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Bioconversion Process of Polyethylene from Waste Tetra Pak® Packaging to Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142840. [PMID: 35890616 PMCID: PMC9317417 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Presented herein are the results of a novel recycling method for waste Tetra Pak® packaging materials. The polyethylene (PE-T) component of this packaging material, obtained via a separation process using a “solvents method”, was used as a carbon source for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by the bacterial strain Cupriavidus necator H16. Bacteria were grown for 48–72 h, at 30 °C, in TSB (nitrogen-rich) or BSM (nitrogen-limited) media supplemented with PE-T. Growth was monitored by viable counting. It was demonstrated that C. necator utilised PE-T in both growth media, but was only able to accumulate 40% w/w PHA in TSB supplemented with PE-T. Only 1.5% w/w PHA was accumulated in the TSB control, and no PHA was detected in the BSM control. Extracted biopolymers were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The characterisation of PHA by ESI-MS/MS revealed that PHA produced by C. necator in TSB supplemented with PE-T contained 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, and 3-hydroxyhexanoate co-monomeric units. AMS analysis also confirmed the presence of 96.73% modern carbon and 3.27% old carbon in PHA derived from Tetra Pak®. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of our proposed recycling method for waste Tetra Pak® packaging materials, alongside its potential for producing value-added PHA, and the ability of 14C analysis in validating this bioconversion process.
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Boccalon E, Gorrasi G. Functional bioplastics from food residual: Potentiality and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3177-3204. [PMID: 35768940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plastic pollution and food waste are two global issues with much in common. Plastic containers were introduced as a practical and easy remedy to improve food preservation and reduce the risk of creating waste, but ironically, to address one problem, another has been made worse. The spread of single-use containers has dramatically increased the amount of plastic that has to be discarded, and the most urgent task is now to find a solution to what has become part of the problem. An innovative way around it consists of promoting the valorization of food residues by turning them into novel materials for packaging. Although the results are promising, the aim of completely replacing plastics with biodegradable materials still seems far from being achieved. This review illustrates the main strategies adopted thus far to produce new bioplastic materials and composites from waste resources and focuses on the pros and cons of the food recovery process to look for the aspects that represent an obstacle to the development of the circular food economy on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boccalon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Brojanigo S, Alvarado-Morales M, Basaglia M, Casella S, Favaro L, Angelidaki I. Innovative co-production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and methane from broken rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153931. [PMID: 35183640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broken rice, a low-cost starchy residue of the rice industry, can be an interesting substrate to reduce the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production cost. However, since the most common PHAs-producing strains lack amylases, this waste must be firstly hydrolysed by additional commercial enzymes. In this work, the acidogenesis phase of the anaerobic digestion was exploited as efficient hydrolysis step to convert broken rice into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to be used as PHAs carbon source by Cupriavidus necator DSM 545, one of the most promising PHAs-producing microbes. Broken rice, both non-hydrolysed and enzymatically hydrolysed, was processed in two continuous stirred tank reactors, at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 5, 4 and, 3 days, to produce VFAs. The highest VFAs levels were obtained from non-hydrolysed broken rice which was efficiently exploited for PHAs accumulation by C. necator DSM 545. PHAs contents were higher after 96 h of incubation and, noteworthy, reached the highest value of 0.95 g/L in the case of 4 days HRT without any chemicals supplementation, except vitamins. Moreover, in view of a biorefinery approach, the residual solid fraction was used for methane production resulting in promising CH4 levels. Methane yields were very promising again for 4 days HRT. As such, this HRT resulted to be the most suitable to obtain effluents with high promise in terms of both PHAs accumulation and CH4 production. In addition, these results demonstrate that broken rice could be efficiently processed into two valuable products without any costly enzymatic pre-treatment and pave the way for future biorefining approaches where this by-product can be converted in a cluster of added-value compounds. Techno-economical estimations are in progress to assess the feasibility of the entire process, in view of supporting the low-cost conversion of organic waste into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Brojanigo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Merlin Alvarado-Morales
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marina Basaglia
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Sergio Casella
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Favaro
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Mastropetros SG, Pispas K, Zagklis D, Ali SS, Kornaros M. Biopolymers production from microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivated in wastewater: Recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:107999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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55
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Synthetic biology-powered microbial co-culture strategy and application of bacterial cellulose-based composite materials. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 283:119171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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56
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Behera S, Priyadarshanee M, Das S. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, the bioplastics of microbial origin: Properties, biochemical synthesis, and their applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133723. [PMID: 35085614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rising plastic pollution deteriorates the environment significantly as these petroleum-based plastics are not biodegradable, and their production requires natural fuels (energy source) and other resources. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bioplastic and a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic plastics. PHAs can be entirely synthesized using various microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi. These value-added biopolymers show promising properties such as enhanced biodegradability, biocompatibility, and other chemo-mechanical properties. Further, it has been established that the properties of PHA polymers depend on the substrates and chemical composition (monomer unit) of these polymers. PHAs hold great potential as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers, and further research for economic production and utilization of these biopolymers is required. The review describes the synthesis mechanism and different properties of microbially synthesized PHAs for various applications. The classification of PHAs and the multiple techniques necessary for their detection and evaluation have been discussed. In addition, the synthesis mechanism involving the genetic regulation of these biopolymers in various microbial groups has been described. This review provides information on various commercially available PHAs and their application in multiple sectors. The industrial production of these microbially synthesized polymers and the different extraction methods have been reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the review provides an insight into the potential applications of this biopolymer in environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivananda Behera
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Monika Priyadarshanee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India.
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57
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Roumeli E, Hendrickx R, Bonanomi L, Vashisth A, Rinaldi K, Daraio C. Biological matrix composites from cultured plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119523119. [PMID: 35377816 PMCID: PMC9169740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119523119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach to fabricate biological matrix composites made entirely from cultured plant cells. We utilize the cell’s innate ability to synthesize nanofibrillar cell walls, which serve as the composite’s fundamental building blocks. Following a controlled compression/dehydration process, the cells arrange into lamellar structures with hierarchical features. We demonstrate that the native cell wall nanofibrils tether adjacent cells together through fibrillar interlocking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These interactions facilitate intercellular adhesion and eliminate the need for other binders. Our fabrication process utilizes the entire plant cell, grown in an in vitro culture; requires no harsh chemical treatments or waste-generating extraction or selection processes; and leads to bulk biocomposites that can be produced in situ and biodegrade in soil. The final mechanical properties are comparable to commodity plastics and can be further modulated by introducing filler particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Roumeli
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Luca Bonanomi
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Aniruddh Vashisth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Katherine Rinaldi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Zhou W, Colpa DI, Geurkink B, Euverink GJW, Krooneman J. The impact of carbon to nitrogen ratios and pH on the microbial prevalence and polyhydroxybutyrate production levels using a mixed microbial starter culture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152341. [PMID: 34921889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth conditions have been frequently studied in optimizing polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, while few studies were performed to unravel the dynamic mixed microbial consortia (MMCs) in the process. In this study, the relationship between growth conditions (C/N ratios and pH) and the corresponding key-microbes were identified and monitored during PHB accumulation. The highest PHB level (70 wt% of dry cell mass) was obtained at pH 9, C/N 40, and acetic acid 10 g/L. Linking the dominant genera with the highest point of PHB accumulation, Thauera was the most prevalent species in all MMCs of pH 9, except when a C/N ratio of 1 was applied. Notably, dominant bacteria shifted at pH 7 (C/N 10) from Thauera (0 h) to Paracoccus, and subsequently to Alcaligenes following the process of PHB accumulation and consumption. Further understanding of the relationship between the structure of the microbial community and the performance will be beneficial for regulating and obtaining high PHB accumulation within an MMC. Our study illustrates the impact of C/N ratios and pH on microbial prevalence and PHB production levels using a mixed microbial starter culture. This knowledge will broaden industrial perspectives for regulating high PHB production and timely harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Irene Colpa
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Geurkink
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Willem Euverink
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Krooneman
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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59
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Miu DM, Eremia MC, Moscovici M. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering: Production, Isolation, Characterization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041410. [PMID: 35207952 PMCID: PMC8875380 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers. These biomaterials have grown in importance in the fields of tissue engineering and tissue reconstruction for structural applications where tissue morphology is critical, such as bone, cartilage, blood vessels, and skin, among others. Furthermore, they can be used to accelerate the regeneration in combination with drugs, as drug delivery systems, thus reducing microbial infections. When cells are cultured under stress conditions, a wide variety of microorganisms produce them as a store of intracellular energy in the form of homo- and copolymers of [R]—hydroxyalkanoic acids, depending on the carbon source used for microorganism growth. This paper gives an overview of PHAs, their biosynthetic pathways, producing microorganisms, cultivation bioprocess, isolation, purification and characterization to obtain biomaterials with medical applications such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Maria Miu
- The National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 031299 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-M.M.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Carmen Eremia
- The National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 031299 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Misu Moscovici
- The National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 031299 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-M.M.); (M.M.)
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60
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Eraslan K, Aversa C, Nofar M, Barletta M, Gisario A, Salehiyan R, Alkan Goksu Y. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH): synthesis, properties, and applications - A Review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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61
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Study of the production of poly(hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyhexanoate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyvalerate- co-hydroxyhexanoate) in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0158621. [PMID: 35080906 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01586-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) (P(HB-co-HHx)) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-co-HV-co-HHx) demonstrate interesting mechanical and thermal properties as well as excellent biocompatibility making them suitable for multiple applications and notably biomedical purposes. The production of such polymer was described in Rhodospirillum rubrum (Rs. rubrum), a purple non-sulfur bacteria in a nutrient-lacking environment where the HHx synthesis is triggered by the presence of hexanoate in the medium. However, the production of P(HB-co-HHx) under nutrient-balanced growth conditions has not been described so far in Rs. rubrum and the assimilation of hexanoate is poorly documented. In this study, we demonstrate using proteomic analysis and mutant fitness assay, that hexanoate assimilation involve β-oxidation and the ethylmalonyl-CoA (EMC) and methylbutanoyl-CoA (MBC) pathways, both being anaplerotic pathways already described in Rs. rubrum. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production is likely to involve the de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway. Concerning the polymer composition, HB is the main component of the polymer, probably as acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA are intermediates of hexanoate assimilation pathways. When no essential nutrient is lacking in the medium, the synthesis of PHA seems to help maintain the redox balance of the cell. In this framework, we showed that the fixation of CO2 is required to sustain the growth. An increase in the proportion of HHx in the polymer was observed when redox stress was engendered in the cell under bicarbonate limiting growth conditions. The addition of isoleucine or valerate in the medium also increased the HHx content of the polymer and allowed the production of a terpolymer of P(HB-co-HV-co-HHx). Importance The use of purple bacteria, which can assimilate volatile fatty acids for biotechnological applications has risen since they reduce the production costs of added-value compounds such as PHA. P(HB-co-HHx) and P(HB-co-HV-co-HHx) have demonstrated interesting properties notably for biomedical application. In a nutrient-lacking environment, Rs. rubrum is known to synthesize such polymer when hexanoate is used as carbon source. However, their production in non-nutrient lacking growth conditions has not been described so far in Rs. rubrum and the assimilation of hexanoate is poorly documented. As the carbon source and its assimilation directly impact the polymer composition, we studied under non-nutrient lacking growth conditions, the assimilation path of hexanoate and PHA production in Rs. rubrum. Proteomic analysis and mutant fitness assay allowed to explain PHA production and composition. Increase in HHx content of the polymer and production of P(HB-co-HV-co-HHx) was possible using the knowledge gained on metabolism under hexanoate growth conditions.
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62
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Cruz RAP, Oehmen A, Reis MAM. The impact of biomass withdrawal strategy on the biomass selection and polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulation of mixed microbial cultures. N Biotechnol 2022; 66:8-15. [PMID: 34450342 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by mixed microbial cultures (MMC) has been studied as an alternative to pure cultures in order to reduce the price of PHA through use of open systems and low-cost substrates, such as agro-industrial sub-products. However, the widespread applicability of this process depends on the optimization of operational factors impacting PHA productivity. This study addresses the impact of biomass withdrawal strategy on the performance of MMC selection reactors and consequently on biomass productivity and global PHA productivity. Two selection reactors were operated in parallel under similar conditions, except for the timing of biomass withdrawal, at the end of the famine phase (Reactor 1, R1) versus at the end of the feast phase (Reactor 2, R2) at an organic loading rate of 100 Cmmol.L-1.d-1 and solids retention time of 4 days. The biomass selected in both conditions had similar PHA storing capacity as shown by the similar yields of PHA per substrate obtained in the accumulation assays; however, R1 reached a higher biomass productivity (about 4-fold higher than R2). This study demonstrated that removing the excess biomass at the end of the famine phase resulted in a much higher global PHA productivity and that the key parameter affecting the global PHA productivity of the 2-stage system was the volumetric biomass productivity. Results obtained provide important insight into how MMC systems can be best operated to maximize PHA productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela A P Cruz
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adrian Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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63
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Cavazza C, Collin-Faure V, Pérard J, Diemer H, Cianférani S, Rabilloud T, Darrouzet E. Proteomic analysis of Rhodospirillum rubrum after carbon monoxide exposure reveals an important effect on metallic cofactor biosynthesis. J Proteomics 2022; 250:104389. [PMID: 34601154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some carboxydotrophs like Rhodospirillum rubrum are able to grow with CO as their sole source of energy using a Carbone monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and an Energy conserving hydrogenase (ECH) to perform anaerobically the so called water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) (CO + H2O → CO2 + H2). Several studies have focused at the biochemical and biophysical level on this enzymatic system and a few OMICS studies on CO metabolism. Knowing that CO is toxic in particular due to its binding to heme iron atoms, and is even considered as a potential antibacterial agent, we decided to use a proteomic approach in order to analyze R. rubrum adaptation in term of metabolism and management of the toxic effect. In particular, this study allowed highlighting a set of proteins likely implicated in ECH maturation, and important perturbations in term of cofactor biosynthesis, especially metallic cofactors. This shows that even this CO tolerant microorganism cannot avoid completely CO toxic effects associated with its interaction with metallic ions. SIGNIFICANCE: This proteomic study highlights the fact that even in a microorganism able to handle carbon monoxide and in some way detoxifying it via the intrinsic action of the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), CO has important effects on metal homeostasis, metal cofactors and metalloproteins. These effects are direct or indirect via transcription regulation, and amplified by the high interdependency of cofactors biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cavazza
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Julien Pérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 (CNRS-CEA), 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 (CNRS-CEA), 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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64
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Samadhiya K, Sangtani R, Nogueira R, Bala K. Insightful Advancement and Opportunities for Microbial Bioplastic Production. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:674864. [PMID: 35058887 PMCID: PMC8763809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impetuous urbanization and population growth are driving increased demand for plastics to formulate impeccable industrial and biomedical commodities. The everlasting nature and excruciating waste management of petroleum-based plastics have catered to numerous challenges for the environment. However, just implementing various end-of-life management techniques for assimilation and recycling plastics is not a comprehensive remedy; instead, the extensive reliance on finite resources needs to be reduced for sustainable production and plastic product utilization. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and algae, are explored substantially for their bioplastic production repertoire, thus replacing fossil-based plastics sooner or later. Nevertheless, the utilization of pure microbial cultures has led to various operational and economical complications, opening the ventures for the usage of mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) consisting of bacteria and algae for sustainable production of bioplastic. The current review is primarily focuses on elaborating the bioplastic production capabilities of different bacterial and algal strains, followed by discussing the quintessence of MMCs. The present state-of-the-art of bioplastic, different types of bacterial bioplastic, microalgal biocomposites, operational factors influencing the quality and quantity of bioplastic precursors, embracing the potential of bacteria-algae consortia, and the current global status quo of bioplastic production has been summarized extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Samadhiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Rimjhim Sangtani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Regina Nogueira
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
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Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
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Rajesh Banu J, Ginni G, Kavitha S, Yukesh Kannah R, Kumar V, Adish Kumar S, Gunasekaran M, Tyagi VK, Kumar G. Polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis using acidogenic fermentative effluents. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2079-2092. [PMID: 34774601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are natural polyesters synthesized by microbes which consume excess amount of carbon and less amount of nutrients. It is biodegradable in nature, and it synthesized from renewable resources. It is considered as a future polymer, which act as an attractive replacement to petrochemical based polymers. The main hindrance to the commercial application of PHA is the high manufacturing cost. This article provides an overview of different cost-effective substrates, their characteristics and composition, major strains involved in economical production of PHA and biosynthetic pathways leading to accumulation of PHA. This review also covers the operational parameters, various fermentative modes including batch, fed-batch, repeated fed-batch and continuous fed-batch systems, along with advanced feeding strategies such as single pulse carbon feeding, feed forward control, intermittent carbon feeding, feast famine conditions to observe their effects for improving PHA synthesis and associated challenges. In addition, it also presents the economic analysis and future perspectives for the commercialization of PHA production process thereby making the process sustainable and lucrative with the possibility of commercial biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India
| | - G Ginni
- Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita College of Engineering and Technology, Amritagiri, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, 629901, India
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627007, India
| | - R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627007, India; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620015, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - S Adish Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627007, India
| | - M Gunasekaran
- Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
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67
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Zhang H, Weng Y. Safety Risks of Plant Fiber/Plastic Composites (PPCs) Intended for Food Contact: A Review of Potential Hazards and Risk Management Measures. TOXICS 2021; 9:343. [PMID: 34941777 PMCID: PMC8707241 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant fiber/plastic composites (PPCs), with the benefits of low cost and easy processing, have been widely used in the production of various food contact products. They are generally considered to be economical and environmentally friendly because of their natural raw materials (plant fibers) and recommended to be one of the ideal alternatives to traditional petrochemical-based plastics. However, in addition to plastic resins and plant fibers, some indispensable additives are involved in the production process of PPCs, which may pose food safety risks. To date, excessive migration of hazardous substances (such as melamine) has been reported in some products made of PPCs, and the safety and applicability of PPCs as food contact materials need to be further studied. In this paper, the main raw materials of PPCs used for food contact are taken as the pointcut to analyze the possible hazards, sources of hazards, and existing risk management measures in various countries. The conclusion shows that PPCs used for food contact may have potential safety risks at present. However, systematic research on migration methods and safety assessment are still insufficient, and further studies are needed regarding the main safety risks and migration patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plastic Hygiene and Safety Quality Evaluation Technology, Beijing 100048, China
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Tamoor M, Samak NA, Jia Y, Mushtaq MU, Sher H, Bibi M, Xing J. Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777727. [PMID: 34917057 PMCID: PMC8670383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of commercial polymers composed of a mixture of polylactic acid and polyethene terephthalate (PLA-PET) in bottles and other packaging materials has caused a massive environmental crisis. The valorization of these contaminants via cost-effective technologies is urgently needed to achieve a circular economy. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA-PET contaminants plays a vital role in environmentally friendly strategies for plastic waste recycling and degradation. In this review, the potential roles of microbial enzymes for solving this critical problem are highlighted. Various enzymes involved in PLA-PET recycling and bioconversion, such as PETase and MHETase produced by Ideonella sakaiensis; esterases produced by Bacillus and Nocardia; lipases produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, Triticum aestivum, and Burkholderia spp.; and leaf-branch compost cutinases are critically discussed. Strategies for the utilization of PLA-PET's carbon content as C1 building blocks were investigated for the production of new plastic monomers and different value-added products, such as cyclic acetals, 1,3-propanediol, and vanillin. The bioconversion of PET-PLA degradation monomers to polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers by Pseudomonas and Halomonas strains was addressed in detail. Different solutions to the production of biodegradable plastics from food waste, agricultural residues, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-accumulating bacteria were discussed. Fuel oil production via PLA-PET thermal pyrolysis and possible hybrid integration techniques for the incorporation of thermostable plastic degradation enzymes for the conversion into fuel oil is explained in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tamoor
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nadia A. Samak
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yunpu Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Mushtaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, China
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Khattab AM, Esmael ME, Farrag AA, Ibrahim MIA. Structural assessment of the bioplastic (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Bacillus flexus Azu-A2 through cheese whey valorization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:319-332. [PMID: 34411615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The demand for the production of biodegradable plastics has significantly increased. Bioplastics have become an essential alternative to the threats of the daily consumable plastics, sourced from fossil fuels, to the environment. Polyhydroxyalkonates (PHAs) are a ubiquitous group of bioderived and biodegradable plastics, however their production is limited by the costs associated mainly with the carbon sources. Herein, this study aims to reduce the PHAs production cost by using a by-product from the dairy industry, i.e., cheese whey (CW), as a sole carbon source. The developed process recruits an aquatic isolate, Bacillus flexus Azu-A2, and is optimized via studying various parameters using the shaking flasks technique. The results showed that the maximum PHA production (0.95 g L-1) and PHA content (20.96%, w/w), were obtained after incubation period 72 h at 45 °C, 100 rpm agitation rate, 50% CWS concentration, pH 8.5, and 1.0 g L-1 ammonium chloride. Physiochemically, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques, emphasized the type of the extracted PHA as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The thermal properties of PHB were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), recording melting transition temperature (Tm) at 170.96 °C. Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) visualized a homogenous microporous structure for the thin PHB biofilm. In essence, this study highlights the ability of Bacillus flexus Azu-A2 to produce a good yield of highly purified PHB at reduced production cost from dairy CW. Consequently, the current study paves the way for an improved whey management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Khattab
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Esmael
- Al-Azhar Center for Fermentation Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Farrag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; Al-Azhar Center for Fermentation Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I A Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt.
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70
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Chang YC, Reddy MV, Imura K, Onodera R, Kamada N, Sano Y. Two-Stage Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Production from Cheese Whey Using Acetobacter pasteurianus C1 and Bacillus sp. CYR1. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8110157. [PMID: 34821723 PMCID: PMC8614810 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese whey (CW) can be an excellent carbon source for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-producing bacteria. Most studies have used CW, which contains high amounts of lactose, however, there are no reports using raw CW, which has a relatively low amount of lactose. Therefore, in the present study, PHA production was evaluated in a two-stage process using the CW that contains low amounts of lactose. In first stage, the carbon source existing in CW was converted into acetic acid using the bacteria, Acetobacter pasteurianus C1, which was isolated from food waste. In the second stage, acetic acid produced in the first stage was converted into PHA using the bacteria, Bacillus sp. CYR-1. Under the condition of without the pretreatment of CW, acetic acid produced from CW was diluted at different folds and used for the production of PHA. Strain CYR-1 incubated with 10-fold diluted CW containing 5.7 g/L of acetic acid showed the higher PHA production (240.6 mg/L), whereas strain CYR-1 incubated with four-fold diluted CW containing 12.3 g/L of acetic acid showed 126 mg/L of PHA. After removing the excess protein present in CW, PHA production was further enhanced by 3.26 times (411 mg/L) at a four-fold dilution containing 11.3 g/L of acetic acid. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, it was confirmed that the PHA produced from the two-stage process is poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). All bands appearing in the FT-IR spectrum and the chemical shifts of NMR nearly matched with those of standard PHB. Based on these studies, we concluded that a two-stage process using Acetobacter pasteurianus C1 and Bacillus sp. CYR-1 would be applicable for the production of PHB using CW containing a low amount of lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Chang
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; (K.I.); (R.O.); (Y.S.)
- Course of Biosystem, Department of Applied Sciences, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-143-46-5757
| | - Motakatla Venkateswar Reddy
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; or
| | - Kazuma Imura
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; (K.I.); (R.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Rui Onodera
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; (K.I.); (R.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Natsumi Kamada
- Course of Biosystem, Department of Applied Sciences, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan;
| | - Yuki Sano
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; (K.I.); (R.O.); (Y.S.)
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71
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Kaniuk Ł, Stachewicz U. Development and Advantages of Biodegradable PHA Polymers Based on Electrospun PHBV Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Other Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5339-5362. [PMID: 34649426 PMCID: PMC8672356 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biodegradable polymeric
biomaterials offer a significant advantage
in disposable or fast-consuming products in medical applications.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)
is an example of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), i.e., one group of
natural polyesters that are byproducts of reactions taking place in
microorganisms in conditions with an excess carbon source. PHA polymers
are a promising material for the production of everyday materials
and biomedical applications. Due to the high number of monomers in
the group, PHAs permit modifications enabling the production of copolymers
of different compositions and with different proportions of individual
monomers. In order to change and improve the properties of polymer
fibers, PHAs are combined with either other natural and synthetic
polymers or additives of inorganic phases. Importantly, electrospun
PHBV fibers and mats showed an enormous potential in both the medical
field (tissue engineering scaffolds, plasters, wound healing, drug
delivery systems) and industrial applications (filter systems, food
packaging). This Review summarizes the current state of the art in
processing PHBV, especially by electrospinning, its degradation processes,
and biocompatibility studies, starting from a general introduction
to the PHA group of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaniuk
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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72
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Li M, Ma Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Chen X, Ye JW, Chen GQ. Tailor-Made Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Reconstructing Pseudomonas Entomophila. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102766. [PMID: 34322928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) containing short- and medium/long-chain-length monomers, abbreviated as SCL-co-MCL/LCL PHAs, generate suitable thermal and mechanical properties. However, SCL-co-MCL/LCL PHAs with carbon chain longer than nine are difficult to synthesize due to the low specificity of PHA synthase PhaC and the lack of either SCL- or MCL/LCL monomer precursor fluxes. This study succeeds in reprogramming a β-oxidation weakened Pseudomonas entomophila containing synthesis pathways of SCL 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (3HB) from glucose and MCL/LCL 3-hydroxyalkanoyl-CoA from fatty acids with carbon chain lengths from 9 to 18, respectively, that are polymerized under a low specificity PhaC61-3 to form P(3HB-co-MCL/LCL 3HA) copolymers. Through rational flux-tuning approaches, the optimized recombinant P. entomophila accumulates 55 wt% poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in 8.4 g L-1 cell dry weight. Combined with weakened β-oxidation, a series of novel P(3HB-co-MCL/LCL 3HA) copolymers with over 60 wt% PHA in 9 g L-1 cell dry weight have been synthesized for the first time. P. entomophila has become a high-performing platform to generate tailor-made new SCL-co-MCL/LCL PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yueyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lizhan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian-Wen Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysts, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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73
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Sundaria N, Upadhyay A, Prasad A, Prajapati VK, Poluri KM, Mishra A. Neurodegeneration & imperfect ageing: Technological limitations and challenges? Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 200:111574. [PMID: 34562507 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is regulated by the protein quality control (PQC) machinery, comprising multiple chaperones and enzymes. Studies suggest that the loss of the PQC mechanisms in neurons may lead to the formation of abnormal inclusions that may lead to neurological disorders and defective aging. The questions could be raised how protein aggregate formation precisely engenders multifactorial molecular pathomechanism in neuronal cells and affects different brain regions? Such questions await thorough investigation that may help us understand how aberrant proteinaceous bodies lead to neurodegeneration and imperfect aging. However, these studies face multiple technological challenges in utilizing available tools for detailed characterizations of the protein aggregates or amyloids and developing new techniques to understand the biology and pathology of proteopathies. The lack of detection and analysis methods has decelerated the pace of the research in amyloid biology. Here, we address the significance of aggregation and inclusion formation, followed by exploring the evolutionary contribution of these structures. We also provide a detailed overview of current state-of-the-art techniques and advances in studying amyloids in the diseased brain. A comprehensive understanding of the structural, pathological, and clinical characteristics of different types of aggregates (inclusions, fibrils, plaques, etc.) will aid in developing future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sundaria
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH‑8 Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India.
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74
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Intasian P, Prakinee K, Phintha A, Trisrivirat D, Weeranoppanant N, Wongnate T, Chaiyen P. Enzymes, In Vivo Biocatalysis, and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling a Circular Economy and Sustainability. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10367-10451. [PMID: 34228428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the rapid growth and development of global industries have depended largely upon the utilization of coal-derived chemicals, and more recently, the utilization of petroleum-based chemicals. These developments have followed a linear economy model (produce, consume, and dispose). As the world is facing a serious threat from the climate change crisis, a more sustainable solution for manufacturing, i.e., circular economy in which waste from the same or different industries can be used as feedstocks or resources for production offers an attractive industrial/business model. In nature, biological systems, i.e., microorganisms routinely use their enzymes and metabolic pathways to convert organic and inorganic wastes to synthesize biochemicals and energy required for their growth. Therefore, an understanding of how selected enzymes convert biobased feedstocks into special (bio)chemicals serves as an important basis from which to build on for applications in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to enable biobased processes that are greener and cleaner for the environment. This review article highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymatic reactions used in converting biobased wastes (lignocellulosic biomass, sugar, phenolic acid, triglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol) and greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into value-added products and discusses the current progress made in their metabolic engineering. The commercial aspects and life cycle assessment of products from enzymatic and metabolic engineering are also discussed. Continued development in the field of metabolic engineering would offer diversified solutions which are sustainable and renewable for manufacturing valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Intasian
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kridsadakorn Prakinee
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Aisaraphon Phintha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Trisrivirat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169, Long-hard Bangsaen, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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75
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White EM, Horn J, Wang S, Crawford B, Ritchie BW, Carraway D, Locklin J. Comparative Study of the Biological Degradation of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) Microbeads in Municipal Wastewater in Environmental and Controlled Laboratory Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11646-11656. [PMID: 34383486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From April to June 2019, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P3(HA)) microbead samples were exposed to an operational wastewater reclamation facility (WWRF) in an aerobic aeration basin in Athens, Georgia. Samples were withdrawn from the facility over a 13-week timeframe, and the particles were examined by Raman microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis/mass spectroscopy (TGA/MS) coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activated sludge from this facility was also used as an inoculum to examine carbon mineralization under controlled respirometry experiments to corroborate biological degradation rates determined from both the environmental and laboratory approach. Respirometry, Raman microscopy, and TGA/MS-DSC methods all measured similar biodegradation timelines for microbeads bound to an epoxy substrate, indicating that the three methods are temporally comparable and may be used to measure material biological degradation. Samples of epoxy-bound P3(HA) microbeads, free microbeads, the P3(HA) film, and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film demonstrated carbon mineralization of 90.0, 89.4, 95.0, and 8.15%, respectively, relative to the cellulose positive control. Using a modified Gompertz growth model, the biological degradation rate coefficients (Rm) were determined for cellulose, P3(HA) film, epoxy-bound P3(HA) microbeads, and free P3(HA) microbeads and found to be 31.6, 30.2, 17.5, and 18.7 mL CO2·g-1·day-1, respectively. Moreover, P3(HA) microbeads can efficiently mineralize in WWRF infrastructure at a rate comparable to cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M White
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- RWDC Industries, 110 Voyles Road, Athens, Georgia 30601, United States
| | - Jessica Horn
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shunli Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Benjamin Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Daniel Carraway
- RWDC Industries, 110 Voyles Road, Athens, Georgia 30601, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Sea-Ice Bacteria Halomonas sp. Strain 363 and Paracoccus sp. Strain 392 Produce Multiple Types of Poly-3-Hydroxyalkaonoic Acid (PHA) Storage Polymers at Low Temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0092921. [PMID: 34160268 PMCID: PMC8357295 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00929-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs) are bacterial storage polymers commonly used in bioplastic production. Halophilic bacteria are industrially interesting organisms, as their salinity tolerance and psychrophilic nature lowers sterility requirements and subsequent production costs. We investigated PHA synthesis in two bacterial strains, Halomonas sp. 363 and Paracoccus sp. 392, isolated from Southern Ocean sea ice and elucidated the related PHA biopolymer accumulation and composition with various approaches, such as transcriptomics, microscopy, and chromatography. We show that both bacterial strains produce PHAs at 4°C when the availability of nitrogen and/or oxygen limited growth. The genome of Halomonas sp. 363 carries three phaC synthase genes and transcribes genes along three PHA pathways (I to III), whereas Paracoccus sp. 392 carries only one phaC gene and transcribes genes along one pathway (I). Thus, Halomonas sp. 363 has a versatile repertoire of phaC genes and pathways enabling production of both short- and medium-chain-length PHA products. IMPORTANCE Plastic pollution is one of the most topical threats to the health of the oceans and seas. One recognized way to alleviate the problem is to use degradable bioplastic materials in high-risk applications. PHA is a promising bioplastic material as it is nontoxic and fully produced and degraded by bacteria. Sea ice is an interesting environment for prospecting novel PHA-producing organisms, since traits advantageous to lower production costs, such as tolerance for high salinities and low temperatures, are common. We show that two sea-ice bacteria, Halomonas sp. 363 and Paracoccus sp. 392, are able to produce various types of PHA from inexpensive carbon sources. Halomonas sp. 363 is an especially interesting PHA-producing organism, since it has three different synthesis pathways to produce both short- and medium-chain-length PHAs.
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Ene N, Vladu MG, Lupescu I, Ionescu AD, Vamanu E. The Production and Analysis of Biodegradable Polymers of Type of Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) by Pseudomonas putida Strain for the Biomedical Engineering. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1109-1117. [PMID: 34375190 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210810114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacteria-synthetized biopolymers under unbalanced growth conditions. These biopolymers are considered potential biomaterials for future applications for their biocompatibility and biodegradable features and potential biomaterials for future applications for their biocompatibility and biodegradable characteristics and their ability to be quickly produced and functionalize with strong mechanical resistance. This article is intended to perform microbial fermentation using Pseudomonas putida strain to show the amount of biopolymers of the type polyhydroxyalkanoates with medium-chain-length (mcl-PHA) obtained depending on the type and quantity of added precursors (glucose and fatty acids). METHODS It is important to understand the microbial interaction and mechanism involved in PHA biosynthetis.For these, several methods were used, such as: obtaining microbial biomass by using a Pseudomonas putida strain able of PHA-producing, analysis of biopolymer production by acetone extraction following the Soxhlet method, purification of biopolymer by methanol-ethanol treatment, followed by the estimation of biomass by spectrophotometric analysis and the measurement of the dry weight of cells and the quantification of the amount of biopolymer produced following the gas chromatographic method (GC). RESULTS The highest PHA yield was obtained using octanoic (17 mL in 2000 mL medium) and hexanoic acids (14 mL in 2000 mL medium) as precursors. Consequently, octanoic acid - octanoic acid, heptanoic acid - nonanoic acid, and octanoic acid - hexanoic acid were the mix of precursors that supported the amount of PHA obtained. CONCLUSION Of the 4 types of structurally related substrate, the strain Pseudomonas putida ICCF 319 prefers the C8 sublayer for an elastomeric PHA's biosynthesis with a composition in which the C8 monomer predominates over C6 and C10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Ene
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăs,ti Blv. 59, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana-Gratiela Vladu
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăs,ti Blv. 59, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Lupescu
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research and Development-ICCF, Vitan Avenue 112, 031299 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Despina Ionescu
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research and Development-ICCF, Vitan Avenue 112, 031299 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mărăs,ti Blv. 59, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Schmid MT, Sykacek E, O'Connor K, Omann M, Mundigler N, Neureiter M. Pilot scale production and evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of P(
3HB
) from
Bacillus megaterium
cultivated on desugarized sugar beet molasses. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian T. Schmid
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Tulln Austria
| | - Eva Sykacek
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Tulln Austria
| | | | - Markus Omann
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH Tulln Austria
| | - Norbert Mundigler
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Tulln Austria
| | - Markus Neureiter
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Tulln Austria
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Sharma S, Sudhakara P, Singh J, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2623. [PMID: 34451161 PMCID: PMC8399915 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the determination of the bioavailability of drugs administered orally, the drugs' solubility and permeability play a crucial role. For absorption of drug molecules and production of a pharmacological response, solubility is an important parameter that defines the concentration of the drug in systemic circulation. It is a challenging task to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs that have poor water solubility. Most drug molecules are either poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous environments. Polymer nanocomposites are combinations of two or more different materials that possess unique characteristics and are fused together with sufficient energy in such a manner that the resultant material will have the best properties of both materials. These polymeric materials (biodegradable and other naturally bioactive polymers) are comprised of nanosized particles in a composition of other materials. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 485 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process, 88 journal articles were found to be eligible, and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials have emerged in the manufacture of therapeutic and pharmacologic devices, such as impermanent implantation and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. Substantial effort has been made in the usage of bio-based polymers for potential pharmacologic and biomedical purposes, including targeted deliveries and drug carriers for regulated drug release. These implementations necessitate unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic, microbiological, metabolic, and degradation characteristics of the materials in order to provide prolific therapeutic treatments. As a result, a broadly diverse spectrum of natural or artificially synthesized polymers capable of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolyzing, or enzyme decomposition are being explored for biomedical purposes. This summary examines the contemporary status of biodegradable naturally and synthetically derived polymers for biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, bioengineering, targeted drug discovery and delivery, implantation, and wound repair and healing. This review presents an insight into a number of the commonly used tissue engineering applications, including drug delivery carrier systems, demonstrated in the recent findings. Due to the inherent remarkable properties of biodegradable and bioactive polymers, such as their antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, certain materials have gained significant interest in recent years. These systems are also actively being researched to improve therapeutic activity and mitigate adverse consequences. In this article, we also present the main drug delivery systems reported in the literature and the main methods available to impregnate the polymeric scaffolds with drugs, their properties, and their respective benefits for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Regional Centre for Extension and Development, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Leather Complex, Kapurthala Road, Jalandhar 144021, India
- PhD Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala, Highway, VPO, Ibban 144603, India
| | - P. Sudhakara
- Regional Centre for Extension and Development, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Leather Complex, Kapurthala Road, Jalandhar 144021, India
| | - Jujhar Singh
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar-Kapurthala, Highway, VPO, Ibban 144603, India;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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De Vela RJ, Wigley K, Baronian K, Gostomski PA. Effect of metabolic uncouplers on the performance of toluene-degrading biotrickling filter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41881-41895. [PMID: 33791957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biomass control potential of three metabolic uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and m-chlorophenol (m-CP)) was tested in biotrickling filters (BTFs) degrading toluene. The experiments employed two types of reactors: a traditional column design and a novel differential BTF (DBTF) reactor developed by De Vela and Gostomski (J Environ Eng 147:04020159, 2021). Uncouplers caused the toluene elimination capacity (EC) (~33 g/m3h for column reactors and ~600 g/m3h for DBTF) to decrease by 15-97% in a dose-dependent fashion. The EC completely recovered in the column reactor in 3 to 13 days, while only partial recovery happened in the DBTF. Short-term (1 to 3 days) true uncoupling was indicated by the 20-160% increase in %CO2 recovery, depending on concentration. FCCP and CCCP increased the pressure drop due to increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production for protection against the uncouplers. The 4.0-mM m-CP weakened the biofilm in the BTF bed, as evidenced by the 130-500% increase in the total organic carbon in the liquid sump of the column and DBTF reactors. Moreover, a microbial shift led to the proliferation of genera that degrade uncouplers, further demonstrating that the uncouplers tested were not a sustainable biomass control strategy in BTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jay De Vela
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Camarines Norte State College, F. Pimentel Avenue, 4600, Daet, Camarines Norte, Philippines.
| | - Kathryn Wigley
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kim Baronian
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter Alan Gostomski
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Muthuraj R, Valerio O, Mekonnen TH. Recent developments in short- and medium-chain- length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Production, properties, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:422-440. [PMID: 34324901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing renewable resource-based plastics with complete biodegradability and a minimal carbon footprint can open new opportunities to effectively manage the end-of-life plastics waste and achieve a low carbon society. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biobased and biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters that accumulate in microorganisms (e.g., bacterial, microalgal, and fungal species) as insoluble and inert intracellular inclusion. The PHAs recovery from microorganisms, which typically involves cell lysis, extraction, and purification, provides high molecular weight and purified polyesters that can be compounded and processed using conventional plastics converting equipment. The physio-chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the PHAs are comparable to traditional synthetic polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene. As a result, it has attracted substantial applications interest in packaging, personal care, coatings, agricultural and biomedical uses. However, PHAs have certain performance limitations (e.g. slow crystallization), and substantially more expensive than many other polymers. As such, more research and development is required to enable them for extensive use. This review provides a critical review of the recent progress achieved in PHAs production using different microorganisms, downstream processing, material properties, processing avenues, recycling, aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Muthuraj
- Worn Again Technologies Ltd, Bio City, Pennyfoot St, NG1 1GF Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Valerio
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Swiontek Brzezinka M, Richert A, Kalwasińska A, Świątczak J, Deja-Sikora E, Walczak M, Michalska-Sionkowska M, Piekarska K, Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B. Microbial degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate with embedded polyhexamethylene guanidine derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:309-318. [PMID: 34310995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate biofilm-forming bacteria that are capable of degrading polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) derivatives. The three types of derivatives incorporated in PHB and their concentration affected the biodegradability of the tested films in both water and compost. The PHMG derivative granular polyethylene wax at the highest concentration significantly inhibited BOD in both environments. At the same time, in water, PHB with PHMG stearate at 1% concentration was also found to inhibit biodegradation but to a lesser extent than PHMG polyethylene wax granulate. Analyzing the values of biofilm abundance and their hydrolytic activity in water, low concentrations of PHMG derivatives (0.2 and 0.6%) slightly inhibited biofilm abundance on the surface of the tested composites. Only granular polyethylene wax PHMG (at 1% concentration) significantly reduced biofilm formation and hydrolase activity in the compost to the greatest extent. Bacteria from biofilm were isolated and identified. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strains belong to Bacillus toyonensis HW1 and Variovorax boronicumulans HK3. Introduction of the tested isolates to the environment can enhance composites degradation. However, this requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinka
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Richert
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kalwasińska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Świątczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Edyta Deja-Sikora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska-Sionkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piekarska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 11, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Lai CY, Wu M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu T, Xia J, Yuan Z, Guo J. Cross-feeding interactions in short chain gaseous alkane-driven perchlorate and selenate reduction. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117215. [PMID: 34020333 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short chain gaseous alkanes (SCGAs) mainly consist of methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). The first three SCGAs have been shown to remove perchlorate (ClO4-) and selenate (SeO42-), yet it is unknown whether C4H10 is available to reduce these contaminants. This study demonstrated that C4H10 fed biofilms were capable of reducing ClO4- and SeO42- to chloride (Cl-) and elemental selenium (Se0), respectively, by employing two independent membrane biofilms reactors (MBfRs). Batch tests showed that C4H10 and oxygen fed biofilms had much higher ClO4- and SeO42- reduction rates and enhanced expression levels of bmoX and pcrA than that without C4H10 or O2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulated in the biofilms when C4H10 was supplied, and they decomposed for driving ClO4- and SeO42- reduction when C4H10 was absent. Moreover, we revisited the literature and found that a cross-feeding pathway seems to be universal in microaerobic SCGA-driven perchlorate and selenate reduction processes. In the ClO4--reducing MBfRs, Mycobacterium primarily conducts C2H6 and C3H8 oxidation in synergy with Dechloromonas who performs perchlorate reduction, while both Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus carried out C4H10 oxidation with perchlorate-respiring Azospira as the partner. In the SeO42--reducing MBfRs, Mycobacterium oxidized C2H6 solely or oxidized C3H8 jointly with Rhodococcus, while Burkholderiaceae likely acted as the selenate-reducing bacterium. When C4H10 was supplied as the electron donor, both Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus conducted C4H10 oxidation in synergy with unknow selenate-reducing bacterium. Collectively, we confirm that from CH4 to C4H10, all SCGAs could be utilized as electron donors for bio-reduction process. These findings offer insights into SCGA-driven bio-reduction processes, and are helpful in establishing SCGA-based technologies for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Lai
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mengxiong Wu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yulu Wang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiongbin Zhang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiahui Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Xia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Angelova GV, Brazkova MS, Krastanov AI. Renewable mycelium based composite - sustainable approach for lignocellulose waste recovery and alternative to synthetic materials - a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 76:431-442. [PMID: 34252997 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The agricultural waste with lignocellulose origin is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants which, because of their high nutritional value, represent an extremely rich resource with significant potential for the production of value added bio-products. This review discusses the applications of higher fungi to upcycle abundant agricultural by-products into more sustainable materials and to promote the transition to a circular economy. It focuses on the main factors influencing the properties and application of mycelium composites - the feedstock, the basidiomycete species and their interaction with the feedstock. During controlled solid state cultivation on various lignocellulose substrates, the basidiomycetes of class Agaricomycetes colonize their surfaces and form a three-dimensional mycelium net. Fungal mycelium secretes enzymes that break down lignocellulose over time and are partially replaced by mycelium. The mycelium adheres to the residual undegraded substrates resulting in the formation of a high-mechanical-strength bio-material called a mycelium based bio-composite. The mycelium based bio-composites are completely natural, biodegradable and can be composted after their cycle of use is completed. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermodynamic characteristics of mycelium based bio-composites are competitive with those of synthetic polymers and allow them to be successfully used in the construction, architecture, and other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galena V Angelova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technology, 26 Maritza Blvd, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya S Brazkova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technology, 26 Maritza Blvd, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albert I Krastanov
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technology, 26 Maritza Blvd, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Paredes GF, Viehboeck T, Lee R, Palatinszky M, Mausz MA, Reipert S, Schintlmeister A, Maier A, Volland JM, Hirschfeld C, Wagner M, Berry D, Markert S, Bulgheresi S, König L. Anaerobic Sulfur Oxidation Underlies Adaptation of a Chemosynthetic Symbiont to Oxic-Anoxic Interfaces. mSystems 2021; 6:e0118620. [PMID: 34058098 PMCID: PMC8269255 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosynthetic symbioses occur worldwide in marine habitats, but comprehensive physiological studies of chemoautotrophic bacteria thriving on animals are scarce. Stilbonematinae are coated by thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. As these nematodes migrate through the redox zone, their ectosymbionts experience varying oxygen concentrations. However, nothing is known about how these variations affect their physiology. Here, by applying omics, Raman microspectroscopy, and stable isotope labeling, we investigated the effect of oxygen on "Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti." Unexpectedly, sulfur oxidation genes were upregulated in anoxic relative to oxic conditions, but carbon fixation genes and incorporation of 13C-labeled bicarbonate were not. Instead, several genes involved in carbon fixation were upregulated under oxic conditions, together with genes involved in organic carbon assimilation, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and urea utilization. Furthermore, in the presence of oxygen, stress-related genes were upregulated together with vitamin biosynthesis genes likely necessary to withstand oxidative stress, and the symbiont appeared to proliferate less. Based on its physiological response to oxygen, we propose that "Ca. T. oneisti" may exploit anaerobic sulfur oxidation coupled to denitrification to proliferate in anoxic sand. However, the ectosymbiont would still profit from the oxygen available in superficial sand, as the energy-efficient aerobic respiration would facilitate carbon and nitrogen assimilation. IMPORTANCE Chemoautotrophic endosymbionts are famous for exploiting sulfur oxidization to feed marine organisms with fixed carbon. However, the physiology of thiotrophic bacteria thriving on the surface of animals (ectosymbionts) is less understood. One longstanding hypothesis posits that attachment to animals that migrate between reduced and oxic environments would boost sulfur oxidation, as the ectosymbionts would alternatively access sulfide and oxygen, the most favorable electron acceptor. Here, we investigated the effect of oxygen on the physiology of "Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti," a gammaproteobacterium which lives attached to marine nematodes inhabiting shallow-water sand. Surprisingly, sulfur oxidation genes were upregulated under anoxic relative to oxic conditions. Furthermore, under anoxia, the ectosymbiont appeared to be less stressed and to proliferate more. We propose that animal-mediated access to oxygen, rather than enhancing sulfur oxidation, would facilitate assimilation of carbon and nitrogen by the ectosymbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F. Paredes
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Environmental Cell Biology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Viehboeck
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Environmental Cell Biology Group, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raymond Lee
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Marton Palatinszky
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela A. Mausz
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- University of Vienna, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Large-Instrument Facility for Environmental and Isotope Mass Spectrometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Maier
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Geosciences, Geography, and Astronomy, Department of Geography and Regional Research, Geoecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marie Volland
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Environmental Cell Biology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hirschfeld
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - David Berry
- University of Vienna, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Markert
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Environmental Cell Biology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena König
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Environmental Cell Biology Group, Vienna, Austria
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86
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Feliksiak K, Solarz D, Guzik M, Zima A, Rajfur Z, Witko T. Vimentin Cytoskeleton Architecture Analysis on Polylactide and Polyhydroxyoctanoate Substrates for Cell Culturing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6821. [PMID: 34201927 PMCID: PMC8268722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA), widely used in bioengineering and medicine, gained popularity due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Natural origin and eco-friendly background encourage the search of novel materials with such features, such as polyhydroxyoctanoate (P(3HO)), a polyester of bacterial origin. Physicochemical features of both P(3HO) and PLA have an impact on cellular response 32, i.e., adhesion, migration, and cell morphology, based on the signaling and changes in the architecture of the three cytoskeletal networks: microfilaments (F-actin), microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF). To investigate the role of IF in the cellular response to the substrate, we focused on vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs), present in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF). VIFs maintain cell integrity and protect it from external mechanical stress, and also take part in the transmission of signals from the exterior of the cell to its inner organelles, which is under constant investigation. Physiochemical properties of a substrate have an impact on cells' morphology, and thus on cytoskeleton network signaling and assembly. In this work, we show how PLA and P(3HO) crystallinity and hydrophilicity influence VIFs, and we identify that two different types of vimentin cytoskeleton architecture: network "classic" and "nutshell-like" are expressed by MEFs in different numbers of cells depending on substrate features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Feliksiak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland; (K.F.); (D.S.)
| | - Daria Solarz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland; (K.F.); (D.S.)
| | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Aneta Zima
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland; (K.F.); (D.S.)
- Jagiellonian Center of Biomedical Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Poland;
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87
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Lhamo P, Behera SK, Mahanty B. Process optimization, metabolic engineering interventions and commercialization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates production - A state-of-the art review. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100136. [PMID: 34132046 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced using renewable resources could be the best alternative for conventional plastics. Despite their incredible potential, commercial production of PHAs remains very low. Nevertheless, sincere attempts have been made by researchers to improve the yield and economic viability of PHA production by utilizing low-cost agricultural or industrial wastes. In this context, the use of efficient microbial culture or consortia, adoption of experimental design to trace ideal growth conditions, nutritional requirements, and intervention of metabolic engineering tools have gained significant attention. This review has been structured to highlight the important microbial sources for PHA production, use of conventional and non-conventional substrates, product optimization using experimental design, metabolic engineering strategies, and global players in the commercialization of PHA in the past two decades. The challenges about PHA recovery and analysis have also been discussed which possess indirect hurdle while expanding the horizon of PHA-based bioplastics. Selection of appropriate microorganism and substrate plays a vital role in improving the productivity and characteristics of PHAs. Experimental design-based bioprocess, use of metabolic engineering tools, and optimal product recovery techniques are invaluable in this dimension. Optimization strategies, which are being explored in isolation, need to be logically integrated for the successful commercialization of microbial PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pema Lhamo
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shishir Kumar Behera
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Biswanath Mahanty
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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88
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Vu DH, Wainaina S, Taherzadeh MJ, Åkesson D, Ferreira JA. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Bacillus megaterium using food waste acidogenic fermentation-derived volatile fatty acids. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2480-2498. [PMID: 34115556 PMCID: PMC8806590 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1935524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High production costs still hamper fast expansion of commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). This problem is greatly related to the cultivation medium which accounts for up to 50% of the whole process costs. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the potential of using volatile fatty acids (VFAs), derived from acidogenic fermentation of food waste, as inexpensive carbon sources for the production of PHAs through bacterial cultivation. Bacillus megaterium could assimilate glucose, acetic acid, butyric acid, and caproic acid as single carbon sources in synthetic medium with maximum PHAs production yields of 9-11%, on a cell dry weight basis. Single carbon sources were then replaced by a mixture of synthetic VFAs and by a VFAs-rich stream from the acidogenic fermentation of food waste. After 72 h of cultivation, the VFAs were almost fully consumed by the bacterium in both media and PHAs production yields of 9-10%, on cell dry weight basis, were obtained. The usage of VFAs mixture was found to be beneficial for the bacterial growth that tackled the inhibition of propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, and valeric acid when these volatile fatty acids were used as single carbon sources. The extracted PHAs were revealed to be polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by characterization methods of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results proved the possibility of using VFAs from acidogenic fermentation of food waste as a cheap substrate to reduce the cost of PHAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh H Vu
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Sweden
| | - Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Sweden
| | | | - Dan Åkesson
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Sweden
| | - Jorge A Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Sweden
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89
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Shah S, Kumar A. Production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates from industrial waste using soil bacterial isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:715-726. [PMID: 33590449 PMCID: PMC8105478 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays when conventional plastic is being looked as a menace, the possibility of it being replaced with polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) which are biodegradable, environment friendly and biocompatible thermoplastics is not remote. PHAs are a fascinating group of biopolyesters stored within the cytoplasm of numerous bacterial cells as energy and carbon reserves. PHAs signify the best promising biological substitute to certain conventional petrochemical plastics which have wide range of applications in different industries such as biomedical sector, packaging, toners for printing, and adhesives for coating, etc. In the present study, PHAs producing bacterial strains were screened by Sudan black B staining and confirmed by Nile blue A staining. Out of forty bacterial strains showing positive results, six bacterial strains exhibited comparatively higher PHAs production. The highest PHAs producing bacterial strain was identified using 16s rRNA sequencing. Optimization of process parameters was performed by using one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. The isolated bacterium was able to synthesize PHAs when various agro-industrial wastes such as domestic kitchen waste, mixed fruit pulp, sugarcane molasses, and waste flour from bread factory were screened as a carbon substrate in the growth medium. The results showed accumulation of 44.5% PHAs of cell dry weight using domestic kitchen waste as carbon substrate. The characterization of biopolymers was performed using FTIR and XRD analysis. The commercial exploitation of results of this study may serve twin purposes of addressing the challenge of high production cost of PHAs being the major constraint in replacing petro-based plastics as well as address the problem of disposal of recurring domestic kitchen waste and other agro-industrial waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Shah
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, India.
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90
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Abstract
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are linear semicrystalline polyesters produced naturally by a wide range of microorganisms for carbon and energy storage. PHAs can be used as replacements for petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in many industrial applications due to their biodegradability, excellent barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties. The overall industrial applications of PHAs are still very limited due to the high production cost and high stiffness and brittleness. Therefore, new novel cost-effective production method must be considered for the new generation of PHAs. One approach is based on using different type feedstocks and biowastes including food byproducts and industrial and manufacturing wastes, can lead to more competitive and cost-effective PHAs products. Modification of PHAs with different function groups such as carboxylic, hydroxyl, amine, epoxy, etc. is also a relatively new approach to create new functional materials with different industrial applications. In addition, blending PHA with biodegradable materials such as polylactide (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), starch, and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is another approach to address the drawbacks of PHAs and will be summarized in this chapter. A series of compatibilizers with different architectures were successfully synthesized and used to improve the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PHAs and PCL. Finer morphology and significantly improvement in the mechanical properties of PHA/PCL blends were observed with a certain type of block compatibilizer. In addition, the improvement in the blend morphology and mechanical properties were found to be strongly influenced by the compatibilizer architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A. Madbouly
- School of Engineering , Behrend College, Pennsylvania State University , Erie , PA 16563 , USA
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91
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Aavani F, Biazar E, Heshmatipour Z, Arabameri N, Kamalvand M, Nazbar A. Applications of bacteria and their derived biomaterials for repair and tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2021; 16:581-605. [PMID: 34030458 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms such as bacteria and their derived biopolymers can be used in biomaterials and tissue regeneration. Various methods have been applied to regenerate damaged tissues, but using probiotics and biomaterials derived from bacteria with improved economic-production efficiency and highly applicable properties can be a new solution in tissue regeneration. Bacteria can synthesize numerous types of biopolymers. These biopolymers possess many desirable properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them good candidates for tissue regeneration. Here, we reviewed different types of bacterial-derived biopolymers and highlight their applications for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Aavani
- Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 15916-34311 Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Group, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Zoheir Heshmatipour
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Arabameri
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mahshad Kamalvand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Group, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, 46841-61167 Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nazbar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13169-43551 Tehran, Iran
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92
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A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Methyl (R)-10-Hydroxystearate and FAMEs from Sewage Scum. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the transesterification of methyl estolides (ME) extracted from the lipid component present in the sewage scum was investigated. Methyl 10-(R)-hydroxystearate (Me-10-HSA) and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) were obtained in a single step. A three-level and four factorial Box–Behnken experimental design were used to study the effects of methanol amounts, catalyst, temperature, and reaction time on the transesterification reaction using aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalysts. AlCl3·6H2O was found quite active as well as conventional homogeneous acid catalysts as HCl. In both cases, a complete conversion of ME into Me-10-HSA and FAMEs was observed. The products were isolated, quantified, and fully characterized. At the end of the process, Me-10-HSA (32.3%wt) was purified through a chromatographic separation and analyzed by NMR. The high enantiomeric excess (ee > 92%) of the R-enantiomer isomer opens a new scenario for the valorization of sewage scum.
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93
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Naser AZ, Deiab I, Darras BM. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17151-17196. [PMID: 35479695 PMCID: PMC9033233 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the fact that petroleum-based plastics are convenient in terms of fulfilling the performance requirements of many applications, they contribute significantly to a number of ecological and environmental problems. Recently, the public awareness of the negative effects of petroleum-based plastics on the environment has increased. The present utilization of natural resources cannot be sustained forever. Furthermore, oil is often subjected to price fluctuations and will eventually be depleted. The increase in the level of carbon dioxide due to the combustion of fossil fuel is causing global warming. Concerns about preservation of natural resources and climate change are considered worldwide motivations for academic and industrial researchers to reduce the consumption and dependence on fossil fuel. Therefore, bio-based polymers are moving towards becoming the favorable option to be utilized in polymer manufacturing, food packaging, and medical applications. This paper represents an overview of the feasibility of both Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as alternative materials that can replace petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of industrial applications. Physical, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of both polymers as well as their permeability and migration properties have been reviewed. Moreover, PLA's recyclability, sustainability, and environmental assessment have been also discussed. Finally, applications in which both polymers can replace petroleum-based plastics have been explored and provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z Naser
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - I Deiab
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - Basil M Darras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Sharjah Sharjah UAE
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94
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Estévez-Alonso Á, Pei R, van Loosdrecht MCM, Kleerebezem R, Werker A. Scaling-up microbial community-based polyhydroxyalkanoate production: status and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124790. [PMID: 33582521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of organic waste and wastewater to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) offers a potential to recover valuable resources from organic waste. Microbial community-based PHA production systems have been successfully applied in the last decade at lab- and pilot-scales, with a total of 19 pilot installations reported in the scientific literature. In this review, research at pilot-scale on microbial community-based PHA production is categorized and subsequently analyzed with focus on feedstocks, enrichment strategies, yields of PHA on substrate, biomass PHA content and polymer characterization. From this assessment, the challenges for further scaling-up of microbial community-based PHA production are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Estévez-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruizhe Pei
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Kleerebezem
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan Werker
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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95
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Fructose-Based Production of Short-Chain-Length and Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate Copolymer by Arctic Pseudomonas sp. B14-6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091398. [PMID: 33925903 PMCID: PMC8123457 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic bacteria employ various mechanisms to survive harsh conditions, one of which is to accumulate carbon and energy inside the cell in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Whole-genome sequencing of a new Arctic soil bacterium Pseudomonas sp. B14-6 revealed two PHA-production-related gene clusters containing four PHA synthase genes (phaC). Pseudomonas sp. B14-6 produced poly(6% 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-94% 3-hydroxyalkanoate) from various carbon sources, containing short-chain-length PHA (scl-PHA) and medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) composed of various monomers analyzed by GC-MS, such as 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyhexanoate, 3-hydroxyoctanoate, 3-hydroxydecanoate, 3-hydroxydodecenoic acid, 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. By optimizing the PHA production media, we achieved 34.6% PHA content using 5% fructose, and 23.7% PHA content using 5% fructose syrup. Differential scanning calorimetry of the scl-co-mcl PHA determined a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 15.3 °C, melting temperature of 112.8 °C, crystallization temperature of 86.8 °C, and 3.82% crystallinity. In addition, gel permeation chromatography revealed a number average molecular weight of 3.6 × 104, weight average molecular weight of 9.1 × 104, and polydispersity index value of 2.5. Overall, the novel Pseudomonas sp. B14-6 produced a polymer with high medium-chain-length content, low Tg, and low crystallinity, indicating its potential use in medical applications.
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96
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Goyal S, Hernández NB, Cochran EW. An update on the future prospects of glycerol polymers. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Nacú B Hernández
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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97
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Mierziak J, Burgberger M, Wojtasik W. 3-Hydroxybutyrate as a Metabolite and a Signal Molecule Regulating Processes of Living Organisms. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030402. [PMID: 33803253 PMCID: PMC8000602 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) as a very important metabolite occurs in animals, bacteria and plants. It is well known that in animals, 3-HB is formed as a product of the normal metabolism of fatty acid oxidation and can therefore be used as an energy source in the absence of sufficient blood glucose. In microorganisms, 3-HB mainly serves as a substrate for the synthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate, which is a reserve material. Recent studies show that in plants, 3-HB acts as a regulatory molecule that most likely influences the expression of genes involved in DNA methylation, thereby altering DNA methylation levels. Additionally, in animals, 3-HB is not only an intermediate metabolite, but also an important regulatory molecule that can influence gene expression, lipid metabolism, neuronal function, and overall metabolic rate. Some of these effects are the direct effects of 3-HB itself, while others are indirect effects, regulated by the metabolites into which 3-HB is converted. One of the most important regulatory functions of 3-HB is the inhibition of the activity of histone deacetylases and thus the epigenetic regulation of many genes. Due to the number of functions of this compound, it also shows promising therapeutic properties.
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98
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Chotchindakun K, Pathom-Aree W, Dumri K, Ruangsuriya J, Pumas C, Pekkoh J. Low Crystallinity of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Bioproduction by Hot Spring Cyanobacterium Cyanosarcina sp. AARL T020. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030503. [PMID: 33800467 PMCID: PMC7999023 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from cyanobacteria is an environmentally friendly biodegradable polymer. The low yield of PHBV’s production is the main hindrance to its sustainable production, and the manipulation of PHBV production processes could potentially overcome this obstacle. The present research investigated evolutionarily divergent cyanobacteria obtained from local environments of Thailand. Among the strains tested, Cyanosarcina sp. AARL T020, a hot spring cyanobacterium, showed a high rate of PHBV accumulation with a fascinating 3-hydroxyvalerate mole fraction. A two-stage cultivation strategy with sole organic carbon supplementation was successful in maximizing cyanobacterial PHBV production. The use of an optimized medium in the first stage of cultivation provided a 4.9-fold increase in biomass production. Subsequently, the addition of levulinic acid in the second stage of cultivation can induce significant biomass and PHBV production. With this strategy, the final biomass production and PHBV productivity were increased by 6.5 and 73.2 fold, respectively. The GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR analyses confirmed that the obtained PHBV consisted of two subunits of 3-hydroxyvaryrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Interestingly, the cyanobacterial PHBV contained a very high 3-hydroxyvalerate mole fraction (94%) exhibiting a low degree of crystallinity and expanding in processability window, which could be applied to polymers for desirable advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipat Chotchindakun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.C.); (W.P.-A.); (C.P.)
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.C.); (W.P.-A.); (C.P.)
| | - Kanchana Dumri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Jetsada Ruangsuriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Functional Food Research Unit, Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.C.); (W.P.-A.); (C.P.)
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.C.); (W.P.-A.); (C.P.)
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-5394-1949
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Silva JB, Pereira JR, Marreiros BC, Reis MA, Freitas F. Microbial production of medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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100
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Investigation of the Physiology of the Obligate Alkaliphilic Bacillus marmarensis GMBE 72 T Considering Its Alkaline Adaptation Mechanism for Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020462. [PMID: 33672214 PMCID: PMC7926669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel extreme obligate alkaliphilic Bacillus marmarensis DSM 21297 is known to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). However, the detailed mechanism of PHB synthesis in B. marmarensis is still unknown. Here, we investigated which metabolic pathways and metabolic enzymes are responsible for PHB synthesis in order to understand the regulatory pathway and optimize PHB synthesis in B. marmarensis. In accordance with the fact that beta-galactosidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and Enoyl-CoA hydratase together with acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lipase were annotated in B. marmarensis according to the RAST server, we used glucose, lactose, and olive oil to understand the preferred metabolic pathway for the PHB synthesis. It was found that B. marmarensis produces PHB from glucose, lactose, and olive oil. However, the highest PHB titer and the highest amount of PHB synthesized per dry cell mass (YP/X) were achieved in the presence of lactose, as compared to glucose and olive oil. Additionally, in the absence of peptone, the amount of PHB synthesized is reduced for each carbon source. Interestingly, none of the carbon sources studied yielded an efficient PHB synthesis, and supplementation of the medium with potassium ions did not enhance PHB synthesis. According to these experimental results and the presence of annotated metabolic enzymes based on the RAST server, PHB accumulation in the cells of B. marmarensis could be improved by the level of the expression of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (1.1.1.157), which increases the production of NADPH. Additionally, the accumulation of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA could enhance the production of PHB in B. marmarensis in the presence of fatty acids. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the regulatory system involved in the control of PHB metabolism of B. marmarensis.
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