei
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ola A Galal
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdy F M El-Samahy
- Field Crop Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Kareem M Mousa
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yao Z Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Midori Tuda
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Eman A Helmy
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Wen
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nozaki
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- The Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
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57
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Song XP, Verma KK, Tian DD, Zhang XQ, Liang YJ, Huang X, Li CN, Li YR. Exploration of silicon functions to integrate with biotic stress tolerance and crop improvement. Biol Res 2021; 54:19. [PMID: 34238380 PMCID: PMC8265040 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of climate change, due to increased incidences of a wide range of various environmental stresses, especially biotic and abiotic stresses around the globe, the performance of plants can be affected by these stresses. After oxygen, silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is not considered as an important element, but can be thought of as a multi-beneficial quasi-essential element for plants. This review on silicon presents an overview of the versatile role of this element in a variety of plants. Plants absorb silicon through roots from the rhizospheric soil in the form of silicic or monosilicic acid. Silicon plays a key metabolic function in living organisms due to its relative abundance in the atmosphere. Plants with higher content of silicon in shoot or root are very few prone to attack by pests, and exhibit increased stress resistance. However, the more remarkable impact of silicon is the decrease in the number of seed intensities/soil-borne and foliar diseases of major plant varieties that are infected by biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The amelioration in disease symptoms are due to the effect of silicon on a some factors involved in providing host resistance namely, duration of incubation, size, shape and number of lesions. The formation of a mechanical barrier beneath the cuticle and in the cell walls by the polymerization of silicon was first proposed as to how this element decreases plant disease severity. The current understanding of how this element enhances resistance in plants subjected to biotic stress, the exact functions and mechanisms by which it modulates plant biology by potentiating the host defence mechanism needs to be studied using genomics, metabolomics and proteomics. The role of silicon in helping the plants in adaption to biotic stress has been discussed which will help to plan in a systematic way the development of more sustainable agriculture for food security and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Peng Song
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Krishan K Verma
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhang
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Jian Liang
- Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Chang-Ning Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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Pavlovic J, Kostic L, Bosnic P, Kirkby EA, Nikolic M. Interactions of Silicon With Essential and Beneficial Elements in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697592. [PMID: 34249069 PMCID: PMC8261142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential element for plants, but numerous studies have demonstrated its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental conditions, including low nutrient availability. Application of Si shows the potential to increase nutrient availability in the rhizosphere and root uptake through complex mechanisms, which still remain unclear. Silicon-mediated transcriptional regulation of element transporters for both root acquisition and tissue homeostasis has recently been suggested as an important strategy, varying in detail depending on plant species and nutritional status. Here, we summarize evidence of Si-mediated acquisition, uptake and translocation of nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), and nickel (Ni) under both deficiency and excess conditions. In addition, we discuss interactions of Si-with beneficial elements: aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), and selenium (Se). This review also highlights further research needed to improve understanding of Si-mediated acquisition and utilization of nutrients and vice versa nutrient status-mediated Si acquisition and transport, both processes which are of high importance for agronomic practice (e.g., reduced use of fertilizers and pesticides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlovic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Kostic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Bosnic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ernest A. Kirkby
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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59
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Shwethakumari U, Pallavi T, Prakash NB. Influence of Foliar Silicic Acid Application on Soybean ( Glycine max L.) Varieties Grown across Two Distinct Rainfall Years. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061162. [PMID: 34201022 PMCID: PMC8229880 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The foliar nutrition of silicic acid is considered to be a novel approach in enhancing the performance of many crops worldwide. The present study aimed to assess if the foliar application of silicon (Si) could influence the performance of soybean varieties with distinct crop duration, MAUS-2 (long duration) and KBS-23 (short duration). Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) of varied rainfall with foliar application of silicic acid @ 2 and 4 mL L-1 for three and two sprays each. The results showed significant enhancement in the yield, seed quality (protein and oil content), and uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Si) by various parts viz., seed, husk, and haulm of both varieties with foliar nutrition of silicic acid. However, the short duration variety, KBS-23, responded well under low rainfall conditions (2016) with two sprays of foliar silicic acid @ 4 mL L-1 and MAUS-2 variety in the second season under higher rainfall (2017) with three sprays of foliar silicic acid @ 2 mL L-1, along with the recommended dose of fertilizer. This research revealed that the effectiveness of foliar silicic acid nutrition differs with the duration of the varieties, number of sprays given, and water availability in the soil during the cropping period.
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60
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Biru FN, Islam T, Cibils-Stewart X, Cazzonelli CI, Elbaum R, Johnson SN. Anti-herbivore silicon defences in a model grass are greatest under Miocene levels of atmospheric CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2959-2969. [PMID: 33772982 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has an important role in mitigating diverse biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, mainly via the silicification of plant tissues. Environmental changes such as atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect grass Si concentrations which, in turn, can alter herbivore performance. We recently demonstrated that pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 increased Si accumulation in Brachypodium distachyon grass, yet the patterns of Si deposition in leaves and whether this affects insect herbivore performance remains unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether CO2 -driven changes in Si accumulation are linked to changes in gas exchange (e.g. transpiration rates). We therefore investigated how pre-industrial (reduced; rCO2 , 200 ppm), ambient (aCO2 , 410 ppm) and elevated (eCO2 , 640 ppm) CO2 concentrations, in combination with Si-treatment (Si+ or Si-), affected Si accumulation in B. distachyon and its subsequent effect on the performance of the global insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. rCO2 increased Si concentrations by 29% and 36% compared to aCO2 and eCO2 respectively. These changes were not related to observed changes in gas exchange under different CO2 regimes, however. The increased Si accumulation under rCO2 decreased herbivore relative growth rate (RGR) by 120% relative to eCO2, whereas rCO2 caused herbivore RGR to decrease by 26% compared to eCO2 . Si supplementation also increased the density of macrohairs, silica and prickle cells, which was associated with reduced herbivore performance. There was a negative correlation among macrohair density, silica cell density, prickle cell density and herbivore RGR under rCO2 suggesting that these changes in leaf surface morphology were linked to reduced performance under this CO2 regime. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that increased Si accumulation under pre-industrial CO2 reduces insect herbivore performance. Contrastingly, we found reduced Si accumulation under higher CO2 , which suggests that some grasses may become more susceptible to insect herbivores under projected climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu N Biru
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Verma KK, Song XP, Verma CL, Chen ZL, Rajput VD, Wu KC, Liao F, Chen GL, Li YR. Functional relationship between photosynthetic leaf gas exchange in response to silicon application and water stress mitigation in sugarcane. Biol Res 2021; 54:15. [PMID: 33933166 PMCID: PMC8088580 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water stress is one of the serious abiotic stresses that negatively influences the growth, development and production of sugarcane in arid and semi-arid regions. However, silicon (Si) has been applied as an alleviation strategy subjected to environmental stresses. METHODS In this experiment, Si was applied as soil irrigation in sugarcane plants to understand the mitigation effect of Si against harmful impact of water stress on photosynthetic leaf gas exchange. RESULTS In the present study we primarily revealed the consequences of low soil moisture content, which affect overall plant performance of sugarcane significantly. Silicon application reduced the adverse effects of water stress by improving the net photosynthetic assimilation rate (Anet) 1.35-18.75%, stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) 3.26-21.57% and rate of transpiration (E) 1.16-17.83%. The mathematical models developed from the proposed hypothesis explained the functional relationships between photosynthetic responses of Si application and water stress mitigation. CONCLUSIONS Silicon application showed high ameliorative effects on photosynthetic responses of sugarcane to water stress and could be used for mitigating environmental stresses in other crops, too, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan K Verma
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Chhedi Lal Verma
- Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, 226005, India
| | - Zhong-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Kai-Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Fen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Gan-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530 007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/ Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning,, 530007, Guangxi, China.
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Silicon supplementation improves early blight resistance in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill . by modulating the expression of defense-related genes and antioxidant enzymes. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:232. [PMID: 33968576 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early blight is the most devastating disease in tomato which causes huge yield losses across the globe. Hence, development of specific, efficient and ecofriendly tools are required to increase the disease resistance in tomato plants. Here, we systematically investigate the defensive role and priming effect of silicon (Si) in tomato plants under control and infected conditions. Based on the results, Si-treated tomato plants showed improved resistance to Alternaria solani as there was delay in symptoms and reduced disease severity than non-Si-treated plants. To further examine the Si-mediated molecular priming in tomato plants, expression profiling of defense-related genes like PR1, PR2, WRKYII, PR3, LOXD and JERF3 was studied in control, Si-supplemented, A. solani-inoculated and Si + A. solani-inoculated plants. Interestingly, Si significantly increased the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes (PR3, LOXD and JERF3) than salicylic acid (SA) marker genes (PR1, PR2 and WRKYII). However, Si + A. solani-inoculated plants showed higher expression levels of defence genes except WRKYII than A. solani-inoculated or Si-treated plants. Furthermore, pre-supplementation of Si to A. solani-infected tomato plants showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) than control, Si-treated and A. solani-inoculated plants. Altogether, present study highlights the defensive role of Si in tomato plants in response to A. solani by increasing not only the transcript levels of defense signature genes, but also the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Katz O, Puppe D, Kaczorek D, Prakash NB, Schaller J. Silicon in the Soil-Plant Continuum: Intricate Feedback Mechanisms within Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:652. [PMID: 33808069 PMCID: PMC8066056 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants' ability to take up silicon from the soil, accumulate it within their tissues and then reincorporate it into the soil through litter creates an intricate network of feedback mechanisms in ecosystems. Here, we provide a concise review of silicon's roles in soil chemistry and physics and in plant physiology and ecology, focusing on the processes that form these feedback mechanisms. Through this review and analysis, we demonstrate how this feedback network drives ecosystem processes and affects ecosystem functioning. Consequently, we show that Si uptake and accumulation by plants is involved in several ecosystem services like soil appropriation, biomass supply, and carbon sequestration. Considering the demand for food of an increasing global population and the challenges of climate change, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes of these ecosystem services is of prime importance. Silicon and its role in ecosystem functioning and services thus should be the main focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mt. Masada, Tamar Regional Council, 86910 Tamar, Israel
- Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Hatmarim Blv, 8855630 Eilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Puppe
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Danuta Kaczorek
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nagabovanalli B. Prakash
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
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Tombeur F, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Faucon M, Zemunik G, Turner BL, Cornelis J, Mahy G. A shift from phenol to silica‐based leaf defences during long‐term soil and ecosystem development. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:984-995. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Tombeur
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Université de Montréal 4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Michel‐Pierre Faucon
- AGHYLE SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417 UniLaSalle 19 rue Pierre Waguet Beauvais 60026 France
| | - Graham Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
- Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jean‐Thomas Cornelis
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Grégory Mahy
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
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AlKahtani MDF, Hafez YM, Attia K, Rashwan E, Husnain LA, AlGwaiz HIM, Abdelaal KAA. Evaluation of Silicon and Proline Application on the Oxidative Machinery in Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030398. [PMID: 33800758 PMCID: PMC8000334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress deleteriously affects growth, development and productivity in plants. So, we examined the silicon effect (2 mmol) and proline (10 mmol) individually or the combination (Si + proline) in alleviating the harmful effect of drought on total phenolic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chlorophyll concentration and antioxidant enzymes as well as yield parameters of drought-stressed sugar beet plants during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Our findings indicated that the root diameter and length (cm), root and shoot fresh weights (g plant−1) as well as root and sugar yield significantly decreased in sugar beet plants under drought. Relative water content (RWC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration considerably reduced in stressed sugar beet plants that compared with control in both seasons. Nonetheless, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2●−) considerably elevated as signals of drought. Drought-stressed sugar beet plants showed an increase in proline accumulation, total phenolic compounds and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to mitigate drought effects. Si and proline individually or the combination Si + proline considerably increased root and sugar yield, sucrose%, Chl concentration and RWC, MDA and EL were remarkably reduced. The treatments led to adjust proline and total phenolic compounds as well as CAT and SOD activity in stressed sugar beet plants. We concluded that application of Si + proline under drought stress led to improve the resistance of sugar beet by regulating of proline, antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and improving RWC, Chl concentration and Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) contents as well as yield parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneera D. F. AlKahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 102275-11675, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.F.A.); (L.A.H.); (H.I.M.A.)
| | - Yaser M. Hafez
- Excellence Center (EPCRS), Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Kotb Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Rice Research & Training Center, Rice Biotechnology Lab, Field Crops Research Institute, Sakha, Kafr EL-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Emadeldeen Rashwan
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Latifa Al Husnain
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 102275-11675, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.F.A.); (L.A.H.); (H.I.M.A.)
| | - Hussah I. M. AlGwaiz
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 102275-11675, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.F.A.); (L.A.H.); (H.I.M.A.)
| | - Khaled A. A. Abdelaal
- Excellence Center (EPCRS), Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
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Vandegeer RK, Zhao C, Cibils-Stewart X, Wuhrer R, Hall CR, Hartley SE, Tissue DT, Johnson SN. Silicon deposition on guard cells increases stomatal sensitivity as mediated by K + efflux and consequently reduces stomatal conductance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:358-370. [PMID: 32880970 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has been widely reported to improve plant resistance to water stress via various mechanisms including cuticular Si deposition to reduce leaf transpiration. However, there is limited understanding of the effects of Si on stomatal physiology, including the underlying mechanisms and implications for resistance to water stress. We grew tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Fortuna) hydroponically, with or without Si, and treated half of the plants with 20% polyethylene glycol to impose physiological drought (osmotic stress). Scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with X-ray mapping found that Si was deposited on stomatal guard cells and as a sub-cuticular layer in Si-treated plants. Plants grown in Si had a 28% reduction in stomatal conductance and a 23% reduction in cuticular conductance. When abscisic acid was applied exogenously to epidermal leaf peels to promote stomatal closure, Si plants had 19% lower stomatal aperture compared to control plants (i.e. increased stomatal sensitivity) and an increased efflux of guard cell K+ ions. However, the changes in stomatal physiology with Si were not substantial enough to improve water stress resistance, as shown by a lack of significant effect of Si on water potential, growth, photosynthesis and water-use efficiency. Our findings suggest a novel underlying mechanism for reduced stomatal conductance with Si application; specifically, that Si deposition on stomatal guard cells promotes greater stomatal sensitivity as mediated by guard cell K+ efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Vandegeer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela Research Station, Ruta 50, Km. 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Richard Wuhrer
- Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility (AMCF), Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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Acevedo FE, Peiffer M, Ray S, Tan CW, Felton GW. Silicon-Mediated Enhancement of Herbivore Resistance in Agricultural Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631824. [PMID: 33679847 PMCID: PMC7928372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial mineral that enhances plant protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, including insect herbivores. Si increases mechanical and biochemical defenses in a variety of plant species. However, the use of Si in agriculture remains poorly adopted despite its widely documented benefits in plant health. In this study, we tested the effect of Si supplementation on the induction of plant resistance against a chewing herbivore in crops with differential ability to accumulate this element. Our model system comprised the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda and three economically important plant species with differential ability to uptake silicon: tomato (non-Si accumulator), soybean, and maize (Si-accumulators). We investigated the effects of Si supply and insect herbivory on the induction of physical and biochemical plant defenses, and herbivore growth using potted plants in greenhouse conditions. Herbivory and Si supply increased peroxidase (POX) activity and trichome density in tomato, and the concentration of phenolics in soybean. Si supplementation increased leaf Si concentration in all plants. Previous herbivory affected FAW larval weight gain in all plants tested, and the Si treatment further reduced weight gain of larvae fed on Si accumulator plants. Notably, our results strongly suggest that non-glandular trichomes are important reservoirs of Si in maize and may increase plant resistance to chewing herbivores. We conclude that Si offers transient resistance to FAW in soybean, and a more lasting resistance in maize. Si supply is a promising strategy in management programs of chewing herbivores in Si-accumulator plants.
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Physiological and Molecular Responses to Acid Rain Stress in Plants and the Impact of Melatonin, Glutathione and Silicon in the Amendment of Plant Acid Rain Stress. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040862. [PMID: 33562098 PMCID: PMC7915782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been a long-term problem, especially in urban areas, that eventually accelerates the formation of acid rain (AR), but recently it has emerged as a serious environmental issue worldwide owing to industrial and economic growth, and it is also considered a major abiotic stress to agriculture. Evidence showed that AR exerts harmful effects in plants, especially on growth, photosynthetic activities, antioxidant activities and molecular changes. Effectiveness of several bio-regulators has been tested so far to arbitrate various physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in plants under different diverse sorts of environmental stresses. In the current review, we showed that silicon (tetravalent metalloid and semi-conductor), glutathione (free thiol tripeptide) and melatonin (an indoleamine low molecular weight molecule) act as influential growth regulators, bio-stimulators and antioxidants, which improve plant growth potential, photosynthesis spontaneity, redox-balance and the antioxidant defense system through quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly and/or indirectly under AR stress conditions. However, earlier research findings, together with current progresses, would facilitate the future research advancements as well as the adoption of new approaches in attenuating the consequence of AR stress on crops, and might have prospective repercussions in escalating crop farming where AR is a restraining factor.
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Banerjee A, Singh A, Sudarshan M, Roychoudhury A. Silicon nanoparticle-pulsing mitigates fluoride stress in rice by fine-tuning the ionomic and metabolomic balance and refining agronomic traits. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127826. [PMID: 33182120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript investigates the roles of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in ameliorating fluoride toxicity in the susceptible rice cultivar, IR-64. Fluoride toxicity reduced overall growth and yield by suppressing grain development. Fluoride stress alarmingly increased the accumulation of cobalt, which together with fluoride triggered electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide accumulation and NADPH oxidase activity. The overall photosynthesis was compromised due to chlorosis and inhibited Hill activity. Nano-Si-priming efficiently ameliorated molecular injuries and restored yield by reducing fluoride bioaccumulation particularly in the grains. The level of non-enzymatic antioxidants like anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics and glutathione was stimulated upon SiNP-priming. Nano-Si-pulsing removed fluoride-mediated inhibition of glutathione synthesis by activating glutathione reductase. Glutathione was utilized to activate glyoxalases and associated enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. Uptake of nutrients like silicon, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, selenium and vanadium improved seedling health even during prolonged fluoride stress. Nano-Si-pulsing produced a nanozymatic effect, since high level of crucial co-factors like copper, zinc and iron stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase, which synergistically with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants scavenged reactive oxygen species and promoted fluoride tolerance. Overall, the study supported by statistical modelling using principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding and multidimensional scaling, established the potential of SiNP to promote safe rice cultivation and precision farming even in fluoride-infested environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerjee
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - M Sudarshan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, 3/LB Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
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Khan A, Ahmad M, Ahmed M, Iftikhar Hussain M. Rising Atmospheric Temperature Impact on Wheat and Thermotolerance Strategies. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010043. [PMID: 33375473 PMCID: PMC7823633 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Temperature across the globe is increasing continuously at the rate of 0.15–0.17 °C per decade since the industrial revolution. It is influencing agricultural crop productivity. Therefore, thermotolerance strategies are needed to have sustainability in crop yield under higher temperature. However, improving thermotolerance in the crop is a challenging task for crop scientists. Therefore, this review work was conducted with the aim of providing information on the wheat response in three research areas, i.e., physiology, breeding, and advances in genetics, which could assist the researchers in improving thermotolerance. The optimum temperature for wheat growth at the heading, anthesis, and grain filling duration is 16 ± 2.3 °C, 23 ± 1.75 °C, and 26 ± 1.53 °C, respectively. The high temperature adversely influences the crop phenology, growth, and development. The pre-anthesis high temperature retards the pollen viability, seed formation, and embryo development. The post-anthesis high temperature declines the starch granules accumulation, stem reserve carbohydrates, and translocation of photosynthates into grains. A high temperature above 40 °C inhibits the photosynthesis by damaging the photosystem-II, electron transport chain, and photosystem-I. Our review work highlighted that genotypes which can maintain a higher accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, expression of heat shock proteins, stay green and antioxidant enzymes activity viz., catalase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase can tolerate high temperature efficiently through sustaining cellular physiology. Similarly, the pre-anthesis acclimation with heat treatment, inorganic fertilizer such as nitrogen, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride, mulches with rice husk, early sowing, presoaking of a 6.6 mM solution of thiourea, foliar application of 50 ppm dithiothreitol, 10 mg per kg of silicon at heading and zinc ameliorate the crop against the high temperature. Finally, it has been suggested that modern genomics and omics techniques should be used to develop thermotolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (A.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - M. Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology & Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Vaculík M, Lukačová Z, Bokor B, Martinka M, Tripathi DK, Lux A. Alleviation mechanisms of metal(loid) stress in plants by silicon: a review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6744-6757. [PMID: 32569367 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), although not considered as an essential element for plants in general, can ameliorate the phytotoxicity induced by excess metal(loid)s whether non-essential (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, As, and Sb) or essential (e.g. Cu, Ni, and Zn). The Si-enhanced resistance allowing plants to cope with this type of abiotic stress has been developed at multiple levels in plants. Restriction of root uptake and immobilization of metal(loid)s in the rhizosphere by Si is probably one of the first defence mechanism. Further, retention of elements in the root apoplasm might enhance the resistance and vigour of plants. At the cellular level, the formation of insoluble complexes between Si and metal(loid)s and their storage within cell walls help plants to decrease available element concentration and restrict symplasmic uptake. Moreover, Si influences the oxidative status of plants by modifying the activity of various antioxidants, improves membrane stability, and acts on gene expression, although its exact role in these processes is still not well understood. This review focuses on all currently known plant-based mechanisms related to Si supply and involved in amelioration of stress caused by excess metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lukačová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Ilkovicova 8, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sect 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
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de Tombeur F, Turner BL, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Mahy G, Faucon MP, Zemunik G, Cornelis JT. Plants sustain the terrestrial silicon cycle during ecosystem retrogression. Science 2020; 369:1245-1248. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. de Tombeur
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - B. L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - E. Laliberté
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - H. Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - G. Mahy
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - G. Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - J.-T. Cornelis
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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73
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Vieira Filho LO, Monteiro FA. Silicon modulates copper absorption and increases yield of Tanzania guinea grass under copper toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31221-31232. [PMID: 32488716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element which was proven to enhance the tolerance of plants to excess metal in a given growth medium. However, the efficacy of Si in mitigating Cu toxicity in plants can vary between plant species and with the amount of copper (Cu) present in the soil/medium. An experiment was performed to investigate the role of Si in alleviating Cu toxicity in Tanzania guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania). The experimental design consisted on complete random blocks with tree replicates containing three Si rates (0, 1, and 3 mmol L-1) and four Cu rates (0.3, 250, 500, and 750 μmol L-1). The grass was grown for 62 days in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions, with a total of 36 pots. Thirteen days after sowing, seedlings were transplanted to pots and grown for further 25 days, and then exposed to the set Cu rates for 7 days. The plants were also evaluated more for 30 days after the first harvesting. The results confirmed that the Si supply to Tanzania guinea grass can alleviate the effects of excessive Cu. Plant yield increased with Si supply and decreased with the increment of Cu rates in both growth periods. Copper concentration in diagnostic leaves (DL) and in roots, and Cu content in shoots and roots were higher in plants exposed to Cu of 750 μmol L-1 with no Si application than in other combinations. Besides reducing Cu concentration in plant tissues, the most important Si role was reducing the transport of Cu from roots to shoots, which allowed successive harvesting. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Otavio Vieira Filho
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, 33865, USA
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74
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Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Silicon-regulated antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification functions co-ordinately in attenuating fluoride toxicity and conferring protection to rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:758-769. [PMID: 32801080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this manuscript was to demonstrate the efficacy of silicon supplementation in relieving the fluoride-induced damages in rice cultivar, Khitish. The exposure of seedlings to two different concentrations of fluoride, viz., 25 and 50 mg L-1 NaF caused increase in fluoride accumulation, as a result of which the seedlings suffered severe oxidative stress, as evident from growth inhibition, reduction in seed germination, tissue biomass, root and shoot length, decline in chlorophyll content, increases in electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity), protein carbonylation and protease activity. The extent of damage was more at higher fluoride concentration. Silicon amendment, irrespective of fluoride concentrations, led to large build-up of endogenous silicon level and brought considerable improvement in all the parameters examined with respect to fluoride stress. The fluoride-mediated enhancement in methylglyoxal level was lowered by silicon, because of the prominent activation of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. While the stress-mediated induction in antioxidative enzymes like GPOX, APX, SOD, GPX and GR was lowered by silicon, the inhibition in CAT activity was relieved. The antioxidative defense mechanism was also boosted up via enhanced content of total phenolics and carotenoids. However, the fluoride-mediated increase in anthocyanins, flavonoids, xanthophyll, ascorbate and reduced glutathione, and osmolytes like total amino acids, proline and glycine-betaine, were all lowered in presence of silicon, together with reduced PAL and P5CS activity. Overall, silicon reduced oxidative damages to develop fluoride-tolerant rice plants through augmentation of different antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
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75
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Hao Q, Yang S, Song Z, Li Z, Ding F, Yu C, Hu G, Liu H. Silicon Affects Plant Stoichiometry and Accumulation of C, N, and P in Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1304. [PMID: 33013953 PMCID: PMC7493684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) plays an important role in improving soil nutrient availability and plant carbon (C) accumulation and may therefore impact the biogeochemical cycles of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in terrestrial ecosystems profoundly. However, research on this process in grassland ecosystems is scarce, despite the fact that these ecosystems are one of the most significant accumulators of biogenic Si (BSi). In this study, we collected the aboveground parts of four widespread grasses and soil profile samples in northern China and assessed the correlations between Si concentrations and stoichiometry and accumulation of C, N, and P in grasses at the landscape scale. Our results showed that Si concentrations in plants were significantly negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with associated C concentrations. There was no significant correlation between Si and N concentrations. It is worth noting that since the Si concentration increased, the P concentration increased from less than 0.10% to more than 0.20% and therefore C:P and N:P ratios decreased concomitantly. Besides, the soil noncrystalline Si played more important role in C, N, and P accumulation than other environmental factors (e.g., MAT, MAP, and altitude). These findings indicate that Si may facilitate grasses in adjusting the utilization of nutrients (C, N, and P) and may particularly alleviate P deficiency in grasslands. We conclude that Si positively alters the concentrations and accumulation of C, N, and P likely resulting in the variation of ecological stoichiometry in both vegetation and litter decomposition in soils. This study further suggests that the physiological function of Si is an important but overlooked factor in influencing biogeochemical cycles of C and P in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zichuan Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Ding
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changxun Yu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Guozheng Hu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Peking, China
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76
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Thorne SJ, Hartley SE, Maathuis FJM. Is Silicon a Panacea for Alleviating Drought and Salt Stress in Crops? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32973824 PMCID: PMC7461962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salinity affects around 20% of all arable land while an even larger area suffers from recurrent drought. Together these stresses suppress global crop production by as much as 50% and their impacts are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change. Infrastructure and management practices can mitigate these detrimental impacts, but are costly. Crop breeding for improved tolerance has had some success but is progressing slowly and is not keeping pace with climate change. In contrast, Silicon (Si) is known to improve plant tolerance to a range of stresses and could provide a sustainable, rapid and cost-effective mitigation method. The exact mechanisms are still under debate but it appears Si can relieve salt stress via accumulation in the root apoplast where it reduces "bypass flow of ions to the shoot. Si-dependent drought relief has been linked to lowered root hydraulic conductance and reduction of water loss through transpiration. However, many alternative mechanisms may play a role such as altered gene expression and increased accumulation of compatible solutes. Oxidative damage that occurs under stress conditions can be reduced by Si through increased antioxidative enzymes while Si-improved photosynthesis has also been reported. Si fertilizer can be produced relatively cheaply and to assess its economic viability to improve crop stress tolerance we present a cost-benefit analysis. It suggests that Si fertilization may be beneficial in many agronomic settings but may be beyond the means of smallholder farmers in developing countries. Si application may also have disadvantages, such as increased soil pH, less efficient conversion of crops into biofuel and reduced digestibility of animal fodder. These issues may hamper uptake of Si fertilization as a routine agronomic practice. Here, we critically evaluate recent literature, quantifying the most significant physiological changes associated with Si in plants under drought and salinity stress. Analyses show that metrics associated with photosynthesis, water balance and oxidative stress all improve when Si is present during plant exposure to salinity and drought. We further conclude that most of these changes can be explained by apoplastic roles of Si while there is as yet little evidence to support biochemical roles of this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Thorne
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Ibrahim MFM, Abd El-Samad G, Ashour H, El-Sawy AM, Hikal M, Elkelish A, El-Gawad HA, El-Yazied AA, Hozzein WN, Farag R. Regulation of Agronomic Traits, Nutrient Uptake, Osmolytes and Antioxidants of Maize as Influenced by Exogenous Potassium Silicate under Deficit Irrigation and Semiarid Conditions. AGRONOMY 2020; 10:1212. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the link between the protective role of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) against water shortage and the eventual grain yield of maize plants is still limited under semiarid conditions. Therefore, in this study, we provide insights into the underlying metabolic responses, mineral nutrients uptake and some nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants that may differ in maize plants as influenced by the foliar application of K2SiO3 (0, 1 and 2 mM) under three drip irrigation regimes (100, 75 and 50% of water requirements). Our results indicated that, generally, plants were affected by both moderate and severe deficit irrigation levels. Deficit irrigation decreased shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), relative water content (RWC), N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, carotenoids, grain yield and its parameters, while root/shoot ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were improved. The foliar applications of K2SiO3 relatively alleviated water stress-induced damage. In this respect, the treatment of 2 mM K2SiO3 was more effective than others and could be recommended to mitigate the effect of deficit irrigation on maize plants. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed a close link between yield and the most studied traits.
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78
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Khan A, Khan AL, Imran M, Asaf S, Kim YH, Bilal S, Numan M, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ. Silicon-induced thermotolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. via activation of antioxidant system, heat shock proteins, and endogenous phytohormones. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:248. [PMID: 32493420 PMCID: PMC7268409 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abiotic stresses (e.g., heat or limited water and nutrient availability) limit crop production worldwide. With the progression of climate change, the severity and variation of these stresses are expected to increase. Exogenous silicon (Si) has shown beneficial effects on plant growth; however, its role in combating the negative effects of heat stress and their underlying molecular dynamics are not fully understood. RESULTS Exogenous Si significantly mitigated the adverse impact of heat stress by improving tomato plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content. Si induced stress tolerance by decreasing the concentrations of superoxide anions and malondialdehyde, as well as mitigating oxidative stress by increasing the gene expression for antioxidant enzymes (peroxidases, catalases, ascorbate peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione reductases) under stress conditions. This was attributed to increased Si uptake in the shoots via the upregulation of low silicon (SlLsi1 and SlLsi2) gene expression under heat stress. Interestingly, Si stimulated the expression and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins by upregulating heat transcription factors (Hsfs) such as SlHsfA1a-b, SlHsfA2-A3, and SlHsfA7 in tomato plants under heat stress. On the other hand, defense and stress signaling-related endogenous phytohormones (salicylic acid [SA]/abscisic acid [ABA]) exhibited a decrease in their concentration and biosynthesis following Si application. Additionally, the mRNA and gene expression levels for SA (SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPAL) and ABA (SlNCEDI) were downregulated after exposure to stress conditions. CONCLUSION Si treatment resulted in greater tolerance to abiotic stress conditions, exhibiting higher plant growth dynamics and molecular physiology by regulating the antioxidant defense system, SA/ABA signaling, and Hsfs during heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Yoon-Ha Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Saqib Bilal
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
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Cocozza C, Brilli F, Pignattelli S, Pollastri S, Brunetti C, Gonnelli C, Tognetti R, Centritto M, Loreto F. The excess of phosphorus in soil reduces physiological performances over time but enhances prompt recovery of salt-stressed Arundo donax plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:556-565. [PMID: 32315911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arundo donax L. is an invasive grass species with high tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses. The response of potted A. donax plants to soil stress characterized by prolonged exposure (43 days) to salinity (+Na), to high concentration of phosphorus (+P), and to the combination of high Na and P (+NaP) followed by 14 days of recovery under optimal nutrient solution, was investigated along the entire time-course of the experiment. After an exposure of 43 days, salinity induced a progressive decline in stomatal conductance that hampered A. donax growth through diffusional limitations to photosynthesis and, when combined with high P, reduced the electron transport rate. Isoprene emission from A. donax leaves was stimulated as Na+ concentration raised in leaves. Prolonged growth in P-enriched substrate did not significantly affect A. donax performance, but decreased isoprene emission from leaves. Prolonged exposure of A. donax to + NaP increased the leaf level of H2O2, stimulated the production of carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids, zeaxanthin and increased the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophylls. This might have resulted in a higher stress tolerance that allowed a fast and full recovery following stress relief. Moreover, the high amount of ABA-glucose ester accumulated in leaves of A. donax exposed to + NaP might have favored stomata re-opening further sustaining the observed prompt recovery of photosynthesis. Therefore, prolonged exposure to high P exacerbated the negative effects of salt stress in A. donax plants photosynthetic performances, but enhanced activation of physiological mechanisms that allowed a prompt and full recovery after stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cocozza
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via San Bonaventura 13, Florence, Italy.
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Micheli 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (DISBA - CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy
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80
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Johnson SN, Rowe RC, Hall CR. Silicon is an inducible and effective herbivore defence against Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:417-422. [PMID: 31813402 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of silicon (Si) in alleviating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, including defence against insect herbivores, in plants is widely reported. Si defence against insect herbivores is overwhelmingly studied in grasses (especially the cereals), many of which are hyper-accumulators of Si. Despite being neglected, legumes such as soybean (Glycine max) have the capacity to control Si accumulation and benefit from increased Si supply. We tested how Si supplementation via potassium, sodium or calcium silicate affected a soybean pest, the native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Herbivory reduced leaf biomass similarly in Si-supplemented (+Si) and non-supplemented (-Si) plants (c. 29 and 23%, respectively) relative to herbivore-free plants. Both Si supplementation and herbivory increased leaf Si concentrations. In relative terms, herbivores induced Si uptake by c. 19% in both +Si and -Si plants. All Si treatments reduced H. punctigera relative growth rates (RGR) to a similar extent for potassium (-41%), sodium (-49%) and calcium (-48%) silicate. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between Si accumulation in leaves and herbivore RGR. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of Si-based herbivore defence in soybean; the rapid increase in leaf Si following herbivory being indicative of an induced defence. Taken together with the other benefits of Si supplementation of legumes, Si could prove an effective herbivore defence in legumes as well as grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhiannon C Rowe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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81
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Putra R, Powell JR, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Is it time to include legumes in plant silicon research? Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Putra
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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82
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Silicon and Plant-Animal Interactions: Towards an Evolutionary Framework. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040430. [PMID: 32244583 PMCID: PMC7238073 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herbivory is fundamental in ecology, being a major driver of ecosystem structure and functioning. Plant Si and phytoliths play a significant antiherbivory role, the understanding of which and of its evolutionary context will increase our understanding of this phenomenon, its origins, and its significance for past, extant, and future ecosystems. To achieve this goal, we need a superdisciplinary evolutionary framework connecting the role of Si in plant–herbivore interactions, in global processes, and in plant and herbivore evolution. To do this properly, we should acknowledge and incorporate into our work some basic facts that are too often overlooked. First, there is great taxonomic variance both in plant Si contents, forms, and roles, but also in herbivore responses, dietary preferences, and in fossil evidence. Second, species and their traits, as well as whole ecosystems, should be seen in the context of their entire evolutionary history and may therefore reflect not only adaptations to extant selective factors but also anachronistic traits. Third, evolutionary history and evolutionary transitions are complex, resulting in true and apparent asynchronisms. Fourth, evolution and ecology are multiscalar, in which various phenomena and processes act at various scales. Taking these issues into consideration will improve our ability to develop this needed theoretical framework and will bring us closer to gaining a more complete understanding of one of the most exciting and elusive phenomena in plant biology and ecology.
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Bist V, Niranjan A, Ranjan M, Lehri A, Seem K, Srivastava S. Silicon-Solubilizing Media and Its Implication for Characterization of Bacteria to Mitigate Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:28. [PMID: 32194577 PMCID: PMC7061934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element on earth, remains unavailable for plants' uptake due to its poor solubility. Microbial interventions to convert it in soluble forms are well documented. However, studies on discrimination of Si and P solubilizing microbes due to common estimation method and sharing of solubilization mechanism are still obscure. A defined differential media, i.e. silicon-solubilizing media (NBRISSM) is developed to screen Si solubilizers. NBRISN13 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), a Si solubilizer, exhibiting antagonistic property against Rhizoctonia solani, was further validated for disease resistance. The key finding of the work is that NBRISSM is a novel differential media for screening Si solubilizers, distinct from P solubilizers. Dominance of Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. for the function of Si solubilization was observed during diversity analysis of Si solubilizers isolated from different rhizospheres. Sphingobacterium sp., a different strain has been identified for silicon solubilization other than Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp. Role of acidic phosphatase during Si solubilization has been firstly reported in our study in addition to other pH dependent phenomenon. Study also showed the combinatorial effect of feldspar and NBRISN13 on elicited immune response through (i) increased Si uptake, (ii) reduced disease severity, (iii) modulation of cell wall degrading and antioxidative enzyme activities, and (iv) induced defense responsive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Bist
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhishek Niranjan
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Lehri
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Karishma Seem
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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84
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de Tombeur F, Turner BL, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Cornelis JT. Silicon Dynamics During 2 Million Years of Soil Development in a Coastal Dune Chronosequence Under a Mediterranean Climate. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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85
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Li Z, Guo F, Cornelis JT, Song Z, Wang X, Delvaux B. Combined Silicon-Phosphorus Fertilization Affects the Biomass and Phytolith Stock of Rice Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:67. [PMID: 32133016 PMCID: PMC7040097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoliths are silica bodies formed in living plant tissues. Once deposited in soils through plant debris, they can readily dissolve and then increase the fluxes of silicon (Si) toward plants and/or watersheds. These fluxes enhance Si ecological services in agricultural and marine ecosystems through their impact on plant health and carbon fixation by diatoms, respectively. Fertilization increases crop biomass through the supply of plant nutrients, and thus may enhance Si accumulation in plant biomass. Si and phosphorus (P) fertilization enhance rice crop biomass, but their combined impact on Si accumulation in plants is poorly known. Here, we study the impact of combined Si-P fertilization on the production of phytoliths in rice plants. The combination of the respective supplies of 0.52 g Si kg-1 and 0.20 g P kg-1 generated the largest increase in plant shoot biomass (leaf, flag leaf, stem, and sheath), resulting in a 1.3-fold increase compared the control group. Applying combined Si-P fertilizer did not affect the content of organic carbon (OC) in phytoliths. However, it increased plant available Si in soil, plant phytolith content and its total stock (mg phytolith pot-1) in dry plant matter, leading to the increase of the total amount of OC within plants. In addition, P supply increased rice biomass and grain yield. Through these positive effects, combined Si-P fertilization may thus address agronomic (e.g., sustainable ecosystem development) and environmental (e.g., climate change) issues through the increase in crop yield and phytolith production as well as the promotion of Si ecological services and OC accumulation within phytoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Li
- Soil Science, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fengshan Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, China
| | - Jean-Thomas Cornelis
- BIOSE Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- Institute of the Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoliang Song,
| | - Xudong Wang
- School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, China
| | - Bruno Delvaux
- Soil Science, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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86
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Leroy N, Tombeur FD, Walgraffe Y, Cornélis JT, Verheggen FJ. Silicon and Plant Natural Defenses against Insect Pests: Impact on Plant Volatile Organic Compounds and Cascade Effects on Multitrophic Interactions. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110444. [PMID: 31652861 PMCID: PMC6918431 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors controlling silicon (Si) accumulation in terrestrial plant are key drivers to alleviate plant biotic stresses, including insect herbivory. While there is a general agreement on the ability of Si-enriched plant to better resist insect feeding, recent studies suggest that Si also primes biochemical defense pathways in various plant families. In this review, we first summarize how soil parameters and climate variables influence Si assimilation in plants. Then, we describe recent evidences on the ability of Si to modulate plant volatile emissions, with potential cascade effects on phytophagous insects and higher trophic levels. Even though the mechanisms still need to be elucidated, Si accumulation in plants leads to contrasting effects on the levels of the three major phytohormones, namely jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene, resulting in modified emissions of plant volatile organic compounds. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles would be particularly impacted by Si concentration in plant tissues, resulting in a cascade effect on the attraction of natural enemies of pests, known to locate their prey or hosts based on plant volatile cues. Since seven of the top 10 most important crops in the world are Si-accumulating Poaceae species, it is important to discuss the potential of Si mobility in soil-plant systems as a novel component of an integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leroy
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d'Agronomie 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Félix de Tombeur
- Water-Soil-Plant Exchanges, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue Maréchal Juin 27, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Yseult Walgraffe
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d'Agronomie 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Thomas Cornélis
- Water-Soil-Plant Exchanges, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue Maréchal Juin 27, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - François J Verheggen
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d'Agronomie 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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87
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Calcium Application Enhances Drought Stress Tolerance in Sugar Beet and Promotes Plant Biomass and Beetroot Sucrose Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153777. [PMID: 31382384 PMCID: PMC6696248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of sugar beet to lose the final sugar yield under water limiting regime. Ample evidences have revealed the important role of mineral nutrition in increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Despite the vital role of calcium (Ca2+) in plant growth and development, as well as in stress responses as an intracellular messenger, its role in alleviating drought stress in sugar beet has been rarely addressed. Here, an attempt was undertaken to investigate whether, and to what extent, foliar application of Ca2+ confers drought stress tolerance in sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress. To achieve this goal, sugar beet plants, which were grown in a high throughput phenotyping platform, were sprayed with Ca2+ and submitted to drought stress. The results showed that foliar application of Ca2+ increased the level of magnesium and silicon in the leaves, promoted plant growth, height, and leaf coverage area as well as chlorophyll level. Ca2+, in turn, increased the carbohydrate levels in leaves under drought condition and regulated transcriptionally the genes involved in sucrose transport (BvSUC3 and BvTST3). Subsequently, Ca2+ enhanced the root biomass and simultaneously led to induction of root (BvSUC3 and BvTST1) sucrose transporters which eventually supported the loading of more sucrose into beetroot under drought stress. Metabolite analysis revealed that the beneficial effect of Ca2+ in tolerance to drought induced-oxidative stress is most likely mediated by higher glutathione pools, increased levels of free polyamine putrescine (Put), and lower levels of amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Taken together, this work demonstrates that foliar application of Ca2+ is a promising fertilization strategy to improve mineral nutrition efficiency, sugar metabolism, redox state, and thus, drought stress tolerance.
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88
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Kaushik P, Saini DK. Silicon as a Vegetable Crops Modulator-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E148. [PMID: 31159270 PMCID: PMC6631416 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables require an optimum supply of mineral elements like silicon (Si). Si is second to oxygen in its abundance in the earth crust, and its role is quite significant in tackling biotic and abiotic stresses of vegetables. Si application also improves several agronomic and quality traits of vegetables. Hence, Si application is recommended as a strategy for the improvement of vegetable crops production. Although the research about the role of Si in vegetable dicots still lags far behind than cereals. Recently, omics-based approaches were used to provide a deeper understanding of the role of Si in vegetable protection. Here, we have compiled the studies focusing on the role of Si for vegetables, thus, enabling all of the important information regarding the effect Si application to vegetables at one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
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89
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Johnson SN, Ryalls JMW, Barton CVM, Tjoelker MG, Wright IJ, Moore BD. Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: Silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Craig V. M. Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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90
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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91
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Katz O. Plant Silicon and Phytolith Research and the Earth-Life Superdiscipline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1281. [PMID: 30233622 PMCID: PMC6134949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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92
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Frew A, Weston LA, Reynolds OL, Gurr GM. The role of silicon in plant biology: a paradigm shift in research approach. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1265-1273. [PMID: 29438453 PMCID: PMC6007437 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is known to have numerous beneficial effects on plants, alleviating diverse forms of abiotic and biotic stress. Research on this topic has accelerated in recent years and revealed multiple effects of Si in a range of plant species. Available information regarding the impact of Si on plant defence, growth and development is fragmented, discipline-specific, and usually focused on downstream, distal phenomena rather than underlying effects. Accordingly, there is a growing need for studies that address fundamental metabolic and regulatory processes, thereby allowing greater unification and focus of current research across disciplines. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Silicon is often regarded as a plant nutritional 'non-entity'. A suite of factors associated with Si have been recently identified, relating to plant chemistry, physiology, gene regulation and interactions with other organisms. Research to date has typically focused on the impact of Si application upon plant stress responses. However, the fundamental, underlying mechanisms that account for the manifold effects of Si in plant biology remain undefined. Here, the known effects of Si in higher plants relating to alleviation of both abiotic and biotic stress are briefly reviewed and the potential importance of Si in plant primary metabolism is discussed, highlighting the need for a unifying research framework targeting common underlying mechanisms. The traditional approach of discipline-specific work on single stressors in individual plant species is currently inadequate. Thus, a holistic and comparative approach is proposed to assess the mode of action of Si between plant trait types (e.g. C3, C4 and CAM; Si accumulators and non-accumulators) and between biotic and abiotic stressors (pathogens, herbivores, drought, salt), considering potential pathways (i.e. primary metabolic processes) highlighted by recent empirical evidence. Utilizing genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches in such comparative studies will pave the way for unification of the field and a deeper understanding of the role of Si in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Leslie A Weston
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olivia L Reynolds
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narellan, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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93
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Głazowska S, Murozuka E, Persson DP, Castro PH, Schjoerring JK. Silicon affects seed development and leaf macrohair formation in Brachypodium distachyon. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:231-246. [PMID: 29215732 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has many beneficial effects in plants, especially for the survival from biotic and abiotic stresses. However, Si may negatively affect the quality of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy purposes. Despite many studies, the regulation of Si distribution and deposition in plants remains to be fully understood. Here, we have identified the Brachypodium distachyon mutant low-silicon 1 (Bdlsi1-1), with impaired channeling function of the Si influx transporter BdLSI1, resulting in a substantial reduction of Si in shoots. Bioimaging by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry showed that the wild-type plants deposited Si mainly in the bracts, awns and leaf macrohairs. The Bdlsi1-1 mutants showed substantial (>90%) reduction of Si in the mature shoots. The Bdlsi1-1 leaves had fewer, shorter macrohairs, but the overall pattern of Si distribution in bracts and leaf tissues was similar to that in the wild-type. The Bdlsi1-1 plants supplied with Si had significantly lower seed weights, compared to the wild-type. In low-Si media, the seed weight of wild-type plants was similar to that of Bdlsi1-1 mutants supplied with Si, while the Bdlsi1-1 seed weight decreased further. We conclude that Si deficiency results in widespread alterations in leaf surface morphology and seed formation in Brachypodium, showing the importance of Si for successful development in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głazowska
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Persson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pedro Humberto Castro
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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94
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López-Pérez MC, Pérez-Labrada F, Ramírez-Pérez LJ, Juárez-Maldonado A, Morales-Díaz AB, González-Morales S, García-Dávila LR, García-Mata J, Benavides-Mendoza A. Dynamic Modeling of Silicon Bioavailability, Uptake, Transport, and Accumulation: Applicability in Improving the Nutritional Quality of Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:647. [PMID: 29868098 PMCID: PMC5966646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is an essential nutrient for humans, additionally is beneficial for terrestrial plants. In plants Si enhances tolerance to different types of stress; in humans, it improves the metabolism and increases the strength of skeletal and connective tissues as well as of the immune system. Most of the Si intake of humans come from edible plants creating a double benefit: first, because the absorption of Si increases the antioxidants and other phytochemicals in plants, thereby increasing its functional value, and second because the higher concentration of Si in plants increases intake in human consumers. Therefore, it is desirable to raise the availability of Si in the human diet through the agronomic management of Si accumulator species, such as corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, and beans. But also in such species as tomatoes, carrots, and other vegetables, whose per capita consumption has increased. However, there are few systematized recommendations for the application and management of Si fertilizers based on the physicochemical factors that determine their availability, absorption, transport, and deposition in cells and tissues. This study presents updated information about edaphic and plant factors, which determine the absorption, transport, and deposition rates in edible organs. The information was integrated into an estimated dynamic model that approximates the processes previously mentioned in a model that represents a tomato crop in soil and soilless conditions. In the model, on the other hand, was integrated the available information about key environmental factors related to Si absorption and mobilization, such as the temperature, pH, and soil organic matter. The output data of the model were compared against information collected in the literature, finding an adequate adjustment. The use of the model for educational or technical purposes, including the possibility of extending it to other horticultural crops, can increase the understanding of the agronomic management of Si in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C. López-Pérez
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Fabián Pérez-Labrada
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Lino J. Ramírez-Pérez
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
| | | | - América B. Morales-Díaz
- Robótica y Manufactura Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | - Susana González-Morales
- Departamento de Horticultura, CONACYT-Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza
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95
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Etesami H, Jeong BR. Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:881-896. [PMID: 28968941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the era present, due to increasing incidences of a large number of different biotic and abiotic stresses all over the world, the growth of plants (principal crops) may be restrained by these stresses. In addition to beneficial microorganisms, use of silicon (Si)-fertilizer is known as an ecologically compatible and environmentally friendly technique to stimulate plant growth, alleviate various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, and enhance the plant resistance to multiple stresses, because Si is not harmful, corrosive, and polluting to plants when presents in excess. Here, we reviewed the action mechanisms by which Si alleviates abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. The use of Si (mostly as industrial slags and rice straw) is predicted to become a sustainable strategy and an emerging trend in agriculture to enhance crop growth and alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses in the not too distant future. In this review article, the future research needs on the use of Si under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Iran.
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Horticulture Major, Division of Applies Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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96
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Ali N, Schwarzenberg A, Yvin JC, Hosseini SA. Regulatory Role of Silicon in Mediating Differential Stress Tolerance Responses in Two Contrasting Tomato Genotypes Under Osmotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1475. [PMID: 30349552 PMCID: PMC6187069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the role of silicon (Si) in mitigating the adverse effect of drought stress in different crop species. However, data are lacking on a comparison of drought tolerant and drought sensitive crop cultivars in response to Si nutrition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism (s) by which two contrasting tomato genotypes respond to Si nutrition under osmotic stress condition. Two tomato lines contrasting in their response to drought stress were hydroponically grown under polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000) and two regimes of Si (0 and 1.5 mM). Metabolite profiling was performed in two lines. Growth and relevant physiological parameters, and expression levels of selected genes were also measured. Si application resulted in improved osmotic stress tolerance in both drought tolerant line LA0147 and drought sensitive line FERUM. In the drought tolerant line, Si enhanced uptake of sulfur (S) and ammonium ( NH 4 + ) which led to a significantly higher production of amino acids arginine, methionine, serine, and glycine. While in the drought sensitive line, Si significantly increased production of amino acids proline and GABA which further lowered the level of GSSG to GSH ratio and thus balanced the redox homeostasis under osmotic stress. The higher significant production of amino acids arginine, methionine, GABA, and proline enhanced production of free polyamines putrescine and spermidine and improved osmotic stress tolerance. Therefore, we conclude that Si distinctively regulated osmotic stress tolerance in two contrasting tomato genotypes by differential accumulation of relevant amino acids which eventually led to enhanced polyamine metabolism.
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97
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Izaguirre-Mayoral ML, Brito M, Baral B, Garrido MJ. Silicon and Nitrate Differentially Modulate the Symbiotic Performances of Healthy and Virus-Infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Yardlong Bean (V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Mung Bean (V. radiata). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E40. [PMID: 28914770 PMCID: PMC5620596 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 2 mM silicon (Si) and 10 mM KNO₃ (N)-prime signals for plant resistance to pathogens-were analyzed in healthy and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) or Cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV)-infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated cowpea, yardlong bean and mung bean plants. In healthy plants of the three Vigna taxa, nodulation and growth were promoted in the order of Si + N > N > Si > controls. In the case of healthy cowpea and yardlong bean, the addition of Si and N decreased ureide and α-amino acids (AA) contents in the nodules and leaves in the order of Si + N> N > Si > controls. On the other hand, the addition of N arrested the deleterious effects of CCMV or CMMV infections on growth and nodulation in the three Vigna taxa. However, the addition of Si or Si + N hindered growth and nodulation in the CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean, causing a massive accumulation of ureides in the leaves and nodules. Nevertheless, the AA content in leaves and nodules of CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean was promoted by Si but reduced to minimum by Si + N. These results contrasted to the counteracting effects of Si or Si + N in the CCMV- and CMMV-infected mung bean via enhanced growth, nodulation and levels of ureide and AA in the leaves and nodules. Together, these observations suggest the fertilization with Si + N exclusively in virus-free cowpea and yardlong bean crops. However, Si + N fertilization must be encouraged in virus-endangered mung bean crops to enhance growth, nodulation and N-metabolism. It is noteworthy to see the enhanced nodulation of the three Vigna taxa in the presence of 10 mM KNO₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Izaguirre-Mayoral
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Miriam Brito
- Laboratorio de VirologíaVegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay 1050,Venezuela.
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland.
| | - Mario José Garrido
- Laboratorio de VirologíaVegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay 1050,Venezuela.
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98
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Johnson SN, Hartley SE, Ryalls JMW, Frew A, DeGabriel JL, Duncan M, Gherlenda AN. Silicon‐induced root nodulation and synthesis of essential amino acids in a legume is associated with higher herbivore abundance. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute Department of Biology University of York YorkYO10 5DD UK
| | - James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Jane L. DeGabriel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Michael Duncan
- School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Andrew N. Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
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99
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Liu J, Zhu J, Zhang P, Han L, Reynolds OL, Zeng R, Wu J, Shao Y, You M, Gurr GM. Silicon Supplementation Alters the Composition of Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles and Enhances Attraction of Parasitoids to Infested Rice Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1265. [PMID: 28769965 PMCID: PMC5515826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is important in plant defenses that operate in a direct manner against herbivores, and work in rice (Oryza sativa) has established that this is mediated by the jasmonate signaling pathway. Plant defenses also operate indirectly, by the production of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores. These indirect defenses too are mediated by the jasmonate pathway but no earlier work has demonstrated an effect of Si on HIPVs. In this study, we tested the effect of Si supplementation versus Si deprivation to rice plants on subsequent HIPV production following feeding by the important pest, rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed lower production of α-bergamotene, β-sesquiohellandrene, hexanal 2-ethyl, and cedrol from +Si herbivore-infested plants compared with -Si infested plants. These changes in plant chemistry were ecologically significant in altering the extent to which parasitoids were attracted to infested plants. Adult females of Trathala flavo-orbitalis and Microplitis mediator both exhibited greater attraction to the HIPV blend of +Si plants infested with their respective insect hosts compared to -Si infested plants. In equivalent studies using RNAi rice plants in which jasmonate perception was silenced there was no equivalent change to the HIPV blend associated with Si treatment; indicating that the effects of Si on HIPVs are modulated by the jasmonate pathway. Further, this work demonstrates that silicon alters the HIPV blend of herbivore-infested rice plants. The significance of this finding is that there are no earlier-published studies of this phenomenon in rice or any other plant species. Si treatment to crops offers scope for enhancing induced, indirect defenses and associated biological control of pests because parasitoids are more strongly attracted by the HIPVs produced by +Si plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, OrangeNSW, Australia
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, China Jiliang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Olivia L. Reynolds
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, MenangleNSW, Australia
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Yue Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, OrangeNSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoff M. Gurr,
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100
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Cooke J, DeGabriel JL, Hartley SE. The functional ecology of plant silicon: geoscience to genes. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cooke
- Department of Earth, Environment and Ecosystems The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - Jane L. DeGabriel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology York Environmental Sustainability Institute University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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