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del Campo AB, Aptsiauri N, Méndez R, Zinchenko S, Vales A, Paschen A, Ward S, Ruiz-Cabello F, González-Aseguinolaza G, Garrido F. Efficient recovery of HLA class I expression in human tumor cells after beta2-microglobulin gene transfer using adenoviral vector: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:125-35. [PMID: 19630918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a successful use of a non-replicating adenovirus expressing the wild-type human beta2m gene in recovery of normal human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression in beta2m-null cancer cells. Total loss of HLA class I expression in these cell lines is caused by a mutation in beta2m gene and a loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 15 carrying another copy of that gene. Normal HLA class I expression on the tumour cell surface is critical for the successful outcome of cancer immunotherapy as T cells can only recognize tumour-derived peptides in a complex with self-HLA class I molecules. In this report we characterize the newly generated adenoviral vector AdCMVbeta2m and demonstrate an efficient beta2m gene transfer in tumour cell lines of different histological origin, including melanoma, prostate and colorectal carcinoma. The beta2m re-expression lasted for an extended period of time both in vitro and in vivo in human tumour xenograft transplants. We propose that in a subset of cancer patients with structural defect in beta2m gene or chromosome 15, the adenoviral-mediated recovery (or even increase) of HLA class I expression on tumour cells in combination with vaccination or adoptive T-cell therapy can provide a complementary approach to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B del Campo
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
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52
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Tang Q, Zhang J, Qi B, Shen C, Xie W. Downregulation of HLA class I molecules in primary oral squamous cell carcinomas and cell lines. Arch Med Res 2009; 40:256-63. [PMID: 19608014 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Loss or downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression has been reported in a variety of human tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Expression of HLA class I molecules were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, semi-quantitative Western blot and RT-PCR in 43 tissue samples of primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (pOSCC) from Chinese patients and two OSCC cell lines. RESULTS HLA class I heavy chain of B/C locus and A locus and beta(2-)microglobulin were obviously lost or downregulated in pOSCC with the percentage of 31, 55 and 35% respectively. The expression of HLA B/C, LMP2, LMP7, LMP10 and PA28beta in OSCC cell lines was also presumably reduced in comparison with normal epithelial cell line. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that the downregulation of HLA class I molecules in OSCC was closely associated with the low-efficient transcription and abnormality of post-transcription regulation of HLA class I genes and antigen presentation-related genes. These results can add more light to the mechanism by which OSCC escape from immunological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusha Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease of Education Ministry, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Jiangsu Province, China
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53
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Schwinn N, Vokhminova D, Sucker A, Textor S, Striegel S, Moll I, Nausch N, Tuettenberg J, Steinle A, Cerwenka A, Schadendorf D, Paschen A. Interferon-gamma down-regulates NKG2D ligand expression and impairs the NKG2D-mediated cytolysis of MHC class I-deficient melanoma by natural killer cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1594-604. [PMID: 19089914 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D operates as an activating receptor on natural killer (NK) cells and costimulates the effector function of alphabeta CD8(+) T cells. Ligands of NKG2D, the MHC class I chain-related (MIC) and UL16 binding protein (ULBP) molecules, are expressed on a variety of human tumors, including melanoma. Recent studies in mice demonstrated that NKG2D mediates tumor immune surveillance, suggesting that antitumor immunity in humans could be enhanced by therapeutic manipulation of NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression. However, signals and mechanisms regulating NKG2DL expression still need to be elucidated. Here, we asked whether the proinflammatory cytokine Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) affects NKG2DL expression in melanoma. Cell lines, established from MHC class I-negative and -positive melanoma metastases, predominantly expressed MICA and ULBP2 molecules on their surface. Upon IFN-gamma treatment, expression of MICA, in some cases, also of ULBP2 decreased. Besides melanoma, this observation was made also for glioma cells. Down-regulation of NKG2DL surface expression was dependent on the cytokine dose and the duration of treatment, but was neither due to an intracellular retention of the molecules nor to an increased shedding of ligands from the tumor cell surface. Instead, quantitative RT-PCR revealed a decrease of MICA-specific mRNA levels upon IFN-gamma treatment and siRNA experiments pointed to an involvement of STAT-1 in this process. Importantly, IFN-gamma-treated MHC class I-negative melanoma cells were less susceptible to NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. Our study suggests that IFN-gamma, by down-regulating ligand expression, might facilitate escape of MHC class I-negative melanoma cells from NKG2D-mediated killing by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwinn
- Division of Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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54
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Frecuencias de las pérdidas de heterocigocidad en la región que codifica para HLA en biopsias de pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9015(09)70118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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55
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Carretero R, Romero JM, Ruiz-Cabello F, Maleno I, Rodriguez F, Camacho FM, Real LM, Garrido F, Cabrera T. Analysis of HLA class I expression in progressing and regressing metastatic melanoma lesions after immunotherapy. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:439-47. [PMID: 18545995 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in preclinical studies, it did not show yet significant positive clinical results in humans with only a small number of cancer patients demonstrating objective tumor regression. This poor clinical outcome can be explained by the generation of sophisticated tumor immune escape mechanism, in particular, abnormalities in the expression of HLA class I antigens. We have studied the expression of HLA class I antigens in ten metastatic lesions obtained from a melanoma patient undergoing immunotherapy. Five lesions were obtained after Interferon-alpha-2b treatment and five after autologous vaccination plus BCG (M-VAX). Eight metastases were regressing after immunotherapy while two were progressing. The eight regressing metastases showed high level of HLA class I expression, whereas the two progressing lesions had low levels as measured by real time PCR and immunohistological techniques. These results indicate a strong association between HLA class I expression and progression or regression of the metastatic lesions. Our data support the hypothesis that the level of HLA class I expression is an important parameter of tumor immune escape that needs to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carretero
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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56
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Méndez R, Rodríguez T, Del Campo A, Monge E, Maleno I, Aptsiauri N, Jiménez P, Pedrinaci S, Pawelec G, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Characterization of HLA class I altered phenotypes in a panel of human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:719-29. [PMID: 17934731 PMCID: PMC11030649 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered HLA class I cell surface expression is one of the major mechanisms by which tumor cells escape from T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry-defined phenotypes of lost HLA class I expression have been described in human solid tumors, nut less information is available on melanoma cell lines. OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency and distribution of different types of HLA class I antigen alterations in 91 melanoma cell lines from the European Searchable Tumour Cell and Databank (ESTDAB). METHODS The HLA class I expression was assessed by flow cytometry and HLA genotyping. RESULTS We found various types of HLA class I cell surface alterations in about 67% of the melanoma cell lines. These alterations range from total to selective HLA class I loss due to loss of heterozygosity (LOH), haplotype loss, beta2-microglobulin gene mutation, and/or total or selective down-regulation of HLA class I molecules. The most frequently observed phenotype is down-regulation of HLA-B locus that was reversible after treatment with IFN -gamma. CONCLUSIONS In general, HLA class I alterations in the majority of the cells analyzed were of regulatory nature and could be restored by IFN-gamma. Analysis of the frequency of distinct HLA class I altered phenotypes in these melanoma cell lines revealed specific differences compared to other types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Méndez
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
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57
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Paschen A, Arens N, Sucker A, Greulich-Bode KM, Fonsatti E, Gloghini A, Striegel S, Schwinn N, Carbone A, Hildenbrand R, Cerwenka A, Maio M, Schadendorf D. The coincidence of chromosome 15 aberrations and beta2-microglobulin gene mutations is causative for the total loss of human leukocyte antigen class I expression in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3297-305. [PMID: 16740750 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total loss of surface presentation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, protecting tumor cells from the recognition by cytotoxic host CD8+ T cells, is known to be caused by mutations in the beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) gene. We asked whether abnormalities of chromosome 15, harboring the beta2m gene on 15q21, in addition to beta2m gene mutations, are causative for the HLA class I-negative phenotype of melanoma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To answer this, we established primary cell lines from the beta2m-negative metastatic melanoma tissues of four different patients and analyzed them for beta2m gene mutations and chromosome 15 aberrations, the latter by loss of heterozygosity analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and multicolor FISH. RESULTS Mutations at the beta2m gene level were detected in all cell lines. The loss of heterozygosity analysis of microsatellite markers located on chromosome 15 in three of the four cell lines pointed to an extensive loss of chromosome 15 material. Subsequent molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed the coexistence of apparently normal and rearranged versions of chromosome 15 in three cell lines whereas the fourth cell line solely showed rearranged versions. Two of the four cell lines exhibited a special type of intrachromosomal rearrangement characterized by FISH signals specific for the subtelomeric region of 15q at both ends of the chromosome and one centromeric signal in between. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the complete loss of HLA class I expression in melanoma cells is due to the coincidence of the following mutational events: (a) chromosome 15 instability associated with an extensive loss of genetic material and (b) beta2m gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Skin Cancer Unit of the German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, University Clinics of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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58
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Cabrera T, Maleno I, Collado A, Lopez Nevot MA, Tait BD, Garrido F. Analysis of HLA class I alterations in tumors: choosing a strategy based on known patterns of underlying molecular mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:264-8. [PMID: 17445216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of peptide-based immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer has known limitations in patients with loss or downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression on tumor cells. These alterations diminish the ability of cancer cells to present tumor peptides to T cells and therefore lead to failure of peptide-based cancer vaccination. Abnormal expression of HLA class I molecules in malignant cells is a frequent event that ranges from total loss of class I molecules to partial loss of HLA-specific haplotypes or alleles. Different mechanisms underlie these alterations and might require different therapeutic approaches. A complete characterization of molecular defects may suggest strategies for the selection and follow-up of patients undergoing T-cell based immunotherapy. Moreover, a precise identification of the mechanism leading to HLA class I defects in patients with cancer will help develop new, personalized patient-tailored treatment protocols. Here, we describe several examples showing the necessity and feasibility of making detailed individual analysis of HLA alteration mechanisms based on previously described molecular patterns in different types of malignancy. We recommend using this approach, at least in some patients, to enhance the therapeutic benefit of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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59
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Rodriguez T, Aptsiauri N, Méndez R, Jimenez P, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Different mechanisms can lead to the same altered HLA class I phenotype in tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:259-63. [PMID: 17445215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I plays an important role in tumor recognition and rejection. Total or selective losses of HLA class I antigens (classified into seven HLA class I altered phenotypes) represent one of the main routes of tumor escape from immune surveillance. Abnormal expression of HLA class I has been reported in different human tumor samples with distinct underlying mechanisms. Notably, different molecular mechanisms can generate the same altered HLA class I phenotype. Here, we describe various molecular mechanisms that can lead to HLA total loss or downregulation (phenotype I) in melanoma, colorectal carcinoma and bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rodriguez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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60
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Cabrera T, Lara E, Romero JM, Maleno I, Real LM, Ruiz-Cabello F, Valero P, Camacho FM, Garrido F. HLA class I expression in metastatic melanoma correlates with tumor development during autologous vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:709-17. [PMID: 16960691 PMCID: PMC11030676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying tumor-specific immune response and tumor escape has considerably increased. HLA class I antigen defects remain an important tumor escape mechanism since they influence the interactions between tumor cells and specific T and NK cells in the course of malignant disease. We have studied here HLA class I expression in six subcutaneous metastases obtained from a melanoma patient immunized with an autologous melanoma cell vaccine (M-VAX). We report in this paper that HLA class I antigen expression on these metastatic lesions strongly correlated with the course of the disease. The three metastases that were partially regressing at the time of their excision showed a strong HLA class I expression, whereas the progressing ones showed a very weak or negative staining with most of the anti-HLA class I mAbs used. Real-time quantitative PCR of the samples obtained from microdissected tumor tissue revealed a significant difference in the mRNA levels of HLA-ABC heavy chain and beta2m between the two types of metastases, i.e., lower levels in progressing metastases and high levels in regressing ones, confirming the immunohistological findings. This is, to our knowledge, the first report where the clinical outcome of different HLA class I positive and negative melanoma metastases can be clearly correlated with the regression and progression of the disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ester Lara
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Maleno
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis M. Real
- Departamento de Genómica Estructural, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M. Camacho
- Departamento de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario “Virgen Macarena”, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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61
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Distinct mechanisms of loss of IFN-gamma mediated HLA class I inducibility in two melanoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:34. [PMID: 17319941 PMCID: PMC1808467 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inability of cancer cells to present antigen on the cell surface via MHC class I molecules is one of the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade anti-tumor immunity. Alterations of Jak-STAT components of interferon (IFN)-mediated signaling can contribute to the mechanism of cell resistance to IFN, leading to lack of MHC class I inducibility. Hence, the identification of IFN-γ-resistant tumors may have prognostic and/or therapeutic relevance. In the present study, we investigated a mechanism of MHC class I inducibility in response to IFN-γ treatment in human melanoma cell lines. Methods Basal and IFN-induced expression of HLA class I antigens was analyzed by means of indirect immunofluorescence flow cytometry, Western Blot, RT-PCR, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays). In demethylation studies cells were cultured with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) was used to assay whether IRF-1 promoter binding activity is induced in IFN-γ-treated cells. Results Altered IFN-γ mediated HLA-class I induction was observed in two melanoma cells lines (ESTDAB-004 and ESTDAB-159) out of 57 studied, while treatment of these two cell lines with IFN-α led to normal induction of HLA class I antigen expression. Examination of STAT-1 in ESTDAB-004 after IFN-γ treatment demonstrated that the STAT-1 protein was expressed but not phosphorylated. Interestingly, IFN-α treatment induced normal STAT-1 phosphorylation and HLA class I expression. In contrast, the absence of response to IFN-γ in ESTDAB-159 was found to be associated with alterations in downstream components of the IFN-γ signaling pathway. Conclusion We observed two distinct mechanisms of loss of IFN-γ inducibility of HLA class I antigens in two melanoma cell lines. Our findings suggest that loss of HLA class I induction in ESTDAB-004 cells results from a defect in the earliest steps of the IFN-γ signaling pathway due to absence of STAT-1 tyrosine-phosphorylation, while absence of IFN-γ-mediated HLA class I expression in ESTDAB-159 cells is due to epigenetic blocking of IFN-regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) transactivation.
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62
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Aptsiauri N, Cabrera T, Garcia-Lora A, Lopez-Nevot MA, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. MHC Class I Antigens and Immune Surveillance in Transformed Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 256:139-89. [PMID: 17241907 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)56005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I antigens play a crucial role in the interaction of tumor cells with the host immune system, in particular, in the presentation of peptides as tumor-associated antigens to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and in the regulation of cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. In this review we discuss the role of MHC class I antigens in the recognition and elimination of transformed cells and in the generation of tumor immune escape routes when MHC class I losses occur in tumors. The different altered MHC class I phenotypes and their distribution in different human tumors are the main topic of this review. In addition, molecular defects that underlie MHC alterations in transformed cells are also described in detail. Future research directions in this field are also discussed, including the laboratory analysis of tumor MHC class I-negative variants and the possible restoration of MHC class I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aptsiauri
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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63
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Rajendra S, Ackroyd R, Karim N, Mohan C, Ho JJ, Kutty MK. Loss of human leucocyte antigen class I and gain of class II expression are early events in carcinogenesis: clues from a study of Barrett's oesophagus. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:952-7. [PMID: 16467164 PMCID: PMC1860487 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.031575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) expression is altered in oesophageal carcinomas compared with normal tissue. It is unclear, however, whether this phenotype precedes malignant transformation or results as a consequence of it. AIM To investigate HLA class I and II expression in Barrett's oesophagus and normal squamous oesophageal tissue. METHODS Asian patients with Barrett's oesophagus (n = 64) and a control group (n = 60) with a normal oesophagus but without reflux symptoms were recruited using endoscopic and histopathological criteria. Tissue samples were stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for HLA-ABC, HLA-DR alpha chain or HLA-DP/DQ/DR, and scored semiquantitatively. The results of immunohistochemical staining were correlated with clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients. RESULTS Marked expression of HLA-ABC was observed in 50% of Barrett's oesophagus sections as compared with 68.3% of controls (p = 0.038). HLA-DR staining was seen in 51.6% of Barrett's oesophagus samples versus 11.7% of controls (p<0.001). Expression of HLA-DP/DQ/DR was evident in 73.4% of oesophageal intestinal metaplasia tissue as opposed to 18.3% of controls (p<0.001). Importantly, a total loss of HLA-ABC and a concomitant gain of HLA-DP/DQ/DR expression were seen in 37.5% of patients with Barrett's oesophagus but in none of the controls (p<0.001). Interestingly, this phenotype was associated positively with dysplasia (adjusted p, p* = 0.031) but negatively with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (p* = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS HLA class I expression is down regulated and class II expression is up regulated in Barrett's oesophagus. As these changes predate malignant transformation, altered major histocompatibility complex expression may be a key event in disease progression, possibly in facilitating evasion from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajendra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine, Perak, Malaysia.
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64
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Abstract
In the past decade, basic studies in animal models have begun to elucidate the physiological barriers which impede a successful antitumor immune response. These barriers operate at a number of levels, and involve the tumor, the tumor microenvironment and various components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review, we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which tumors evade an immune response, with an emphasis on clinically relevant strategies to overcome these inhibitory checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA
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65
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Kloor M, Becker C, Benner A, Woerner SM, Gebert J, Ferrone S, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Immunoselective pressure and human leukocyte antigen class I antigen machinery defects in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6418-24. [PMID: 16024646 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In colorectal cancer, the immune response is particularly pronounced against tumors displaying the high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype. MSI-H tumors accumulate mutations affecting microsatellites located within protein encoding regions (coding microsatellites, cMS), which lead to translational shifts of the respective reading frames. Consequently, novel tumor-specific frameshift-derived neopeptides (FSP) are generated and presented by MSI-H tumor cells, thus eliciting effective cytotoxic immune responses. To analyze whether the immunoselective pressure was reflected by the phenotype of MSI-H colorectal cancer cells, we compared here the expression of antigen processing machinery (APM) components and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen subunits in 20 MSI-H and 20 microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer using a panel of newly developed APM component-specific monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we did a systematic analysis of mutations at cMS located within APM genes and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). Total HLA class I antigen loss was observed in 12 (60.0%) of the 20 MSI-H lesions compared with only 6 (30.0%) of the 20 MSS colorectal cancer lesions. Moreover, total loss of membraneous HLA-A staining was significantly more frequent in MSI-H colorectal cancer (P = 0.0024). Mutations at cMS of beta2m and genes encoding APM components (TAP1 and TAP2) were detected in at least 7 (35.0%) of 20 MSI-H colorectal cancers but in none of the MSS colorectal cancers (P = 0.0002). These data show that defects of HLA class I antigen processing and presentation seem to be significantly more frequent in MSI-H than in MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that in MSI-H colorectal cancer the immunoselective pressure leads to the outgrowth of cells with defects of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kloor
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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66
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Carey B, DeLay M, Strasser JE, Chalk C, Dudley-McClain K, Milligan GN, Brunner HI, Thornton S, Hirsch R. A soluble divalent class I MHC/IgG1 fusion protein activates CD8+ T cells in vivo. Clin Immunol 2005; 116:65-76. [PMID: 15925833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize tumor and viral antigens bound to class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). Tumors and viruses may evade detection by preventing antigen presentation. The present study was designed to determine whether a soluble divalent fusion protein, containing the extracellular domains of a class I MHC molecule fused to beta2-microglobulin and the constant domains of IgG1, could induce an immune response in vivo. Administration to mice of the fusion protein loaded with a tumor peptide induced peptide-specific T cell activation and retarded tumor growth. Administration of the fusion protein loaded with a glycoprotein B (gB) peptide derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induced gB-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protected mice from a lethal HSV-1 challenge. These data suggest that antigen-loaded MHC/IgG fusion proteins may enhance T cell immunity in conditions where antigen presentation is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Carey
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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67
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Ortiz Gorraiz M, Vicente Prados FJ, Rosales Leal JL, Honrubia Vílchez B, Martínez Morcillo A, Cózar Olmo JM, Espejo Maldonado E, Tallada Buñuel M. [Survival prognostic factors valuation on a series of 202 patients with surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma]. Actas Urol Esp 2005; 29:179-89. [PMID: 15881917 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(05)73221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe renal cell carcinoma prognostic factors and set up the relationship with survival rates in this neoplasm. Likewise we show epidemiologic, clinical, diagnosis and therapeutic facts. MATERIAL AND METHOD We review 202 patients underwent surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma and the following features were recorded: gender, age and presenting symptoms, especially incidentally discovered tumors; tumor-related factors like TNM tumor stage, tumor grade and venous involvement: therapy-related recorded were surgical techniques and cytokine-based therapy. RESULTS 60% of the patients showed organ-confined disease, 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma presented with nodal positive disease and 7% with systemic metastases. 42% of patients presenting incidental tumor, with survival rates substantially better than that for symptomatic patients. 42% of patients with nodal positive disease presented systemic metastases at diagnosis, and 30% at surveillance. Systemic metastases presented a particularly poor prognosis for patients with renal cell carcinoma, with 12-months survival rates that 0%. Patients with cytokine-related therapy for metastatic disease presented 24-months survival rates that 20%. CONCLUSIONS Renal cell carcinoma remains a major source of mortality, basically at advanced disease (nodal positive disease or systemic disease), without a clear improvement of survival rates despite the newer therapy modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortiz Gorraiz
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada.
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68
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Lurquin C, Lethé B, De Plaen E, Corbière V, Théate I, van Baren N, Coulie PG, Boon T. Contrasting frequencies of antitumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:249-57. [PMID: 15657294 PMCID: PMC2212799 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma patients have high frequencies of T cells directed against antigens of their tumor. The frequency of these antitumor T cells in the blood is usually well above that of the anti-vaccine T cells observed after vaccination with tumor antigens. In a patient vaccinated with a MAGE-3 antigen presented by HLA-A1, we measured the frequencies of anti-vaccine and antitumor T cells in several metastases to evaluate their respective potential contribution to tumor rejection. The frequency of anti-MAGE-3.A1 T cells was 1.5 x 10(-5) of CD8 T cells in an invaded lymph node, sixfold higher than in the blood. An antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognizing a MAGE-C2 antigen showed a much higher enrichment with a frequency of approximately 10%, 1,000 times higher than its blood frequency. Several other antitumor T clonotypes had frequencies >1%. Similar findings were made on a regressing cutaneous metastasis. Thus, antitumor T cells were approximately 10,000 times more frequent than anti-vaccine T cells inside metastases, representing the majority of T cells present there. This suggests that the anti-vaccine CTLs are not the effectors that kill the bulk of the tumor cells, but that their interaction with the tumor generates conditions enabling the stimulation of large numbers of antitumor CTLs that proceed to destroy the tumor cells. Naive T cells appear to be stimulated in the course of this process as new antitumor clonotypes arise after vaccination.
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69
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Dutta N, Majumder D, Gupta A, Mazumder DNG, Banerjee S. Analysis of human lymphocyte antigen class I expression in gastric cancer by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:164-9. [PMID: 15695002 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells have been reported to escape immune surveillance by modulation of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class Ia molecule and/or other accessory molecules like TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) and beta2-M expression. Most of these reports, however, are based on immunohistochemistry techniques with polymorphic- or isotype-specific antibodies. In the present study, we have instead used a locus-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based approach to detect the transcriptional expression of HLA class Ia as well as accessory molecules in gastric cancer. Our results indicate that HLA class Ia transcript is totally absent in only approximately 9% of cancer cases. Locus-specific expression of HLA-A and -B could, however, be detected in approximately 54% cases, whereas HLA-C was expressed in most of the cancer tissues. Interestingly, in some cases where HLA class Ia expression was observed, TAP1 expression could not be detected. Furthermore, we also investigated the frequency of nonclassical or HLA class Ib expression for molecules such as HLA-E and -G. HLA-G transcript was absent in gastric tissues both in cancerous and autologous normal region, whereas HLA-E was observed in a number of gastric cancers. Altogether these selective locus-specific losses of HLA class I along with impaired expression of accessory molecules may explain the complex phenomena by which gastric tumors escape both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte- as well as natural killer cell-mediated immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Dutta
- Biophysics Division, Cancer Centre Welfare Home and Research Institute, Thakurpukur, Kolkata, India
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70
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Chang CC, Campoli M, Restifo NP, Wang X, Ferrone S. Immune selection of hot-spot beta 2-microglobulin gene mutations, HLA-A2 allospecificity loss, and antigen-processing machinery component down-regulation in melanoma cells derived from recurrent metastases following immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:1462-71. [PMID: 15661905 PMCID: PMC2245899 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanty information is available about the mechanisms underlying HLA class I Ag abnormalities in malignant cells exposed to strong T cell-mediated selective pressure. In this study, we have characterized the molecular defects underlying HLA class I Ag loss in five melanoma cell lines derived from recurrent metastases following initial clinical responses to T cell-based immunotherapy. Point mutations in the translation initiation codon (ATG-->ATA) and in codon 31 (TCA-->TGA) of the beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) gene were identified in the melanoma cell lines 1074MEL and 1174MEL, respectively. A hot-spot CT dinucleotide deletion within codon 13-15 was found in the melanoma cell lines 1106MEL, 1180MEL, and 1259MEL. Reconstitution of beta(2)m expression restored HLA class I Ag expression in the five melanoma cell lines; however, the HLA-A and HLA-B,-C gene products were differentially expressed by 1074MEL, 1106MEL, and 1259MEL cells. In addition, in 1259MEL cells, the Ag-processing machinery components calnexin, calreticulin, and low m.w. polypeptide 10 are down-regulated, and HLA-A2 Ags are selectively lost because of a single cytosine deletion in the HLA-A2 gene exon 4. Our results in conjunction with those in the literature suggest the emergence of a preferential beta(2)m gene mutation in melanoma cells following strong T cell-mediated immune selection. Furthermore, the presence of multiple HLA class I Ag defects within a tumor cell population may reflect the accumulation of multiple escape mechanisms developed by melanoma cells to avoid distinct sequential T cell-mediated selective events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Chang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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71
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McKechnie A, Robins RA, Eremin O. Immunological aspects of head and neck cancer: biology, pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms. Surgeon 2005; 2:187-207. [PMID: 15570827 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(04)80001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer and head and neck cancer, in particular, remains a major clinical challenge with its associated morbidity and inevitable mortality. Local control of early disease is achievable in many solid tumours with current surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques but metastatic disease is associated with poor outcome and prognosis. It is known that, by the time of presentation, many patients will already have occult microscopic metastatic disease, and surgery and radiotherapy will not result in long-term survival. What little effect modern chemotherapeutic agents have on microscopic disease is, however, limited by systemic toxicity and multi-drug resistance. Immune surveillance is postulated to be operative in man. There is evidence, however, that patients with progressive tumour growth have failure of host defences both locally and systemically. Various possible defects and tumour escape mechanisms are discussed in the review. Immunotherapy and, in particular adoptive T cell therapy and DC therapy, show promise as putative tumour-specific therapy with clinical benefits. These techniques are undergoing development and evaluation in phase 1 clinical trials. Preliminary data suggest that the treatments are well tolerated. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence of significant and prolonged improvements in clinical outcome. Further developments of beneficial protocols (adjuvants, mode and frequency of vaccination etc) and multicentre studies of the use of immunotherapy in cancer are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKechnie
- Department of Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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72
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Cabrera CM, López-Nevot MA, Jiménez P, Garrido F. Involvement of the chaperone tapasin in HLA-B44 allelic losses in colorectal tumors. Int J Cancer 2005; 113:611-8. [PMID: 15455354 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors can exhibit selective allelic losses of HLA class I antigens as part of altered HLA phenotypes. In colorectal tumors, the HLA class I allele most frequently lost is HLA-B44, although the precise mechanism responsible for this loss has not been described to date. From a total of 95 colorectal cryopreserved tumor samples, we selected (by immunohistochemical staining) 13 tumors with HLA-B44-negative expression. Loss of heterozygosity at 6p21.3 was demonstrated to be the cause of the negative expression in 4 cases. In the remaining 9 cases, structural analyses of microdissected tissue samples of the 3 subtypes of HLA-B44 loss in these tumors (B*4402, B*4403 and B*4405) did not reveal any mutations. However, all 3 subtypes of HLA-B44 presented in this study shared a common characteristic: the presence of an aspartic amino acid residue at position 114 in the HLA class I heavy chain. This residue has been described as determining tapasin dependence for the surface expression of these alleles and therefore for antigen presentation. We studied tapasin transcription by RT-PCR in these tumors and found tapasin downregulation in all 9 tumors samples with the HLA-B44-negative phenotype. In contrast, tapasin was normally transcribed in HLA-B44-positive colorectal tumors samples, as well as in 3 HLA-B44-negative laryngeal carcinomas and 1 bladder tumor. Defective tapasin transcription seems to be an alteration responsible for the absence of HLA-B44 expression in colorectal tumors, thus contributing to the generation of tumor immune escape phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Cabrera
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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73
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Koene GJPA, Arts-Hilkes YHA, van der Ven KJW, Rozemuller EH, Slootweg PJ, de Weger RA, Tilanus MGJ. High level of chromosome 15 aneuploidy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lesions identified by FISH analysis: limited value of beta2-microglobulin LOH analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:452-61. [PMID: 15361122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cancer research, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), defined by microsatellite markers, is frequently used in the identification of gene loss. Especially, genomic alterations in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and the beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) gene on chromosome 15 are of interest regarding their function in the immune system. Because LOH analysis detects any allelic imbalance and not just allelic loss, we evaluated the LOH analysis in 11 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lesions using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The 11 tumors were selected out of 53 HNSCC lesions based upon beta2m LOH analysis and beta2m expression. Centromere 1 and 15 FISH were developed to determine the chromosome 15 copy number. Sequence-based mutation analysis of beta2m was conducted on tumors without beta2m expression; no mutations in the coding sequences were found. For five HNSCC lesions with LOH and beta2m expression, centromere 15 FISH indicated gain rather than loss. In the majority of the 11 HNSCC lesions, FISH showed centromere 1 and 15 heterogeneity throughout the tumor. Moreover, FISH indicated a more complex chromosome 1 and 15 distribution than could be concluded from microsatellite LOH analysis. Our results show that microsatellite LOH analysis does not represent the beta2m gene copy number and support the results obtained from comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies. Conclusions on genomic alterations in tumors cannot be based on LOH data only but depend on the results of immunohistochemical staining, FISH, and CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J P A Koene
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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74
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Atkins D, Breuckmann A, Schmahl GE, Binner P, Ferrone S, Krummenauer F, Störkel S, Seliger B. MHC class I antigen processing pathway defects, ras mutations and disease stage in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:265-73. [PMID: 14750179 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal tumorigenesis has been associated with the progressive acquisition of a variety of genetic alterations. These include mutations of the Ki-ras proto-oncogene in codons 12 and 13, which account for 85% of genetic changes in colorectal cancer. In murine in vitro models of oncogenic transformation, an association between ras-mediated transformation and downregulation of different components of the MHC class I antigen processing machinery (APM) has been described. In order to investigate whether this association also exists in human tumors, 10 cases of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HIN), as well as primary tumors and autologous lymph node metastases from 42 patients with colorectal carcinoma, were monitored by allele-specific restriction analysis for Ki-ras mutations. In parallel, APM component expression and tumor cell proliferation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In comparison to autologous colorectal mucosa, TAP1, LMP2 and tapasin loss was found in 68%, 67% and 80% of HIN, respectively. In contrast, impaired TAP1, LMP2 and tapasin expression was found in 42%, 42% and 63% of primary adenocarcinomas of stage III disease and in 63%, 47% and 79% of the matched lymph node metastases, respectively. More than 60% of colorectal tumor lesions with TAP1, LMP2 and/or tapasin defects displayed Ki-ras mutations. The frequency of TAP1, LMP2 and tapasin loss varied between 33% of primary adenocarcinomas, 40% of HIN to approximately 67% of metastases. These data suggest that i) APM component deficiencies occur more frequently in Ki-ras-mutated colorectal carcinoma lesions and ii) APM abnormalities in conjunction with Ki-ras mutations appear to be associated with disease stage. These findings support the hypothesis that Ki-ras mutations may contribute to immune escape mechanisms of tumors by downregulating the MHC class I APM component expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Atkins
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
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75
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Abstract
Given the vast number of genetic and epigenetic changes associated with carcinogenesis, it is clear that tumors express many neoantigens. A central question in cancer immunology is whether recognition of tumor antigens by the immune system leads to activation (i.e., surveillance) or tolerance. Paradoxically, while strong evidence exists that specific immune surveillance systems operate at early stages of tumorigenesis, established tumors primarily induce immune tolerance. A unifying hypothesis posits that the fundamental processes of cancer progression, namely tissue invasion and metastasis, are inherently proinflammatory and thus activating for innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. To elude immune surveillance, tumors must develop mechanisms that block the elaboration and sensing of proinflammatory danger signals, thereby shifting the balance from activation to tolerance induction. Elucidation of these mechanisms provides new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Pardoll
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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76
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McEvoy CRE, Morley AA, Firgaira FA. Evidence for whole chromosome 6 loss and duplication of the remaining chromosome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:321-5. [PMID: 12759931 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA class I molecules serve the essential immunological function of presenting antigen to CD8+ T lymphocytes. Tumor cells may present tumor-specific antigen to T cells via these molecules, but many tumors show a loss or down-regulation of HLA class I expression and this may serve as an immune escape mechanism. Using a microsatellite marker-based method, we have searched for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) mutations at 3 genomic regions implicated in HLA class I expression in a cohort of 56 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples. The regions analyzed consisted of the HLA class I heavy chain genes located within the MHC genomic region on chromosome arm 6p, the HLA class I light chain (beta-2-microglobulin, B2M) gene on chromosome arm 15q, and the putative HLA modifier of methylation gene (MEMO1) located on chromosome arm 1q. Results revealed low frequencies of B2M (2/55) and MEMO1 (5/42) LOH but a high frequency of MHC LOH (19/56) that was usually associated with whole chromosome 6 loss (13/19). Cytogenetic data were available for 30 samples, including nine of those that exhibited apparent whole chromosome 6 loss. No cases of chromosome 6 monosomy were observed. We propose that whole chromosome 6 loss with reduplication of the remaining chromosome is common in ALL and that it is driven by the presence of tumor-inhibiting factors on chromosome arm 6p (the HLA loci) along with previously localized tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome arm 6q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R E McEvoy
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, Australia.
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77
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Ruiz-Cabello F, Traversari C, Garrido F. Multiple mechanisms are responsible for the alteration in the expression of HLA class I antigens in melanoma. Int J Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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García-Lora A, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F. Tumour immunology, vaccination and escape strategies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 2003; 30:177-83. [PMID: 12786993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.2003.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our increasing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumour cells escape immune effector cells is helping to establish new approaches to therapeutic vaccination against tumour development. One of the escape mechanisms used by tumour cells is the generation of multiple variants with different HLA phenotypes. These MHC class I phenotypic alterations play a key role in the tumour-host scenario, as they are crucial molecules for antigen presentation to T cells and modulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity. This review presents evidence indicating that tumours develop sophisticated MHC phenotypes that allow them to escape immune surveillance. We evaluate the importance of these alterations in terms of the potential development of therapeutic approaches to immune vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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79
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Garcia-Lora A, Algarra I, Garrido F. MHC class I antigens, immune surveillance, and tumor immune escape. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:346-55. [PMID: 12704644 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation in human and experimental animals is not necessarily followed by the appearance of a tumor mass. The immune system of the host can recognize tumor antigens by the presentation of small antigenic peptides to the receptor of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and reject the nascent tumor. However, cancer cells can sometimes escape these specific T-cell immune responses in the course of somatic (genetic and phenotypic) clonal evolution. Among the tumor immune escape mechanisms described to date, the alterations in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a crucial step in tumor development due to the role of MHC antigens in antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes and the regulation of natural killer cell (NK) cell function. In this work, we have (1) updated information on the mechanisms that allow CTLs to recognize tumor antigens after antigen processing by transformed cells, (2) described the altered MHC class I phenotypes that are commonly found in human tumors, (3) summarized the molecular mechanisms responsible for MHC class I alteration in human tumors, (4) provided evidence that these altered human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I phenotypes are detectable as result of a T-cell immunoselection of HLA class I-deficient variants by an immunecompetent host, and (5) presented data indicating the MHC class I phenotype and the immunogenicity of experimental metastatic tumors change drastically when tumors develop in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Garcia-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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80
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Cabrera CM, Jiménez P, Cabrera T, Esparza C, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Total loss of MHC class I in colorectal tumors can be explained by two molecular pathways: beta2-microglobulin inactivation in MSI-positive tumors and LMP7/TAP2 downregulation in MSI-negative tumors. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 61:211-9. [PMID: 12694570 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that lead to loss of MHC class I expression in different types of tumors are not yet fully known. Accordingly, we studied colorectal carcinomas to elucidate the specific mechanisms of evasion of the T-cell immune response. We selected tumors with total loss of MHC class I expression and studied 124 colorectal carcinomas with immunohistochemical staining and anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Fourteen of 124 (11%) tumors exhibited a phenotype with HLA class I total loss. Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis was also carried out in the same tumor samples. The expression of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), HLA-A, B, and C antigens, transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2, low-molecular-weight protein 2 (LMP2), and LMP7 were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in microdissected tumor samples. Four of 14 microsatellite instability-positive (MSI+) and W6/32 mAb-negative tumors showed biallelic inactivation of beta2m and accumulation of HLA class I heavy chain in the cytoplasm. MSI-negative (MSI-)/W6/32 mAb-negative tumors presented alterations in the expression of components of the antigen processing machinery (APM). Nine of 10 tumor samples showed LMP7 gene downregulation, and four of 10 presented TAP2 dysregulation. This group apparently expressed normal levels of heavy chain and beta2m mRNA. Two major mechanisms in colorectal cancer appear to be responsible for the total loss of MHC surface expression (beta2m mutations and LMP7/TAP2 downregulation) that may contribute to the failure of T lymphocyte recognition during an immune response. The precise identification of the molecular defects that underlie HLA class I abnormalities will have important implications for patients receiving T-cell-based specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cabrera
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
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81
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Paschen A, Méndez RM, Jimenez P, Sucker A, Ruiz-Cabello F, Song M, Garrido F, Schadendorf D. Complete loss of HLA class I antigen expression on melanoma cells: a result of successive mutational events. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:759-67. [PMID: 12516095 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the surface expression of HLA class I molecules have been described as a strategy of tumors to evade recognition by cytotoxic T cells. We detected complete loss of HLA class I antigen presentation for 2 tumor cell lines from 1 melanoma patient, the first originated from a regional lymph node lesion diagnosed simultaneously with the primary tumor and the second established 8 months later from a metastatic pleural effusion sample. Antigen presentation was not inducible with IFN-gamma but could be restored after transfection of tumor cells with b2m cDNA, indicating a defect in b2m expression. Analysis of the nature of this defect revealed that it originated from at least 2 mutational events affecting both copies of the b2m gene: a microdeletion of 498 bp in one b2m gene, including its entire exon 1, and a macrodeletion involving the entire copy of the second b2m gene. Microsatellite analysis pointed to the macrodeletion by demonstrating LOH for several specific markers on the long arm (q) of chromosome 15. Structural imbalance of 15q was verified by FISH. FISH studies also indicated the coexistence of a structurally abnormal variant of chromosome 15q with 2 apparently entire chromosomes 15q harboring the homozygous b2m microdeletion. Block of b2m expression in tumor cells builds a barrier to immunotherapy of cancer patients, and its early incidence should be of major consideration in the development and design of immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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82
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Marín R, Ruiz-Cabello F, Pedrinaci S, Méndez R, Jiménez P, Geraghty DE, Garrido F. Analysis of HLA-E expression in human tumors. Immunogenetics 2003; 54:767-75. [PMID: 12618909 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-002-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Revised: 11/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of MHC class Ia molecule expression is a widespread mechanism used by tumor cells to escape antitumor T-cell-mediated immune responses. However, it is not known why NK cells cannot lyse these MHC class-Ia-deficient tumor targets. Tumors must select additional routes of escape from NK cells. An attractive hypothesis is that the aberrant expression of nonclassical HLA class Ia molecules in tumors provides the required inhibitory signal to NK cells, rendering tumor cells resistant to NK lysis. To analyze the possible role of HLA-E molecules in providing tumor cells with an NK escape mechanism, we studied the cell surface expression of this HLA class Ib molecule in a variety of tumor cell lines with well-defined HLA class Ia alterations. Tests were done with the monoclonal antibody 3D12 recognizing cell surface HLA-E molecules. Our results indicate that HLA-E was mainly detected in leukemia-derived cell lines. In addition, HLA-E was detected in tumor cell lines of different origin. This expression was related with the availability of free beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Expression was detected in tumor cell lines showing an imbalance in heavy chain/beta(2)m expression, particularly in tumor cell lines with alterations in the expression of heavy-chain genes. Several lines of evidence favor these conclusions: (1) In the FM55 and NW145 melanoma tumor systems, the reduction in HLA class Ia expression paralleled the increased cell surface detection of HLA-E. (2) A cervical tumor (808) and a melanoma cell line (R22.2) expressing a single HLA-A1 allele also expressed HLA-E. (3) The addition of human beta(2)m to tumor cell lines that expressed the HLA-E(G) allele increased HLA-E cell surface expression. (4) There was no HLA-E cell surface expression in tumor cell lines with total loss of HLA class Ia expression, including cell lines with low transcription of HLA class I heavy chains or with beta(2)m mutations. Our findings suggest that the biological consequences of these cumulative genetic and molecular changes in tumor cells lead to the appearance of HLA-E in a limited number of tumor cell lines with peculiar phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, namely: HLA-class Ia downregulation, free beta(2)m and HLA-E(G) genotype. The aberrant HLA-E expression might be of particular biological relevance in those HLA tumor phenotypes that express a single HLA-A allele when NK inhibition is markedly reduced due to the downregulation of HLA-B and -C alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Marín
- Departmento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Avda. fuerzas Armadas no.2, Spain
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83
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Jordanova ES, Riemersma SA, Philippo K, Schuuring E, Kluin PM. Beta2-microglobulin aberrations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the testis and the central nervous system. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:393-8. [PMID: 12471623 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules are expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells, thereby playing an important role in initiating the cellular anti-tumor immune response. We previously reported that loss of HLA class I expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) and the testis is a common event. Loss of expression and mutations of the light chain of the HLA class I molecule, beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) have been described in a variety of human tumors and cell lines. In our study, we screened 15 DLBCL cases with a combined loss of HLA class I and beta(2)m expression for mutations in the latter gene by direct sequencing. Frame shift mutations in repetitive sequences within the beta(2)m gene leading to loss of functional beta(2)m were detected in 2 cases. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for chromosome 15 exhibited loss of the remaining copy of the beta(2)m gene in both cases but also hemizygous deletions and monosomies in 6 additional cases. Since similar mutations in the beta(2)m gene have been associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), we used 8 markers to study MSI involvement in DLBCL. Low MSI was more frequent (33%) as compared to nodal DLBCL (n=15) but did not correlate with the beta(2)m mutations. Our data indicate that multiple mechanisms lead to downregulation of beta(2)m and concomitant loss of HLA class I expression in DLBCL.
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84
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Miyagi T, Tatsumi T, Takehara T, Kanto T, Kuzushita N, Sugimoto Y, Jinushi M, Kasahara A, Sasaki Y, Hori M, Hayashi N. Impaired expression of proteasome subunits and human leukocyte antigens class I in human colon cancer cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:32-40. [PMID: 12519221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The presentation of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I requires the coordinated expression of numerous components involved in antigen processing and antigen presentation. Tumor cells may alter the expression of these components to decrease HLA class I expression, allowing them to escape immune surveillance. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of these components, including proteasome subunits, and their involvement in the expression of HLA class I in human colon cancer cells. METHODS Four human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116, SW403, LoVo and DLD-1, were used to examine the expression of HLA class I by flow cytometry. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of beta2-microglobulin, heavy chains, transporter subunits, immunoproteasomes subunits and proteasome activator 28 (PA28) subunits. RESULTS Human leukocyte antigen class I was expressed highly in HCT116 and SW403 cells and weakly in LoVo cells, but was not expressed in DLD-1 cells. The DLD-1 cells were deficient in the expression of proteasome subunits including low molecular weight polypeptide proteasome subunit 2 (LMP2), multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1 (MECL-1), PA28alpha and PA28beta, whereas other HLA class I-expressing cell lines expressed all components tested. gamma-Interferon (IFN-gamma) treatment of DLD-1 cells restored the expression of LMP2, MECL-1 and PA28beta, but not the expression of HLA class I. Enforced expression of PA28alpha induced the expression of HLA class I in IFN-gamma-treated DLD-1 cells, but not in untreated DLD-1 cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the impaired expression of proteasome subunits is involved in the loss of HLA class I expression in human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyagi
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics, Internal Medicine and Therapeutics and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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85
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Ochsenbein AF. Principles of tumor immunosurveillance and implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:1043-55. [PMID: 12522443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although antigen loss variants, major histocompatibility (MHC) class I down-regulation, or the expression of inhibitory molecules may explain the failure of immunosurveillance against some tumors, this seems not to apply for many other solid peripheral or lymphohematopoietic tumors. Why then is immunosurveillance so ineffective and can it be improved? This review focuses on one important aspect of tumor immunity, namely the relevance of antigen dose and localization. Immune responses in vivo are induced in organized lymphoid tissues, i.e., in lymph nodes and spleen. The antigen dose that reaches secondary lymphoid organs over time is a crucial parameter that drives antiviral and antitumoral immune responses. Tumors use various strategies to prevent efficient presentation of their antigens in lymphoid organs. A major obstacle to the induction of an endogenous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is the inefficient presentation of tumor antigen on MHC class I molecules of professional antigen-presenting cells. Peripheral solid tumors that develop outside lymphoid organs are, therefore, often ignored by the immune system. In other situations, tumors - especially of lymphohematopoietic origin - may tolerize specific CTLs. Understanding tumor immunosurveillance is key to the design of efficient antitumor vaccines. Attempts to improve immunity to tumors include vaccination strategies to (a) provide the tumor antigen to secondary lymphoid organs using recombinant viruses or dendritic cells as carriers, (b) express costimulatory signals on tumor cells, or (c) improve the efficiency of cross-priming.
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86
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Rivoltini L, Carrabba M, Huber V, Castelli C, Novellino L, Dalerba P, Mortarini R, Arancia G, Anichini A, Fais S, Parmiani G. Immunity to cancer: attack and escape in T lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction. Immunol Rev 2002; 188:97-113. [PMID: 12445284 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells may express antigens which are recognized in a form of HLA/peptide complexes by T cells. The frequency at which different antigens are seen by T cells of melanoma patients and healthy donors was evaluated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/peptide tetramer technology which stains T cells bearing the specific receptor for a given epitope. By this technique, it was found that the majority of metastatic melanoma patients can recognize differentiation antigens (particularly Melan-A/MART-1), whereas such a recognition is scanty in the early phase of the disease and in healthy subjects. Despite the presence of melanoma-specific T cells infiltrating tumor lesions, tumor rejection rarely occurs. Among the different mechanisms of such inefficient antitumor response, this review discusses the possible anti-T-cell counterattack mediated by FasL-positive tumor cells, and shows that FasL is located in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells and is transported in the tumor microenvironment through the release of melanosomes. Additionally, mechanisms of suboptimal T cell activation through tumor cell expression of peptide analogs with antagonist activity are described, together with the possibility of overcoming such anergy induction by the usage of optimized tumor epitopes. Down-modulation of HLA expression by target tumor cells and its multiple mechanisms is also considered. Finally, we discuss the role of inducible nitric oxide synthases in determining the inhibition of apoptosis in melanoma cells, which can make such tumor cells resistant to the T-cell attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Rivoltini
- Units of Human Tumor Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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87
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McEvoy CRE, Seshadri R, Morley AA, Firgaira FA. Frequency and genetic basis of MHC, beta-2-microglobulin and MEMO-1 loss of heterozygosity in sporadic breast cancer. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2002; 60:235-43. [PMID: 12445306 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I molecules are critical factors in T cell recognition of abnormal, including neoplastic, cells. Loss of HLA class I expression phenotypes, as defined by immunohistochemistry-based tests, have been previously described in many types of cancer. Here we describe a microsatellite marker DNA-based loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of three distinct chromosomal regions which have been implicated in HLA class I expression on a cohort of 99 unselected sporadic breast cancer samples. These regions comprise the 4Mb major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p, which contains the HLA class I heavy chain loci and other genes responsible for antigen processing, the HLA class I light chain (beta-2-microglobulin, beta2m) gene on chromosome 15q, and the putative HLA class I modifier of methylation gene (MEMO-1) on chromosome 1p. Additional chromosome 6 markers were also employed to determine the likely genetic mechanism for MHC loss. We show that 25/99 (25%) of samples show allelic loss within the MHC, 28/95 informative samples (29%) show allelic loss of beta2m and 21/76 informative samples (28%) show allelic loss of MEMO-1. Approximately half of the samples are predicted to have compromised HLA class I gene expression due to LOH at one and/or other of these three loci. Sequencing of the remaining beta2m allele in samples displaying beta2m LOH failed to detect any additional intragenic mutations. Analysis of the frequency of samples showing LOH at either 0, 1, 2 or 3 of the genomic regions analyzed suggested clustering of tumors into either 'no loci loss' or '3 loci loss' categories. These results reveal major underlying genetic causes for the high level of HLA class I expression loss seen in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R E McEvoy
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders Medical Center and Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park.
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garrido
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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89
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Ruiz-Cabello F, Cabrera T, Lopez-Nevot MA, Garrido F. Impaired surface antigen presentation in tumors: implications for T cell-based immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:15-24. [PMID: 11926407 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.2001.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of tumor-associated antigens has suggested new possibilities for cancer therapy. However, multiple mechanisms may contribute to the ability of tumor to escape antitumor immune responses. Tumor antigen heterogeneity, modulation of HLA expression and immune suppressive mechanisms may occur at any time during tumor cell progression, and can affect the outcome of therapeutic immune intervention. In particular, the appearance of altered HLA class I phenotypes during tumor development may have important biological and medical implications due to the role of these molecules in T and NK cell functions. Exhaustive tumor tissue studies are necessary before deciding whether a particular patient is suitable for inclusion in T cell-based immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
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90
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Seliger B, Cabrera T, Garrido F, Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen abnormalities and immune escape by malignant cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:3-13. [PMID: 11926409 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.2001.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Johannes Gutenberg University, III. Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany.
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91
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Wu CH, Rastegar M, Gordon J, Safa AR. beta(2)-microglobulin induces apoptosis in HL-60 human leukemia cell line and its multidrug resistant variants overexpressing MRP1 but lacking Bax or overexpressing P-glycoprotein. Oncogene 2001; 20:7006-20. [PMID: 11704825 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2001] [Revised: 07/17/2001] [Accepted: 08/02/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether exogenous beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) can induce apoptosis in the drug sensitive HL-60 leukemia cell line and its drug resistant variants and investigated the molecular mechanism of beta(2)m-induced apoptosis. Our data revealed that beta(2)m is very significantly down-regulated in two multidrug resistant variants of the HL-60 cells: (a) the MRP1-bearing, Bax-deficient HL-60/ADR cell line, and (b) the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing HL-60/VCR cell line. However, exogenous beta(2)m induced similar levels of apoptosis in HL-60 cells and these drug resistant variants. beta(2)m-induced apoptosis in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells was associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) but did not affect Deltapsim in HL-60/ADR cells. Surprisingly, cyclosporin A (CsA), a known inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, inhibited beta(2)m-induced apoptosis in HL-60/ADR cells but not in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells, suggesting that the pro-apoptotic effect of beta(2)m in these cells is not through MPT pore formation. Furthermore, beta(2)m induced the release of cytochrome c and the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells, but not in HL-60/ADR cells. Additionally, Z-VAD-fmk, a general inhibitor of caspases which inhibited cytochrome c release in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells, had no effect on AIF release in any of these cell lines, but inhibited beta(2)m-induced apoptosis in all three cell lines. However, Western blot analysis revealed that caspases-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9 are not activated during beta(2)m-induced apoptosis in these cells. Therefore, beta(2)m-induces apoptosis through an unknown caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway in HL-60 and HL-60/VCR cells and by a Bax-independent, non-mitochondrial, caspase-dependent pathway in HL-60/ADR cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Inducing Factor
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cytochrome c Group/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Flavoproteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- HL-60 Cells/cytology
- HL-60 Cells/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Ion Channels
- Membrane Potentials
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria/physiology
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
- MutS Homolog 3 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
- Vincristine/pharmacology
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/pharmacology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University 1044 West Walnut R4-119, Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
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92
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Serrano A, Tanzarella S, Lionello I, Mendez R, Traversari C, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Rexpression of HLA class I antigens and restoration of antigen-specific CTL response in melanoma cells following 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:243-51. [PMID: 11668505 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface expression of HLA class I/peptide complexes on tumor cells is a key step in the generation of T-cell-based immune responses. Several genetic defects underlying the lack of HLA class I expression have been characterized. Here we describe another molecular mechanism that accounts for the complete absence of HLA class I molecule expression in a tumor line (MSR3-mel) derived from a melanoma patient. Hypermethylation of the MSR3-mel DNA, specifically of HLA-A and -B genes, was identified, which resulted in loss of HLA class I heavy chain transcription. Treatment of MSR3-mel cells with the demethylating agent 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) allowed HLA-A and -B transcription, restoring cell surface expression of HLA class I antigens and tumor cell recognition by MAGE-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The MSR3-mel line was obtained from a metastatic lesion of a nonresponding patient undergoing MAGE-3.A1 T-cell-based peptide immunotherapy. It is tempting to speculate that the hypermethylation-induced lack of HLA class I expression is the cause of the impaired response to vaccination. This study provides the first evidence that DNA hypermethylation is used by human neoplastic cells to switch off HLA class I genes, thus providing a new route of escape from immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serrano
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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93
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Deffrennes V, Vedrenne J, Stolzenberg MC, Piskurich J, Barbieri G, Ting JP, Charron D, Alcaïde-Loridan C. Constitutive expression of MHC class II genes in melanoma cell lines results from the transcription of class II transactivator abnormally initiated from its B cell-specific promoter. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:98-106. [PMID: 11418637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In melanoma cell lines, two different patterns of MHC class II expression have been described, either an IFN gamma-inducible expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DP, with a faint or null expression of HLA-DQ, resembling that described for melanocytes, or a constitutive expression, i.e., IFN-gamma independent, of all three HLA-D isotypes. As this latter phenotype has been associated with a more rapid progression of melanoma tumors, we have analyzed in different melanoma cell lines the molecular mechanisms leading to this abnormal pattern of MHC class II expression. In agreement with the evidence of a coordinate transcription of the HLA-D genes in these cell lines, we have shown the constitutive expression of CIITA (class II transactivator) transcripts, CIITA being known as the master switch of MHC class II expression. Unexpectedly, these transcripts initiate from promoter III of the CIITA gene, a promoter that is mainly used constitutively in B lymphocytes. This expression was further shown to occur through factor(s) acting on the enhancer located upstream of CIITA promoter III, which was previously described in epithelioid cells as an IFN-gamma-response sequence. The hypothesis of a general abnormality of the IFN-gamma transduction pathway was dismissed. Constitutive transcription of CIITA from promoter III having been observed in unrelated melanoma cell lines, we propose the hypothesis that this phenomenon might not be a random event, but could be linked to the neoplasic state of the melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deffrennes
- Unité Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 396, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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94
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Mendez R, Serrano A, Jäger E, Maleno I, Ruiz-Cabello F, Knuth A, Garrido F. Analysis of HLA class I expression in different metastases from two melanoma patients undergoing peptide immunotherapy. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2001; 57:508-19. [PMID: 11556981 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057006508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the HLA class I alterations in five metastases obtained from two patients with melanoma immunized with Melan A/MART-1, tyrosinase and gp100 tumor peptides. All three metastases analyzed in the first patient (NW145) showed a similar HLA class I alteration with a dual population of melanoma cells. One population was HLA class I antigen positive and the other had loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the short arm of chromosome 6 leading to an HLA haplotype loss (A02011, B4007, Cw1). The absence of HLA-A2 antigen may explain why this patient did not develop HLA-A2 restricted, Melan A/MART-1 specificity immunization, since this HLA molecule is the restriction element for the tumor peptides used. However, this HLA-deficient population was not selected after peptide immunotherapy. The primary tumor in this patient presented LOH in region 6q, but only in the vertical growth phase of the lesion, whereas LOH at 6p was observed only in DNA from metastatic material. The second patient (NW16) also presented two metastatic lesions with an identical HLA molecular defect, i.e. HLA B locus downregulation (HLA B51011: serological B51; B1503: serological B70). One lesion expressed the tumor antigen (Melan A/ MART-1), but the other did not. Interestingly, the antigen-positive metastasis regressed after peptide immunotherapy, whereas the other progressed rapidly. These findings provide the first indication that multiple metastases generated in the same host can have identically altered HLA class I phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mendez
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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95
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Phan GQ, Wang E, Marincola FM. T-cell-directed cancer vaccines: mechanisms of immune escape and immune tolerance. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1:511-23. [PMID: 11727522 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.3.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials using vaccines directed toward tumour-associated antigens (TA) have shown the increasing capacity of vaccines to cause immunologic responses. In fact, strongly reactive TA-specific cytolytic T-lymphocytes and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can be identified and expanded ex vivo from patients with metastatic melanoma vaccinated with melanoma-associated antigens. Paradoxically, this strong immunological response does not correlate with clinical tumour regression. Proposed mechanisms responsible for this glaring inconsistency are numerous and varied; systemic immunosuppressive as well as local mechanistic factors are implicated. In this review we will critically evaluate the possible mechanisms that allow tumours to escape immune destruction and be tolerated by the immune system. In addition, strategies that may allow further insight into the biology of tumour rejection are discussed, in the hope of deepening the understanding of this phenomenon and enhancing its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Phan
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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96
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Fernández MA, Ruiz-Cabello F, Oliva MR, Cabrera T, Jimenez P, López Nevot MA, Garrido F. Beta2-microglobulin gene mutation is not a common mechanism of HLA class I total loss in human tumors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 2001; 30:87-92. [PMID: 11043502 DOI: 10.1007/bf02874164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and sixty-two tumor samples were analyzed for HLA class I expression using immunohistological techniques. HLA class I total loss (phenotype no. I) was detected in 31 cases (19%), comprising 20 colorectal, 3 laryngeal, and 2 bladder carcinomas and 6 melanomas. Twenty-one cases were selected for molecular analysis due to a higher proportion of tumor cells versus stroma cells (75%). We investigated whether beta2-microglobulin mutation was responsible for HLA downregulation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing analysis of DNA samples was performed. Alterations were detected only in melanomas M78 (a point mutation in the initiation ATG sequence), M79 (a mutation in codon 31 producing a stop codon), and M34 (a TTCT deletion introducing a termination codon signal). We found no beta2-microglobulin gene mutation in the other 18 samples. Loss of heterozygosity in 15q close to the beta2-microglobulin gene was found in 5 cases. We conclude that HLA class I total loss can frequently occur without beta2-microglobulin gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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97
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Melief CJ, Toes RE, Medema JP, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Offringa R. Strategies for immunotherapy of cancer. Adv Immunol 2001; 75:235-82. [PMID: 10879286 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(00)75006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Cooperation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oncogenic Viruses/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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98
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Palmisano GL, Pistillo MP, Capanni P, Pera C, Nicolò G, Salvi S, Perdelli L, Pasciucco G, Ferrara GB. Investigation of HLA class I downregulation in breast cancer by RT-PCR. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:133-9. [PMID: 11182222 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of HLA class I antigen expression has been reported in a significant proportion of primary breast carcinomas suggesting an escape mechanism from CTL mediated lysis leading to tumor dissemination and metastasis. We have previously reported the biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of HLA total class I (W6/32 mAb), alpha-chain (Q1/28,TP25.99 mAbs) and beta(2)-microglobulin (Namb-1 mAb) subunits expression in 25 primary breast carcinomas. This study at protein level resulted in the observation of three different HLA class I expression patterns by both techniques: high, low, and absent downregulation patterns. To better characterize the HLA class I antigens downregulation we extended such analysis also at RNA level by RT-PCR using HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and beta(2)-microglobulin specific primers either in breast cancer or normal tissues derived from the same patient. None (100%) of the alpha-chain genes analyzed in patient tumor tissues showed significant reduction of expression. In 10 patients out of 25 (40%) the beta(2)-microglobulin gene showed complete loss of expression compared with the corresponding normal tissue counterpart, which showed a constitutive expression, whereas in 2 patients (12.5%) its expression was comparable with the normal counterpart. Sequence analysis at genomic level revealed no defects affecting beta(2)-microglobulin gene in those patients showing lack of expression. Also TAP1 and TAP2 genes expression were investigated in order to confirm or exclude involvement of the MHC class I molecules assembling machinery. The RT-PCR approach mainly confirmed our beta(2)-microglobulin biochemical analysis indicating that in breast cancer specimens it is possible to address the HLA class I gene downregulation as a phenomenon occurring at post-transcriptional level mainly affecting the beta(2)-microglobulin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Palmisano
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics c/o Advanced Biotechnology Center (CBA), University of Genova, Italy
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99
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Ramal LM, Maleno I, Cabrera T, Collado A, Ferron A, Lopez-Nevot MA, Garrido F. Molecular strategies to define HLA haplotype loss in microdissected tumor cells. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:1001-12. [PMID: 11082513 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 6p21 is an important mechanism that generates HLA haplotype loss in various human tumors. This mechanism produces non-reversible HLA-deficient tumor cells that can escape T cell immune responses in peptide-vaccinated cancer patients. However, the exact frequency of this mechanism is still unknown, because contaminating stroma in solid tumor tissues masks the tumor DNA obtained from solid samples. A microdissection technique was applied to 4-8 microm sections of cryopreserved tumor tissues from a group of colorectal and laryngeal carcinomas. Fifteen patients were analyzed for the presence of LOH associated with the beta(2)-microglobulin gene in chromosome 15, and five patients for LOH associated with HLA genes in chromosome 6. In two cases, autologous metastasis tissue samples were also available. The patients were selected for showing an altered HLA class I tumor phenotype as determined by immunohistological techniques. DNA was obtained from this microdissected material and amplified in order to detect the presence or absence of nine previously selected microsatellite markers. HLA sequence based typing (SBT) was also applied to these microdissected DNA samples to define the HLA genotype. Microdissection greatly improved the definition of LOH, with nearly 100% signal reduction in one of the alleles. In addition, this procedure allowed us to detect beta(2)-microglobulin LOH in tumors that expressed some HLA molecules. Our data indicate that this procedure can be successfully applied to microdissected samples from solid tumors, thus enhancing the power and sensitivity of LOH detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ramal
- Department of Analisis Clinicos, Granada, Spain
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100
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Chaperot L, Jacob MC, Molens JP, Manches O, Bensa JC, Plumas J. From the study of tumor cell immunogenicity to the generation of antitumor cytotoxic cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 38:247-63. [PMID: 10830732 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009087016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of the immunogenicity of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) B cells has been investigated in an attempt to support the development of new immunotherapeutic treatments for this disorder, which remains resistant to conventional treatments in most cases. In the present review, we report and discuss our new findings in the field of NHL B cell immunogenicity. One aspect of our work is the description of the expression and functions of membrane molecules associated with antigen presentation. The expression levels of adhesion molecules was measured, and the relevance of this expression to the sensitivity of malignant B cells to cell-mediated lysis was studied. Since the T cell response relies on the expression of both HLA class I and II molecules, we also investigated whether or not these molecules were present at the surface of NHL B cells. Subsequently, we asked whether antitumor CTL and LAK cells could be developed and analyzed the mechanisms of cell lysis involved. Since the generation of a T cell response requires the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, we investigated their in vivo expression and their modulation in vitro during contact with responding T lymphocytes. The understanding of the immunogenicity of NHL B cells has enabled us to develop a new culture protocol to induce antitumor specific autologous CTL. The originality of NHL B cells--unlike most other tumor cells--is to be able to function as antigen presenting cells (APC) and to activate a T cell response in the absence of other professional APC. Over the next few years, these findings should allow the generation of anti-NHL specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy and for the identification of NHL-associated antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chaperot
- Laboratoire de Recherche et de Développement, ETS Isère et Savoie, La Tronche, France.
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