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Brockmann PE, Bruni O, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Reduced sleep spindle activity in children with primary snoring. Sleep Med 2019; 65:142-146. [PMID: 31869690 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitually snoring children are at risk of manifesting disease-related problems even if their sleep studies are overall within normal limits. STUDY OBJECTIVES To compare sleep spindle activity in children with primary snoring and healthy controls. METHODS Sleep spindle activity including analysis of fast and slow spindles (ie, >13 Hz and <13 Hz, respectively) was evaluated in polysomnographic (PSG) recordings of 20 randomly selected children with primary snoring (PS; normal PSG recordings except for objective presence of snoring; 12 boys, mean age 6.5 ± 2.1 years), and 20 age- and gender-matched PSG-confirmed non-snoring controls. RESULTS PS children showed significantly lower spindle indices in all non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages (p < 0.05). In contrast, fast spindles were found in 40% (n = 8) children with PS and in 25% (n = 5) controls. Sleep spindle activity was particularly higher in NREM sleep stage 2 in controls compared PS (76% versus 43% of all marked sleep spindles events in NREM sleep stage 2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children with PS exhibit significantly reduced spindle activity when compared to matched controls. Reduced sleep spindle activity may be an indicator of sleep disruption and, therefore, could be involved in the development of disease-related consequences in snoring children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Brockmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Pediatric Sleep Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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52
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Scarpelli S, Bartolacci C, D'Atri A, Gorgoni M, De Gennaro L. Mental Sleep Activity and Disturbing Dreams in the Lifespan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3658. [PMID: 31569467 PMCID: PMC6801786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep significantly changes across the lifespan, and several studies underline its crucial role in cognitive functioning. Similarly, mental activity during sleep tends to covary with age. This review aims to analyze the characteristics of dreaming and disturbing dreams at different age brackets. On the one hand, dreams may be considered an expression of brain maturation and cognitive development, showing relations with memory and visuo-spatial abilities. Some investigations reveal that specific electrophysiological patterns, such as frontal theta oscillations, underlie dreams during sleep, as well as episodic memories in the waking state, both in young and older adults. On the other hand, considering the role of dreaming in emotional processing and regulation, the available literature suggests that mental sleep activity could have a beneficial role when stressful events occur at different age ranges. We highlight that nightmares and bad dreams might represent an attempt to cope the adverse events, and the degrees of cognitive-brain maturation could impact on these mechanisms across the lifespan. Future investigations are necessary to clarify these relations. Clinical protocols could be designed to improve cognitive functioning and emotional regulation by modifying the dream contents or the ability to recall/non-recall them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bartolacci
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00142 Rome, Italy.
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53
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Cox R, Mylonas DS, Manoach DS, Stickgold R. Large-scale structure and individual fingerprints of locally coupled sleep oscillations. Sleep 2019; 41:5089926. [PMID: 30184179 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations and sleep spindles, the canonical electrophysiological oscillations of nonrapid eye movement sleep, are thought to gate incoming sensory information, underlie processes of sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and are altered in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence of the predominantly local expression of these individual oscillatory rhythms suggests that their cross-frequency interactions may have a similar local component. However, it is unclear whether locally coordinated sleep oscillations exist across the cortex, and whether and how these dynamics differ between fast and slow spindles, and sleep stages. Moreover, substantial individual variability in the expression of both spindles and slow oscillations raises the possibility that their temporal organization shows similar individual differences. Using two nights of multichannel electroencephalography recordings from 24 healthy individuals, we characterized the topography of slow oscillation-spindle coupling. We found that while slow oscillations are highly restricted in spatial extent, the phase of the local slow oscillation modulates local spindle activity at virtually every cortical site. However, coupling dynamics varied with spindle class, sleep stage, and cortical region. Moreover, the slow oscillation phase at which spindles were maximally expressed differed markedly across individuals while remaining stable across nights. These findings both add an important spatial aspect to our understanding of the temporal coupling of sleep oscillations and demonstrate the heterogeneity of coupling dynamics, which must be taken into account when formulating mechanistic accounts of sleep-related memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimitris S Mylonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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54
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Iotchev IB, Kis A, Turcsán B, Tejeda Fernández de Lara DR, Reicher V, Kubinyi E. Age-related differences and sexual dimorphism in canine sleep spindles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10092. [PMID: 31300672 PMCID: PMC6626048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-REM bursts of activity in the sigma range (9-16 Hz) typical of sleep spindles predict learning in dogs, similar to humans and rats. Little is known, however, about the age-related changes in amplitude, density (spindles/minute) and frequency (waves/second) of canine spindles. We investigated a large sample (N = 155) of intact and neutered pet dogs of both sexes, varying in breed and age, searching for spindles in segments of non-REM sleep. We recorded EEG from both a frontal midline electrode (Fz) and a central midline electrode (Cz) in 55.5% of the dogs, in the remaining animals only the Fz electrode was active (bipolar derivation). A similar topography was observed for fast (≥13 Hz) spindle occurrence as in humans (fast spindle number, density on Cz > Fz). For fast spindles, density was higher in females, and increased with age. These effects were more pronounced among intact animals and on Fz. Slow spindle density declined and fast spindle frequency increased with age on Cz, while on Fz age-related amplitude decline was observed. The frequency of fast spindles on Fz and slow spindles on Cz was linked to both sex and neutering, suggesting modulation by sexual hormones. Intact females displayed higher frequencies than males and neutered females. Our findings support the argument that sigma bursts in the canine non-REM sleep are analogous to human sleep spindles, and suggest that slow and fast spindles display different trajectories related to age, of which an increase in frontal fast spindles is unique to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Turcsán
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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55
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Jegou A, Schabus M, Gosseries O, Dahmen B, Albouy G, Desseilles M, Sterpenich V, Phillips C, Maquet P, Grova C, Dang-Vu TT. Cortical reactivations during sleep spindles following declarative learning. Neuroimage 2019; 195:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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56
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Alfano CA. (Re)Conceptualizing Sleep Among Children with Anxiety Disorders: Where to Next? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2019; 21:482-499. [PMID: 30136070 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Children with anxiety disorders (AD) characteristically complain of sleep problems and the extent to which cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for childhood anxiety produce sleep-based improvements is a topic of increasing interest. The current paper reviews available evidence for subjective sleep complaints and objective sleep alterations in children and adolescents with AD, including investigations of potential changes in sleep following anxiety-focused CBT. Despite pervasive complaints of poor sleep, the empirical literature provides minimal evidence for actual sleep-wake alterations in this population of youth and evidence for sleep-based changes following treatment for anxiety is minimal. In line with calls for more comprehensive models of the role of sleep in developmental psychopathology, several fundamental gaps in understanding are described and highlighted as essential avenues for clarifying the nature and consequences of poor quality sleep among youth with clinical levels of anxiety. In a second section of the paper, an emerging body of novel, translational research investigating more intricate sleep-anxiety relationships is introduced with potential implications for both etiological models and treatment design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH), Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Bldg, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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57
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Goldstone A, Willoughby AR, de Zambotti M, Clark DB, Sullivan EV, Hasler BP, Franzen PL, Prouty DE, Colrain IM, Baker FC. Sleep spindle characteristics in adolescents. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:893-902. [PMID: 30981174 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep changes substantially during adolescence; however, our understanding of age-related differences in specific electroencephalographic waveforms during this developmental period is limited. METHOD Sigma power, spindle characteristics and cognitive data were calculated for fast (∼13 Hz) central and slow (∼11 Hz) frontal sleep spindles for a large cross-sectional sample of adolescents (N = 134, aged 12-21 years, from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study). RESULTS Older age (and advanced pubertal development) was associated with lower absolute sigma power and greater fast spindle density, with spindles having a shorter duration and smaller amplitude and occurring at a faster average frequency than at a younger age. Spindle characteristics were not directly associated with cognition. An indirect relationship (age * density) provided some evidence for an association between better episodic memory performance and greater spindle density only for younger adolescents. CONCLUSION Spindle characteristics in adolescents differed according to age, possibly reflecting underlying differences in thalamo-cortical connectivity, and may play a role in episodic memory early in adolescence. SIGNIFICANCE Sleep spindles may serve as a marker of adolescent development, likely reflecting brain maturational status. Investigating specific spindle characteristics, in addition to sigma power, is necessary to fully characterize spindles during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Goldstone
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Duncan B Clark
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brant P Hasler
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter L Franzen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Devin E Prouty
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ian M Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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58
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Merikanto I, Kuula L, Makkonen T, Salmela L, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK. Autistic Traits Are Associated With Decreased Activity of Fast Sleep Spindles During Adolescence. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:401-407. [PMID: 30853050 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Autistic traits present a continuum from mild symptoms to severe disorder and have been associated with a high prevalence of sleep problems. Sleep spindles have a key function in sleep maintenance and in brain plasticity. Previous studies have found decreased spindle activity in clinical autism. Here we examine the associations between the entire range of autistic traits and sleep spindle activity in a nonclinical community cohort of adolescents. METHODS Our cohort is based on 172 adolescents born in 1998 (58.7% girls, mean age = 16.9 years, standard deviation = 0.1), who filled in the adult autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), consisting of total score, and social interaction and attention to details subscales. Participants underwent an ambulatory overnight sleep electroencephalography. Sleep spindles (amplitude, duration, density, and intensity) were automatically detected from stage N2 sleep, and divided to slow and fast spindles. RESULTS Higher AQ total sum and social interaction sum associated with lower fast spindle amplitude and intensity (P < .04). No associations were observed for attention to details. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a higher level of autistic traits in the nonclinical range among generally healthy adolescents associate with similar alterations in sleep spindle activity as observed in many neuropsychiatric conditions, indicating lower sleep-related brain plasticity. This indicates that sleep microstructures form a continuum that follows self-reported symptoms of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Merikanto
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Makkonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Salmela
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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59
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Friedrich M, Mölle M, Friederici AD, Born J. The reciprocal relation between sleep and memory in infancy: Memory-dependent adjustment of sleep spindles and spindle-dependent improvement of memories. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12743. [PMID: 30160012 PMCID: PMC6585722 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindle activity in infants supports their formation of generalized memories during sleep, indicating that specific sleep processes affect the consolidation of memories early in life. Characteristics of sleep spindles depend on the infant's developmental state and are known to be associated with trait-like factors such as intelligence. It is, however, largely unknown which state-like factors affect sleep spindles in infancy. By varying infants' wake experience in a within-subject design, here we provide evidence for a learning- and memory-dependent modulation of infant spindle activity. In a lexical-semantic learning session before a nap, 14- to 16-month-old infants were exposed to unknown words as labels for exemplars of unknown object categories. In a memory test on the next day, generalization to novel category exemplars was tested. In a nonlearning control session preceding a nap on another day, the same infants heard known words as labels for exemplars of already known categories. Central-parietal fast sleep spindles increased after the encoding of unknown object-word pairings compared to known pairings, evidencing that an infant's spindle activity varies depending on its prior knowledge for newly encoded information. Correlations suggest that enhanced spindle activity was particularly triggered, when similar unknown pairings were not generalized immediately during encoding. The spindle increase triggered by previously not generalized object-word pairings, moreover, boosted the formation of generalized memories for these pairings. Overall, the results provide first evidence for a fine-tuned regulation of infant sleep quality according to current consolidation requirements, which improves the infant long-term memory for new experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Friedrich
- Institute of PsychologyHumboldt‐University BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of NeuropsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM)University of LübeckLubeckGermany
| | - Angela D. Friederici
- Department of NeuropsychologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology and Center for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTubingenGermany
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60
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Fang Z, Ray LB, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Brain Activation Time-Locked to Sleep Spindles Associated With Human Cognitive Abilities. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30787863 PMCID: PMC6372948 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) studies have revealed brain activations time-locked to spindles. Yet, the functional significance of these spindle-related brain activations is not understood. EEG studies have shown that inter-individual differences in the electrophysiological characteristics of spindles (e.g., density, amplitude, duration) are highly correlated with “Reasoning” abilities (i.e., “fluid intelligence”; problem solving skills, the ability to employ logic, identify complex patterns), but not short-term memory (STM) or verbal abilities. Spindle-dependent reactivation of brain areas recruited during new learning suggests night-to-night variations reflect offline memory processing. However, the functional significance of stable, trait-like inter-individual differences in brain activations recruited during spindle events is unknown. Using EEG–fMRI sleep recordings, we found that a subset of brain activations time-locked to spindles were specifically related to Reasoning abilities but were unrelated to STM or verbal abilities. Thus, suggesting that individuals with higher fluid intelligence have greater activation of brain regions recruited during spontaneous spindle events. This may serve as a first step to further understand the function of sleep spindles and the brain activity which supports the capacity for Reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Sleep Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Sleep Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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61
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Howell S, Griesbach GS. The interplay between neuroendocrine and sleep alterations following traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2019; 43:327-345. [PMID: 30347624 DOI: 10.3233/nre-182483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep and endocrine disruptions are prevalent after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are likely to contribute to morbidity. OBJECTIVE To describe the interaction between sleep and hormonal regulation following TBI and elucidate the impact that alterations of these systems have on cognitive responses during the posttraumatic chronic period. METHODS Review of preclinical and clinical literature describing long-lasting endocrine dysregulation and sleep alterations following TBI. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and hormones is described. Literature describing co-occurrence between sleep-wake disturbances and hormonal dysregulation will be presented. Review of literature describing cognitive effects of seep and hormones. The cognitive and functional impact of sleep disturbances and hormonal dysregulation is discussed within the context of TBI. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Sleep and hormonal alterations impact cognitive and functional outcome after TBI. Diagnosis and treatment of these disturbances will impact recovery following TBI and should be considered in the post-acute rehabilitative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace S Griesbach
- Centre for Neuro Skills, Encino, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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62
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Sleep spindle and psychopathology characteristics of frequent nightmare recallers. Sleep Med 2018; 50:113-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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63
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Hahn M, Joechner AK, Roell J, Schabus M, Heib DP, Gruber G, Peigneux P, Hoedlmoser K. Developmental changes of sleep spindles and their impact on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities: A longitudinal approach. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12706. [PMID: 30252185 PMCID: PMC6492121 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindles are related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. However, they undergo drastic maturational changes during adolescence. Here we used a longitudinal approach (across 7 years) to explore whether developmental changes in sleep spindle density can explain individual differences in sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. Ambulatory polysomnography was recorded during four nights in 34 healthy subjects (24 female) with two nights (baseline and experimental) at initial recording (age range 8–11 years) and two nights at follow‐up recording (age range 14–18 years). For declarative learning, participants encoded word pairs with a subsequent recall before and after sleep. General cognitive abilities were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Higher slow (11–13 Hz) than fast (13–15 Hz) spindle density at frontal, central, and parietal sites during initial recordings, followed by a shift to higher fast than slow spindle density at central and parietal sites during follow‐up recordings, suggest that mature spindle topography develops throughout adolescence. Fast spindle density increases from baseline to experimental night were positively related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. In addition, we found that the development of fast spindles predicted the improvement in memory consolidation across the two longitudinal measurements, a finding that underlines a crucial role for mature fast spindles for sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. Furthermore, slow spindle changes across adolescence were related to general cognitive abilities, a relationship that could indicate the maturation of frontal networks relevant for efficient cognitive processing. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NXJzm8HbIw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuMQY1OIJ0s
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hahn
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Joechner
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Judith Roell
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik Pj Heib
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Siesta Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit affiliated at CRCN - Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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64
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Fogel SM, Ray LB, Sergeeva V, De Koninck J, Owen AM. A Novel Approach to Dream Content Analysis Reveals Links Between Learning-Related Dream Incorporation and Cognitive Abilities. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1398. [PMID: 30127760 PMCID: PMC6088287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Can dreams reveal insight into our cognitive abilities and aptitudes (i.e., "human intelligence")? The relationship between dream production and trait-like cognitive abilities is the foundation of several long-standing theories on the neurocognitive and cognitive-psychological basis of dreaming. However, direct experimental evidence is sparse and remains contentious. On the other hand, recent research has provided compelling evidence demonstrating a link between dream content and new learning, suggesting that dreams reflect memory processing during sleep. It remains to be investigated whether the extent of learning-related dream incorporation (i.e., the semantic similarity between waking experiences and dream content) is related to inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities. The relationship between pre-post sleep memory performance improvements and learning-related dream incorporation was investigated (N = 24) to determine if this relationship could be explained by inter-individual differences in intellectual abilities (e.g., reasoning, short term memory (STM), and verbal abilities). The extent of dream incorporation using a novel and objective method of dream content analysis, employed a computational linguistic approach to measure the semantic relatedness between verbal reports describing the experience on a spatial (e.g., maze navigation) or a motor memory task (e.g., tennis simulator) with subsequent hypnagogic reverie dream reports and waking "daydream" reports, obtained during a daytime nap opportunity. Consistent with previous studies, the extent to which something new was learned was related (r = 0.47) to how richly these novel experiences were incorporated into the content of dreams. This was significant for early (the first 4 dream reports) but not late dreams (the last 4 dream reports). Notably, here, we show for the first time that the extent of this incorporation for early dreams was related (r = 0.41) to inter-individual differences in reasoning abilities. On the other hand, late dream incorporation was related (r = 0.46) to inter-individual differences in verbal abilities. There was no relationship between performance improvements and intellectual abilities, and thus, inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities did not mediate the relationship between performance improvements and dream incorporation; suggesting a direct relationship between reasoning abilities and dream incorporation. This study provides the first evidence that learning-related dream production is related to inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M. Fogel
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura B. Ray
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Valya Sergeeva
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph De Koninck
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian M. Owen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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65
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A daytime nap enhances visual working memory performance and alters event-related delay activity. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1105-1120. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
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67
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Reynolds C, Short M, Gradisar M. Sleep spindles and cognitive performance across adolescence: A meta-analytic review. J Adolesc 2018; 66:55-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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68
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Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology 2018; 91:e112-e122. [PMID: 29875224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether spindle activity differs in young children with and without autism. METHODS We investigated differences in spindle density, duration, and oscillatory features in 135 young children with autism, developmental delay without autism (DD), or typical development (TD) and secondarily assessed the dimensional relationship between spindle density and both cognitive ability and social functioning. RESULTS Compared to TD, both spindle density (Cohen d 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.37) and duration (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.15-1.01) were significantly decreased in autism. Spindle density was also significantly reduced in autism compared to DD (Cohen d 0.61, 95% CI 0.13-1.09). Decreased spindle frequency in autism compared to both TD (Cohen d 0.47, 95% CI 0.04-0.90) and DD (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.10-1.06) did not survive correction. The DD group did not differ significantly from the TD group on any spindle parameter. These results, suggesting a relationship between spindle density and autism but not DD, were further illustrated in exploratory analyses, wherein nonverbal ratio IQ (RIQ) and the Vineland Socialization domain standard score were strongly correlated with spindle density in the full sample (r = 0.33, p ≤ 001 and r = 0.41, p ≤ 001, respectively) but not within group. After nonverbal RIQ was accounted for, the relationship between spindle density and Vineland Socialization remained statistically significant (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). However, Vineland Socialization scores accounted for the relationship between spindle density and nonverbal RIQ (r = 0.04, p = 0.67). CONCLUSION In a large cohort of young children with autism, spindle density was reduced compared to groups of age-matched children with DD or TD. Alterations in the maturational trajectory of spindles may provide valuable insight into the neurophysiologic differences related to behavior in disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan A Farmer
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Priyanka Chilakamarri
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Audrey E Thurm
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Susan E Swedo
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ashura W Buckley
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington.
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69
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Krishnan GP, Rosen BQ, Chen JY, Muller L, Sejnowski TJ, Cash SS, Halgren E, Bazhenov M. Thalamocortical and intracortical laminar connectivity determines sleep spindle properties. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006171. [PMID: 29949575 PMCID: PMC6039052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are brief oscillatory events during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Spindle density and synchronization properties are different in MEG versus EEG recordings in humans and also vary with learning performance, suggesting spindle involvement in memory consolidation. Here, using computational models, we identified network mechanisms that may explain differences in spindle properties across cortical structures. First, we report that differences in spindle occurrence between MEG and EEG data may arise from the contrasting properties of the core and matrix thalamocortical systems. The matrix system, projecting superficially, has wider thalamocortical fanout compared to the core system, which projects to middle layers, and requires the recruitment of a larger population of neurons to initiate a spindle. This property was sufficient to explain lower spindle density and higher spatial synchrony of spindles in the superficial cortical layers, as observed in the EEG signal. In contrast, spindles in the core system occurred more frequently but less synchronously, as observed in the MEG recordings. Furthermore, consistent with human recordings, in the model, spindles occurred independently in the core system but the matrix system spindles commonly co-occurred with core spindles. We also found that the intracortical excitatory connections from layer III/IV to layer V promote spindle propagation from the core to the matrix system, leading to widespread spindle activity. Our study predicts that plasticity of intra- and inter-cortical connectivity can potentially be a mechanism for increased spindle density as has been observed during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giri P. Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Burke Q. Rosen
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosciences, UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jen-Yung Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lyle Muller
- Computational Neurobiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Sydney S. Cash
- Dept. of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric Halgren
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosciences, UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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70
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Yordanova J, Kolev V, Bruns E, Kirov R, Verleger R. Sleep Spindles in the Right Hemisphere Support Awareness of Regularities and Reflect Pre-Sleep Activations. Sleep 2018; 40:4104557. [PMID: 28958008 PMCID: PMC5806558 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The present study explored the sleep mechanisms which may support awareness of hidden regularities. Methods Before sleep, 53 participants learned implicitly a lateralized variant of the serial response-time task in order to localize sensorimotor encoding either in the left or right hemisphere and induce implicit regularity representations. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded at multiple electrodes during both task performance and sleep, searching for lateralized traces of the preceding activity during learning. Sleep EEG analysis focused on region-specific slow (9-12 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) sleep spindles during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Results Fast spindle activity at those motor regions that were activated during learning increased with the amount of postsleep awareness. Independently of side of learning, spindle activity at right frontal and fronto-central regions was involved: there, fast spindles increased with the transformation of sequence knowledge from implicit before sleep to explicit after sleep, and slow spindles correlated with individual abilities of gaining awareness. These local modulations of sleep spindles corresponded to regions with greater presleep activation in participants with postsleep explicit knowledge. Conclusions Sleep spindle mechanisms are related to explicit awareness (1) by tracing the activation of motor cortical and right-hemisphere regions which had stronger involvement already during learning and (2) by recruitment of individually consolidated processing modules in the right hemisphere. The integration of different sleep spindle mechanisms with functional states during wake collectively supports the gain of awareness of previously experienced regularities, with a special role for the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yordanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Kolev
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Eike Bruns
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roumen Kirov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rolf Verleger
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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71
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Koo PC, Mölle M, Marshall L. Efficacy of slow oscillatory‐transcranial direct current stimulation on
EEG
and memory – contribution of an inter‐individual factor. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:812-823. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chai Koo
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg 66 23562 Lübeck Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Rostock University Medical Centre Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg 66 23562 Lübeck Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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72
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Schilling C, Gappa L, Schredl M, Streit F, Treutlein J, Frank J, Deuschle M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Rietschel M, Witt SH. Fast sleep spindle density is associated with rs4680 (Val108/158Met) genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Sleep 2018; 41:4791869. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schilling
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lena Gappa
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schredl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Deuschle
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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73
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Genzel L, Pawlowski M, Steiger A, Bódizs R, Dresler M. The sleep EEG spectrum is a sexually dimorphic marker of general intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18070. [PMID: 29273758 PMCID: PMC5741768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the EEG spectrum in sleep relies on genetic and anatomical factors and forms an individual "EEG fingerprint". Spectral components of EEG were shown to be connected to mental ability both in sleep and wakefulness. EEG sleep spindle correlates of intelligence, however, exhibit a sexual dimorphism, with a more pronounced association to intelligence in females than males. In a sample of 151 healthy individuals, we investigated how intelligence is related to spectral components of full-night sleep EEG, while controlling for the effects of age. A positive linear association between intelligence and REM anterior beta power was found in females but not males. Transient, spindle-like "REM beta tufts" are described in the EEG of healthy subjects, which may reflect the functioning of a recently described cingular-prefrontal emotion and motor regulation network. REM sleep frontal high delta power was a negative correlate of intelligence. NREM alpha and sigma spectral power correlations with intelligence did not unequivocally remain significant after multiple comparisons correction, but exhibited a similar sexual dimorphism. These results suggest that the neural oscillatory correlates of intelligence in sleep are sexually dimorphic, and they are not restricted to either sleep spindles or NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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74
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van Schalkwijk FJ, Sauter C, Hoedlmoser K, Heib DPJ, Klösch G, Moser D, Gruber G, Anderer P, Zeitlhofer J, Schabus M. The effect of daytime napping and full-night sleep on the consolidation of declarative and procedural information. J Sleep Res 2017; 28:e12649. [PMID: 29271015 PMCID: PMC6378597 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many studies investigating sleep and memory consolidation have evaluated full-night sleep rather than alternative sleep periods such as daytime naps. This multi-centre study followed up on, and was compared with, an earlier full-night study (Schabus et al., 2004) investigating the relevance of daytime naps for the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. Seventy-six participants were randomly assigned to a nap or wake group, and performed a declarative word-pair association or procedural mirror-tracing task. Performance changes from before to after a 90-min retention interval filled with sleep or quiet wakefulness were evaluated between groups. Associations between performance changes, sleep architecture, spindles, and slow oscillations were investigated. For the declarative task we observed a trend towards stronger forgetting across a wake period compared with a nap period, and a trend towards memory increase over the full-night. For the procedural task, accuracy was significantly decreased following daytime wakefulness, showed a trend to increase with a daytime nap, and significantly increased across full-night sleep. For the nap protocol, neither sleep stages, spindles, nor slow oscillations predicted performance changes. A direct comparison of day and nighttime sleep revealed that daytime naps are characterized by significantly lower spindle density, but higher spindle activity and amplitude compared with full-night sleep. In summary, data indicate that daytime naps protect procedural memories from deterioration, whereas full-night sleep improves performance. Given behavioural and physiological differences between day and nighttime sleep, future studies should try to characterize potential differential effects of full-night and daytime sleep with regard to sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J van Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Sauter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P J Heib
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Klösch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Anderer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Zeitlhofer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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75
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Sergeeva V, Viczko J, Ray LB, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Sleep-dependent motor sequence memory consolidation in individuals with periodic limb movements. Sleep Med 2017; 40:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Shaw JJ, Monaghan P. Lateralised sleep spindles relate to false memory generation. Neuropsychologia 2017; 107:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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Circadian preference towards morningness is associated with lower slow sleep spindle amplitude and intensity in adolescents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14619. [PMID: 29097698 PMCID: PMC5668430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual circadian preference types and sleep EEG patterns related to spindle characteristics, have both been associated with similar cognitive and mental health phenotypes. However, no previous study has examined whether sleep spindles would differ by circadian preference. Here, we explore if spindle amplitude, density, duration or intensity differ by circadian preference and whether these associations are moderated by spindle location, frequency, and time distribution across the night. The participants (N = 170, 59% girls; mean age = 16.9, SD = 0.1 years) filled in the shortened 6-item Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. We performed an overnight sleep EEG at the homes of the participants. In linear mixed model analyses, we found statistically significant lower spindle amplitude and intensity in the morning as compared to intermediate (P < 0.001) and evening preference groups (P < 0.01; P > 0.06 for spindle duration and density). Spindle frequency moderated the associations (P < 0.003 for slow (<13 Hz); P > 0.2 for fast (>13 Hz)). Growth curve analyses revealed a distinct time distribution of spindles across the night by the circadian preference: both spindle amplitude and intensity decreased more towards morning in the morning preference group than in other groups. Our results indicate that circadian preference is not only affecting the sleep timing, but also associates with sleep microstructure regarding sleep spindle phenotypes.
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78
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Iotchev IB, Kis A, Bódizs R, van Luijtelaar G, Kubinyi E. EEG Transients in the Sigma Range During non-REM Sleep Predict Learning in Dogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12936. [PMID: 29021536 PMCID: PMC5636833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are phasic bursts of thalamo-cortical activity, visible in the cortex as transient oscillations in the sigma range (usually defined in humans as 12-14 or 9-16 Hz). They have been associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation and sleep stability in humans and rodents. Occurrence, frequency, amplitude and duration of sleep spindles co-vary with age, sex and psychiatric conditions. Spindle analogue activity in dogs has been qualitatively described, but never quantified and related to function. In the present study we used an adjusted version of a detection method previously validated in children to test whether detections in the dogs show equivalent functional correlates as described in the human literature. We found that the density of EEG transients in the 9-16 Hz range during non-REM sleep relates to memory and is characterized by sexual dimorphism similarly as in humans. The number of transients/minute was larger in the learning condition and for female dogs, and correlated with the increase of performance during recall. It can be concluded that in dogs, automatic detections in the 9-16 Hz range, in particular the slow variant (<13 Hz), are functional analogues of human spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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79
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Friedrich M, Wilhelm I, Mölle M, Born J, Friederici AD. The Sleeping Infant Brain Anticipates Development. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2374-2380.e3. [PMID: 28756948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From the age of 3 months, infants learn relations between objects and co-occurring words [1]. These very first representations of object-word pairings in infant memory are considered as non-symbolic proto-words comprising specific visual-auditory associations that can already be formed in the first months of life [2-5]. Genuine words that refer to semantic long-term memory have not been evidenced prior to 9 months of age [6-9]. Sleep is known to facilitate the reorganization of memories [9-14], but its impact on the perceptual-to-semantic trend in early development is unknown. Here we explored the formation of word meanings in 6- to 8-month-old infants and its reorganization during the course of sleep. Infants were exposed to new words as labels for new object categories. In the memory test about an hour later, generalization to novel category exemplars was tested. In infants who took a short nap during the retention period, a brain response of 3-month-olds [1] was observed, indicating generalizations based on early developing perceptual-associative memory. In those infants who napped longer, a semantic priming effect [15, 16] usually found later in development [17-19] revealed the formation of genuine words. The perceptual-to-semantic shift in memory was related to the duration of sleep stage 2 and to locally increased sleep spindle activity. The finding that, after the massed presentation of several labeled category exemplars, sleep enabled even 6-month-olds to create semantic long-term memory clearly challenges the notion that immature brain structures are responsible for the typically slower lexical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Friedrich
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, PO Box 1931, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 1, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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80
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Horváth K, Hannon B, Ujma PP, Gombos F, Plunkett K. Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12587. [PMID: 28722249 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of studies demonstrate that sleep has a facilitating role in memory consolidation (see Rasch & Born, ). Whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation is also apparent in infants in their first few months of life has not been investigated. We demonstrate that 3-month-old infants only remember a cartoon face approximately 1.5-2 hours after its first presentation when a period of sleep followed learning. Furthermore, habituation time, that is, the time to become bored with a stimulus shown repetitively, correlated negatively with the density of infant sleep spindles, implying that processing speed is linked to specific electroencephalographic components of sleep. Our findings show that without a short period of sleep infants have problems remembering a newly seen face, that sleep enhances memory consolidation from a very early age, highlighting the importance of napping in infancy, and that infant sleep spindles may be associated with some aspects of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Horváth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Hannon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter P Ujma
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kim Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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81
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Sleep spindle characteristics in overweight adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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82
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Khalsa S, Hale JR, Goldstone A, Wilson RS, Mayhew SD, Bagary M, Bagshaw AP. Habitual sleep durations and subjective sleep quality predict white matter differences in the human brain. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 3:17-25. [PMID: 31236500 PMCID: PMC6575574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-imposed short sleep durations are increasingly commonplace in society, and have considerable health and performance implications for individuals. Reduced sleep duration over multiple nights has similar behavioural effects to those observed following acute total sleep deprivation, suggesting that lack of sleep affects brain function cumulatively. A link between habitual sleep patterns and functional connectivity has previously been observed, and the effect of sleep duration on the brain's intrinsic functional architecture may provide a link between sleep status and cognition. However, it is currently not known whether differences in habitual sleep patterns across individuals are related to changes in the brain's white matter, which underlies structural connectivity. In the present study we use diffusion-weighted imaging and a group comparison application of tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) to investigate changes to fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in relation to sleep duration and quality, hypothesising that white matter metrics would be positively associated with sleep duration and quality. Diffusion weighted imaging data was acquired from a final cohort of 33 (23-29 years, 10 female, mean 25.4 years) participants. Sleep patterns were assessed for a 14 day period using wrist actigraphs and sleep diaries, and subjective sleep quality with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Median splits based on total sleep time and PSQI were used to create groups of shorter/longer and poorer/better sleepers, whose imaging data was compared using TBSS followed by post-hoc correlation analysis in regions identified as significantly different between the groups. There were significant positive correlations between sleep duration and FA in the left orbito-frontal region and the right superior corona radiata, and significant negative correlations between sleep duration and MD in right orbito-frontal white matter and the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Improved sleep quality was positively correlated with FA in left caudate nucleus, white matter tracts to the left orbito-frontal region, the left anterior cingulum bundle and the white matter tracts associated with the right operculum and insula, and negatively correlated with MD in left orbito-frontal white matter and the left anterior cingulum bundle. Our findings suggest that reduced cumulative total sleep time (cTST) and poorer subjective sleep quality are associated with subtle white matter micro-architectural changes. The regions we identified as being related to habitual sleep patterns were restricted to the frontal and temporal lobes, and the functions they support are consistent with those which have previously been demonstrated as being affected by short sleep durations (e.g., attention, cognitive control, memory). Examining how inter-individual differences in brain structure are related to habitual sleep patterns could help to shed light on the mechanisms by which sleep habits are associated with brain function, behaviour and cognition, as well as potentially the networks and systems responsible for variations in sleep patterns themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakh Khalsa
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanne R Hale
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Rebecca S Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Manny Bagary
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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83
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Wilhelm I, Groch S, Preiss A, Walitza S, Huber R. Widespread reduction in sleep spindle activity in socially anxious children and adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 88:47-55. [PMID: 28086128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases typically emerging during childhood and adolescence. Biological vulnerabilities such as a protracted maturation of prefrontal cortex functioning together with heightened reactivity of the limbic system leading to increased emotional reactivity are discussed as factors contributing to the emergence and maintenance of SAD. Sleep slow wave activity (SWA, 0.75-4.5 Hz) and sleep spindle activity (9-16 Hz) reflect processes of brain maturation and emotion regulation. We used high-density electroencephalography to characterize sleep SWA and spindle activity and their relationship to emotional reactivity in children and adolescents suffering from SAD and healthy controls (HC). Subjectively rated arousal was assessed using an emotional picture-word association task. SWA did not differ between socially anxious and healthy participants. We found a widespread reduction in fast spindle activity (13-16 Hz) in SAD patients compared to HC. SAD patients rated negative stimuli to be more arousing and these arousal ratings were negatively correlated with fast spindle activity. These results suggest electrophysiological alterations that are evident at an early stage of psychopathology and that are closely linked to one core symptom of anxiety disorders such as increased emotional reactivity. The role of disturbed GABAergic neurotransmission is discussed as an underlying factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wilhelm
- University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Groch
- University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Preiss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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84
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Fast sleep spindle reduction in schizophrenia and healthy first-degree relatives: association with impaired cognitive function and potential intermediate phenotype. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:213-224. [PMID: 27565806 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies in patients with schizophrenia reported a marked reduction in sleep spindle activity. To investigate whether the reduction may be linked to genetic risk of the illness, we analysed sleep spindle activity in healthy volunteers, patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives, who share an enriched set of schizophrenia susceptibility genes. We further investigated the correlation of spindle activity with cognitive function in first-degree relatives and whether spindle abnormalities affect both fast (12-15 Hz) and slow (9-12 Hz) sleep spindles. We investigated fast and slow sleep spindle activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in a total of 47 subjects comprising 17 patients with schizophrenia, 13 healthy first-degree relatives and 17 healthy volunteers. Groups were balanced for age, gender, years of education and estimated verbal IQ. A subsample of relatives received additional testing for memory performance. Compared to healthy volunteers, fast spindle density was reduced in patients with schizophrenia and healthy first-degree relatives following a pattern consistent with an assumed genetic load for schizophrenia. The deficit in spindle density was specific to fast spindles and was associated with decreased memory performance. Our findings indicate familial occurrence of this phenotype and thus support the hypothesis that deficient spindle activity relates to genetic liability for schizophrenia. Furthermore, spindle reductions predict impaired cognitive function and are specific to fast spindles. This physiological marker should be further investigated as an intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. It could also constitute a target for drug development, especially with regard to cognitive dysfunction.
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85
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Wislowska M, Heib DPJ, Griessenberger H, Hoedlmoser K, Schabus M. Individual baseline memory performance and its significance for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1556/2053.1.2016.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wislowska
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P. J. Heib
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hermann Griessenberger
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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86
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Younes M. The case for using digital EEG analysis in clinical sleep medicine. SLEEP SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41606-016-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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87
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Fang Z, Sergeeva V, Ray LB, Viczko J, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Sleep Spindles and Intellectual Ability: Epiphenomenon or Directly Related? J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:167-182. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sleep spindles—short, phasic, oscillatory bursts of activity that characterize non-rapid eye movement sleep—are one of the only electrophysiological oscillations identified as a biological marker of human intelligence (e.g., cognitive abilities commonly assessed using intelligence quotient tests). However, spindles are also important for sleep maintenance and are modulated by circadian factors. Thus, the possibility remains that the relationship between spindles and intelligence quotient may be an epiphenomenon of a putative relationship between good quality sleep and cognitive ability or perhaps modulated by circadian factors such as morningness–eveningness tendencies. We sought to ascertain whether spindles are directly or indirectly related to cognitive abilities using mediation analysis. Here, we show that fast (13.5–16 Hz) parietal but not slow (11–13.5 Hz) frontal spindles in both non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep and slow wave sleep are directly related to reasoning abilities (i.e., cognitive abilities that support “fluid intelligence,” such as the capacity to identify complex patterns and relationships and the use of logic to solve novel problems) but not verbal abilities (i.e., cognitive abilities that support “crystalized intelligence”; accumulated knowledge and experience) or cognitive abilities that support STM (i.e., the capacity to briefly maintain information in an available state). The relationship between fast spindles and reasoning abilities is independent of the indicators of sleep maintenance and circadian chronotype, thus suggesting that spindles are indeed a biological marker of cognitive abilities and can serve as a window to further explore the physiological and biological substrates that give rise to human intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- 1Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart M. Fogel
- 1Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- 2University of Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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88
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Lunsford-Avery JR, Krystal AD, Kollins SH. Sleep disturbances in adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and framework for future research. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 50:159-174. [PMID: 27969004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological mechanisms underlying symptom and prognostic heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unclear. Sleep impacts neurocognition and daytime functioning and is disrupted in ADHD, yet little is known about sleep in ADHD during adolescence, a period characterized by alterations in sleep, brain structure, and environmental demands as well as diverging ADHD trajectories. METHODS A systematic review identified studies published prior to August 2016 assessing sleep in adolescents (aged 10-19years) with ADHD or participating in population-based studies measuring ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were identified (19 subjective report, 6 using actigraphy/polysomnography). Findings are mixed but overall suggest associations between sleep disturbances and 1) ADHD symptoms in the population and 2) poorer clinical, neurocognitive, and functional outcomes among adolescents with ADHD. Common limitations of studies included small or non-representative samples, non-standardized sleep measures, and cross-sectional methodology. CONCLUSIONS Current data on sleep in adolescent ADHD are sparse and limited by methodological concerns. Future studies are critical for clarifying a potential role of sleep in contributing to heterogeneity of ADHD presentation and prognosis. Potential mechanisms by which sleep disturbances during adolescence may contribute to worsened symptom severity and persistence of ADHD into adulthood and an agenda to guide future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lunsford-Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States
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89
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Manoach DS, Pan JQ, Purcell SM, Stickgold R. Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:599-608. [PMID: 26602589 PMCID: PMC4833702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit. Sleep spindles, a defining thalamocortical oscillation of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep, correlate with IQ and are thought to promote long-term potentiation and enhance memory consolidation. We review evidence that reduced spindle activity in SZ is an endophenotype that impairs sleep-dependent memory consolidation, contributes to symptoms, and is a novel treatment biomarker. Studies showing that spindles can be pharmacologically enhanced in SZ and that increasing spindles improves memory in healthy individuals suggest that treating spindle deficits in patients with SZ may improve cognition. Spindle activity is highly heritable, and recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified SZ risk genes that may contribute to spindle deficits and illuminate their mechanisms. For example, the SZ risk gene CACNA1I encodes a calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the thalamic spindle generator and plays a critical role in spindle activity based on a mouse knockout. Future genetic studies of animals and humans can delineate the role of this and other genes in spindles. Such cross-disciplinary research, by forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to proteins and cellular functions to endophenotypes, cognitive impairments, symptoms, and diagnosis, has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of SZ. This review highlights the importance of deficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits of SZ and implicates reduced sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
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90
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Nader RS, Murkar AL, Smith CT. Sleep Changes in Adolescents Following Procedural Task Training. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1555. [PMID: 27766089 PMCID: PMC5053091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that some of the inter-individual variation in sleep spindle activity is due to innate learning ability. Sleep spindles have also been observed to vary following learning in both young and older adults. We examined the effect of procedural task acquisition on sleep stages and on sleep spindles in an adolescent sample. Participants were 32 adolescents (17 females) between the ages of 12 and 19 years. Spindle activity was examined in three different frequency ranges: 11.00–13.50 Hz (slow), 13.51–16.00 Hz (fast), and 16.01–18.50 Hz (superfast). No changes in spindle density were observed after successful learning of the pursuit rotor task. This result was in contrast to a number of studies reporting spindle density increases following successful learning. In the present study, participants who successfully learned the task showed no changes in their sleep stage proportions, but participants who were not successful showed a decrease in the proportion of stage 2 and increases in both SWS and REM sleep. We suggest that these changes in the sleep stages are consistent with the two stage model of sleep and memory proposed by Smith et al. (2004a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Nader
- Department of Psychology, Trent University Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony L Murkar
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carlyle T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Trent University Peterborough, ON, Canada
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91
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Takeuchi S, Murai R, Shimazu H, Isomura Y, Mima T, Tsujimoto T. Spatiotemporal Organization and Cross-Frequency Coupling of Sleep Spindles in Primate Cerebral Cortex. Sleep 2016; 39:1719-35. [PMID: 27397568 PMCID: PMC4989261 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The sleep spindle has been implicated in thalamic sensory gating, cortical development, and memory consolidation. These multiple functions may depend on specific spatiotemporal emergence and interactions with other spindles and other forms of brain activity. Therefore, we measured sleep spindle cortical distribution, regional heterogeneity, synchronization, and phase relationships with other electroencephalographic components in freely moving primates. METHODS Transcortical field potentials were recorded from Japanese monkeys via telemetry and were analyzed using the Hilbert-Huang transform. RESULTS Spindle (12-20 Hz) current sources were identified over a wide region of the frontoparietal cortex. Most spindles occurred independently in their own frequency, but some appeared concordant between cortical areas with frequency interdependence, particularly in nearby regions and bilaterally symmetrical regions. Spindles in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appeared around the surface-positive and depth-negative phase of transcortically recorded slow oscillations (< 1 Hz), whereas centroparietal spindles emerged around the opposite phase. The slow-oscillation phase reversed between the prefrontal and central regions. Gamma activities increased before spindle onset. Several regional heterogeneities in properties of human spindles were replicated in the monkeys, including frequency, density, and inter-cortical time lags, although their topographic patterns were different from those of humans. The phase-amplitude coupling between spindle and gamma activity was also replicated. CONCLUSIONS Spindles in widespread cortical regions are possibly driven by independent rhythm generators, but are temporally associated to spindles in other regions and to slow and gamma oscillations by corticocortical and thalamocortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Takeuchi
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rie Murai
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimazu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Tatsuya Mima
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Tsujimoto
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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92
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Whitehurst LN, Cellini N, McDevitt EA, Duggan KA, Mednick SC. Autonomic activity during sleep predicts memory consolidation in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7272-7. [PMID: 27298366 PMCID: PMC4932927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518202113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, psychologists and philosophers have proposed that good sleep benefits memory, yet current studies focusing on the relationship between traditionally reported sleep features (e.g., minutes in sleep stages) and changes in memory performance show contradictory findings. This discrepancy suggests that there are events occurring during sleep that have not yet been considered. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) shows strong variation across sleep stages. Also, increases in ANS activity during waking, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), have been correlated with memory improvement. However, the role of ANS in sleep-dependent memory consolidation has never been examined. Here, we examined whether changes in cardiac ANS activity (HRV) during a daytime nap were related to performance on two memory conditions (Primed and Repeated) and a nonmemory control condition on the Remote Associates Test. In line with prior studies, we found sleep-dependent improvement in the Primed condition compared with the Quiet Wake control condition. Using regression analyses, we compared the proportion of variance in performance associated with traditionally reported sleep features (model 1) vs. sleep features and HRV during sleep (model 2). For both the Primed and Repeated conditions, model 2 (sleep + HRV) predicted performance significantly better (73% and 58% of variance explained, respectively) compared with model 1 (sleep only, 46% and 26% of variance explained, respectively). These findings present the first evidence, to our knowledge, that ANS activity may be one potential mechanism driving sleep-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
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93
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Abstract
Psychometric intelligence (g) is often conceptualized as the capability for online information processing but it is also possible that intelligence may be related to offline processing of information. Here, we investigated the relationship between psychometric g and sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Participants studied paired-associates and were tested after a 12-hour retention interval that consisted entirely of wake or included a regular sleep phase. We calculated the number of word-pairs that were gained and lost across the retention interval. In a separate session, participants completed a battery of cognitive ability tests to assess g. In the wake group, g was not correlated with either memory gain or memory loss. In the sleep group, we found that g correlated positively with memory gain and negatively with memory loss. Participants with a higher level of general intelligence showed more memory gain and less memory loss across sleep. Importantly, the correlation between g and memory loss was significantly stronger in the sleep condition than in the wake condition, suggesting that the relationship between g and memory loss across time is specific to time intervals that include sleep. The present research suggests that g not only reflects the capability for online cognitive processing, but also reflects capability for offline processes that operate during sleep.
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94
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Form and Function of Sleep Spindles across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6936381. [PMID: 27190654 PMCID: PMC4848449 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6936381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of EEG recordings, sleep spindles have been identified as hallmarks of non-REM sleep. Despite a broad general understanding of mechanisms of spindle generation gleaned from animal studies, the mechanisms underlying certain features of spindles in the human brain, such as “global” versus “local” spindles, are largely unknown. Neither the topography nor the morphology of sleep spindles remains constant throughout the lifespan. It is likely that changes in spindle phenomenology during development and aging are the result of dramatic changes in brain structure and function. Across various developmental windows, spindle activity is correlated with general cognitive aptitude, learning, and memory; however, these correlations vary in strength, and even direction, depending on age and metrics used. Understanding these differences across the lifespan should further clarify how these oscillations are generated and their function under a variety of circumstances. We discuss these issues, and their translational implications for human cognitive function. Because sleep spindles are similarly affected in disorders of neurodevelopment (such as schizophrenia) and during aging (such as neurodegenerative conditions), both types of disorders may benefit from therapies based on a better understanding of spindle function.
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95
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Hennies N, Lambon Ralph MA, Kempkes M, Cousins JN, Lewis PA. Sleep Spindle Density Predicts the Effect of Prior Knowledge on Memory Consolidation. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3799-810. [PMID: 27030764 PMCID: PMC4812136 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3162-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information that relates to a prior knowledge schema is remembered better and consolidates more rapidly than information that does not. Another factor that influences memory consolidation is sleep and growing evidence suggests that sleep-related processing is important for integration with existing knowledge. Here, we perform an examination of how sleep-related mechanisms interact with schema-dependent memory advantage. Participants first established a schema over 2 weeks. Next, they encoded new facts, which were either related to the schema or completely unrelated. After a 24 h retention interval, including a night of sleep, which we monitored with polysomnography, participants encoded a second set of facts. Finally, memory for all facts was tested in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Behaviorally, sleep spindle density predicted an increase of the schema benefit to memory across the retention interval. Higher spindle densities were associated with reduced decay of schema-related memories. Functionally, spindle density predicted increased disengagement of the hippocampus across 24 h for schema-related memories only. Together, these results suggest that sleep spindle activity is associated with the effect of prior knowledge on memory consolidation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Episodic memories are gradually assimilated into long-term memory and this process is strongly influenced by sleep. The consolidation of new information is also influenced by its relationship to existing knowledge structures, or schemas, but the role of sleep in such schema-related consolidation is unknown. We show that sleep spindle density predicts the extent to which schemas influence the consolidation of related facts. This is the first evidence that sleep is associated with the interaction between prior knowledge and long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hennies
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22303 Hamburg, Germany,
| | - Matthew A Lambon Ralph
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marleen Kempkes
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James N Cousins
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, and
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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96
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Gorgoni M, Lauri G, Truglia I, Cordone S, Sarasso S, Scarpelli S, Mangiaruga A, D'Atri A, Tempesta D, Ferrara M, Marra C, Rossini PM, De Gennaro L. Parietal Fast Sleep Spindle Density Decrease in Alzheimer's Disease and Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8376108. [PMID: 27066274 PMCID: PMC4811201 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8376108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified two types of sleep spindles: fast (13-15 Hz) centroparietal and slow (11-13 Hz) frontal spindles. Alterations in spindle activity have been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Only few studies have separately assessed fast and slow spindles in these patients showing a reduction of fast spindle count, but the possible local specificity of this phenomenon and its relation to cognitive decline severity are not clear. Moreover, fast and slow spindle density have never been assessed in AD/MCI. We have assessed fast and slow spindles in 15 AD patients, 15 amnesic MCI patients, and 15 healthy elderly controls (HC). Participants underwent baseline polysomnographic recording (19 cortical derivations). Spindles during nonrapid eye movements sleep were automatically detected, and spindle densities of the three groups were compared in the derivations where fast and slow spindles exhibited their maximum expression (parietal and frontal, resp.). AD and MCI patients showed a significant parietal fast spindle density decrease, positively correlated with Minimental State Examination scores. Our results suggest that AD-related changes in spindle density are specific for frequency and location, are related to cognitive decline severity, and may have an early onset in the pathology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauri
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Truglia
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Cordone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Sarasso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | - Camillo Marra
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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97
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Genzel L, Bäurle A, Potyka A, Wehrle R, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Dresler M. Diminished nap effects on memory consolidation are seen under oral contraceptive use. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 70:253-261. [PMID: 25720656 DOI: 10.1159/000369022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many young females take exogenous hormones as oral contraceptive (OC), a condition rarely controlled for in studies on sleep and memory consolidation even though sex hormones influence consolidation. This study investigated the effects of OCs on sleep-related consolidation of a motor and declarative task, utilizing a daytime nap protocol. Fifteen healthy, young females taking OCs came to the sleep lab for three different conditions: nap with previous learning, wake with previous learning and nap without learning. They underwent each condition twice, once during the "pill-active" weeks and once during the "pill-free" week, resulting in 6 visits. In all conditions, participants showed a significant off-line consolidation effect, independent of pill week or nap/wake condition. There were no significant differences in sleep stage duration, spindle activity or spectral EEG frequency bands between naps with or without the learning condition. The present data showed a significant off-line enhancement in memory irrespective of potential beneficial effects of a nap. In comparison to previous studies, this may suggest that the use of OCs may enhance off-line memory consolidation in motor and verbal tasks per se. These results stress the importance to control for the use of OCs in studies focusing on memory performance.
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98
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Laventure S, Fogel S, Lungu O, Albouy G, Sévigny-Dupont P, Vien C, Sayour C, Carrier J, Benali H, Doyon J. NREM2 and Sleep Spindles Are Instrumental to the Consolidation of Motor Sequence Memories. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002429. [PMID: 27032084 PMCID: PMC4816304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have convincingly demonstrated that sleep plays a critical role in motor sequence learning (MSL) consolidation, the specific contribution of the different sleep stages in this type of memory consolidation is still contentious. To probe the role of stage 2 non-REM sleep (NREM2) in this process, we used a conditioning protocol in three different groups of participants who either received an odor during initial training on a motor sequence learning task and were re-exposed to this odor during different sleep stages of the post-training night (i.e., NREM2 sleep [Cond-NREM2], REM sleep [Cond-REM], or were not conditioned during learning but exposed to the odor during NREM2 [NoCond]). Results show that the Cond-NREM2 group had significantly higher gains in performance at retest than both the Cond-REM and NoCond groups. Also, only the Cond-NREM2 group yielded significant changes in sleep spindle characteristics during cueing. Finally, we found that a change in frequency of sleep spindles during cued-memory reactivation mediated the relationship between the experimental groups and gains in performance the next day. These findings strongly suggest that cued-memory reactivation during NREM2 sleep triggers an increase in sleep spindle activity that is then related to the consolidation of motor sequence memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Laventure
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart Fogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, The Brain & Mind Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Albouy
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Vien
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chadi Sayour
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Habib Benali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Paris, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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99
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Spencer RM, Campanella C, de Jong DM, Desrochers P, Root H, Cremone A, Kurdziel LB. Sleep and behavior of preschool children under typical and nap-promoted conditions. Sleep Health 2016; 2:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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100
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Ujma PP, Bódizs R, Gombos F, Stintzing J, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M. Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17159. [PMID: 26607963 PMCID: PMC4660428 DOI: 10.1038/srep17159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that play an important role in sleep-related neuroplasticity and offline information processing. Several studies with full-night sleep recordings have reported a positive association between sleep spindles and fluid intelligence scores, however more recently it has been shown that only few sleep spindle measures correlate with intelligence in females, and none in males. Sleep spindle regulation underlies a circadian rhythm, however the association between spindles and intelligence has not been investigated in daytime nap sleep so far. In a sample of 86 healthy male human subjects, we investigated the correlation between fluid intelligence and sleep spindle parameters in an afternoon nap of 100 minutes. Mean sleep spindle length, amplitude and density were computed for each subject and for each derivation for both slow and fast spindles. A positive association was found between intelligence and slow spindle duration, but not any other sleep spindle parameter. As a positive correlation between intelligence and slow sleep spindle duration in full-night polysomnography has only been reported in females but not males, our results suggest that the association between intelligence and sleep spindles is more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Epilepsy Centrum, Department of Neurology, H-1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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