51
|
Gaur P, Zaffran I, George T, Alekberli FR, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. The regulatory role of eosinophils in viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:72-82. [PMID: 35467728 PMCID: PMC9307229 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune cells typically associated with allergic and parasitic diseases. However, in recent years, eosinophils have also been ascribed a role in keeping homeostasis and in fighting several infectious diseases. Indeed, these cells circulate as mature cells in the blood and can be quickly recruited to the infected tissue. Moreover, eosinophils have all the necessary cellular equipment such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-bacterial proteins, and DNA traps to fight pathogens and promote an efficient immune response. This review summarizes some of the updated information on the role of eosinophils' direct and indirect mediated interactions with pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Gaur
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Zaffran
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tresa George
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fidan Rahimli Alekberli
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Micha Ben-Zimra
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kononov SU, Meyer J, Frahm J, Kersten S, Kluess J, Bühler S, Wegerich A, Rehage J, Meyer U, Huber K, Dänicke S. Dietary L-Carnitine Affects Leukocyte Count and Function in Dairy Cows Around Parturition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784046. [PMID: 35370999 PMCID: PMC8965741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In early lactation, an energy deficit leading to a negative energy balance (NEB) is associated with increased susceptibility to disease and has been shown to be an important factor during transition in dairy cows. L-carnitine as a key factor in the mitochondrial transport of fatty acids and subsequently for β-oxidation and energy release is known to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and thus influence metabolism and immune system. In the current study, we characterized hematological changes around parturition and investigated the potential effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on immune cell functions. For this approach, dairy cows were assigned either to a control (CON, n = 30) or an L-carnitine group [CAR, n = 29, 25 g rumen-protected L-carnitine per cow and day (d)]. Blood samples were taken from d 42 ante partum (ap) until d 110 post-partum (pp), with special focus and frequent sampling from 0.5 to72 h post-calving to clarify the impact of L-carnitine supplementation on leukocyte count, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their phagocytosis activity. Blood cortisol concentration and the capacity of PBMC proliferation was also investigated. All populations of leukocytes were changed during the peripartal period, especially granulocytes showed a characteristic increase up to 4 h pp. L-carnitine supplementation resulted in increased levels of eosinophils which was particularly pronounced one day before to 4 h pp, indicating a possible enhanced support for tissue repair and recovery. Non-supplemented cows showed a higher phagocytic activity in PBMC as well as a higher phagocytic capacity of PMN during the most demanding period around parturition, which may relate to a decrease in plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids reported previously. L-carnitine, on the other hand, led to an increased efficiency to form ROS in stimulated PMN. Finally, a short period around calving proved to be a sensitive period in which L-carnitine administration was effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ursula Kononov
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja Wegerich
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Wang Z, Chen B, Fu Y, Ou C, Rong Q, Kong X, Xu W, Deng Y, Jiang M, Xie J. Eosinophilia and Lung Cancer: Analysis From Real-World Data and Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830754. [PMID: 35355607 PMCID: PMC8959488 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Growing evidence added to the results from observational studies of lung cancer patients exhibiting eosinophilia. However, whether eosinophils contributed to tumor immune surveillance or neoplastic evolution was unknown. This study aimed to analyze the causal association between eosinophilia and lung cancer. Methods The causal effect of eosinophil count on lung cancer from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was investigated using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Secondary results according to different histological subtypes of lung cancer were also implemented. Meanwhile, we compared the measured levels of blood eosinophil counts among different subtypes of lung cancer from real-world data. Results The median absolute eosinophilic count (unit: 109/L) [median (min, max): Lung adenocarcinoma 0.7 (0.5, 15); Squamous cell lung cancer 0.7 (0.5, 1.3); Small cell lung cancer 0.7 (0.6, 1.3); p = 0.96] and the median eosinophil to leukocyte ratio [median (min, max): Lung adenocarcinoma 8.7% (2.1, 42.2%); Squamous cell lung cancer 9.3% (4.1, 17.7%); Small cell lung cancer 8.9% (5.1, 24.1%); p = 0.91] were similar among different histological subtypes of lung cancer. MR methods indicated that eosinophilia may provide 28% higher risk for squamous cell lung cancer in East Asian [Weighted median method: odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04–1.57, p = 0.02]. Conclusion Our study suggested that eosinophilia may be a potential causal risk factor in the progression of squamous cell lung cancer in East Asian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhufeng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bigui Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxing Ou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China
| | - Xuetao Kong
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yangqing Deng
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhang D, Yang J, Zhao Y, Shan J, Wang L, Yang G, He S, Li E. RSV Infection in Neonatal Mice Induces Pulmonary Eosinophilia Responsible for Asthmatic Reaction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817113. [PMID: 35185908 PMCID: PMC8847141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is intimately associated with childhood recurrent wheezing and is a risk factor for asthma later in life. Although eosinophilic airway inflammation is an important trait in asthma of children, the roles of pulmonary eosinophils in the disease have been inadequately understood. Here, we show that RSV infection in neonatal mice causes eosinophilia after allergen stimulation. We showed that RSV infection in neonatal mice exacerbated allergic asthma to allergen stimulation that was accompanied with increased detection of eosinophils in the lungs. In addition, we also detected accumulation of ILC2, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages. Importantly, adoptive transfer of eosinophils from asthmatic mice with early-life RSV infection exacerbated pulmonary pathologies associated with allergic respiratory inflammation in naive mice in response to foreign antigen. The induction of asthmatic symptoms including AHR, tracheal wall thickening, and mucus production became more severe after further stimulation in those mice. The expression of antigen presentation-related molecules like CD80, CD86, and especially MHC II was markedly induced in eosinophils from OVA-stimulated asthmatic mice. The accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the lungs was also significantly increased as a result of adoptive transfer of eosinophils. Importantly, the deterioration of lung pathology caused by adoptive transfer could be effectively attenuated by treatment with indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Our findings highlight the significance of eosinophil-mediated proinflammatory response in allergic disease associated with early-life infection of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Centre, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Centre of Pediatric Diseases, College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Centre, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Parker J, Guslund NC, Jentoft S, Roth O. Characterization of Pipefish Immune Cell Populations Through Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820152. [PMID: 35154138 PMCID: PMC8828949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost adaptive immune systems have evolved with more flexibility than previously assumed. A particularly enigmatic system to address immune system modifications in the evolutionary past is represented by the Syngnathids, the family of pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons. These small fishes with their unique male pregnancy have lost the spleen as an important immune organ as well as a functional major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) pathway. How these evolutionary changes have impacted immune cell population dynamics have up to this point remained unexplored. Here, we present the first immune cell repertoire characterization of a syngnathid fish (Syngnathus typhle) using single-cell transcriptomics. Gene expression profiles of individual cells extracted from blood and head-kidney clustered in twelve putative cell populations with eight belonging to those with immune function. Upregulated cell marker genes identified in humans and teleosts were used to define cell clusters. While the suggested loss of CD4+ T-cells accompanied the loss of the MHC II pathway was supported, the upregulation of specific subtype markers within the T-cell cluster indicates subpopulations of regulatory T-cells (il2rb) and cytotoxic T-cells (gzma). Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing this report is the first to characterize immune cell populations in syngnathids and provides a valuable foundation for future cellular classification and experimental work within the lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Parker
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Marine Evolutionary Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Naomi Croft Guslund
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivia Roth
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Marine Evolutionary Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Peterson EA, Sun J, Wang J. Leukocyte-Mediated Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction in Non-Regenerative vs. Regenerative Systems. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:63. [PMID: 35200716 PMCID: PMC8877434 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive leukocytes rapidly mobilize to ischemic tissues after myocardial infarction in response to damage signals released from necrotic cells. Leukocytes play important roles in cardiac repair and regeneration such as inflammation initiation and resolution; the removal of dead cells and debris; the deposition of the extracellular matrix and granulation tissue; supporting angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte proliferation; and fibrotic scar generation and resolution. By organizing and comparing the present knowledge of leukocyte recruitment and function after cardiac injury in non-regenerative to regenerative systems, we propose that the leukocyte response to cardiac injury differs in non-regenerative adult mammals such as humans and mice in comparison to cardiac regenerative models such as neonatal mice and adult zebrafish. Specifically, extensive neutrophil, macrophage, and T-cell persistence contributes to a lengthy inflammatory period in non-regenerative systems for adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure development, whereas their quick removal supports inflammation resolution in regenerative systems for new contractile tissue formation and coronary revascularization. Surprisingly, other leukocytes have not been examined in regenerative model systems. With this review, we aim to encourage the development of improved immune cell markers and tools in cardiac regenerative models for the identification of new immune targets in non-regenerative systems to develop new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinhu Wang
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.A.P.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sun WW, Yan XM, Qiao AJ, Zhang YJ, Yang L, Huang HC, Shi HF, Yan BL. Upregulated galectin-1 in Angiostrongylus cantonensis L5 reduces body fat and increases oxidative stress tolerance. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:46. [PMID: 35123560 PMCID: PMC8817484 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongylus cantonensis L5, parasitizing human cerebrospinal fluid, causes eosinophilic meningitis, which is attributed to tissue inflammatory responses caused primarily by the high percentage of eosinophils. Eosinophils are also involved in killing helminths, using the peroxidative oxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by dismutation of superoxide produced during respiratory burst. In contrast, helminthic worms have evolved to attenuate eosinophil-mediated tissue inflammatory responses for their survival. In previous study, we demonstrated the extracellular function of Acan-Gal-1 in inducing the apoptosis of macrophages. Here, the intracellular functions of Acan-Gal-1 were investigated, aiming to further reveal the mechanism involved in A. cantonensis L5 worms surviving inflammatory responses in the human central nervous system. Methods In this study, a model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, was used as a surrogate to investigate the intracellular functions of Acan-Gal-1 in protecting the worm from its host’s immune attacks. First, structural characterization of Acan-Gal-1 was analyzed using bioinformatics; second, qRT-PCR was used to monitor the stage specificity of Acan-gal-1 expression in A. cantonensis. Microinjections were performed to detect the tissue specificity of lec-1 expression, the homolog of Acan-gal-1 in C. elegans. Third, microinjection was performed to develop Acan-gal-1::rfp transgenic worms. Then, oxidative stress assay and Oil Red O fat staining were used to determine the functions of Acan-Gal-1 in C. elegans. Results The results of detecting the stage specificity of Acan-gal-1 expression showed that Acan-Gal-1 was upregulated in both L5 and adult worms. Detection of the tissue specificity showed that the homolog of Acan-gal-1 in C. elegans, lec-1 was expressed ubiquitously and mainly localized in cuticle. Investigating the intracellular functions of Acan-Gal-1 in the surrogate C. elegans showed that N2 worms expressing pCe-lec-1::Acan-gal-1::rfp, with lipid deposition reduced, were significantly resistant to oxidative stress; lec-1 mutant worms, where lipid deposition increased, showed susceptible to oxidative stress, and this phenotype could be rescued by expressing pCe-lec-1::Acan-gal-1::rfp. Expressing pCe-lec-1::Acan-gal-1::rfp or lec-1 RNAi in fat-6;fat-7 double-mutant worms, where fat stores were reduced, had no significant effect on the oxidative stress tolerance. Conclusion In C. elegans worms, upregulated Acan-Gal-1 plays a defensive role against damage due to oxidative stress for worm survival by reducing fat deposition. This might indicate the mechanism by which A. cantonensis L5 worms, with upregulated Acan-Gal-1, survive the immune attack of eosinophils in the human central nervous system. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05171-4.
Collapse
|
58
|
Coxiella burnetii Virulent Phase I and avirulent Phase II Variants Differentially Manipulate Autophagy pathway in Neutrophils. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0053421. [PMID: 35100012 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00534-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium that causes Q fever in humans. Virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase I (NMI) strain causes disease in animal models, while avirulent NM phase II (NMII) strain does not. In this study, we found that NMI infection induces severe splenomegaly and bacterial burden in the spleen in BALB/c mice, while NMII infection does not. Compared to NMII-infected mice, a significantly higher number of CD11b+Ly6g+ neutrophils accumulated in the liver, lung and spleen of NMI-infected mice. Thus, neutrophil accumulation correlates with NMI and NMII infection induced inflammatory response. In vitro studies also demonstrated that although NMII exhibited a higher infection rate than NMI in mouse bone-marrow neutrophils (BMNs), NMI-infected BMNs survive longer than NMII-infected BMNs. These results suggest that the differential interactions of NMI and NMII with neutrophils may be related to their ability to cause disease in animals. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the differential interactions of NMI and NMII with neutrophils, the global transcriptomic gene expressions were compared between NMI- and NMII-infected-BMNs by RNA-seq analysis. Interestingly, several genes involved in autophagy related pathways, particularly the membrane-trafficking and lipid metabolism are upregulated in NMII-infected BMNs but downregulated in NMI-infected BMNs. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis indicate that compared to NMI-infected BMNs, vacuoles in NMII-infected-BMNs exhibit increased autophagic flux along with phosphatidylserine translocation in cell membrane. Similar to neutrophils, NMII activated LC3-mediated autophagy in human macrophage. These findings suggest that NMI and NMII's differential manipulation of autophagy may relate to their pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
59
|
Salter B, Lacy P, Mukherjee M. Biologics in Asthma: A Molecular Perspective to Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:793409. [PMID: 35126131 PMCID: PMC8807637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in therapeutic strategies have provided alternatives to corticosteroids as the cornerstone treatment for managing airway inflammation in asthma. The past two decades have witnessed a tremendous boost in the development of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the management of severe asthma. Novel biologics that target eosinophilic inflammation (or type 2, T2 inflammation) have been the most successful at treating asthma symptoms, though there are a few in the drug development pipeline for treating non-eosinophilic or T2-low asthma. There has been significant improvement in clinical outcomes for asthmatics treated with currently available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) E, anti-interleukin (IL)-4 receptor α subunit, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-5Rα, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-33, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Despite these initiatives in precision medicine for asthma therapy, a significant disease burden remains, as evident from modest reduction of exacerbation rates, i.e., approximately 40-60%. There are numerous studies that highlight predictors of good responses to these biologics, but few have focused on those who fail to respond adequately despite targeted treatment. Phenotyping asthmatics based on blood eosinophils is proving to be inadequate for choosing the right drug for the right patient. It is therefore pertinent to understand the underlying immunology, and perhaps, carry out immune endotyping of patients before prescribing appropriate drugs. This review summarizes the immunology of asthma, the cytokines or receptors currently targeted, the possible mechanisms of sub-optimal responses, and the importance of determining the immune make-up of individual patients prior to prescribing mAb therapy, in the age of precision medicine for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Salter
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Manali Mukherjee
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Zhu X, Zimmermann N. Detection of Eosinophils in Tissue Sections by Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:199-209. [PMID: 35771473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells which represent a small subset in the peripheral blood, and under homeostatic conditions predominantly reside in certain organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract. However, eosinophil numbers increase both in the peripheral blood and tissues during allergic inflammation, parasitic infestation, drug reactions, vasculitides, as well as certain hematopoietic neoplasms. Their presence in tissues can be detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining; however, this may be challenging particularly at times of activation and/or degranulation, e.g., during allergic lung inflammation. Thus, detection of eosinophils and/or their released granule proteins is significantly enhanced by immunohistochemistry. This chapter describes methods for the detection of mouse or human eosinophils by using granule protein-specific antibodies in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics (Cincinnati Children's Hospital), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kim CK, Kang DY, Callaway Z, Kim KS, Kwon EM, Yamaide F, Nakano T, Suzuki Y, Mashimo Y, Hata A, Okamoto Y, Shimojo N. Increase in eosinophil-derived neurotoxin level in school children with allergic disease. Asia Pac Allergy 2022; 12:e25. [PMID: 35966157 PMCID: PMC9353201 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2022.12.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophils are major effector cells of allergic disease and excellent markers of eosinophilic inflammation. Accurate and reliable biomarkers are helpful in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of allergic disease. Objective This study aimed to investigate an alternate marker of eosinophilic inflammation, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), in a number of allergic diseases. Methods Three hundred ninety-six elementary school-age children with various allergic conditions were recruited for this study. Subgroups included food allergies (FAs), atopic dermatitis (AD), bronchial asthma (BA), and allergic rhinitis (AR). EDN levels in these groups were compared to those in 93 healthy controls (HC). Results All subjects with allergic disease had elevated levels of serum EDN (median [interquartile range]: FA, 124.2 ng/mL [59.13–160.5 ng/mL]; AD, 110.8 ng/mL [57.52–167.9 ng/mL]; BA, 131.5 ng/mL [60.60–171.0 ng/mL]; AR, 91.32 ng/mL [46.16–145.0 ng/mL]) compared to HC (38.38 ng/mL [32.40–55.62 ng/mL]) (p < 0.0001). These elevated levels were consistent throughout the age range (6–12 years) of the healthy study subjects (p = 0.0679). EDN levels also correlated well with total immunoglobulin E (Rs = 0.5599, p < 0.0001). Looking at all individuals with an allergic disease, the area under the curve was 0.790. Conclusions Direct measures of eosinophilic inflammation are needed for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of allergic diseases. EDN may be a worthy biomarker of eosinophil activity and a useful screening tool for allergic diseases including FA, AD, BA, and AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Keun Kim
- Asthma & Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Yoon Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zak Callaway
- Asthma & Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kwon
- Asthma & Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fumiya Yamaide
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mashimo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Hata
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba Rosia Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Lv X, Chang Q, Wang Q, Jin QR, Liu HZ, Yang SB, Yang PC, Yang G. Flagellin maintains eosinophils in the intestine. Cytokine 2021; 150:155769. [PMID: 34798413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils (Eos) are the major effector cells in allergic response. The regulation of Eo is not fully understood yet. Flagellin (FGN) has immune regulatory functions. This study aims to elucidate the role of FGN in maintaining Eo at the static status in the intestinal tissues. A mouse food allergy (FA) model was developed. Eo mediator levels in the serum or culture supernatant or intestinal lavage fluids were assessed and used as an indicator of Eo activation. The results showed that less FGN amounts were detected in the FA mouse intestinal tissues, that were negatively correlated with the Eo activation. Mast cell-derived chymase bound FGN to induce FGN degradation. FGN formed complexes with FcγRI on Eos to prevent specific antigens from binding FcγRI, and thus, to prevent Eo activation. Administration of FGN efficiently alleviated experimental FA. In conclusion, FGN plays a critical role in maintaining Eos at static status in the intestine. Administration of FGN can alleviate experimental FA. FGN may be a novel drug candidate to be used in the treatment of Eo-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Longgang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China; Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China; Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shao-Bo Yang
- Department of Cadre Clinic, The First Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China; Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Felton JM, Bouffi C, Schwartz JT, Schollaert KL, Malik A, Vallabh S, Wronowski B, Magier AZ, Merlin L, Barski A, Weirauch MT, Fulkerson PC, Rothenberg ME. Aiolos regulates eosinophil migration into tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1271-1281. [PMID: 34341502 PMCID: PMC8542574 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Ikaros family transcription factor IKZF3 (Aiolos) increases during murine eosinophil lineage commitment and maturation. Herein, we investigated Aiolos expression and function in mature human and murine eosinophils. Murine eosinophils deficient in Aiolos demonstrated gene expression changes in pathways associated with granulocyte-mediated immunity, chemotaxis, degranulation, ERK/MAPK signaling, and extracellular matrix organization; these genes had ATAC peaks within 1 kB of the TSS that were enriched for Aiolos-binding motifs. Global Aiolos deficiency reduced eosinophil frequency within peripheral tissues during homeostasis; a chimeric mouse model demonstrated dependence on intrinsic Aiolos expression by eosinophils. Aiolos deficiency reduced eosinophil CCR3 surface expression, intracellular ERK1/2 signaling, and CCL11-induced actin polymerization, emphasizing an impaired functional response. Aiolos-deficient eosinophils had reduced tissue accumulation in chemokine-, antigen-, and IL-13-driven inflammatory experimental models, all of which at least partially depend on CCR3 signaling. Human Aiolos expression was associated with active chromatin marks enriched for IKZF3, PU.1, and GATA-1-binding motifs within eosinophil-specific histone ChIP-seq peaks. Furthermore, treating the EOL-1 human eosinophilic cell line with lenalidomide yielded a dose-dependent decrease in Aiolos. These collective data indicate that eosinophil homing during homeostatic and inflammatory allergic states is Aiolos-dependent, identifying Aiolos as a potential therapeutic target for eosinophilic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Felton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carine Bouffi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin T Schwartz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kaila L Schollaert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Astha Malik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sushmitha Vallabh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Wronowski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam Z Magier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Li Merlin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Division of Developmental Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Wauters L, Breynaert C, Vermeire S, Verstockt B, Vanuytsel T. Role of Eosinophils in Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overlooked Villain? Front Immunol 2021; 12:754413. [PMID: 34737752 PMCID: PMC8560962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes which reside in the gastrointestinal tract under homeostatic conditions, except for the esophagus which is normally devoid of eosinophils. Research on eosinophils has primarily focused on anti-helminth responses and type 2 immune disorders. In contrast, the search for a role of eosinophils in chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis has been limited. With a shift in research focus from adaptive to innate immunity and the fact that the eosinophilic granules are filled with inflammatory mediators, eosinophils are becoming a point of interest in inflammatory bowel diseases. In the current review we summarize eosinophil characteristics and recruitment as well as the current knowledge on presence, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic functions of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic inflammatory conditions, and we identify research gaps which should be covered in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gehring M, Wieczorek D, Kapp A, Wedi B. Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tetracyclines on Human Eosinophils. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:754501. [PMID: 35386966 PMCID: PMC8974775 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.754501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are potent pro-inflammatory cells. Not only in allergic diseases but also in other diseases there is a need for treatment strategies to induce resolution of eosinophil-mediated inflammation. During the last years beneficial non-antibiotic activities of tetracyclines (TCNs) have been shown in different diseases in which eosinophils play a role, for example, asthma and bullous pemphigoid. The working mechanism of these effects remains to be clarified. Aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of TCNs on eosinophils. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases, intracellular H2O2 and calcium, surface expression of eosinophil activation markers was performed in highly purified peripheral blood eosinophils of non-atopic donors. Tetracycline hydrochloride, minocycline and doxycycline significantly induced eosinophil apoptosis. All TCNs were able to significantly overcome the strong survival enhancing effects of pro-eosinophilic cytokines and staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Tetracycline hydrochloride induced eosinophil apoptosis was accompanied by intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases. Moreover, tetracycline hydrochloride significantly down regulated eosinophil surface expression of CD9 and CD45, and of the activation markers CD11b and CD69, but not of CD54, CD63, or CD95. Our data, propably for the first time, point to a potent anti-inflammatory role of TCNs on eosinophils.
Collapse
|
66
|
Caponio VCA, Togni L, Zhurakivska K, Santarelli A, Arena C, Rubini C, Lo Muzio L, Troiano G, Mascitti M. Prognostic assessment of different methods for eosinophils detection in oral tongue cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 51:240-248. [PMID: 34392572 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TATE has been proposed as a prognostic factor in oral cancer staging; however, the controversial literature data limit its application in the routine diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TATE in patients with oral tongue cancer. The second aim was to identify any difference in the methods of eosinophil quantification or in the cutoff values reported in literature. METHODS Clinic-pathological data of 204 patients treated at "Ospedali Riuniti" Hospital, Ancona, Italy, were collected. Evaluation of TATE was performed on hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained slides and correlation with survival outcomes was evaluated. The number of eosinophils per square millimeter was evaluated by using two methods, namely density (TATE-1) and classical (TATE-2) methods. For each of the 2 methods tested, patients were stratified into two or three groups, according to the most used cutoff values reported in literature. RESULTS Regardless of the method of eosinophil quantification or the cutoff values used, patients with high TATE had a significantly better disease-specific survival. The density method (TATE-1) showed a better predictive performance, in particular when applying a single cutoff of 67 eosinophils/mm2 , two cutoffs of 10 and 100 eosinophils/mm2 , or two cutoffs of 50 and 120 eosinophils/mm2 . CONCLUSION The evaluation of TATE is simple, cost-effective, and easy to implement in daily practice with the aim of improving risk stratification of patients affected by oral tongue cancer. Results of prognostic performance analysis suggest using density (TATE-1) method as the standard approach to evaluate TATE in future studies, enhancing replicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical Specialist and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Khrystyna Zhurakivska
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical Specialist and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.,Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Corrado Rubini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical Specialist and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Recent trends of NFκB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-based nanotherapeutics in lung diseases. J Control Release 2021; 337:629-644. [PMID: 34375688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is a unique protein complex that plays a major role in lung inflammation and respiratory dysfunction. The NFκB signaling pathway, therefore becomes an avenue for the development of potential pharmacological interventions, especially in situations where chronic inflammation is often constitutively active and plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. NFκB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are double-stranded and carry NFκB binding sequences. They prevent the formation of NFκB-mediated inflammatory cytokines and thus have been employed in the treatment of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the systemic administration of naked decoy ODNs restricts their therapeutic effectiveness because of their poor pharmacokinetic profile, instability, degradation by cellular enzymes and their low cellular uptake. Both structural modification and nanotechnology have shown promising results in enhancing the pharmacokinetic profiles of potent therapeutic substances and have also shown great potential in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. In this review, we examine the contribution of NFκB activation in respiratory diseases and recent advancements in the therapeutic use of decoy ODNs. In addition, we also highlight the limitations and challenges in use of decoy ODNs as therapeutic molecules, cellular uptake of decoy ODNs, and the current need for novel delivery systems to provide efficient delivery of decoy ODNs. Furthermore, this review provides a common platform for discussion on the existence of decoy ODNs, as well as outlining perspectives on the latest generation of delivery systems that encapsulate decoy ODNs and target NFκB in respiratory diseases.
Collapse
|
68
|
Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, Szűcs G, Sokolowska M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:100995. [PMID: 34364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity. Its development is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. The most common, as well as the most well characterized subtype of asthma is allergic eosinophilic asthma, which is characterized by a type 2 airway inflammation. The prevalence of asthma has substantially increased in industrialized countries during the last 60 years. The mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however increased exposure to various environmental pollutants probably plays a role. Disease inception is thought to be enabled by a disadvantageous shift in the balance between protective and harmful lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to protective commensal microbes versus infection with pathogens, collectively leading to airway epithelial cell damage and disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines are one of the main drivers of the type 2 immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately leading to infiltration of lung tissue with type 2 T helper (TH2) cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages and eosinophils. This review outlines the mechanisms responsible for the orchestration of type 2 inflammation and summarizes the novel findings, including but not limited to dysregulated epithelial barrier integrity, alarmin release and innate lymphoid cell stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt I Komlósi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Lung Health Hospital, Munkácsy Mihály Str. 70, 2045, Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Tömő Str. 25-29, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Magrone T, Magrone M, Jirillo E. Eosinophils, a Jack of All Trades in Immunity: Therapeutic Approaches for Correcting Their Functional Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1166-1181. [PMID: 32148205 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200309094726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Eosinophils are primitive myeloid cells derived from bonemarrow precursors and require the intervention of interleukin (IL)-5 for their survival and persistence in blood and tissues. Under steady-state conditions, they contribute to immune regulation and homeostasis. Under pathological circumstances, eosinophils are involved in host protection against parasites and participate in allergy and inflammation. DISCUSSION Mostly, in asthma, eosinophils provoke airway damage via the release of granule contents and IL-13 with mucus hypersecretion and differentiation of goblet cells. Then, tissue remodeling follows with the secretion of transforming growth factor-β. Eosinophils are able to kill helminth larvae acting as antigen-presenting cells with the involvement of T helper (h)-2 cells and subsequent antibody response. However, they also exert pro-worm activity with the production of suppressive cytokine (IL- 10 and IL-4) and inhibition of nitric oxide. Eosinophils may play a pathogenic role in the course of chronic and autoimmune disease, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and eosinophilic gastroenteritis, regulating Th2 responses and promoting a profibrotic effect. In atopic dermatitis, eosinophils are commonly detected and may be associated with disease severity. In cutaneous spontaneous urticaria, eosinophils participate in the formation of wheals, tissue remodeling and modifications of vascular permeability. With regard to tumor growth, it seems that IgE can exert anti-neoplastic surveillance via mast cell and eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity, the so-called allergo-oncology. From a therapeutic point of view, monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-5 or the IL-5 receptors have been shown to be very effective in patients with severe asthma. Finally, as an alternative treatment, polyphenols for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities seem to be effective in reducing serum IgE and eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage in murine asthma. CONCLUSION Eosinophils are cells endowed with multiple functions and their modulation with monoclonal antibodies and nutraceuticals may be effective in the treatment of chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Story MJ. Essential sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and magnesium for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Biochimie 2021; 187:94-109. [PMID: 34082041 PMCID: PMC8166046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of a number of vaccines for COVID-19, there remains a need for prevention and treatment of the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease COVID-19. This report discusses the key elements of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that can be readily treated: viral entry, the immune system and inflammation, and the cytokine storm. It is shown that the essential nutrients zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D and magnesium provide the ideal combination for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells, prevention of proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, inhibition of excessive inflammation, improved control of the regulation of the immune system, inhibition of the cytokine storm, and reduction in the effects of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated non-communicable diseases. It is emphasized that the non-communicable diseases associated with COVID-19 are inherently more prevalent in the elderly than the young, and that the maintenance of sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs, vitamin D and magnesium is essential for the elderly to prevent the occurrence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Annual checking of levels of these essential nutrients is recommended for those over 65 years of age, together with appropriate adjustments in their intake, with these services and supplies being at government cost. The cost:benefit ratio would be huge as the cost of the nutrients and the testing of their levels would be very small compared with the cost savings of specialists and hospitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ondari E, Calvino-Sanles E, First NJ, Gestal MC. Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8004. [PMID: 34360770 PMCID: PMC8347986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica C. Gestal
- LSU Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.O.); (E.C.-S.); (N.J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Tang H, Hu H, Wang S, Wong VKW, Li Y, Deng J. Autophagy Modulators From Chinese Herbal Medicines: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710679. [PMID: 34366865 PMCID: PMC8342996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma has become a global health issue, suffering more than 300 million people in the world, which is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long acting β-agonists (LABA) can relieve asthma symptoms and reduce the frequency of exacerbations, especially for patients with refractory asthma, but there are limited treatment options for people who do not gain control on combination ICS/LABA. The increase in ICS dose generally provides little additional benefit, and there is an increased risk of side effects. Therefore, therapeutic interventions integrating the use of different agents that focus on different targets are needed to overcome this set of diseases. Some findings suggest autophagy is closely correlated with the severity of asthma through eosinophilic inflammation, and its modulation may provide novel therapeutic approaches for severe allergic asthma. The chinese herbal medicine (CHM) have been demonstrated clinically as potent therapeutic interventions for asthma. Moreover some reports have found that the bioactive components isolated from CHM could modulate autophagy, and exhibit potent Anti-inflammatory activity. These findings have implied the potential for CHMs in asthma or allergic inflammation therapy via the modulation of autophagy. In this review, we discuss the basic pathomechanisms underpinning asthma, and the potential role of CHMs in treating asthma with modulating autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - He Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Songping Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Xue L, Li C, Ge G, Zhang S, Tian L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Ma Z, Lu Z. Jia-Wei-Yu-Ping-Feng-San Attenuates Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Mediated Airway Inflammation in Allergic Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:703724. [PMID: 34305612 PMCID: PMC8299004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.703724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of asthma has increased in recent decades. Although corticosteroids and bronchodilators are used in clinical practice, the control of asthma remains a challenge. Allergic asthma is characterized airway inflammation mediated by type 2 immune response. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are an important source of type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, which contribute to the progress of asthma. Jia-Wei-Yu-Ping-Feng-San (JWYPFS), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to treat asthma in China. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of JWYPFS in the treatment of asthma, especially the effect on ILC2s important in airway inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA to establish a model of allergic asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness was examined by direct airway resistance analysis. Inflammatory cell counts were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion in lung tissue sections was observed by HE and PAS staining, respectively. The numbers and proportions of ILC2s as well as the ILC2s-related transcription factors GATA3, IRF4, and type 2 cytokines were measured in lung tissue samples. Additionally, ILC2s were collected from mouse lung; ILC2s-related cytokines and GATA3 and IRF4 were evaluated after IL-33-induced activation of ILC2s in vitro. Elevated inflammatory cells, mucus secretion, airway hyperresponsiveness and type 2 cytokines in the OVA-treated asthma group indicated that an allergic asthma model had been established. JWYPFS treatment attenuated airway resistance and reduced inflammatory cells including eosinophils, and inhibited mucus production and type 2 cytokines in these asthmatic mice. Moreover, JWYPFS treatment dramatically decreased the numbers and proportions of ILC2s and the mRNA levels of GATA3 and IRF4. In an in vitro experiment JWYPFS significantly suppressed GATA3, IRF4 and type 2 cytokine expression, including IL-5 and IL-13 in IL-33-stimulated ILC2s. JWYPFS alleviates ILC2s-mediated airway inflammation, suggesting that JWYPFS might be an effective agent to treat allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Xue
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Li
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Tian
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifeng Ma
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
ACUTE NECROTIZING AND EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS IN A CHIMPANZEE ( PAN TROGLODYTES). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:853-857. [PMID: 34130436 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is of importance in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) health. Here we report an eosinophilic and necrotizing myocarditis in a 17-y-old chimpanzee with no previous history of cardiac disease that progressed to death within 48 h. Toxic and infectious causes were ruled out. The chimpanzee had eosinophilia at different occasions in previous years. The animal had a severe, diffuse, and acute monophasic necrotizing myocarditis, with a moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate that was rich in eosinophils. Ante- and postmortem investigations are compatible with an unusual eosinophilic myocarditis with clinical evolution and morphology comparable with human eosinophilic myocarditis secondary to hypereosinophilic syndrome.
Collapse
|
75
|
Yang D, Huang H, Weng Y, Ren J, Yang C, Wang J, Gao B, Zeng T, Hu J, Pan W, Sun F, Zhou X, Chen G. Dynamic Decrease in Eosinophil After Intravenous Thrombolysis Predicts Poor Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709289. [PMID: 34305951 PMCID: PMC8293745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Blood eosinophil counts are thought to be associated with atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and AIS severity. We aimed to investigate 1): the temporal profile of eosinophil in AIS patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA); 2): The association between dynamic eosinophil and 3-month outcomes in different AIS etiologies; 3): incremental predictive ability of dynamic eosinophil adding to conventional model; and 4): the longitudinal change of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and compared its prognostic value with eosinophils. Methods A total of 623 AIS patients with intravenous thrombolysis in two hospitals were included. Blood samples were obtained on admission, within 24 h after an intravenous thrombolysis and on the seventh day. A multivariate logistic regression model with restricted cubic spline was performed to explore the association between dynamic eosinophil and a 3-month poor outcome. C-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were adopted to explore the incremental predictive ability. Results Percent change in eosinophil counts after intravenous thrombolysis was median -25.00% (IQR -68.25%-+14.29%). Decrease in eosinophil >75% after intravenous thrombolysis was associated with 2.585 times risk for poor outcome and 13.836 times risk for death. However, the association were weak for patients outside of cardioembolic stroke. Adding eosinophil changes to a conventional model improved the discriminatory ability of poor outcome (NRI = 53.3%; IDI = 2.2%) and death (NRI = 101.0%; IDI = 6.9%). Conclusions Dynamic decrease in eosinophil after intravenous thrombolysis predicts a 3-month poor outcome and death in AIS patients with r-tPA treatment and improved the predictive ability of conventional model. However, this result needs to be interpreted carefully in non-cardioembolic AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Weng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junli Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Williams AK, Dou C, Chen LYC. Treatment of lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome (L-HES): what to consider after confirming the elusive diagnosis. Br J Haematol 2021; 195:669-680. [PMID: 34105142 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome (L-HES) is a rare disease driven by immunophenotypically aberrant T cells producing eosinophilopoetic cytokines such as interleukin-5 (IL-5). Treatment is challenging because L-HES is relatively steroid resistant and not amenable to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We searched the literature for clinical trials and observational studies, including case reports, of patients treated for L-HES. In all, 25 studies were selected; two were randomised controlled trials of IL-5 blockade, which included some patients with L-HES, and the rest were observational studies. Corticosteroids are often used as first-line therapy, but patients with L-HES have lower response rates than other types of HES. Treatments that reduce symptoms and steroid dependence in some patients include interferon-alpha (IFN-α), anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies, cyclosporine and mycophenolate. These drugs target T-cell activation and proliferation, or IL-5 directly. Although effective, IFN-α and cyclosporine were commonly reported to cause side-effects resulting in discontinuation. Alemtuzumab can induce remissions, but these are generally short lived. The anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies mepolizumab and benralizumab are effective and well tolerated, but with a high rate of relapse once withdrawn. Hydroxyurea, methotrexate, imatinib were unsuccessful in most patients studied. More prospective clinical trials are needed for patients with L-HES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Dou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luke Y C Chen
- Division of Hematology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Folci M, Ramponi G, Arcari I, Zumbo A, Brunetta E. Eosinophils as Major Player in Type 2 Inflammation: Autoimmunity and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:197-219. [PMID: 34031864 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a subset of differentiated granulocytes which circulate in peripheral blood and home in several body tissues. Along with their traditional relevance in helminth immunity and allergy, eosinophils have been progressively attributed important roles in a number of homeostatic and pathologic situations. This review aims at summarizing available evidence about eosinophils functions in homeostasis, infections, allergic and autoimmune disorders, and solid and hematological cancers.Their structural and biological features have been described, along with their physiological behavior. This includes their chemokines, cytokines, granular contents, and extracellular traps. Besides, pathogenic- and eosinophilic-mediated disorders have also been addressed, with the aim of highlighting their role in Th2-driven inflammation. In allergy, eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. They are also fundamentally involved in autoimmune disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In infections, eosinophils are involved in protection not only from parasites but also from fungi, viruses, and bacteria. In solid cancers, local eosinophilic infiltration is variably associated with an improved or worsened prognosis, depending on the histotype. In hematologic neoplasms, eosinophilia can be the consequence of a dysregulated cytokine production or the result of mutations affecting the myeloid lineage.Recent experimental evidence was thoroughly reviewed, with findings which elicit a complex role for eosinophils, in a tight balance between host defense and tissue damage. Eventually, emerging evidence about eosinophils in COVID-19 infection was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Folci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ramponi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Arcari
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Zumbo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Reyes-García J, Montaño LM, Carbajal-García A, Wang YX. Sex Hormones and Lung Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:259-321. [PMID: 34019274 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes, synthetize and release cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Gender differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung ailments including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), lung cancer (LC), and infectious related illnesses have been reported. Moreover, the effects of sex hormones on both androgens and estrogens, such as testosterone (TES) and 17β-estradiol (E2), driving characteristic inflammatory patterns in those lung inflammatory diseases have been investigated. In general, androgens seem to display anti-inflammatory actions, whereas estrogens produce pro-inflammatory effects. For instance, androgens regulate negatively inflammation in asthma by targeting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T-helper (Th)-2 cells to attenuate interleukin (IL)-17A-mediated responses and leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway. Estrogens may promote neutrophilic inflammation in subjects with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the activation of estrogen receptors might induce tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we summarize the most recent advances in the functional roles and associated signaling pathways of inflammatory cellular responses in asthma, COPD, PF, LC, and newly occurring COVID-19 disease. We also meticulously deliberate the influence of sex steroids on the development and progress of these common and severe lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Trakaki A, Marsche G. Current Understanding of the Immunomodulatory Activities of High-Density Lipoproteins. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060587. [PMID: 34064071 PMCID: PMC8224331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins interact with immune cells, macrophages and endothelial cells - key players of the innate and adaptive immune system. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles seem to have evolved as part of the innate immune system since certain HDL subspecies contain combinations of apolipoproteins with immune regulatory functions. HDL is enriched in anti-inflammatory lipids, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and certain saturated lysophospholipids. HDL reduces inflammation and protects against infection by modulating immune cell function, vasodilation and endothelial barrier function. HDL suppresses immune cell activation at least in part by modulating the cholesterol content in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains (lipid rafts), which play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Acute infections, inflammation or autoimmune diseases lower HDL cholesterol levels and significantly alter HDL metabolism, composition and function. Such alterations could have a major impact on disease progression and may affect the risk for infections and cardiovascular disease. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immune cell modulatory activities of HDL. We focus on newly discovered activities of HDL-associated apolipoproteins, enzymes, lipids, and HDL mimetic peptides.
Collapse
|
80
|
Principe S, Porsbjerg C, Bolm Ditlev S, Kjaersgaard Klein D, Golebski K, Dyhre-Petersen N, van Dijk YE, van Bragt JJMH, Dankelman LLH, Dahlen SE, Brightling CE, Vijverberg SJH, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Treating severe asthma: Targeting the IL-5 pathway. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:992-1005. [PMID: 33887082 PMCID: PMC8453879 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes based on clinical, functional or inflammatory parameters. In particular, the eosinophilic phenotype is associated with type 2 inflammation and increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13). Monoclonal antibodies that target the eosinophilic inflammatory pathways (IL-5R and IL-5), namely mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, are effective and safe for severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophils threshold represents the most indicative biomarker for response to treatment with all three monoclonal antibodies. Improvement in asthma symptoms scores, lung function, the number of exacerbations, history of late-onset asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, low oral corticosteroids use and low body mass index represent predictive clinical markers of response. Novel Omics studies are emerging with proteomics data and exhaled breath analyses. These may prove useful as biomarkers of response and non-response biologics. Moreover, future biomarker studies need to be undertaken in paediatric patients affected by severe asthma. The choice of appropriate biologic therapy for severe asthma remains challenging. The importance of finding biomarkers that can predict response continuous an open issue that needs to be further explored. This review describes the clinical effects of targeting the IL-5 pathway in severe asthma in adult and paediatric patients, focusing on predictors of response and non-response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Principe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dipartimento Universitario di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro"(PROMISE) c/o Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,AOUP "Policlinico Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Bolm Ditlev
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Korneliusz Golebski
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yoni E van Dijk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job J M H van Bragt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lente L H Dankelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlen
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine Department of Medicine, Solna Campus, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Center for Allergy Research, Department of Medicine, Solna Campus, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne J H Vijverberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Yan J, Huang S, Lu F. Galectin-Receptor Interactions Regulates Cardiac Pathology Caused by Trichinella spiralis Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639260. [PMID: 34093526 PMCID: PMC8175896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis causes trichinellosis, a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis worldwide. Infection with T. spiralis may also cause myocarditis. In the present study, we used mouse models to assess the impact of blockage of galectin-receptor interactions by α-lactose on cardiac immunopathology during acute T. spiralis experimental infection. Our data demonstrated that, after T. spiralis infection, blockage of galectin-receptor interactions resulted in cardiac dysfunction detected by transthoracic conventional echocardiography, and increased serum Gal-3 level, a biomarker of myocardial damage. In addition, there were increased eosinophil number in peripheral blood, and increased eosinophil infiltration in the heart and spleen tissues accompanied with increased mRNA levels of eosinophil granule proteins (including eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)) and IL-5 in these organs; increased cardiac fibrosis accompanied with increased Gal-3 and collagen 1 expressions in the hearts of mice with blockage of galectin-receptor interactions after T. spiralis infection. Correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlations existed between the mRNA levels of Gal-3 and ECP/EPO/eosinophil major basic protein/IL-5/CCL11/CCR3/α-SMA/collagen 1 in the hearts of both T. spiralis-infected mice and T. spiralis-infected mice with blockage of galectin-receptor interactions. Our data suggest that galectin-receptor interactions play a pivotal role during acute T. spiralis infection, and lack of galectin-receptor interactions upregulates Gal-3 which, in turn, leads to elevated heart eosinophil recruitment, exacerbated heart pathology and fibrosis, and heart functional damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Huang F, Jia H, Zou Y, Yao Y, Deng Z. Exosomes: an important messenger in the asthma inflammatory microenvironment. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520903220. [PMID: 32096421 PMCID: PMC7111029 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingfen Zou
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Vieira BM, Corrêa de Souza C, Masid de Brito D, Ferreira RN, Brum RS, Gaspar Elsas MIC, Xavier Elsas P. 5-lipoxygenase- and Glucocorticoid-dependent eosinophilia in a novel surgical model in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107440. [PMID: 33588174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous implants of heat-coagulated egg white (egg white implants, EWI) induce intense local eosinophilia and prime for hyperreactivity following airway ovalbumin challenge. The roles of allergen sensitization, surgical trauma-induced glucocorticoids, and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway were hitherto unexplored in this model, in which quantitative recovery and large-scale purification of the eosinophils from the inflammatory site for functional and immunopharmacological studies are difficult to achieve. METHODS We overcame this limitation by shifting the implantation site to the peritoneal cavity (EWIp), thereby enabling quantitative leukocyte retrieval. RESULTS By day 7 post-surgery, eosinophil counts reached ~ 30% of all leukocytes recovered. Eosinophilia was prevented by: a) induction of allergen-specific oral tolerance to ovalbumin, the main allergen in egg white; b) inactivation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway; c) blockade of endogenous glucocorticoid signaling by pretreatment with metirapone plus mifepristone before surgery. Highly purified eosinophils (~99% pure) could be obtained from the peritoneal exudate of EWIp-carrier mice in 2 simple, antibody-free steps. Preparative-scale yields, suitable for most biochemical, pharmacological, and molecular applications, were routinely obtained, and could be further enhanced through addition of pre-or post-surgery immunization steps (active or adoptive). The recovered eosinophils were fully functional in vivo, as demonstrated by the transfer of purified eosinophils into eosinophil-deficient Δdbl-GATA-1-KO mice, which upon subsequent challenge with eotaxin-1 present secondary accumulation of neutrophils, but not of mononuclear phagocytes. CONCLUSION These findings document glucocorticoid-, allergen- and 5-lipoxygenase-dependent eosinophilia, which makes EWIp carriers an abundant source of pure, nontransgenic eosinophils for immunopharmacological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marques Vieira
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina Corrêa de Souza
- Postgraduate Programme in Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Masid de Brito
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Nunes Ferreira
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rebeca S Brum
- Postgraduate Programme in Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Ignez C Gaspar Elsas
- Dept. Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier Elsas
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Intestinal eosinophils, homeostasis and response to bacterial intrusion. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:295-306. [PMID: 33929602 PMCID: PMC8241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are traditionally considered as end-stage effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of Th2 immune-mediated disorders as well as in the protection against parasite infection. However, this restricted view has recently been challenged by a series of studies revealing the highly plastic nature of these cells and implication in various homeostatic processes. Large numbers of eosinophils reside in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, at the front line of host defence, where they contribute to maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier function in the face of inflammation-associated epithelial cell damage. Eosinophils confer active protection against bacterial pathogens capable of penetrating the mucosal barrier through the release of cytotoxic compounds and the generation of extracellular DNA traps. Eosinophils also integrate tissue-specific cytokine signals such as IFN-γ, which synergise with bacterial recognition pathways to enforce different context-dependent functional responses, thereby ensuring a rapid adaptation to the ever-changing intestinal environment. The ability of eosinophils to regulate local immune responses and respond to microbial stimuli further supports the pivotal role of these cells in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis at the intestinal interface.
Collapse
|
85
|
Ladzinski AT, Mehta A, Dykstra BJ, Sharghi SM. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage in the setting of eosinophilic pneumonia. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/4/e241672. [PMID: 33906878 PMCID: PMC8088248 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-241672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-year-old woman who presented with a constellation of symptoms, including cough with haemoptysis, fever, chills and hypoxia along with weight loss, was found to have diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. After a myriad of investigations returned normal, an open lung biopsy was performed, which revealed the diagnosis to be subacute eosinophilic pneumonia. This is one of its kind of rare presentations where eosinophilic pneumonia presents as diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and has been reported only five times prior to this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Ladzinski
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Aditya Mehta
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian J Dykstra
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah M Sharghi
- Pathology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Basophils Orchestrating Eosinophils' Chemotaxis and Function in Allergic Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040895. [PMID: 33919759 PMCID: PMC8070740 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are well known to contribute significantly to Th2 immunity, such as allergic inflammations. Although basophils have often not been considered in the pathogenicity of allergic dermatitis and asthma, their role in Th2 immunity has become apparent in recent years. Eosinophils and basophils are present at sites of allergic inflammations. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that these two types of granulocytes interact in vivo. In various experimental allergy models, basophils and eosinophils appear to be closely linked by directly or indirectly influencing each other since they are responsive to similar cytokines and chemokines. Indeed, basophils are shown to be the gatekeepers that are capable of regulating eosinophil entry into inflammatory tissue sites through activation-induced interactions with endothelium. However, the direct evidence that eosinophils and basophils interact is still rarely described. Nevertheless, new findings on the regulation and function of eosinophils and basophils biology reported in the last 25 years have shed some light on their potential interaction. This review will focus on the current knowledge that basophils may regulate the biology of eosinophil in atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma.
Collapse
|
87
|
Fieldes M, Bourguignon C, Assou S, Nasri A, Fort A, Vachier I, De Vos J, Ahmed E, Bourdin A. Targeted therapy in eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00437-2020. [PMID: 33855061 PMCID: PMC8039900 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00437-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and preventable airway disease causing significant worldwide mortality and morbidity. Lifetime exposure to tobacco smoking and environmental particles are the two major risk factors. Over recent decades, COPD has become a growing public health problem with an increase in incidence. COPD is defined by airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and small airway remodelling coupled to parenchymal lung destruction. Most patients exhibit neutrophil-predominant airway inflammation combined with an increase in macrophages and CD8+ T-cells. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory airway disease. The most studied subtype is type 2 (T2) high eosinophilic asthma, for which there are an increasing number of biologic agents developed. However, both asthma and COPD are complex and share common pathophysiological mechanisms. They are known as overlapping syndromes as approximately 40% of patients with COPD present an eosinophilic airway inflammation. Several studies suggest a putative role of eosinophilia in lung function decline and COPD exacerbation. Recently, pharmacological agents targeting eosinophilic traits in uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma, especially monoclonal antibodies directed against interleukins (IL-5, IL-4, IL-13) or their receptors, have shown promising results. This review examines data on the rationale for such biological agents and assesses efficacy in T2-endotype COPD patients. Patients with severe COPD and eosinophilic inflammation experience uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal pharmaceutical treatment. The development of new biomarkers is needed for better phenotyping of patients to propose innovative targeted therapy.https://bit.ly/2KzWuNO
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Fieldes
- IRMB, INSERM, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Said Assou
- IRMB, INSERM, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Nasri
- IRMB, INSERM, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Fort
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vachier
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - John De Vos
- IRMB, INSERM, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,Dept of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Engi Ahmed
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Sun Y, Pan D, Kang K, Sun MJ, Li YL, Sang LX, Chang B. Eosinophilic pancreatitis: a review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:115-124. [PMID: 34026218 PMCID: PMC8128011 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic pancreatitis (EP) is an extremely rare disease caused by purely eosinophilic infiltration of the pancreas. EP is prone to being misdiagnosed as pancreatic cancer, causing unnecessary economic and physical harm to the patient. We report three cases of EP that were cured by steroids without relapse from 2017 to now. The clinical data of the three patients, including clinical manifestations, serological manifestations, imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography, and MRI), pathological diagnosis and treatment, and telephone follow-up of all patients, were retrospectively analysed. In addition, a literature search was conducted on the Web of Science and PubMed databases using key terms related to EP, considering case reports with no restrictions on the date of publication or language. In conclusion, we analysed 19 cases and determined the diagnostic criteria for EP. The diagnostic algorithm for EP can be used to diagnose EP easily. We hope that our standards and algorithm can reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and contribute to clinical diagnosis and treatment. In addition, we expect to evaluate more EP cases to test our diagnostic criteria and design a systematic diagnostic flow chart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
The analysis of eosinophil shape change and mediator secretion is a useful tool in understanding how eosinophils respond to immunological stimuli and chemotactic factors. Eosinophils undergo dramatic shape changes, along with secretion of the granule-derived enzyme eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) in response to chemotactic stimuli including platelet-activating factor (PAF) and CCL11 (eotaxin-1). Here, we describe the analysis of eosinophil shape change by confocal microscopy analysis and provide an experimental approach for comparing unstimulated cells with those that have been stimulated to undergo chemotaxis. In addition, we illustrate two different degranulation assays for EPX using OPD and an ELISA technique and show how eosinophil degranulation may be assessed from in vitro as well as ex vivo stimulation.
Collapse
|
90
|
Renz H, Bachert C, Berek C, Hamelmann E, Levi-Schaffer F, Raap U, Simon HU, Ploetz S, Taube C, Valent P, Voehringer D, Werfel T, Zhang N, Ring J. Physiology and pathology of eosinophils: Recent developments: Summary of the Focus Workshop Organized by DGAKI. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13032. [PMID: 33624312 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, eosinophils have been regarded ambiguously either as 'friends' or 'foes'. Recent developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role and function of eosinophils in health and disease. Pathogenic eosinophilic inflammation can lead to severe diseases in various organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, airways, heart and skin. In a 2-day focus workshop of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the state of the art was discussed and practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic diseases, with a particular focus on new biologics, such as anti-interleukin 5 and anti-interleukin 5R, were derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory and Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Berek
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Ein Institut der Leibnizgemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckard Hamelmann
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany.,Allergy Center of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Clinics of Dermatology and Allergy, Faculty of Medical Health and Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory and Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ring
- Deptment of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Silva JDC, Thompson-Souza GDA, Barroso MV, Neves JS, Figueiredo RT. Neutrophil and Eosinophil DNA Extracellular Trap Formation: Lessons From Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634043. [PMID: 33679665 PMCID: PMC7929991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a worldwide health problem. Fungal pathogens are responsible for a variety of conditions, including superficial diseases, allergic pathologies and potentially lethal invasive infections. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been implicated as effector cells in several pathologies. Neutrophils are major effector cells involved in the control of fungal infections and exhibit a plethora of antifungal mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, degranulation, extracellular vesicle formation, and DNA extracellular trap (ET) release. Eosinophils are polymorphonuclear cells classically implicated as effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and helminthic infections, although their roles as immunomodulatory players in both innate and adaptive immunity are currently recognized. Eosinophils are also endowed with antifungal activities and are abundantly found in allergic conditions associated with fungal colonization and sensitization. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been demonstrated to release their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in response to many pathogens and pro-inflammatory stimuli. ETs have been implicated in the killing and control of many pathogens, as well as in promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The formation of ETs by neutrophils and eosinophils has been described in response to pathogenic fungi. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the release of neutrophil and eosinophil ETs in response to fungal pathogens. General implications for understanding the formation of ETs and the roles of ETs in fungal infections are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Costa Silva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Valente Barroso
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Du X, Li F, Zhang C, Li N, Huang H, Shao Z, Zhang M, Zhan X, He Y, Ju Z, Li W, Chen Z, Ying S, Shen H. Eosinophil-derived chemokine (hCCL15/23, mCCL6) interacts with CCR1 to promote eosinophilic airway inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:91. [PMID: 33640900 PMCID: PMC7914252 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. Several studies have confirmed the effective roles of eosinophils in asthmatic airway pathogenesis. However, their regulatory functions have not been well elucidated. Here, increased C-C chemokine ligand 6 (CCL6) in asthmatic mice and the human orthologs CCL15 and CCL23 that are highly expressed in asthma patients are described, which are mainly derived from eosinophils. Using Ccl6 knockout mice, further studies revealed CCL6-dependent allergic airway inflammation and committed eosinophilia in the bone marrow following ovalbumin (OVA) challenge and identified a CCL6-CCR1 regulatory axis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Eosinophil differentiation and airway inflammation were remarkably decreased by the specific CCR1 antagonist BX471. Thus, the study identifies that the CCL6-CCR1 axis is involved in the crosstalk between eosinophils and HSCs during the development of allergic airway inflammation, which also reveals a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for future clinical treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Du
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Department of Anatomy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Huaqiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xueqin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yicheng He
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Masterson JC, Menard-Katcher C, Larsen LD, Furuta GT, Spencer LA. Heterogeneity of Intestinal Tissue Eosinophils: Potential Considerations for Next-Generation Eosinophil-Targeting Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020426. [PMID: 33671475 PMCID: PMC7922004 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are implicated in the pathophysiology of a spectrum of eosinophil-associated diseases, including gastrointestinal eosinophilic diseases (EGIDs). Biologics that target the IL-5 pathway and are intended to ablate eosinophils have proved beneficial in severe eosinophilic asthma and may offer promise in treating some endotypes of EGIDs. However, destructive effector functions of eosinophils are only one side of the coin; eosinophils also play important roles in immune and tissue homeostasis. A growing body of data suggest tissue eosinophils represent a plastic and heterogeneous population of functional sub-phenotypes, shaped by environmental (systemic and local) pressures, which may differentially impact disease outcomes. This may be particularly relevant to the GI tract, wherein the highest density of eosinophils reside in the steady state, resident immune cells are exposed to an especially broad range of external and internal environmental pressures, and greater eosinophil longevity may uniquely enrich for co-expression of eosinophil sub-phenotypes. Here we review the growing evidence for functional sub-phenotypes of intestinal tissue eosinophils, with emphasis on the multifactorial pressures that shape and diversify eosinophil identity and potential targets to inform next-generation eosinophil-targeting strategies designed to restrain inflammatory eosinophil functions while sustaining homeostatic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C. Masterson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Allergy, Inflammation & Remodeling Research Laboratory, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Calies Menard-Katcher
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Leigha D. Larsen
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-3277
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Do Blood Eosinophils Predict in-Hospital Mortality or Severity of Disease in SARS-CoV-2 Infection? A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020334. [PMID: 33567583 PMCID: PMC7914916 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Healthcare systems worldwide have been battling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory processes including viral infections. We focus our study on the prognostic value of eosinopenia as a marker of disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Between 1 March and 30 April 2020, we conducted a multicenter and retrospective study on a cohort of COVID-19 patients (moderate or severe disease) who were hospitalized after presenting to the emergency department (ED). We led our study in six major hospitals of northeast France, one of the outbreak’s epicenters in Europe. Results: We have collected data from 1035 patients, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. More than three quarters of them (76.2%) presented a moderate form of the disease, while the remaining quarter (23.8%) presented a severe form requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Mean circulating eosinophils rate, at admission, varied according to disease severity (p < 0.001), yet it did not differ between survivors and non-survivors (p = 0.306). Extreme eosinopenia (=0/mm3) was predictive of severity (aOR = 1.77, p = 0.009); however, it was not predictive of mortality (aOR = 0.892, p = 0.696). The areas under the Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were, respectively, 58.5% (CI95%: 55.3–61.7%) and 51.4% (CI95%: 46.8–56.1%) for the ability of circulating eosinophil rates to predict disease severity and mortality. Conclusion: Eosinopenia is very common and often profound in cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Eosinopenia was not a useful predictor of mortality; however, undetectable eosinophils (=0/mm3) were predictive of disease severity during the initial ED management.
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte with eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm that play an important role in allergic and parasitic diseases. Eosinophils are important in the pathogenesis of asthma, and many studies have examined the relationship between them. In allergic eosinophilic asthma, eosinophils act not only as important effector cells but also as antigen-presenting cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. In nonallergic eosinophilic asthma, type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the airways play an important role in eosinophil activation. Direct methods, including bronchial biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and the induced sputum test, are used to evaluate eosinophilic inflammatory reactions in patients with asthma, however, because of difficulty with their implementation, they are sometimes replaced by measurements of blood eosinophils, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, and serum periostin level. However, these tests are less accurate than direct methods. For the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, anti-interleukin-5 preparations such as mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab have recently been introduced and broadened the scope of asthma treatment. Although eosinophils are already known to play an important role in asthma, we expect that further studies will reveal more details of their action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Seok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Aoki A, Hirahara K, Kiuchi M, Nakayama T. Eosinophils: Cells known for over 140 years with broad and new functions. Allergol Int 2021; 70:3-8. [PMID: 33032901 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes, being involved in the host defense against helminth infection, tissue homeostasis and repair of injured tissue. However, eosinophils also play critical roles in shaping the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including fibrotic responses in allergic diseases. Eosinophils consist of various granules that are a source of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, extracellular matrix and growth factors. Recent studies have revealed that eosinophil extracellular trap cell death (EETosis) exacerbates eosinophilic inflammation by releasing the products, including Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs). In type 2 inflammatory diseases, memory-type pathogenic helper T (Tpath) cells are involved in shaping the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation by recruiting and activating eosinophils in vivo. We herein review the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of eosinophils and the various functions of granules, including CLCs, during eosinophilic inflammation. We also discuss the double-edged roles of eosinophils in tissue repair and type 2 immune inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ami Aoki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; AMED-PRIME, AMED, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Nazaroff CD, LeSuer WE, Masuda MY, Pyon G, Lacy P, Jacobsen EA. Assessment of Lung Eosinophils In Situ Using Immunohistological Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:237-266. [PMID: 33226599 PMCID: PMC7869952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are rare white blood cells that are recruited from circulation to accumulate in the lung in mouse models of allergic respiratory inflammation. In hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained lungs, eosinophils may be difficult to detect despite their bright eosin staining in the secondary granules. For this reason, antibody-mediated detection of eosinophils is preferable for specific and clearer identification of these cells. Moreover, eosinophils may degranulate, releasing their granule proteins into surrounding tissue, and remnants of cytolysed cells cannot be detected by HE staining. The methods here demonstrate the use of eosinophil-specific anti-mouse antibodies to detect eosinophil granule proteins in formalin-fixed cells both in situ in paraffin-embedded lungs, as well as in cytospin preparations from the lung. These antibody staining techniques enable either colorimetric or fluorescence imaging of eosinophils or their granule proteins with the potential for additional antibodies to be added for detection of multiple molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Nazaroff
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - William E LeSuer
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Grace Pyon
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre (ARC) Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
De Salvo C, Pastorelli L, Petersen CP, Buttò LF, Buela KA, Omenetti S, Locovei SA, Ray S, Friedman HR, Duijser J, Xin W, Osme A, Cominelli F, Mahabeleshwar GH, Mills JC, Goldenring JR, Pizarro TT. Interleukin 33 Triggers Early Eosinophil-Dependent Events Leading to Metaplasia in a Chronic Model of Gastritis-Prone Mice. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:302-316.e7. [PMID: 33010253 PMCID: PMC7755675 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33/IL1F11 is an important mediator for the development of type 2 T-helper cell (Th2)-driven inflammatory disorders and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI)-related cancers, including gastric carcinoma. We therefore sought to mechanistically determine IL33's potential role as a critical factor linking chronic inflammation and gastric carcinogenesis using gastritis-prone SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice. METHODS SAMP and (parental control) AKR mice were assessed for baseline gastritis and progression to metaplasia. Expression/localization of IL33 and its receptor, ST2/IL1R4, were characterized in corpus tissues, and activation and neutralization studies were both performed targeting the IL33/ST2 axis. Dissection of immune pathways leading to metaplasia was evaluated, including eosinophil depletion studies using anti-IL5/anti-CCR3 treatment. RESULTS Progressive gastritis and, ultimately, intestinalized spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) was detected in SAMP stomachs, which was absent in AKR but could be moderately induced with exogenous, recombinant IL33. Robust peripheral (bone marrow) expansion of eosinophils and local recruitment of both eosinophils and IL33-expressing M2 macrophages into corpus tissues were evident in SAMP. Interestingly, IL33 blockade did not affect bone marrow-derived expansion and local infiltration of eosinophils, but markedly decreased M2 macrophages and SPEM features, while eosinophil depletion caused a significant reduction in both local IL33-producing M2 macrophages and SPEM in SAMP. CONCLUSIONS IL33 promotes metaplasia and the sequelae of eosinophil-dependent downstream infiltration of IL33-producing M2 macrophages leading to intestinalized SPEM in SAMP, suggesting that IL33 represents a critical link between chronic gastritis and intestinalizing metaplasia that may serve as a potential therapeutic target for preneoplastic conditions of the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Department of Pathology; Department of IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Gastroenterology & Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, San Donato Milanese, 20097 and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Christine P. Petersen
- Department of Department of Surgery and the Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ludovica F. Buttò
- Department of Medicine/Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | - Silviu A. Locovei
- Department of Pathology; Department of Medicine/Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine/Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Department of Surgery and the Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
The eosinophil is an enigmatic cell with a continuing ability to fascinate. A considerable history of research endeavor on eosinophil biology stretches from the present time back to the nineteenth century. Perhaps one of the most fascinating aspects of the eosinophil is how accumulating knowledge has changed the perception of its function from passive bystander, modulator of inflammation, to potent effector cell loaded with histotoxic substances through to more recent recognition that it can act as both a positive and negative regulator of complex events in both innate and adaptive immunity. This book consists of chapters written by experts in the field of eosinophil biology that provide comprehensive clearly written protocols for techniques designed to underpin research into the function of the eosinophil in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre (ARC) Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Garry M Walsh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Sousa AW, Cabral ALB, Silva RA, Fonseca AJ, Grindler J, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Physical fitness and quality of life in adolescents with asthma and fixed airflow obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:65-73. [PMID: 33155764 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, but some subjects develop fixed airflow obstruction (FAO). Subjects with FAO present more asthma symptoms and may have increased sedentary behavior; however, the effect of FAO on aerobic fitness and physical activity levels (PAL) remains poorly understood. AIM To compare adolescents with asthma and FAO and adolescents with asthma without FAO in terms of aerobic fitness, PAL, muscle strength, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS This cross-sectional study included adolescents with asthma, both sexes, and aged 12-18 years. They were divided into two groups: FAO and non-FAO groups. The adolescents were diagnosed with asthma according to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines and underwent optimal pharmacological treatment for at least 12 months. FAO was diagnosed when the forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity ratio was below the lower limit of the normal range after optimal treatment. Aerobic fitness, PAL, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, and HRQoL were evaluated. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between FAO and non-FAO groups regarding the peak oxygen uptake (34.6 ± 8.5 vs. 36.0 ± 8.4 mLO2 /min/kg), sedentary time (578 ± 126 vs. 563 ± 90 min/day), upper limb muscle strength (29.1 ± 5.9 vs. 28.1 ± 5.7 kilograms of force [kgf]), lower limb muscle strength (42.8 ± 8.6 vs. 47.6 ± 9.6 kgf), or HRQoL (5.1 ± 1.3 vs. 4.7 ± 1.4 score; p > .05). However, the FAO group exhibited a higher maximal expiratory pressure than the non-FAO group (111.5 ± 15.5 vs. 101.5 ± 15.0 cmH2 O, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that FAO does not impair aerobic fitness, PAL, peripheral muscle strength, or HRQoL in adolescents with asthma. Furthermore, adolescents with asthma were physically deconditioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Wirgues Sousa
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Aparecido Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo José Fonseca
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Grindler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso R F Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|