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Responses of cattle to gastrointestinal colonization by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5366-72. [PMID: 18765741 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01223-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has established that the terminal rectum is the predominant colonization site of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. The main aim of the present work was to investigate pathological changes and associated immune responses at this site in animals colonized with E. coli O157:H7. Tissue and gastrointestinal samples from a total of 22 weaned Holstein-cross calves challenged with E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed for bacterial colonization and pathology. Five unexposed age-matched calves were used as comparative negative controls. E. coli O157:H7 bacteria induced histopathological alterations of the rectal mucosa with enterocyte remodeling. This was often associated with removal of the colonized epithelial layer. Immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed E. coli O157 bacteria on pedestals, as part of attaching and effacing lesions. These pathological changes induced a local infiltration of neutrophils that was quantified as larger in infected animals. Rectal mucosal immunoglobulin A responses were detected against the E. coli O157:H7 antigen. This work presents evidence that E. coli O157:H7 is not a commensal bacteria in the bovine host and that the mucosal damage produced by E. coli O157:H7 colonization of the terminal rectum induces a quantifiable innate immune response and production of specific mucosal antibodies.
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52
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The effect of dietary sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia) on local cellular responses to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. Parasitology 2008; 135:1117-24. [PMID: 18561870 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) hay consumption on the pathophysiology and local cellular responses of growing lambs during infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis was investigated. Thirty-two lambs, 16 weeks of age, were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n=8) that were offered either grass (G) or sainfoin (S) hay while concurrently either infected (+), or not (-) with 12,000 L3 T. colubriformis larvae per week for 6 weeks. Liveweight gains were affected by diet (P=0.002) and reduced by infection (P<0.05). Faecal egg count was reduced in S+compared to G+ from days 35 to 42 (P=0.001); however, total egg output, worm burdens at day 42 and worm fecundity were similar between diets (P>0.05).Feeding sainfoin appeared to enhance immune cell development with tissue eosinophils, mast cells and pan T cells present in greater concentrations in S+ than in G+ animals. However, further studies are required to determine if the enhanced immune cell development is a consequence of a greater nutrient supply or a direct influence of sainfoin metabolites on local inflammatory responses to the gastrointestinal nematode T. colubriformis.
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53
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Experimental infection of Haemonchus contortus strains resistant and susceptible to benzimidazoles and the effect on mast cells distribution in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Parasitol Res 2007; 102:587-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Michaloudi H, Batzios C, Chiotelli M, Papadopoulos GC. Developmental changes of mast cell populations in the cerebral meninges of the rat. J Anat 2007; 211:556-66. [PMID: 17822416 PMCID: PMC2375828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that both the dura and the pia mater attract and support the differentiation of mast cells. The present study shows that unevenly distributed mast cells in the cerebral meninges of the rat can be found in perivascular sites and vessel ramification points, but can also be unrelated to the meningeal vasculature. It also documents changes in the number, localization and staining preferences of the mast cells in the two meninges of the developing and mature rat brain. Quantitative examination of all types of histochemically differentiated meningeal mast cells reveals no major (although some exist) differences between right and left side subpopulations, but strongly suggests a different origin and fate of the dural and the pial mast cells. The number of dural mast cells, already high from postnatal day 0, although declining from postnatal day 21 onwards, remains conspicuous up to postnatal day 180. In contrast, pial mast cells are comparatively very few in the first day of the postnatal life, and despite a transient significant increase in the following two weeks, they reach almost zero levels from postnatal day 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Michaloudi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, Veterinary School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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55
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Ekoff M, Kaufmann T, Engström M, Motoyama N, Villunger A, Jönsson JI, Strasser A, Nilsson G. The BH3-only protein Puma plays an essential role in cytokine deprivation induced apoptosis of mast cells. Blood 2007; 110:3209-17. [PMID: 17634411 PMCID: PMC2200922 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-073957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play critical roles in the regulation of inflammation. One characteristic feature of mast cells is their relatively long lifespan in vivo. Members of the Bcl-2 protein family are regulators of cell survival and apoptosis, where the BH3-only proteins are critical proapoptotic proteins. In this study we investigated the role of the BH3-only proteins Noxa, Bad, Bim, Bmf, Bid, and Puma in apoptosis of mucosal-like mast cells (MLMCs) and connective tissue-like mast cells (CTLMCs). We demonstrate that Puma is critical for the induction of mast-cell death following cytokine deprivation and treatment with the DNA-damaging agent etoposide in MLMCs and CTLMCs. Using p53-/- mast cells, we found that cytokine deprivation-induced apoptosis, in contrast to that elicited by etoposide, is p53-independent. Interestingly, mast cells deficient in FOXO3a, previously proposed as a transcription factor for Puma induction in response to growth factor deprivation, were markedly resistant to cytokine withdrawal compared with wild-type cells. Moreover, overexpression of phosphorylation-deficient, constitutively active FOXO3a caused an up-regulation of Puma. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a pivotal role for Puma in the regulation of cytokine deprivation-induced mast-cell apoptosis and suggest a plausible role for Puma in the regulation of mast cell numbers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ekoff
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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56
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Hallgren J, Gurish MF. Pathways of murine mast cell development and trafficking: tracking the roots and routes of the mast cell. Immunol Rev 2007; 217:8-18. [PMID: 17498048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The appreciation of the role of the mast cell (MC) in inflammatory processes has expanded dramatically during the last decade. Many of these processes, especially more prolonged responses, are accompanied by an increase in the number of MCs, and much of this increase is likely because of recruitment of immature progenitors with subsequent maturation under the control of the tissue microenvironment. We have begun to identify many of the cell-surface molecules that control this influx and have traced the development of these cells back to their hematopoietic roots. This development proceeds along the myelomonocytic pathway with distinct intermediates having been identified in both bone marrow and spleen. The expression of alpha4beta7 integrins has played a prominent role in this process, as it helped identify a bipotent basophil MC precursor in the spleens of C57BL/6 mice. This integrin also controls basal influx into the intestine and, along with alpha4beta1 integrins, plays a critical role in recruitment to inflamed lungs. Investigation of chemokines and chemokine receptors in these processes led to the identification of a dual role for the murine interleukin-8 receptor CXCR2. This alpha-chemokine receptor affects MC progenitor trafficking by its expression by MC progenitors and by its expression on stromal cells, likely endothelium, affecting trafficking to both intestine under basal conditions and lung during inflammatory recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hallgren
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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57
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Ekoff M, Strasser A, Nilsson G. FcεRI Aggregation Promotes Survival of Connective Tissue-Like Mast Cells but Not Mucosal-Like Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4177-83. [PMID: 17371974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a critical role in IgE-dependent immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This is facilitated by their capacity to release inflammatory mediators and to undergo activation-induced survival upon cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE-receptor (FcepsilonRI). Due to their heterogeneity, mast cells can be divided into two major groups: the connective tissue mast cells and the mucosal mast cells. We have previously shown that IL-3-dependent bone marrow-derived mast cells can undergo activation-induced survival that is dependent on the prosurvival gene A1. In this study, we have used two different protocols to develop murine connective tissue-like mast cells (CTLMC) and mucosal-like mast cells (MLMC) to investigate their capacity to survive an allergic reaction in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate that FcepsilonRI stimulation promotes survival of CTLMC but not MLMC. Similarly, a prominent induction of A1 is observed only in CTLMC but not MLMC. MLMC have a higher basal level of the proapoptotic protein Bim compared with CTLMC. These findings demonstrate a difference among mast cell populations in their ability to undergo activation-induced survival after FcepsilonRI stimulation, which might explain the slower turnover of CTMC in IgE-dependent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ekoff
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, KS L2:04 Stockholm, Sweden
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58
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du Toit N, McGorum BC, Pemberton AD, Brown J, Dacre KJ. The involvement of mast cells and mast cell proteinases in the intestinal response to equine cyathostomin infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 115:35-42. [PMID: 17118461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyathostomins (Cyathostominae) are regarded as the most pathogenic equine nematode worldwide. These nematodes are difficult to control in equine populations due to emerging anthelmintic resistance and evasion of encysted larval cyathostomins to regular modern anthelmintics. Mast cells and their proteinases have been shown to play a role in the mammalian immune response to nematode infections. Involvement of mast cells and mast cell proteinases in the equine immune response to cyathostomin infection is proposed. A technique was established to perform immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal rabbit anti-equine mast cell proteinase-1 (eqMCP-1) and anti-equine tryptase on formalin-fixed large intestinal sections, from horses classified as cyathostomin positive and negative at the time of death based upon larval enumeration. Quantitative analysis of antibody labelled mast cells was used to detect mast cell proteinases in equine large intestinal sections positive and negative for cyathostomin larvae. This demonstrated an increase in equine tryptase labelled mucosal and submucosal mast cells in cyathostomin positive horses. This study has established an immunohistochemical technique to demonstrate mast cell proteinases in formalin-fixed large intestinal sections. This technique may be used to determine possible involvement of mast cells and their proteinases in the equine immune response to cyathostomin larvae. Further studies are required to define a specific role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole du Toit
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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59
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Cheng CX, Li YN, Ohno H, Sawanobori K, Li YC, Shimada O, Atsumi S. Mast Cells Appearing in Long-term Skeletal Muscle Cell Cultures of Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1424-30. [PMID: 17853403 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are known to be involved in type I allergy and to be localized in almost all tissues in the body. However, they have slightly different properties depending on their tissue of residence. Although mast cells are found in skeletal muscle tissue, there have been no reports of their appearance in cultured skeletal muscles. We report here that mast cells appear in long-term cultures of skeletal muscles from neonatal rats and rat fetuses. When muscle cells were disseminated and cultured in minimum essential medium with 10% fetal calf serum and 10% horse serum, oval cells containing large granules started to appear on myotube sheets at 5 days of culture. These oval cells continued to proliferate for 2-3 months, and showed immunoreactivity for histamine, tryptase, Fc(epsilon)RI, and c-kit. They showed metachromatic staining with 0.5% toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and were stained with both Alcian blue and safranin. Biochemically measured histamine content per dish was significantly higher in 2-month than in 5-day culture. From these results, we concluded that these oval cells were mast cells. Because proteases from mast cells have been reported previously to affect myoblast proliferation, the present findings suggest that there may be some interaction between mast cells and muscle cell proliferation or differentiation. The present finding that mast cells are easily obtained from ordinary skeletal muscle cultures provides a useful method for the study of the diverse functions of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xie Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-city, Yamanashi, Japan
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60
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Karaca T, Yörük M, Uslu S. Age-related Changes in the Number of Mast Cells in the Avian Lymphoid Organs. Anat Histol Embryol 2006; 35:375-9. [PMID: 17156090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of mast cells (MCs) was studied in the lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen) of 0-, 7-, 21-, 30- and 120-day-old chickens, using light microscopic histochemical techniques. Tissues samples were obtained under deep anaesthesia from animals in five groups. Tissues were fixed in Mota's fixative (basic lead acetate) for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Six-micrometre-thick sections were stained with toluidine blue in 0.5% aqueous solution at pH 1.0 for 5 min and Alcian blue/Safranine at pH 1.42 for 30 min. MCs were found in the organs, mostly associated with sinuses and blood vessels. A large increase in MCs was observed in both thymus and spleen of 21-day-old chickens compared with 0-, 7-, 30- and 120-day-old chickens. However, in the bursa of Fabricius, numbers of MCs were significantly higher in the 7-day-old group compared with other age groups. Safranine-positive MCs were not observed in all organs and age groups. These results showed age-related changes in the number of MCs in avian lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karaca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yil, 65080 Kampüs, Van, Turkey.
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61
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Fletcher D, Triantafyllou A. Mast Cells in the Salivary Glands and Tongue of the Ferret: Demonstration and Some Histochemical Observations. Anat Histol Embryol 2006; 36:38-42. [PMID: 17266666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations failed to demonstrate mast cells in the alimentary tract and extraparietal glands of the ferret. It was decided therefore to test this and assess factors that may be of influence. Major salivary glands and tongues of mature ferrets, which had been fixed in formalin-calcium, were examined by means of light microscopical histochemistry. Staining of paraffin sections with techniques depending on basic dyes or esterolytic activity was carried out for conventional times with and without previous oxidation, hot acid hydrolysis, and trypsin and beta-glucuronidase digestion. Aldehyde fuchsin and high iron diamine consistently revealed the presence of few mast cells in interstitial stroma of salivary glands and lingual musculature, and in the lamina propria of lingual mucosa. Alcian blue at 0.5 M MgCl2 and safranin produced less consistent results, and even fewer metachromatic mast cells were detected. No staining of mast cells was obtained with the technique for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase. Pretreatment did not increase the numbers and/or staining reactions of mast cells. The results refute the previous misconception and suggest that ferret is a species with a low incidence of mast cells largely expressing a connective-tissue phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fletcher
- Oral Pathology, Department and School of Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK
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62
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Vodenicharov A, Leiser R, Gulubova M, Vlaykova T. Morphological and immunocytochemical investigations on mast cells in porcine ureter. Anat Histol Embryol 2006; 34:343-9. [PMID: 16288604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morphological, morphometric, histochemical and immunocytochemical investigations on mast cells, located in the wall of ureter of 8 months aged pigs were performed. Mast cells were found in all three layers of ureteral wall, but their distribution was irregular and the number unequal. It was established that alcian blue (AB)-positive mast cells were significantly more than toluidine blue (TB)-positive mast cells. A statistically significant smaller number of both AB and TB-stained mast cells were observed in the tunica mucosa. The largest number of mast cells was found in the tunica muscularis. In the adventitia, mast cells were higher in number in the main connective tissue than in the connective tissue near the blood vessels. Mast cells stained with TB showed variably expressed gamma-metachromasia, which was best visible in those situated in the lamina propria of the mucosa. The prevailing parts of mast cells, however, were AB-positive after AB-safranin staining. This was mostly found in mast cells of the tunica muscularis and in mast cells of perivascular location in the tunica adventitia. Immunocytochemically, mast cells were found to be positive for histamine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the muscle coat, and to histamine in the adventitia, as well. On the basis of obtained results it was presumed that the mast cells in porcine ureter most probably took part not only in keeping of local homeostasis, but played also an important role of mobility of smooth muscle cells in the middle layer of ureter on one hand, and, on the other, in the adventitial blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vodenicharov
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
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63
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Huntley JF, van den Broek A, Machell J, Mackellar A, Pettit D, Meikle L, Barcham G, Meeusen ENT, Smith D. The effect of immunosuppression with Cyclosporin A on the development of sheep scab. Vet Parasitol 2005; 127:323-32. [PMID: 15710533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study confirms that following infection with the ectoparasitic sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis, there is a rapid (within 24 h) inflammatory influx of eosinophils and apoptosis of the keratinocytes at the site of infection. In order to investigate whether these inflammatory reactions are important in the maintenance of mite infection, a group of animals were treated daily after the establishment of infection with the potent anti-inflammatory drug, Cyclosporin A. The course of infection was monitored by determining the lesion area and mite numbers, systemic antibody and blood eosinophils, as well as the inflammatory cells and T cell sub-populations within the lesion throughout the 6-week duration of the experiment. These parameters were compared with those in a similar infected control (non-treated) group. In control infected animals, the lesion area and mite numbers increased steadily throughout the 6-week period. In contrast, lesion area and mite numbers were severely depressed in the group which received Cyclosporin A. Local and systemic eosinophils, and systemic antibody were also significantly reduced in the drug treated animals, compared to controls. Surprisingly however, the number of lesional pan T cells, T helper cells, gammadeltaT cells and dendritic cells in Cyclosporin A treated animals were either the same, or significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced when compared to the control infected animals at the termination of the experiment. The results will be discussed in terms of the role of the dermal inflammatory response in the establishment and maintenance of the sheep scab mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Huntley
- Department of Parasitology, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK.
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64
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van den Broek AHM, Else RW, Huntley JF, Machell J, Taylor MA, Miller HRP. Early Innate and Longer-term Adaptive Cutaneous Immunoinflammatory Responses during Primary Infestation with the Sheep Scab Mite, Psoroptes ovis. J Comp Pathol 2004; 131:318-29. [PMID: 15511540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical observation has indicated that Psoroptes ovis mites provoke cutaneous inflammation within hours of experimental infestation, but the nature of this reaction has not been described. After infestation of naive sheep with ovigerous P. ovis mites, significant influxes of eosinophils (P<0.004) and neutrophils (P<0.001) were detected within 24 h. A significant (P<0.001) increase in mast cell numbers was observed by 96 h post-infestation. In addition, marked degenerative and proliferative epidermal lesions were evident 24 and 96 h, respectively, after infestation. The influence of the later, adaptive response on the cellular infiltrate at the advancing margin of the lesion and the original site of infestation was also monitored. Mast cell numbers were greatest at 21 days while recruitment of eosinophils and neutrophils was maximal 63 days after infestation. Lesional severity was particularly pronounced from 42 to 63 days after infestation, but significant resolution had occurred by 84 days. Pathological changes at the advancing margin of the lesion were more severe than at the initial site of infestation, and this was reflected by the numbers of mites present. These data suggest that P. ovis elicits an early innate cutaneous response that is subsequently augmented by the development of an adaptive immune response, the intensity of which corresponds to the local population density of mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H M van den Broek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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65
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Landex NL, Kayser L. Optimization of an Acridine Orange-bisbenzimide procedure for the detection of apoptosis-associated fluorescence colour changes in etoposide-treated cell cultures. J Mol Histol 2004; 35:133-9. [PMID: 15328917 DOI: 10.1023/b:hijo.0000023376.10828.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was initiated in order to investigate the possibility of improving fluorescence microscopy as a method for evaluating apoptosis in cells by combining two fluorescent dyes with different staining characteristics. Cells were vitally stained with bisbenzimide (1.3 microM) and Acridine Orange (6.6 microM) and observed using the following filter configuration: excitation 380 nm, beamsplitter 395 nm and longpass filter 397 nm. Control cells exhibited clear blue fluorescent nuclei and red fluorescing lysosomes. In cells treated with etoposide to induce apoptosis, two distinct occurrences were observed: a change in the spectrum of emitted light from bisbenzimide bound to the nuclear region and an increase in lysosomal Acridine Orange fluorescence. The two occurrences together permit a more unbiased detection of apoptosis than most assays. Only one filter set is required for evaluation and the resulting images can be easily evaluated visually or processed further by image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia L Landex
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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66
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Jackson F, Greer AW, Huntley J, McAnulty RW, Bartley DJ, Stanley A, Stenhouse L, Stankiewicz M, Sykes AR. Studies using Teladorsagia circumcincta in an in vitro direct challenge method using abomasal tissue explants. Vet Parasitol 2004; 124:73-89. [PMID: 15350663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro direct challenge (IVDC) method in which abomasal tissue explants maintained at 37 degrees C in Hanks/Hepes solution (pH 7.6) in a high oxygen concentration (incubator gassed with pure oxygen and sealed prior to use) were-challenged with exsheathed third stage larvae of Teladorsagia circumcincta has been used to investigate the tissue association phase of larval establishment. Studies using naïve and recently challenged immune sheep and goat abomasal tissues have shown significant reductions (P < 0.05) in the numbers of tissue associated larvae in material from immune animals. The mechanisms that affect the tissue association process appear to be labile since more larvae were recovered from the tissue digests of previously infected sheep that had not been recently exposed to larval challenge in comparison to those that had been recently challenged (P < 0.05). The method has also been used to demonstrate the influence of protein nutrition on the establishment of larvae in abomasal tissues and region specific differences in the efficacy of exclusion mechanisms. The technique appears to have potential as a means of investigating the crucial first phase of the process of establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jackson
- Department of Parasitology, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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67
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Ben-Rashed M, Ingram GA, Pentreath VW. Mast cells, histamine and the pathogenesis of intestinal damage in experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2004; 97:803-9. [PMID: 14754492 DOI: 10.1179/000349803225002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal damage with increased permeability is a prominent feature of experimental African trypanosomiasis. The possible involvement of mast cells and histamine in the altered gut integrity was investigated, at the level of the jejunum, in BALB/c mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Mast cells were studied by selective staining of granule content with Alcian Blue/Safranin and quantitative histology, and histamine concentrations were determined by a fluorimetric method. Mast-cell activation, shown by a marked reduction in the numbers of positive-staining cells seen per villous section, was prominent on days 7 and 14 post-infection (there was, for example, a reduction to 36% of the control value by day 14; P=0.0001). By day 21, however, there were 131% more staining cells per villous section in the infected mice than in the uninfected controls (P=0.003). Histamine levels in homogenates of the jejunal mucosae of the infected mice were found to be significantly elevated at each time-point. The maximum increase was observed on day 14, when the numbers of granulated mast cells were at their lowest, with mean (S.E.) concentrations of 6.744 (0.890) ng/mg tissue for the infected mice and 2.813 (0.321) ng/mg for the uninfected controls (P=0.0008). The jejunal mucosa suffered progressive morphological damage during the infection, with oedema of the lamina propria and villi and disruption of the endothelium. These results indicate that mast cells are involved with the intestinal pathology that develops during experimental African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ben-Rashed
- Division of Biosciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
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68
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van den Broek AHM, Huntley JF, Halliwell REW, Machell J, Taylor M, Miller HRP. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to Psoroptes ovis and Der p 1 in sheep previously infested with P. ovis--the sheep scab mite. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 91:105-17. [PMID: 12543547 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that infestation with Psoroptes ovis induces an IgE response and intense tissue eosinophilia, typical of a Type I hypersensitivity response [Parasite Immunol. 22 (2000) 407]. Intradermal tests (IDSTs) suggest that there are also delayed and Arthus-type responses to this parasite. In order to study the nature of ovine cutaneous reactions to P. ovis, naïve controls and experimentally infested sheep (n = 5) were challenged intradermally with mite antigen. Challenge elicited immediate (P < 0.001) and delayed (P < 0.005) wheal reactions in sensitised sheep. At 6 (P < 0.02) and 30 h (P < 0.001) the predominant infiltrating cells were eosinophils. To explore the role of circulating antibodies, naïve sheep (n = 5) were subjected to Prausnitz-Kustner (PK) tests. These elicited immediate (P < 0.02) but not delayed wheal reactions. At 6 h eosinophils (P < 0.001) dominated the infiltrate. These results suggest that P. ovis allergens provoke an IgE-dependent immediate and late phase response and a cell-mediated eosinophil-rich delayed-type hypersensitivity response (ER-DTH).
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Affiliation(s)
- A H M van den Broek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Veterinary Field Station, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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69
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Schramm R, Schaefer T, Menger MD, Thorlacius H. Acute mast cell‐dependent neutrophil recruitment in the skin is mediated by KC and LFA‐1: inhibitory mechanisms of dexamethasone. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.6.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Schramm
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Thilo Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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70
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Lee AJ, Huntley J, Van den Broek A, Coates D, Isaac RE. Expression and characterisation of a Psoroptes ovis glutathione S-transferase. Vet Parasitol 2002; 105:49-63. [PMID: 11879966 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The astigmatid mite Psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab, a highly contagious parasitic disease of sheep. Infection causes severe allergic dermatitis, resulting in damage to the fleece and hide, loss of condition and occasional mortality. Interest in the P. ovis allergens led us to characterise a glutathione S-transferase (GST) which displays homology to GST allergens isolated from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and the cockroach, Blatella germanica. A cDNA encoding a mu-class GST from P. ovis was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified for biochemical analysis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the purified product was homogeneous and had an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa. The recombinant GST (rGST) is active towards the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), whereas 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) is a poor substrate. The recombinant protein was also tested for recognition by IgE and IgG antibodies in serum from P. ovis naïve and P. ovis infested sheep. Neither IgE nor IgG antibodies were detected to the rGST. Prausnitz--Küstner testing with rGST did not provoke a characteristic weal and flare response. Biopsies collected at the PK test sites were stained for eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells and basophils. Neutrophil, mast cell and basophil counts were not significantly different to the controls. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher than controls, but were not due to an IgE response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Lee
- School of Biology, The University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
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71
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Abstract
Mast cells (MC) begin development in the bone marrow. Following initial lineage commitment, the cells move into the vasculature as a committed progenitor (MCp) that is poorly phenotypically defined, but appears to be an agranular cell lacking the high-affinity IgE receptor characteristic of the mature tissue-localized MC. Full maturation occurs after the cells move into the various tissues. In the mouse, MCp localizing in the connective tissues appear to differentiate into mature MC, whereas those localizing in the lung and mucosal compartment of the small intestine remain largely as committed MCp. Movement of the MCp into the small intestine is controlled by the alpha 4 beta 7 integrin, whereas the factors controlling movement into other tissues remain to be defined. Following an inflammatory stimulus, Th2-derived cytokines drive the maturation process of these MCps, leading to the mature mucosal MC hyperplasia associated with events such as an intestinal helminth infection and possibly human allergy such as asthma and rhinitis. The expanded MC number disappears as the stimulus resolves. Various routes are used in the resolution of the MC hyperplasia including apoptosis, shedding along with the villous epithelium, and recirculation back to the spleen for elimination. Unlike the reactive MC that appears in association with inflammation, the connective tissue-localized MC is a long-lived radiation-resistant cell, which appears to depend principally on the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) for its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Gurish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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72
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Tore F, Reynier-Rebuffel AM, Tuncel N, Callebert J, Aubineau P. Effects of sepsis on mast cells in rat dura mater: influence of L-NAME and VIP. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1367-74. [PMID: 11724741 PMCID: PMC1573094 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis on the various mast cell phenotypes of rat dura mater were examined both by immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. 2. Three different populations of mast cells were identified in control rats: connective tissue type mast cells (CTMC) which contain rat mast cell protease1 (RMCP1), histamine, serotonin and heparin, mucosal type mast cells (MMC) which contain RMCP2, histamine and serotonin, and intermediate type which contains both RMCP1 and RMCP2 and probably various proportions of amines and heparin. 3. LPS (25 mg kg(-1) i.p.) caused changes in the proportions of the various types of mast cells. The number of MMC and intermediate type mast cells significantly increased and the number of mast cells immunopositive for both heparin and serotonin significantly decreased. Biochemical analysis showed that the histamine concentration of dura increased while its serotonin concentration decreased. 4. While vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (25 ng kg(-1) i.p.) appears to potentiate LPS effects on dura mater mast cells, non-selective inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by N(g)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (30 mg kg(-1) i.p.) did not influence sepsis-induced mast cell changes. 5. These findings suggest that mast cells of dura mater may play a role in brain protection during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tore
- Vascular Pharmacology and Physiopathology, CNRS, UMR 5017, University Bordeaux II, 146, rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - N Tuncel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Meselik, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - J Callebert
- CR Claude Bernard Experimental Pathology and Cellular Communication, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Hospital Lariboisiere, Paris, France
| | - P Aubineau
- Vascular Pharmacology and Physiopathology, CNRS, UMR 5017, University Bordeaux II, 146, rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Author for correspondence:
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73
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Abstract
This review describes the role of the mast cell in the pathobiology of skin healing. After illustrating its main morphofunctional characteristics, with special reference to the dog and cat, we consider the involvement of the mast cell in the various phases of skin repair. With the aid of a wide array of newly formed or preformed mediators released by degranulation, the activated mast cell controls the key events of the healing phases: triggering and modulation of the inflammatory stage, proliferation of connective cellular elements and final remodelling of the newly formed connective tissue matrix. The importance of the mast cell in regulating healing processes is also demonstrated by the fact that a surplus or deficit of degranulated biological mediators causes impaired repair, with the formation of exuberant granulation tissue (e.g. keloids and hypertrophic scars), delayed closure (dehiscence) and chronicity of the inflammatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noli
- Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Via Sismondi 62, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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74
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Noviana D, Kono F, Nagakui Y, Shimizu H, Mamba K, Makimura S, Horii Y. Distribution and enzyme histochemical characterisation of mast cells in cats. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:597-603. [PMID: 12197667 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016324515108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells from 15 different cat organs were examined in terms of distribution and protease activity. The number of mast cells in each site was found to vary when visualised by metachromatic staining using Alcian Blue. Enzyme histochemical analysis revealed the existence of two subtypes of mast cells. These were categorised based on protease content, i.e. whether the mast cells contained chymase or tryptase. Tryptase-positive mast cells were clearly identifiable in every organ examined, whereas chymase-containing mast cells were predominantly observed in the ear (skin), tongue, spleen, and submucosa of the stomach and rectum. The chymase-reactive cells were not detected in the heart, or in the muscularis or serosa of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum or rectum. In addition, we suggest the existence of another subtype of mast cell containing both chymase and tryptase and localised within the ear (skin), tongue, spleen and submucosa of the rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Noviana
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Japan
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75
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2094] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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76
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Nagata K, Fujimiya M, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Intracellular localization of serotonin in mast cells of the colon in normal and colitis rats. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:559-68. [PMID: 12005028 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014960026247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular localization of serotonin (5-HT) in the mast cells of two phenotypes in normal rat colon and dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis was studied by immunoelectron microscopy with a quantitative analysis of the distribution of immunogold labelling. Mucosal mast cells in normal rats contained round shape secretory granules with varying electron density. Immunogold labelling for 5-HT was concentrated over the secretory granules. In mucosal mast cells from colitis rats, vacuolated granules without 5-HT labelling were frequently observed and immunogold labelling over the secretory granules was significantly increased compared to controls. On the other hand, connective tissue mast cells in normal rats contained oval shape secretory granules with homogeneous electron density. Their immunogold labelling was diffusely scattered over the secretory granules as well as over the cytoplasm. In connective tissue mast cells from colitis rats, secretory granules with high electron density were increased and the immunogold labelling over the secretory granules was much higher than that in controls. The present results suggest that intracellular localization of 5-HT is different in two phenotypes of mast cells and they may release 5-HT in a different manner. Mucosal mast cells may release 5-HT by a degranulation or exocytosis, while connective tissue mast cells may release 5-HT by a diacrine manner of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagata
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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77
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Eriksson PO, Hellström S. Degranulation of mast cells provokes a massive inflammatory reaction in the tympanic membrane. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:1264-70. [PMID: 11568552 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200107000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pars flaccida is extremely rich in mast cells. On stimulation the mast cells release preformed and de novo synthesized inflammatory substances. The purpose of this study was to examine how these mast cell substances provoke inflammatory changes in the tympanic membrane. STUDY DESIGN In vivo, murine model. METHODS In a rat model, the mast cell secretagogue compound 48/80 was applied locally to the tympanic membrane on 4 consecutive days and the ensuing inflammatory changes were evaluated by otological, light, and electron microscopy 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours and 4, 6, and 8 days later. RESULTS Degranulation of the mast cells occurred within 3 hours of applying compound 48/80. Release of the mast cell substances coincided with an inflammatory event characterized by a two-stage reaction: an edema stage, peaking 6 hours after application, followed by a massive invasion of inflammatory cells, peaking at 24 and 48 hours. Pars flaccida and pars tensa were both involved, pars flaccida showing the earliest changes. Pars tensa exhibited the same biphasic reaction as pars flaccida, but approximately 6 hours later. CONCLUSIONS The mast cells of the pars flaccida have the capacity to elicit an intense inflammation of the tympanic membrane. The biphasic reaction pattern resembles that observed in experimental otitis media, suggesting involvement of the mast cells in this inflammatory condition of the middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Eriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
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78
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Hsieh FH, Lam BK, Penrose JF, Austen KF, Boyce JA. T helper cell type 2 cytokines coordinately regulate immunoglobulin E-dependent cysteinyl leukotriene production by human cord blood-derived mast cells: profound induction of leukotriene C(4) synthase expression by interleukin 4. J Exp Med 2001; 193:123-33. [PMID: 11136826 PMCID: PMC2195887 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells (hMCs) derived in vitro from cord blood mononuclear cells exhibit stem cell factor (SCF)-dependent comitogenic responses to T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines. As cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) biosynthesis is a characteristic of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-activated mucosal hMCs, we speculated that Th2 cytokines might regulate eicosanoid generation by hMCs. After passive sensitization for 5 d with IgE in the presence of SCF, anti-IgE-stimulated hMCs elaborated minimal cys-LT (0.1 +/- 0.1 ng/10(6) hMCs) and abundant prostaglandin (PG)D(2) (16.2 +/- 10.3 ng/10(6) hMCs). Priming of hMCs by interleukin (IL)-4 with SCF during passive sensitization enhanced their anti-IgE-dependent histamine exocytosis and increased their generation of both cys-LT (by 27-fold) and PGD(2) (by 2. 5-fold). Although priming with IL-3 or IL-5 alone for 5 d with SCF minimally enhanced anti-IgE-mediated cys-LT generation, these cytokines induced further six- and fourfold increases, respectively, in IgE-dependent cys-LT generation when provided with IL-4 and SCF; this occurred without changes in PGD(2) generation or histamine exocytosis relative to hMCs primed with IL-4 alone. None of these cytokines, either alone or in combination, substantially altered the levels of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), or 5-LO activating protein (FLAP) protein expression by hMCs. In contrast, IL-4 priming dramatically induced the steady-state expression of leukotriene C(4) synthase (LTC(4)S) mRNA within 6 h, and increased the expression of LTC(4)S protein and functional activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with plateaus at 10 ng/ml and 5 d, respectively. Priming by either IL-3 or IL-5, with or without IL-4, supported the localization of 5-LO to the nucleus of hMCs. Thus, different Th2-derived cytokines target distinct steps in the 5-LO/LTC(4)S biosynthetic pathway (induction of LTC(4)S expression and nuclear import of 5-LO, respectively), each of which is necessary for a full integrated functional response to IgE-dependent activation, thus modulating the effector phenotype of mature hMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H. Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bing K. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - John F. Penrose
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - K. Frank Austen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Partners' Asthma Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joshua A. Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Partners' Asthma Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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79
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Zheng H, Wang J, Koteliansky VE, Gotwals PJ, Hauer-Jensen M. Recombinant soluble transforming growth factor beta type II receptor ameliorates radiation enteropathy in mice. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1286-96. [PMID: 11054386 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.19282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been implicated in many fibrotic conditions. However, its mechanistic role in radiation toxicity is equivocal despite compelling correlative evidence. This study assessed whether in vivo administration of a soluble TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaR-II) protein ameliorates intestinal radiation injury (radiation enteropathy). METHODS A recombinant fusion protein, consisting of the extracellular portion of mouse TbetaR-II and the Fc portion of mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) G, was produced. A 5-cm segment of mouse ileum was exposed to 19 Gy x-radiation. TbetaR-II:Fc fusion protein (1 mg/kg every other day) or mouse IgG was administered from 2 days before to 6 weeks after irradiation. Radiation injury was assessed at 6 weeks using quantitative histology, morphometry, and immunohistochemistry. Collagen was measured colorimetrically, and TGF-beta1 messenger RNA was assessed with fluorogenic probe reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with IgG controls, TbetaR-II:Fc-treated mice exhibited less structural injury, preservation of mucosal surface area, and less intestinal wall fibrosis. Intestinal TGF-beta1 messenger RNA increased in TbetaR-II:Fc-treated mice, whereas TGF-beta immunoreactivity decreased. TbetaR-II:Fc treatment increased crypt cell proliferation but otherwise did not affect unirradiated intestine. CONCLUSIONS Long-term modulation of TGF-beta with a TbetaR-II:Fc fusion protein is feasible and ameliorates radiation enteropathy. These data confirm the putative role of TGF-beta in intestinal radiation fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zheng
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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80
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Stockert JC. Cytochemistry of mast cells: new fluorescent methods selective for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Acta Histochem 2000; 102:259-72. [PMID: 10990064 DOI: 10.1078/s0065-1281(04)70034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of simple and selective fluorescent methods for routine detection of mast cells are of considerable interest because these cells play an important role in health and disease. In the present study, aspects of staining of sulfated glycosaminoglycans with carbocyanines, aryloxazoles, and a ruthenium(II) complex are discussed. The most suitable of these compounds for visualizing mast cells in smears and tissue sections are DiOC1 (3), Q-dmPOPOP, PyPO, and Rubipy, which have been practically overlooked as cationic fluorochromes for fixed cells. Bicolour fluorescence allowing simultaneous observation of mast cells and other cell types and tissue components by application of these dyes in combination with haematoxylin and/or eosin, or by counterstaining with other fluorochromes or fluorescent complexes is particularly useful for routine histopathological studies. Simple and reliable staining procedures, bright emission, high sensitivity and stability, permanent mounting, and possibilities for combined use with other histochemical methods are the most relevant advantages of these mast cell fluorochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stockert
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, Spain.
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81
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van den Broek AH, Huntley JF, MacHell J, Taylor M, Bates P, Groves B, Miller HR. Cutaneous and systemic responses during primary and challenge infestations of sheep with the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis. Parasite Immunol 2000; 22:407-14. [PMID: 10972847 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lesional area was estimated and lesional mast cells and eosinophils were counted during primary and challenge infestations of sheep with Psoroptes ovis. In addition, circulating basophils and eosinophils and serum P. ovis-specific immunoglobulin IgE antibody were quantified. Expansion of lesional area was significantly less and serum IgE titres significantly greater in challenge than primary infestations. Lesional mast cell hyperplasia and massive eosinophil infiltration accompanied by raised titres of P. ovis antigen-specific IgE antibody were compatible with an IgE-mediated Type-1 allergic reaction, while detection of lesional basophils was suggestive of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. The temporal pattern of lesional mastocytosis and eosinophil infiltration and the role of these cells and serum IgE in the immune response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H van den Broek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, UK
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82
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the types of mast cells present in the bladder of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) have not been elucidated, we have used immunohistochemical techniques to determine which of the mast cell types is present in biopsy specimens. METHODS For all patients diagnosed with IC (n = 10; female) their symptoms satisfied the criteria proposed by the National Institutes of Health criteria of IC and six patients suffering from bladder tumors were selected as control patients. Adjacent sections of paraffin-embedded tissues that had been fixed in Carnoy's solution were reacted with either antitryptase or antichymase antibodies. RESULTS In detrusor and in mucosa, the number of tryptase-positive and chymase-negative mast cells (MC(T)) was 146+/-25 and 81+/-31 cells/mm2, respectively, and the number of tryptase-positive and chymase-positive mast cells (MC(TC)) was 124+/-50 and 54+/-20 cells/mm2, respectively. These numbers were significantly greater than those of the control group. A significant negative correlation (P<0.005; R = 0.943) was observed between the number of MC(TC) and the bladder capacity. The number of mast cells obtained by toluidine blue staining in detrusor and in mucosa was 95+/-68 and 71+/-39 cells/mm2, respectively, suggesting that staining with toluidine blue underestimated the number of mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells were significantly increased in number in both the mucosa and detrusor of bladder specimens from IC patients compared with those from control. The MC(TC) may be the type of mast cell dominantly present in the bladder of IC patients. The MC(TC) in detrusor increased with the progression of contracted bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Urology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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83
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Ma Z, Westermark P, Westermark GT. Amyloid in human islets of Langerhans: immunologic evidence that islet amyloid polypeptide is modified in amyloidogenesis. Pancreas 2000; 21:212-8. [PMID: 10975716 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200008000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid derived from the beta-cell product islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) has been implicated for a beta-cell lesion in Type II diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of islet amyloid is poorly understood, and in addition to an amyloidogenic IAPP molecule and possibly increased concentration of IAPP, other unknown factors seem to be included. It was shown previously that polyclonal rabbit IAPP antisera label beta cells close to amyloid only weakly. Whether this lack of immunoreactivity depends on lack of IAPP or on hidden epitopes is in question. In the present study, we show that the IAPP immunoreactivity of these beta cells is possible to retrieve. On the other hand, the monoclonal IAPP antibody 4A5, which labels IAPP in beta cells, does not label IAPP in its native amyloid form. We show evidence that this lack of immunoreactivity is not dependent on conformational change of the IAPP molecules in the amyloidogenesis but is likely owing to glycation of IAPP in human islet amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ma
- Division of Molecular and Immunological Pathology, Linköping University, Sweden
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Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, Matsunaga S, Mochizuki M, Nishimura R, Sasaki N. Visceral mast cell tumors in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:222-6. [PMID: 10649758 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical features of visceral mast cell tumors (MCT) without associated cutaneous involvement in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 10 dogs with histologically confirmed MCT without associated cutaneous lesions. PROCEDURE Information on signalment, clinical signs, laboratory examinations, and time from first admission to death was obtained from the medical record of each dog. RESULTS Purebred male dogs of miniature breeds appeared to have a higher prevalence of visceral MCT. Clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. Anemia (n = 7), hypoproteinemia (5), and mastocythemia (5) were detected. Treatments, including glucocorticoids, were not successful. Primary sites of tumors were the gastrointestinal tract (n = 6) and the spleen or liver (1); the primary site was not confirmed in the remaining 3 dogs. In 7 dogs, tumors were categorized as grade II or III, on the basis of histologic findings. The prognoses were poor, and all dogs died within 2 months after first admission. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Visceral MCT is uncommon in dogs, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Biological behavior and drug susceptibility of visceral MCT may be different from cutaneous MCT. The lack of specific clinical signs may result in delay of a definitive diagnosis. The rapid progression of clinical signs and difficulty in diagnosis contributes to a short survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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86
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Chiarini-Garcia H, Pereira FM. A comparative study of lymph node mast cell populations in five marsupial species. Tissue Cell 1999; 31:318-26. [PMID: 10481303 DOI: 10.1054/tice.1999.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether different subpopulations of mast cells exist, mast cells of mandibular and axillary lymph nodes from five species (Didelphis aurita, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Philander opossum, Marmosops incanus and Gracilinanus agilis) of South American marsupials were studied. Our results showed that mast cells present in the connective tissue of the capsule and septa (CTMC) were similar to those described for eutherian mammals. However, a population of mast cells that was present in the lymphatic sinuses and bathed by the lymph, plus in direct contact with granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticular cells, were morphologically and histochemically different from the CTMC. In the five species studied, these cellular types, called lymphatic-sinus mast cells (LSMC), had a lower concentration of intragranular heparin and, in four of the five species, the cytoplasmic granules appeared to be larger than those in CTMC. Although LSMC have been rarely described in eutherian mammals, it was verified, in this study, that LSMC are nevertheless present in lymphatic sinuses of the five metatherian species studied. These observations suggest that the presence of LSMC may be a characteristic of the marsupials and important in the immune response and adaptive success of the Didelphidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chiarini-Garcia
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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87
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Frangogiannis NG, Burns AR, Michael LH, Entman ML. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of canine cardiac mast cells. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1999; 31:221-9. [PMID: 10447063 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003541332070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mast cells have been recently isolated and characterized in humans, however canine cardiac mast cells have not been investigated. The objective of this study is to describe the histological and morphological characteristics of canine cardiac mast cells and examine the potential usefulness of canine models in investigating the role of mast cells in cardiovascular pathology. Canine cardiac mast cells could be easily identified by staining with Toluidine Blue or FITC-avidin. Using Toluidine Blue staining, we demonstrated fewer mast cells in formalin-fixed samples than in specimens fixed in Carnoy's, thus identifying a formalin-sensitive mast cell population in the canine heart. Mast cells were equally distributed in atria and ventricles with approximately 50% showing a perivascular location. Using enzyme-histochemical techniques, we detected tryptase and chymase activity in canine cardiac mast cells. Ultrastructural studies identified mast cells as granular cells with an eccentric non-segmented nucleus. Immunohistochemistry with the macrophage specific antibody AM-3K demonstrated that resident cardiac macrophages were 1.9 times more numerous than mast cells, also showing a predominantly perivascular (60%) location. Perivascular macrophages were more often periarteriolar, whereas perivascular mast cells were more often located along small veins and capillaries. Due to their ability to release cytokines and growth factors and their strategic perivascular location, resident cardiac inflammatory cells, such as mast cells and macrophages, may be important in pathological processes causing myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, mast cell-derived chymase, an important angiotensin II-forming enzyme may have a significant role in regulating the cardiac renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Frangogiannis
- The Methodist Hospital and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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88
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Yao K, Suzuki T, Iguchi Y, Nishiyama K, Yamamoto K, Okamoto M. Distribution of two types of mast cells in the nasal mucosa after chemosurgical treatment of allergic rhinitis using trichloroacetic acid. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 1999; 13:141-4. [PMID: 10219444 DOI: 10.2500/105065899782106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of chemosurgery using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for allergic rhinitis, two types of tissue mast cells [tryptase-positive, chymase-negative mast cells (MCT) and tryptase-positive, chymase-positive mast cells (MCTC)] in the nasal turbinate mucosa were immunohistochemically identified and their distribution was assessed in clinical cases of patients who underwent unilateral TCA treatment. A comparison of the number of MCT and MCTC between the treated and nontreated sides indicates that both types of mast cells are significantly decreased in number in the treated side both in epithelial and lamina propria layers. The results indicate that TCA treatment was effective in suppressing MCT infiltration, regarded as a major cause of antigen-dependent allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
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89
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Betts CJ, Else KJ. Mast cells, eosinophils and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity are not critical in resistance to Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunol 1999; 21:45-52. [PMID: 10081771 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The murine intestinal nematode Trichuris muris provides an invaluable model of human infection with T. trichiura. Hence, analysis of the immunological responses in the mouse may elucidate the mechanisms of immunity to trichuriasis in man. The work described here investigates the roles of eosinophils, mast cells and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the elimination of T. muris from the host gut. Following ablation of IL-5, and hence eosinophilia, mice usually resistant to T. muris infection remained so. Further, blocking the stem cell factor receptor, c-kit, to facilitate complete ablation of mast cells over the period of parasite expulsion in resistant mice had no effect on the development of protective immunity. Therefore it can be deduced that eosinophils and mast cells are not critical in resistance. In addition to these studies, the role of antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxic mechanisms was investigated via the analysis of an infection time course in Fc gamma R-/- mice. These animals, on a resistant background, were fully immune and expelled the parasites before development of the adult stage. Thus this model provides evidence against a major role for ADCC in resistance to infection with T. muris. The studies described here have eliminated some of the major effector mechanisms traditionally associated with helminth infection, and work continues to elucidate the critical immune responses associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Betts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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90
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91
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Kanbe N, Kurosawa M, Miyachi Y, Kanbe M, Kempuraj D, Tachimoto H, Saito H. Carnoy's fixative reduces the number of chymase-positive cells in immunocytochemical staining of cord-blood-derived human cultured mast cells. Allergy 1998; 53:981-5. [PMID: 9821479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
KleinJan et al. (Allergy 1996;51:614-20) reported that Carnoy's fixative reduced the number of chymase-positive mast cells in the nasal mucosa. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Carnoy's fixative reduces the number of chymase-positive cells from cord-blood-derived human cultured mast cells when compared with other types of fixatives. Human mast cells were obtained by culturing cord-blood-derived CD34-positive cells in the presence of stem cell factor and interleukin-6. Staining procedures of the cells in fixation with Carnoy's fixative and with other fixatives gave no differences among the number of tryptase-positive cells, whereas fixation with Carnoy's fixative for 15 min gave a significant decrease in the number of chymase-positive cells compared with acetone for 10 min. The number of chymase-positive cells decreased in a time-dependent manner under fixation with Carnoy's fixative, indicating that Carnoy's fixative had a negative effect on the number of chymase-positive cells from cord-blood-derived human cultured mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanbe
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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92
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Frangogiannis NG, Lindsey ML, Michael LH, Youker KA, Bressler RB, Mendoza LH, Spengler RN, Smith CW, Entman ML. Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-alpha, initiating the cytokine cascade in experimental canine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 1998; 98:699-710. [PMID: 9715863 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.7.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil-induced cardiomyocyte injury requires the expression of myocyte intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-1-CD11b/CD18 adhesion. We have previously demonstrated interleukin (IL)-6 activity in postischemic cardiac lymph; IL-6 is the primary stimulus for myocyte ICAM- 1 induction. Furthermore, we found that induction of IL-6 mRNA occurred very early on reperfusion of the infarcted myocardium. We hypothesized that the release of a preformed upstream cytokine induced IL-6 in leukocytes infiltrating on reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Constitutive expression of TNF-alpha and not IL-1beta was demonstrated in the normal canine myocardium and was localized predominantly in cardiac mast cells. Mast cell degranulation in the ischemic myocardium was documented by demonstration of a rapid release of histamine and TNF-alpha in the cardiac lymph after myocardial ischemia. Histochemical studies with FITC-labeled avidin demonstrated degranulating mast cells only in ischemic samples of canine myocardium. Immunohistochemistry suggested that degranulating mast cells were the primary source of TNF-alpha in the ischemic myocardium. In situ hybridization studies of reperfused myocardium localized IL-6 mRNA in infiltrating mononuclear cells and in mononuclear cells appearing in the postischemic cardiac lymph within the first 15 minutes of reperfusion. Furthermore, isolated canine mononuclear cells incubated with postischemic cardiac lymph demonstrated significant induction of IL-6 mRNA, which was partially blocked with a neutralizing antibody to TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac mast cells degranulate after myocardial ischemia, releasing preformed mediators, such as histamine and TNF-alpha. We suggest that mast cell-derived TNF-alpha may be a crucial factor in upregulating IL-6 in infiltrating leukocytes and initiating the cytokine cascade responsible for myocyte ICAM-1 induction and subsequent neutrophil-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and the DeBakey Heart Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex 77030-3498, USA
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93
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Stenton GR, Vliagoftis H, Befus AD. Role of intestinal mast cells in modulating gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81:1-11; quiz 12-5. [PMID: 9690568 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the current understanding of the pathophysiologic role of intestinal mast cells. DATA SOURCE Up to date English language publications on mast cell characteristics, heterogeneity and functions were used. Recent articles were used to develop and extend novel concepts about the role of intestinal mast cells. STUDY SELECTION Reference sources were selected because of their pertinence to the pathophysiological effects of mast cells in intestinal hypersensitivity. Recent publications on the following topics were emphasized: mast cell proteases in intestinal anaphylaxis; effects of nitric oxide in gastrointestinal pathophysiology; involvement of cytokines derived from mast cells in tissue damage and repair. RESULTS Mast cells are clearly implicated in the pathology of intestinal disease. Growing evidence suggests physiological roles for mast cells in the protection of tissues from inflammatory damage, and in intestinal maturation. Mast cells can release cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10, which were originally thought to contribute to inflammatory damage, but which may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, mast cell function can be regulated by nitric oxide, and mast cells themselves are sources of this important mediator. Nitric oxide has protective as well as detrimental effects in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal mast cells have physiologic regulatory effects in addition to their pathologic effects. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of these regulatory effects. Mast cells are likely in an ongoing fluctuating balance between physiological functions and pathological effects in normal individuals. Poorly known factors can create an imbalance and lead to pathologic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Stenton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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94
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Levine S, Saltzman A. Petechial hemorrhages in the small intestinal Peyer's patches: a new manifestation of systemic anaphylaxis. Immunol Invest 1998; 27:135-44. [PMID: 9653662 DOI: 10.3109/08820139809089451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic anaphylaxis in the rat has major manifestations in the small intestine. In August rats, but not in other strains, intestinal anaphylaxis was accompanied by petechial hemorrhages in Peyer's patches. The occurrence of petechiae was not proportional to the intensity of prostration, cyanosis or gut congestion. No hemorrhages were found in other organs. The petechiae occurred in August rats of either sex after sensitization and challenge with any of several antigens and adjuvants and after passive sensitization with antiserum. The number of Peyer's patches with hemorrhage varied from one to all 20 in individual rats. The occurrence of petechiae was not influenced significantly by the route of sensitization or challenge, by the presence or absence of pinworms in the cecum, or by ancillary treatment at time of challenge with normal serum, normal blood, heparin, pertussis vaccine or lipopolysaccharide. The intestinal mast cells of the susceptible August rats were not different from the mast cells of the resistant strains. Furthermore, mast cells did not reside in the lymphoid follicles of Peyer's patches which was the site of the petechial hemorrhages in anaphylactic August rats. Nor did injections of histamine, serotonin or both cause hemorrhages in Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
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95
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de Lima WT, da Silva ZL. Contractile responses of proximal and distal trachea segments isolated from rats subjected to immunological stimulation: role of connective tissue mast cells. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:689-95. [PMID: 9559319 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Anaphylaxis-induced contractions of proximal and distal tracheal segments isolated from 14-day ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized rats were studied. 2. OA-induced contractions in distal segments were significantly greater than those observed in proximal segments. 3. Pretreatment of the rats with compound 48/80 or with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) aerosolization significantly reduced OA-induced contractions of trachea distal segments, whereas the contractions of proximal segments were reduced only by compound 48/80. 4. Mepacrine reduced and indomethacin increased the OA-induced contractions in all tracheal segments. Nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid increased the OA-induced contractions in distal tracheal segments, whereas dazoxiben inhibited the contractions in these same segments; neither of these drugs had any effect on the contractions in proximal tracheal segments. 5. The depletion of connective tissue mast cells and subsequent in vitro treatment with indomethacin increased the OA-induced contractions in both segments. 6. We conclude that the contractions of tracheal muscle from OA-sensitized rats depends on the topographic and anatomical origin of the airway tissue. 7. Mediators released by connective tissue mast cells in proximal and distal segments play a pivotal role in this response and may account for variations in the intensity of contraction seen after the addition of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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96
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Lützelschwab C, Huang MR, Kullberg MC, Aveskogh M, Hellman L. Characterization of mouse mast cell protease-8, the first member of a novel subfamily of mouse mast cell serine proteases, distinct from both the classical chymases and tryptases. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1022-33. [PMID: 9541598 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199803)28:03<1022::aid-immu1022>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a recently developed PCR-based strategy, a cDNA encoding a novel mouse mast cell (MC) serine protease (MMCP-8) was isolated and characterized. The MMCP-8 mRNA contains an open reading frame of 247 amino acids (aa), divided into a signal sequence of 18 aa followed by a 2-aa activation peptide (Gly-Glu) and a mature protease of 227 aa. The mature protease has an M(r) of 25072, excluding post-translational modifications, a net positive charge of +12 and six potential N-glycosylation sites. MMCP-8 showed a high degree of homology with mouse granzyme B in the critical regions for determining substrate cleavage specificity, indicating that MMCP-8, similar to granzyme B, preferentially cleaves after Asp residues. A comparative analysis of the aa sequence of MMCP-8 with other hematopoietic serine proteases shows that it is more closely related to cathepsin G and T cell granzymes than to the MC chymases. We therefore conclude that MMCP-8 belongs to a novel subfamily of mouse MC proteases distinct from both the classical chymases and tryptases. Southern blot analysis of BALB/c genomic DNA indicated that only one MMCP-8 gene (or MMCP-8 like gene) is present in the mouse genome. Northern blot analysis of rodent hematopoietic cell lines revealed high levels of MMCP-8 mRNA in a mouse connective tissue MC-like tumor line. However, MMCP-8 mRNA could not be detected in mouse liver, intestine, lung or ears, indicating very low expression in normal tissues. Analysis of the expression of different MMCP in the tissues of Schistosoma mansoni-infected BALB/c mice showed a strong increase in MMCP-8 levels in the lungs but not in the intestines of infected animals, suggesting the presence of a novel subpopulation of MC in the lungs that expressed MMCP-8, either alone or in combination with MMCP-5 and carboxypeptidase A. The dramatic increase in MMCP-1 and MMCP-2 levels but not of MMCP-8 in the intestines of parasitized animals also shows that MMCP-8 is not expressed in mucosal MC in the mouse. This latter is in clear contrast to what has been observed in the rat where the MMCP-8 homologues, RMCP-8, -9 and -10, can be considered as true mucosal MC proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lützelschwab
- Department of Medical Immunology and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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97
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Yong LC. The mast cell: origin, morphology, distribution, and function. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1997; 49:409-24. [PMID: 9495641 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(97)80129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mast cell remains an enigmatic cell more than 100 years after its discovery by Paul Ehrlich at the turn of the century. It is a cell that is found widely distributed in the body particularly associated with connective tissues. It can be recognised by its content of metachromatic granules when appropriately fixed and stained with metachromatic dyes such as toulidine blue. The metachromatic granules of the mast cell remain an important differentiating characteristic from other cells although it is by no means absolute. In the early days of its discovery it was thought to originate from primitive mesenchyme, thymocyte or lymphocyte. More recent evidence suggests that it may have originated from the monocyte. Current evidence points to an origin from haemopoietic tissue in the bone marrow, the progenitors differentiate from primitive cells under the influence of cytokines (IL3), migrate to other body sites and then undergo differentiation and maturation under the influence of growth and other factors. The mast cell has many functions exerted through its ability to produce a host of biologically active substances the most notable being heparin, serotonin, dopamine, tryptase and chymase. These substances may be released in response to immunological and neural stimuli. Mast cells are found to be functionally heterogeneous, possibly site specific and have the ability to adapt to their environment, producing secretions commensurate with the needs of any situation. The mast cell is involved in immunological, neoplastic, inflammatory and other conditions. Much about its function has been unravelled but there remains more to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Yong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, South Western Area Pathology Service, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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98
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Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, Mochizuki M, Matsunaga S, Nishimura R, Sasaki N. Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on proliferation of canine mast cell tumor. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:995-1001. [PMID: 9409514 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids (GCs) on proliferation of canine mast cell tumor (MCT) was studied using two types of MCT cells; JuMC cells and LuMC cells derived from spontaneous canine cutaneous and intestinal MCT, respectively. In in vitro study, growth of JuMC cells was significantly inhibited with more than 1 nM GCs and apoptotic-like cell death was seen, while that of LuMC cells was never inhibited even with 10 microM GCs. Growth rate of masses in nude mice developed by inoculation of JuMC cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by administration of GC, while growth inhibition of masses developed by inoculation of LuMC cells was minimal with increasing GC doses. Competitive binding studies and Scatchard analysis demonstrated the presence of high-affinity, low capacity GC receptors in both JuMC and LuMC cells. Kd was estimated to be 1.30 nM in JuMC cells and 0.45 nM in LuMC cells, respectively. It is concluded that canine cutaneous MCT cells responded to GCs in vitro and in vivo, whereas intestinal MCT cells did not, though both types of cells had specific GC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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99
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Beil WJ, Schulz M, McEuen AR, Buckley MG, Walls AF. Number, fixation properties, dye-binding and protease expression of duodenal mast cells: comparisons between healthy subjects and patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1997; 29:759-73. [PMID: 9429079 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026421303260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an accumulation of evidence to suggest that mast cells may play a key role in gastrointestinal inflammation. We have investigated the numbers and heterogeneity in staining properties of mast cells in biopsies of the duodenum of normal subjects (n = 10), and of normal duodenum from patients with Crohn's disease of the ileum and/or colon (n = 7) or with Helicobacter-associated gastritis of the antrum/corpus (n = 6). In normal donors, two subsets of mast cells, one located in the duodenal mucosa and the other in the submucosa, were clearly distinguished by their morphology and dye-binding properties. Whereas submucosal mast cells stained metachromatically with Toluidine Blue after neutral formalin fixation and emitted a yellow fluorescence after staining with Berberine sulphate, those in the mucosa were invisible using these stains. In patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease, there were marked changes in the numbers of mucosal mast cells compared with control subjects even though the duodenal biopsies were from apparently uninvolved tissue. Gastritis was associated with increased mucosal mast cell numbers (controls: 187 +/- 23 cells mm-2; gastritis: 413 +/- 139 cells mm-2; p = 0.0004), but mean mucosal mast cell counts in the uninvolved duodenum of Crohn's patients were actually decreased (34 +/- 30 cells mm-2, p = 0.0147). The clear differentiation between mucosal and submucosal mast cells on the basis of metachromasia with Toluidine Blue was not seen in biopsies from the patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease. Previous studies which have suggested that there are no distinct mucosal and submucosal mast cell subsets in the human intestine may, therefore, have been affected by the use of tissue from diseased subjects. Heterogeneity in the expression of mast cell tryptase and chymase was seen by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, but the relative numbers of mast cell subsets were critically dependent on the methods used. Using a sensitive staining procedure, the majority of mucosal mast cells stained positively for chymase as well as for tryptase, an observation confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoabsorption studies. Our findings suggest that early stages in intestinal inflammation may be reflected in changes in mast cell numbers and in their staining properties, and call for a reappraisal of mast cell heterogeneity in the human intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Beil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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100
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Xiong S, Rodgers K. Effects of malathion metabolites on degranulation of and mediator release by human and rat basophilic cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 51:159-75. [PMID: 9176556 DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of malathion and malathion derivatives on histamine and beta-hexosaminidase release by RBL-1 cells, rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), and human peripheral blood basophils (HPBB) and cutaneous mast calls were examined. One hour of incubation of RBL-1 cells with all organophosphate compounds tested, except for malathion and malathion monoacid, led to an increase in histamine release. beta-Hexosaminidase, an enzyme released by basophilic cells and a biochemical marker of degranulation, was not released from RBL-1 cells after 1 h of exposure to organophosphate compounds. Within 4 h, all compounds tested increased the release of histamine and beta-hexosaminidase. Longer exposures led to a decrease in the concentration of the compound that was required to cause mediator release. Exposure of RPMC to organophosphate compounds, with the exception of malathion monoacid and malathion (30 min) or malathion monoacid (1 h), led to the release of histamine, but not beta-hexosaminidase. Incubation of HPBB with malaoxon (51.4 +/- 2.8% total histamine released), malathion diacid (25.7 +/- 2.9%), beta-malathion monoacid (31.4 +/- 2.8%), and isomalathion (57.1 +/- 17.1%) for 1 h led to the release of histamine. Only malaoxon and isomalathion caused beta-hexosaminidase release from HPBB after a 1-h incubation. Incubation of cutaneous mast cells with malaoxon and beta-monoacid for 4 h led to increased release of histamine and beta-hexosaminidase at levels comparable to compound 48/80. These data suggest that malathion metabolites can cause rapid release of histamine from basophilic cells from a variety of origins and species. With prolonged incubation, malathion itself caused the release of mast-cell mediators, suggesting that the cells may be capable of metabolizing malathion. These data also indicate a disparity between the release kinetics of two different mast-cell mediators contained in granules by organophosphates, and that there are different mechanisms of mediator release.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xiong
- Livingston Research Center, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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