51
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Li Y, Dong S, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, Swift D, Zhao J, Ganjurjav H, Hu G, Wang X, Yan Y, Cao X, Li W, Luo W, Zhao Z, Li S, Gao X. Grazing promotes plant functional diversity in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/rj18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Grazing exclosures and rotational grazing have been extensively applied to prevent grassland degradation and to restore grassland ecosystem function and services. The mechanisms associated with changes in alpine plant traits, and functional diversity under different grazing regimes have not been deeply explored. We examined the variations of plant leaf traits and functional diversity of an alpine meadow under different grazing regimes in a 3-year experiment. The results showed, after 3 years of yak grazing, that the coverage of Stipa capillata increased, whereas that of Kobresia pygmaea decreased under grazing exclosure. Stipa capillata had a lower ratio of leaf nitrogen content to phosphorus content (N:P) under grazing exclosure than under rotational grazing and continuous grazing, whereas Kobresia pygmaea showed no significant differences among grazing treatments. Among grazing regimes, the specific leaf area (SLA) of Stipa capillata was similar, whereas that of Kobresia pygmaea was higher under grazing exclosure. At the interspecific level, leaf area and weight were negatively correlated with SLA, whereas leaf carbon (C) content, leaf N content, leaf C:P and leaf N:P were negatively related to leaf P content and leaf C:N. These findings indicated that growth-defence trade-off strategies might lead to variations in plant traits and coverage. Large-leaved species, due to high maintenance costs, were less commonly distributed in the community, and they were better defended and unpalatable to yaks due to lower SLA, this formed the species coverage distribution pattern of the community. Various N and P utilisation efficiency of different species indicated diverse economic resources utilisation strategies might be due to niche differentiation in the community. Plots that had been excluded from grazing had the lowest functional richness, evenness, and divergence. Rotational and continuous grazing were equivalent in promoting alpine plant functional diversity.
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52
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Fletcher LR, Cui H, Callahan H, Scoffoni C, John GP, Bartlett MK, Burge DO, Sack L. Evolution of leaf structure and drought tolerance in species of Californian Ceanothus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1672-1687. [PMID: 30368798 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Studies across diverse species have established theory for the contribution of leaf traits to plant drought tolerance. For example, species in more arid climates tend to have smaller leaves of higher vein density, higher leaf mass per area, and more negative osmotic potential at turgor loss point (πTLP ). However, few studies have tested these associations for species within a given lineage that have diversified across an aridity gradient. METHODS We analyzed the anatomy and physiology of 10 Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) species grown in a common garden for variation between and within "wet" and "dry" subgenera (Ceanothus and Cerastes, respectively) and analyzed a database for 35 species for leaf size and leaf mass per area (LMA). We used a phylogenetic generalized least squares approach to test hypothesized relationships among traits, and of traits with climatic aridity in the native range. We also tested for allometric relationships among anatomical traits. KEY RESULTS Leaf form, anatomy, and drought tolerance varied strongly among species within and between subgenera. Cerastes species had specialized anatomy including hypodermis and encrypted stomata that may confer superior water storage and retention. The osmotic potentials at turgor loss point (πTLP ) and full turgor (πo ) showed evolutionary correlations with the aridity index (AI) and precipitation of the 10 species' native distributions, and LMA with potential evapotranspiration for the 35 species in the larger database. We found an allometric correlation between upper and lower epidermal cell wall thicknesses, but other anatomical traits diversified independently. CONCLUSIONS Leaf traits and drought tolerance evolved within and across lineages of Ceanothus consistently with climatic distributions. The πTLP has signal to indicate the evolution of drought tolerance within small clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Fletcher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hongxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hilary Callahan
- Biology Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dylan O Burge
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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53
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Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Foliar pathogens are unlikely to stabilize coexistence of competing species in a California grassland. Ecology 2018; 99:2250-2259. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Spear
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
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54
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Emery NC, D'Antonio CM, Still CJ. Fog and live fuel moisture in coastal California shrublands. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Emery
- Michigan State University 220 Trowbridge Road East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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55
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Anderegg LDL, Berner LT, Badgley G, Sethi ML, Law BE, HilleRisLambers J. Within‐species patterns challenge our understanding of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:734-744. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leander D. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Logan T. Berner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
- School of Informatics, Cumputing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University 1295 S. Knoles Drive Flagstaff AZ, 86011 USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Meera L. Sethi
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Beverly E. Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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56
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Polley HW, Wilsey BJ. Variability in community productivity—mediating effects of vegetation attributes. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wayne Polley
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory Temple TX USA
| | - Brian J. Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State University Ames IA USA
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57
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Wright IJ, Dong N, Maire V, Prentice IC, Westoby M, Díaz S, Gallagher RV, Jacobs BF, Kooyman R, Law EA, Leishman MR, Niinemets Ü, Reich PB, Sack L, Villar R, Wang H, Wilf P. Global climatic drivers of leaf size. Science 2018; 357:917-921. [PMID: 28860384 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf size varies by over a 100,000-fold among species worldwide. Although 19th-century plant geographers noted that the wet tropics harbor plants with exceptionally large leaves, the latitudinal gradient of leaf size has not been well quantified nor the key climatic drivers convincingly identified. Here, we characterize worldwide patterns in leaf size. Large-leaved species predominate in wet, hot, sunny environments; small-leaved species typify hot, sunny environments only in arid conditions; small leaves are also found in high latitudes and elevations. By modeling the balance of leaf energy inputs and outputs, we show that daytime and nighttime leaf-to-air temperature differences are key to geographic gradients in leaf size. This knowledge can enrich "next-generation" vegetation models in which leaf temperature and water use during photosynthesis play key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,Centre for Past Climate Change and School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6AH Reading, UK
| | - Vincent Maire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,AXA Chair in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bonnie F Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Robert Kooyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Law
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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58
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Herben T, Klimešová J, Chytrý M. Effects of disturbance frequency and severity on plant traits: An assessment across a temperate flora. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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59
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Li L, Ma Z, Niinemets Ü, Guo D. Three Key Sub-leaf Modules and the Diversity of Leaf Designs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28932233 PMCID: PMC5592238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth harbors a highly diverse array of plant leaf forms. A well-known pattern linking diverse leaf forms with their photosynthetic function across species is the global leaf economics spectrum (LES). However, within homogeneous plant functional groups such as tropical woody angiosperms or temperate deciduous woody angiosperms, many species can share a similar position in the LES but differ in other vital leaf traits, and thus function differently under the given suite of environmental drivers. How diverse leaves differentiate from each other has yet to be fully explained. Here, we propose a new perspective for linking leaf structure and function by arguing that a leaf may be divided into three key sub-modules, the light capture module, the water-nutrient flow module and the gas exchange module. Each module consists of a set of leaf tissues corresponding to a certain resource acquisition function, and the combination and configuration of different modules may differ depending on overall leaf functioning in a given environment. This modularized-leaf perspective differs from the whole-leaf perspective used in leaf economics theory and may serve as a valuable tool for tracing the evolution of leaf form and function. This perspective also implies that the evolutionary direction of various leaf designs is not to optimize a single critical trait, but to optimize the combination of different traits to better adapt to the historical and current environments. Future studies examining how different modules are synchronized for overall leaf functioning should offer critical insights into the diversity of leaf designs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dali Guo
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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60
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McCoy‐Sulentic ME, Kolb TE, Merritt DM, Palmquist EC, Ralston BE, Sarr DA. Variation in species-level plant functional traits over wetland indicator status categories. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3732-3744. [PMID: 28616170 PMCID: PMC5468150 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wetland indicator status (WIS) describes the habitat affinity of plant species and is used in wetland delineations and resource inventories. Understanding how species-level functional traits vary across WIS categories may improve designations, elucidate mechanisms of adaptation, and explain habitat optima and niche. We investigated differences in species-level traits of riparian flora across WIS categories, extending their application to indicate hydrologic habitat. We measured or compiled data on specific leaf area (SLA), stem specific gravity (SSG), seed mass, and mature height of 110 plant species that occur along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. Additionally, we measured leaf δ13C, δ15N, % carbon, % nitrogen, and C/N ratio of 56 species with C3 photosynthesis. We asked the following: (i) How do species-level traits vary over WIS categories? (ii) Does the pattern differ between herbaceous and woody species? (iii) How well do multivariate traits define WIS categories? (iv) Which traits are correlated? The largest trait differences among WIS categories for herbaceous species occurred for SSG, seed mass, % leaf carbon and height, and for woody species occurred for height, SSG, and δ13C. SSG increased and height decreased with habitat aridity for both woody and herbaceous species. The δ13C and hence water use efficiency of woody species increased with habitat aridity. Water use efficiency of herbaceous species increased with habitat aridity via greater occurrence of C4 grasses. Multivariate trait assemblages differed among WIS categories. Over all species, SLA was correlated with height, δ13C, % leaf N, and C/N; height was correlated with SSG and % leaf C; SSG was correlated with % leaf C. Adaptations of both herbaceous and woody riparian species to wet, frequently inundated habitats include low-density stem tissue. Adaptations to drier habitats in the riparian zone include short, high-density cavitation-resistant stem tissue, and high water use efficiency. The results enhance understanding about using traits to describe plant habitat in riparian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas E. Kolb
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona UniversityFort CollinsUSA
| | - David M. Merritt
- USDA Forest ServiceNational Stream and Aquatic Ecology CenterFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - Barbara E. Ralston
- US Geological SurveyOffice of Science Quality and IntegrityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Daniel A. Sarr
- US Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZUSA
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61
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Li M, Zheng Y, Fan R, Zhong Q, Cheng D. Scaling relationships of twig biomass allocation in Pinus hwangshanensis along an altitudinal gradient. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178344. [PMID: 28552954 PMCID: PMC5446166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of biomass allocation in twigs (the terminal branches of current-year shoots) to environmental change is crucial for elucidating forest ecosystem carbon storage, carbon cycling, and plant life history strategies under a changing climate. On the basis of interspecies investigations of broad-leaved plants, previous studies have demonstrated that plants respond to environmental factors by allocating biomass in an allometric manner between support tissues (i.e., stems) and the leaf biomass of twigs, where the scaling exponent (i.e., slope of a log-log linear relationship, α) is constant, and the scaling constant (i.e., intercept of a log-log linear relationship, log β) varies with respect to environmental factors. However, little is known about whether the isometric scaling exponents of such biomass allocations remain invariant for single species, particularly conifers, at different altitudes and in different growing periods. In this study, we investigated how twig biomass allocation varies with elevation and period among Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia trees growing in the mountains of Southeast China. Specifically, we explored how twig stem mass, needle mass, and needle area varied throughout the growing period (early, mid-, late) and at three elevations in the Wuyi Mountains. Standardized major axis analysis was used to compare the scaling exponents and scaling constants between the biomass allocations of within-twig components. Scaling relationships between these traits differed with growing period and altitude gradient. During the different growing periods, there was an isometric scaling relationship, with a common slope of 1.0 (i.e., α ≈ 1.0), between needle mass and twig mass (the sum of the total needle mass and the stem mass), whereas there were allometric scaling relationships between the stem mass and twig mass and between the needle mass and stem mass of P. hwangshanensis. The scaling constants (log β) for needle mass vs. twig mass and for needle mass vs. stem mass increased progressively across the growing stages, whereas the scaling constants of stem mass vs. twig mass showed the opposite pattern. The scaling exponents (α) of needle area with respect to needle biomass increased significantly with growing period, changing from an allometric relationship (i.e., α < 1.0) during the early growing period to a nearly isometric relationship (i.e., α ≈ 1.0) during the late growing period. This change possibly reflects the functional adaptation of twigs in different growing periods to meet their specific reproductive or survival needs. At different points along the altitudinal gradient, the relationships among needle mass, twig mass, and stem mass were all isometric (i.e., α ≈ 1.0). Moreover, significant differences were found in scaling constants (log β) along the altitudinal gradient, such that species had a smaller stem biomass but a relatively larger needle mass at low altitude. In addition, the scaling exponents remained numerically invariant among all three altitudes, with a common slope of 0.8, suggesting that needle area failed to keep pace with the increasing needle mass at different altitudes. Our results indicated that the twig biomass allocation pattern was significantly influenced by altitude and growing period, which reflects the functional adaptation of twigs to meet their specific survival needs under different climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - RuiRui Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - QuanLin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - DongLiang Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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62
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Goud EM, Moore TR, Roulet NT. Predicting peatland carbon fluxes from non‐destructive plant traits. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie M. Goud
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY14850 USA
- Department of Geography and Global Environmental Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
- Climate Change Centre McGill University Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
| | - Tim R. Moore
- Department of Geography and Global Environmental Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
- Climate Change Centre McGill University Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
| | - Nigel T. Roulet
- Department of Geography and Global Environmental Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
- Climate Change Centre McGill University Montreal QCH3A 0B9 Canada
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63
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John GP, Scoffoni C, Buckley TN, Villar R, Poorter H, Sack L. The anatomical and compositional basis of leaf mass per area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:412-425. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace P. John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
| | - Thomas N. Buckley
- Plant Breeding Institute Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney 12656, Newell Hwy Narrabri NSW2390 Australia
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología Universidad de Córdoba Edificio Celestino Mutis Campus de Rabanales 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D‐52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
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64
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Pollastrini M, Nogales AG, Benavides R, Bonal D, Finer L, Fotelli M, Gessler A, Grossiord C, Radoglou K, Strasser RJ, Bussotti F. Tree diversity affects chlorophyll a fluorescence and other leaf traits of tree species in a boreal forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:199-208. [PMID: 28100710 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. Changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (N) and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) were measured on Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Betula pendula Roth. in monospecific and mixed boreal forests in Europe, in order to test whether they were affected by stand species richness and composition. Photosynthetic efficiency, assessed by induced emission of leaf ChlF, was positively influenced in B. pendula by species richness, whereas P. abies showed higher photosynthetic efficiency in monospecific stands. Pinus sylvestris had different responses when it coexisted with P. abies or B. pendula. The presence of B. pendula, but not of P. abies, in the forest had a positive effect on the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and N in P. sylvestris needles, and the photosynthetic responses were positively correlated with an increase of leaf δ13C. These effects on P. sylvestris may be related to high light availability at the canopy level due to the less dense canopy of B. pendula. The different light requirements of coexisting species was the most important factor affecting the distribution of foliage in the canopy, driving the physiological responses of the mixed species. Future research directions claim to enhance the informative potential of the methods to analyse the responses of pure and mixed forests to environmental factors, including a broader set of plant species' functional traits and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Ana Garcia Nogales
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, University Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel Benavides
- Albert-Ludwings-Universitat Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Damien Bonal
- UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, INRA, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Leena Finer
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 68, Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mariangela Fotelli
- Forest Research Institute, Vassilika 57006, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Pantazodou 193, N. Orestiada 68300, Greece
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, MS-J495, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kalliopi Radoglou
- Forest Research Institute, Vassilika 57006, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Pantazodou 193, N. Orestiada 68300, Greece
| | - Reto J Strasser
- North West University South Africa, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
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65
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Fan ZX, Sterck F, Zhang SB, Fu PL, Hao GY. Tradeoff between Stem Hydraulic Efficiency and Mechanical Strength Affects Leaf-Stem Allometry in 28 Ficus Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1619. [PMID: 28979282 PMCID: PMC5611361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-stem allometry is an important spectrum that linked to biomass allocation and life history strategy in plants, although the determinants and evolutionary significance of leaf-stem allometry remain poorly understood. Leaf and stem architectures - including stem area/mass, petiole area/mass, lamina area/mass, leaf number, specific leaf area (LA), and mass-based leafing intensity (LI) - were measured on the current-year branches for 28 Ficus species growing in a common garden in SW China. The leaf anatomical traits, stem wood density (WD), and stem anatomical and mechanical properties of these species were also measured. We analyzed leaf-stem allometric relationships and their associations with stem hydraulic ad mechanical properties using species-level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts. We found isometric relationship between leaf lamina area/mass and stem area/mass, suggesting that the biomass allocation to leaf was independent to stem size. However, allometric relationship between LA/mass and petiole mass was found, indicating large leaves invest a higher fractional of biomass in petiole than small ones. LI, i.e., leaf numbers per unit of stem mass, was negatively related with leaf and stem size. Species with larger terminal branches tend to have larger vessels and theoretical hydraulic conductivity, but lower WD and mechanical strength. The size of leaf lamina, petiole, and stem was correlated positively with stem theoretical hydraulic conductivity, but negatively with stem WD and mechanical strength. Our results suggest that leaf-stem allometry in Ficus species was shaped by the trade-off between stem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical stability, supporting a functional interpretation of the relationship between leaf and stem dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- *Correspondence: Ze-Xin Fan,
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Forestry, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang, China
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66
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Baruch Z, Christmas MJ, Breed MF, Guerin GR, Caddy‐Retalic S, McDonald J, Jardine DI, Leitch E, Gellie N, Hill K, McCallum K, Lowe AJ. Leaf trait associations with environmental variation in the wide‐ranging shrub
Dodonaea viscosa
subsp.
angustissima
(Sapindaceae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Baruch
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Matthew J. Christmas
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Greg R. Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy‐Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - John McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Duncan I. Jardine
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Emrys Leitch
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Nick Gellie
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Kathryn Hill
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Kimberly McCallum
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
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67
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Lange R, Monro K, J Marshall D. Environment-dependent variation in selection on life history across small spatial scales. Evolution 2016; 70:2404-2410. [PMID: 27501200 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Variation in life-history traits is ubiquitous, even though genetic variation is thought to be depleted by selection. One potential mechanism for the maintenance of trait variation is spatially variable selection. We explored spatial variation in selection in the field for a colonial marine invertebrate that shows phenotypic differences across a depth gradient of only 3 m. Our analysis included life-history traits relating to module size, colony growth, and phenology. Directional selection on colony growth varied in strength across depths, while module size was under directional selection at one depth but not the other. Differences in selection may explain some of the observed phenotypic differentiation among depths for one trait but not another: instead, selection should actually erode the differences observed for this trait. Our results suggest selection is not acting alone to maintain trait variation within and across environments in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolanda Lange
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Keyne Monro
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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68
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Neyret M, Bentley LP, Oliveras I, Marimon BS, Marimon‐Junior BH, Almeida de Oliveira E, Barbosa Passos F, Castro Ccoscco R, dos Santos J, Matias Reis S, Morandi PS, Rayme Paucar G, Robles Cáceres A, Valdez Tejeira Y, Yllanes Choque Y, Salinas N, Shenkin A, Asner GP, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Malhi Y. Examining variation in the leaf mass per area of dominant species across two contrasting tropical gradients in light of community assembly. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5674-89. [PMID: 27547346 PMCID: PMC4983583 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding variation in key functional traits across gradients in high diversity systems and the ecology of community changes along gradients in these systems is crucial in light of conservation and climate change. We examined inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) of sun and shade leaves along a 3330-m elevation gradient in Peru, and in sun leaves across a forest-savanna vegetation gradient in Brazil. We also compared LMA variance ratios (T-statistics metrics) to null models to explore internal (i.e., abiotic) and environmental filtering on community structure along the gradients. Community-weighted LMA increased with decreasing forest cover in Brazil, likely due to increased light availability and water stress, and increased with elevation in Peru, consistent with the leaf economic spectrum strategy expected in colder, less productive environments. A very high species turnover was observed along both environmental gradients, and consequently, the first source of variation in LMA was species turnover. Variation in LMA at the genus or family levels was greater in Peru than in Brazil. Using dominant trees to examine possible filters on community assembly, we found that in Brazil, internal filtering was strongest in the forest, while environmental filtering was observed in the dry savanna. In Peru, internal filtering was observed along 80% of the gradient, perhaps due to variation in taxa or interspecific competition. Environmental filtering was observed at cloud zone edges and in lowlands, possibly due to water and nutrient availability, respectively. These results related to variation in LMA indicate that biodiversity in species rich tropical assemblages may be structured by differential niche-based processes. In the future, specific mechanisms generating these patterns of variation in leaf functional traits across tropical environmental gradients should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Neyret
- École Normale Supérieure45, rue d'UlmF75005ParisFrance
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Department of BiologySonoma State University1801 East Cotati AvenueRohnert ParkCalifornia94928
| | - Imma Oliveras
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Wageningen University6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Beatriz S. Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Barbosa Passos
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | - Josias dos Santos
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Simone Matias Reis
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Paulo S. Morandi
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoBR 158 km 650Nova XavantinaMato GrossoBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Norma Salinas
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
- Sección QuímicaPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúAvenida Universitaria 1801San MiguelLima 32Peru
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCalifornia94305
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)CONICET and FCEFyNUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCasilla de Correo 4955000CórdobaArgentina
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721
- The Santa Fe Institute1399 Hyde Park RdSanta FeNew Mexico87501
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
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69
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Kawai K, Okada N. How are leaf mechanical properties and water‐use traits coordinated by vein traits? A case study in
F
agaceae. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosada Kawai
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kitashirakawa‐oiwakecho Sakyoku Kyoto 606‐8501 Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kitashirakawa‐oiwakecho Sakyoku Kyoto 606‐8501 Japan
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70
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Kröber W, Li Y, Härdtle W, Ma K, Schmid B, Schmidt K, Scholten T, Seidler G, von Oheimb G, Welk E, Wirth C, Bruelheide H. Early subtropical forest growth is driven by community mean trait values and functional diversity rather than the abiotic environment. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3541-56. [PMID: 26380685 PMCID: PMC4567860 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While functional diversity (FD) has been shown to be positively related to a number of ecosystem functions including biomass production, it may have a much less pronounced effect than that of environmental factors or species-specific properties. Leaf and wood traits can be considered particularly relevant to tree growth, as they reflect a trade-off between resources invested into growth and persistence. Our study focussed on the degree to which early forest growth was driven by FD, the environment (11 variables characterizing abiotic habitat conditions), and community-weighted mean (CWM) values of species traits in the context of a large-scale tree diversity experiment (BEF-China). Growth rates of trees with respect to crown diameter were aggregated across 231 plots (hosting between one and 23 tree species) and related to environmental variables, FD, and CWM, the latter two of which were based on 41 plant functional traits. The effects of each of the three predictor groups were analyzed separately by mixed model optimization and jointly by variance partitioning. Numerous single traits predicted plot-level tree growth, both in the models based on CWMs and FD, but none of the environmental variables was able to predict tree growth. In the best models, environment and FD explained only 4 and 31% of variation in crown growth rates, respectively, while CWM trait values explained 42%. In total, the best models accounted for 51% of crown growth. The marginal role of the selected environmental variables was unexpected, given the high topographic heterogeneity and large size of the experiment, as was the significant impact of FD, demonstrating that positive diversity effects already occur during the early stages in tree plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel Kröber
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, CAS20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- University of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Physical Geography and Soil Science, University of TübingenRümelinstraße 19-23, D-72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Physical Geography and Soil Science, University of TübingenRümelinstraße 19-23, D-72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Seidler
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität DresdenPienner Str. 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- University of LeipzigJohannisallee 21–23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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71
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Anami SE, Zhang L, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Jing H. Sweet sorghum ideotypes: genetic improvement of the biofuel syndrome. Food Energy Secur 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Elikana Anami
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
- Institute of Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya
| | - Li‐Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
| | - Yu‐Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
| | - Zhi‐Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
| | - Hai‐Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
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72
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Tozer WC, Rice B, Westoby M. Evolutionary divergence of leaf width and its correlates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:367-378. [PMID: 25784470 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY The question why leaf dimensions vary so much between species has long puzzled ecologists. Presumably, variation arises from selective forces acting on leaf function but which selective forces and which leaf functions? This investigation assesses the consistency of divergence in plant traits and habitat variables in association with leaf width divergence in the flora of NSW, Australia.• METHODS More than 80 traits and habitat variables were measured for 25 independent evolutionary divergence events (PICs). Each PIC was represented by two related plant species that had diverged substantially in leaf width. Outgroup species provided indications of the direction of divergence. Most PICs were within genus, so divergences represent relatively recent evolutionary events.• KEY RESULTS No plant traits or habitat variables were 100% consistently associated with a divergence in leaf width, and surprisingly few diverged in a consistent direction significantly more than what might be expected by chance. This surprising lack of consistent divergence with leaf width contrasted with the result that many of these traits and habitat variables were correlated with leaf width across all species in our data set and in line with correlations reported from other studies. Subcategorizing PICs according to the probable direction of leaf width divergence did not improve consistency.• CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that evolutionarily recent leaf width divergence events are not tightly tied to divergences in other leaf traits or in environmental situations, despite the broad correlations that have been observed across many species. Rather, cross species correlations are underpinned by earlier divergence events in the phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C Tozer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Barbara Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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73
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Lachenbruch B, McCulloh KA. Traits, properties, and performance: how woody plants combine hydraulic and mechanical functions in a cell, tissue, or whole plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:747-64. [PMID: 25250668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a framework for evaluating how cells, tissues, organs, and whole plants perform both hydraulic and mechanical functions. The morphological alterations that affect dual functionality are varied: individual cells can have altered morphology; tissues can have altered partitioning to functions or altered cell alignment; and organs and whole plants can differ in their allocation to different tissues, or in the geometric distribution of the tissues they have. A hierarchical model emphasizes that morphological traits influence the hydraulic or mechanical properties; the properties, combined with the plant unit's environment, then influence the performance of that plant unit. As a special case, we discuss the mechanisms by which the proxy property wood density has strong correlations to performance but without direct causality. Traits and properties influence multiple aspects of performance, and there can be mutual compensations such that similar performance occurs. This compensation emphasizes that natural selection acts on, and a plant's viability is determined by, its performance, rather than its contributing traits and properties. Continued research on the relationships among traits, and on their effects on multiple aspects of performance, will help us better predict, manage, and select plant material for success under multiple stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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74
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Price CA, Wright IJ, Ackerly DD, Niinemets Ü, Reich PB, Veneklaas EJ. Are leaf functional traits ‘invariant’ with plant size and what is ‘invariance’ anyway? Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Price
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - David D. Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley California 94720-3140 USA
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu 51014 Estonia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesotam; 1530 Cleveland Avenue North St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; University of Western Sydney; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Erik J. Veneklaas
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
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75
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Das A, Bucksch A, Price CA, Weitz JS. ClearedLeavesDB: an online database of cleared plant leaf images. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:8. [PMID: 24678985 PMCID: PMC3986656 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf vein networks are critical to both the structure and function of leaves. A growing body of recent work has linked leaf vein network structure to the physiology, ecology and evolution of land plants. In the process, multiple institutions and individual researchers have assembled collections of cleared leaf specimens in which vascular bundles (veins) are rendered visible. In an effort to facilitate analysis and digitally preserve these specimens, high-resolution images are usually created, either of entire leaves or of magnified leaf subsections. In a few cases, collections of digital images of cleared leaves are available for use online. However, these collections do not share a common platform nor is there a means to digitally archive cleared leaf images held by individual researchers (in addition to those held by institutions). Hence, there is a growing need for a digital archive that enables online viewing, sharing and disseminating of cleared leaf image collections held by both institutions and individual researchers. DESCRIPTION The Cleared Leaf Image Database (ClearedLeavesDB), is an online web-based resource for a community of researchers to contribute, access and share cleared leaf images. ClearedLeavesDB leverages resources of large-scale, curated collections while enabling the aggregation of small-scale collections within the same online platform. ClearedLeavesDB is built on Drupal, an open source content management platform. It allows plant biologists to store leaf images online with corresponding meta-data, share image collections with a user community and discuss images and collections via a common forum. We provide tools to upload processed images and results to the database via a web services client application that can be downloaded from the database. CONCLUSIONS We developed ClearedLeavesDB, a database focusing on cleared leaf images that combines interactions between users and data via an intuitive web interface. The web interface allows storage of large collections and integrates with leaf image analysis applications via an open application programming interface (API). The open API allows uploading of processed images and other trait data to the database, further enabling distribution and documentation of analyzed data within the community. The initial database is seeded with nearly 19,000 cleared leaf images representing over 40 GB of image data. Extensible storage and growth of the database is ensured by using the data storage resources of the iPlant Discovery Environment. ClearedLeavesDB can be accessed at http://clearedleavesdb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Das
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander Bucksch
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Charles A Price
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joshua S Weitz
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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76
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Price CA, Knox SJC, Brodribb TJ. The influence of branch order on optimal leaf vein geometries: Murray's law and area preserving branching. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85420. [PMID: 24392008 PMCID: PMC3877374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Models that predict the form of hierarchical branching networks typically invoke optimization based on biomechanical similitude, the minimization of impedance to fluid flow, or construction costs. Unfortunately, due to the small size and high number of vein segments found in real biological networks, complete descriptions of networks needed to evaluate such models are rare. To help address this we report results from the analysis of the branching geometry of 349 leaf vein networks comprising over 1.5 million individual vein segments. In addition to measuring the diameters of individual veins before and after vein bifurcations, we also assign vein orders using the Horton-Strahler ordering algorithm adopted from the study of river networks. Our results demonstrate that across all leaves, both radius tapering and the ratio of daughter to parent branch areas for leaf veins are in strong agreement with the expectation from Murray’s law. However, as veins become larger, area ratios shift systematically toward values expected under area-preserving branching. Our work supports the idea that leaf vein networks differentiate roles of leaf support and hydraulic supply between hierarchical orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Price
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah-Jane C. Knox
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tim J. Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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77
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The scaling relationships between leaf mass and leaf area of vascular plant species change with altitude. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76872. [PMID: 24146938 PMCID: PMC3795618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaling relationship between leaf dry mass and leaf surface area has important implications for understanding the ability of plants to harvest sunlight and grow. Whether and how the scaling relationships vary across environmental gradients are poorly understood. We analyzed the scaling relationships between leaf mass and leaf area of 121 vascular plant species along an altitudinal gradient in a subtropical monsoon forest. The slopes increased significantly with altitude, it varied from less than 1 at low altitude to more than 1 at high altitude. This means that plants growing at high altitude allocate proportionately more biomass to support tissues in larger leaves and less in smaller leaves, whereas the reverse is true at low altitude. This pattern can be explained by different leaf strategies in response to environmental pressure and constrains.
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Li S, Zhang YJ, Sack L, Scoffoni C, Ishida A, Chen YJ, Cao KF. The heterogeneity and spatial patterning of structure and physiology across the leaf surface in giant leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66016. [PMID: 23776594 PMCID: PMC3679039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf physiology determines the carbon acquisition of the whole plant, but there can be considerable variation in physiology and carbon acquisition within individual leaves. Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott is an herbaceous species that can develop very large leaves of up to 1 m in length. However, little is known about the hydraulic and photosynthetic design of such giant leaves. Based on previous studies of smaller leaves, and on the greater surface area for trait variation in large leaves, we hypothesized that A. macrorrhiza leaves would exhibit significant heterogeneity in structure and function. We found evidence of reduced hydraulic supply and demand in the outer leaf regions; leaf mass per area, chlorophyll concentration, and guard cell length decreased, as did stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. This heterogeneity in physiology was opposite to that expected from a thinner boundary layer at the leaf edge, which would have led to greater rates of gas exchange. Leaf temperature was 8.8°C higher in the outer than in the central region in the afternoon, consistent with reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration caused by a hydraulic limitation to the outer lamina. The reduced stomatal conductance in the outer regions would explain the observed homogeneous distribution of leaf water potential across the leaf surface. These findings indicate substantial heterogeneity in gas exchange across the leaf surface in large leaves, greater than that reported for smaller-leafed species, though the observed structural differences across the lamina were within the range reported for smaller-leafed species. Future work will determine whether the challenge of transporting water to the outer regions can limit leaf size for plants experiencing drought, and whether the heterogeneity of function across the leaf surface represents a particular disadvantage for large simple leaves that might explain their global rarity, even in resource-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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79
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Méndez‐Alonzo R, Ewers FW, Sack L. Ecological variation in leaf biomechanics and its scaling with tissue structure across three mediterranean‐climate plant communities. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Méndez‐Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Frank W. Ewers
- Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona Pomona California USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California USA
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80
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Scoffoni C, Rawls M, McKown A, Cochard H, Sack L. Decline of leaf hydraulic conductance with dehydration: relationship to leaf size and venation architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:832-43. [PMID: 21511989 PMCID: PMC3177279 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Across plant species, leaves vary enormously in their size and their venation architecture, of which one major function is to replace water lost to transpiration. The leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) represents the capacity of the transport system to deliver water, allowing stomata to remain open for photosynthesis. Previous studies showed that K(leaf) relates to vein density (vein length per area). Additionally, venation architecture determines the sensitivity of K(leaf) to damage; severing the midrib caused K(leaf) and gas exchange to decline, with lesser impacts in leaves with higher major vein density that provided more numerous water flow pathways around the damaged vein. Because xylem embolism during dehydration also reduces K(leaf), we hypothesized that higher major vein density would also reduce hydraulic vulnerability. Smaller leaves, which generally have higher major vein density, would thus have lower hydraulic vulnerability. Tests using simulations with a spatially explicit model confirmed that smaller leaves with higher major vein density were more tolerant of major vein embolism. Additionally, for 10 species ranging strongly in drought tolerance, hydraulic vulnerability, determined as the leaf water potential at 50% and 80% loss of K(leaf), was lower with greater major vein density and smaller leaf size (|r| = 0.85-0.90; P < 0.01). These relationships were independent of other aspects of physiological and morphological drought tolerance. These findings point to a new functional role of venation architecture and small leaf size in drought tolerance, potentially contributing to well-known biogeographic trends in leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA.
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81
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Warman L, Moles AT, Edwards W. Not so simple after all: searching for ecological advantages of compound leaves. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Liu G, Freschet GT, Pan X, Cornelissen JHC, Li Y, Dong M. Coordinated variation in leaf and root traits across multiple spatial scales in Chinese semi-arid and arid ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:543-53. [PMID: 20649915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
• Variation in plant functional traits is the product of evolutionary and environmental drivers operating at different scales. Little is known about whether, or how, this variation is coordinated between aboveground and belowground organs across and within spatial scales. • We address these questions using a hierarchically designed dataset of pairwise leaf and root traits related to carbon and nutrient economy of 64 species belonging to 14 plant communities in northern Chinese semi-arid and arid regions. • While both root and leaf traits showed most of their variance among (individuals and) species within communities, leaf trait variance tended to be relatively higher at coarser spatial scales than root trait variance. While leaf nitrogen (N) per area to root N per length ratio increased and specific leaf area to specific root length and leaf [N] to root [N] ratios decreased from semi-arid to arid environments owing to climatic/edaphic shifts, the matching pairs showed a strong pattern of positive correlation that was upheld across spatial scales and geographic areas. • Thus, trade-offs in plant resource investment across organs within individual vascular plants are constrained within a rather narrow range of variation. A new challenge will be to test whether and how such trait coordination is also seen within and across other biomes of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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83
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Niinemets Ü. A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Yang D, Niklas KJ, Xiang S, Sun S. Size-dependent leaf area ratio in plant twigs: implication for leaf size optimization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:71-7. [PMID: 19864268 PMCID: PMC2794065 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in leaf size, the mechanism underlying the variation remains not fully understood. To help understand leaf size variation, the cost/benefit of twig size was analysed, since, according to Corner's rule, twig size is positively correlated with the size of appendages the twig bears. METHODS An extensive survey of twig functional traits, including twig (current-year shoots including one stem and few leaves) and leaf size (individual leaf area and mass), was conducted for 234 species from four broadleaved forests. The scaling relationship between twig mass and leaf area was determined using standardized major axis regression and phylogenetic independent comparative analyses. KEY RESULTS Leaf area was found to scale positively and allometrically with both stem and twig mass (stem mass plus leaf mass) with slopes significantly smaller than 1.0, independent of life form and habitat type. Thus, the leaf area ratio (the ratio of total leaf area to stem or twig mass) decreases with increasing twig size. Moreover, the leaf area ratio correlated negatively with individual leaf mass. The results of phylogenetic independent comparativeanalyses were consistent with the correlations. Based on the above results, a simple model for twig size optimization was constructed, from which it is postulated that large leaf size-twig size may be favoured when leaf photosynthetic capacity is high and/or when leaf life span and/or stem longevity are long. The model's predictions are consistent with leaf size variation among habitats, in which leaf size tends to be small in poor habitats with a low primary productivity. The model also explains large variations in leaf size within habitats for which leaf longevity and stem longevity serve as important determinants. CONCLUSIONS The diminishing returns in the scaling of total leaf area with twig size can be explained in terms of a very simple model on twig siz
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Shuang Xiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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85
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Niklas KJ, Cobb ED. Ontogenetic changes in the numbers of short- vs. long-shoots account for decreasing specific leaf area in Acer rubrum (Aceraceae) as trees increase in size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:27-37. [PMID: 21622364 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Specific leaf area (SLA) is reported to decrease with increasing plant size among dicot tree species despite a strong positive correlation between SLA and relative growth rate. This diminishing returns in SLA may result from changes in the relative numbers of different shoot types bearing leaves with different SLAs as trees increase in overall size. This ontogenetic shift hypothesis was examined for 15 Acer rubrum trees differing in basal stem diameter (0.01 m ≤ D ≤ 0.62 m). Detailed analyses of the largest tree showed that short-shoots produced leaves with significantly smaller SLA than the leaves produced by long-shoots regardless of the location of shoots within the canopy. A combination of random effect and split-plot (main-effect) ANOVA models showed that >94% of the variance observed for SLA was attributable to shoot type rather than to the location of leaves in the canopy. Further, with increasing trunk diameter, the number of short-shoots increased rapidly relative to the number of long-shoots. Although the leaves of short-shoots gain disproportionately more surface area per unit mass investment compared to the leaves produced by long-shoots, our data show that ontogenetic shifts occurring at the shoot and whole plant level account for size-dependent decreases in total canopy SLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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86
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Meng TT, Ni J, Harrison SP. Plant morphometric traits and climate gradients in northern China: a meta-analysis using quadrat and flora data. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1217-29. [PMID: 19805404 PMCID: PMC2766212 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The collection of field data on plant traits is time consuming and this makes it difficult to examine changing patterns of traits along large-scale climate gradients. The present study tests whether trait information derived from regional floras can be used in conjunction with pre-existing quadrat data on species presence to derive meaningful relationships between specific morphometric traits and climate. METHODS Quadrat records were obtained for 867 species in 404 sites from northern China (38-49 degrees N, 82-132 degrees E) together with information on the presence/absence of key traits from floras. Bioclimate parameters for each site were calculated using the BIOME3 model. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to determine the most important climate factors. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to select the best relationship between each trait and climate. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to explore the relationships between climate and trait occurrence. KEY RESULTS The changing abundance of life form, leaf type, phenology, photosynthetic pathway, leaf size and several other morphometric traits are determined by gradients in plant-available moisture (as measured by the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration: alpha), growing-season temperature (as measured by growing degree-days on a 0 degrees base: GDD(0)) or a combination of these. Different plant functional types (PFTs, as defined by life form, leaf type and phenology) reach maximum abundance in distinct areas of this climate space: for example, evergreen trees occur in the coldest, wettest environments (GDD(0) < 2500 degrees Cd, alpha > 0.38), and deciduous scale-leaved trees occur in drier, warmer environments than deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most leaf-level traits show similar relationships with climate independently of PFT: for example, leaf size in all PFTs increases as the environment becomes wetter and cooler. However, some traits (e.g. petiole length) display different relationships with climate in different PFTs. CONCLUSIONS Based on presence/absence species data and flora-based trait assignments, the present study demonstrates ecologically plausible trends in the occurrence of key plant traits along climate gradients in northern China. Life form, leaf type, phenology, photosynthetic pathway, leaf size and other key traits reflect climate. The success of these analyses opens the possibility of using quadrat- and flora-based trait analyses to examine climate-trait relationships in other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, 100093 Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19 Jia, 100049 Beijing, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Jian Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, 100093 Beijing, China
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A43, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sandy P. Harrison
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
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87
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Testing the generality of the ‘leafing intensity premium’ hypothesis in temperate broad-leaved forests: a survey of variation in leaf size within and between habitats. Evol Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Dillen SY, Marron N, Sabatti M, Ceulemans R, Bastien C. Relationships among productivity determinants in two hybrid poplar families grown during three years at two contrasting sites. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:975-87. [PMID: 19483184 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental, temporal and genetic stability of the relationships between growth and a selection of tree architectural, leaf and phenological traits (selection based on the conclusions of previous studies carried out on the same experimental trial). Therefore, the growth of two hybrid families, Populus deltoides 'S9-2' x Populus nigra 'Ghoy' (D x N family, 180 F(1)) and P. deltoides 'S9-2' x Populus trichocarpa 'V24' (D x T family, 182 F(1)), was investigated during a 3-year period at two sites, i.e., in northern Italy and central France. At the end of the second growing season, all trees were coppiced and the resprouts were thinned to a single stem. At the end of each growing season, stem circumference and height were measured for all F(1) hybrids. The number of sylleptic branches, individual leaf area (LA) and petiole length of the largest leaf along the main stem, production of new leaves, bud flush and bud set were estimated for a selection of genotypes (31 F(1)) per family at each site during the course of the 3-year experiment. The D x T family was clearly the most productive family and displayed the highest heterosis values. However, there appeared to be a compromise between good growth at a given site and stability between the two different sites, both at family and at genotype levels. Particularly, the less performing trees were stable between Italy and France. Among the studied growth components, the number of sylleptic branches and individual LA of the largest leaf along the main stem were the best growth predictors, irrespective of site and family. Growth strategies in terms of leaf development differed between the two families. Hence, leaf production rate was strongly associated with growth of the D x N family only. These results have important consequences for the use of the studied traits as selection criteria in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Y Dillen
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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89
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Wang B, Sang Y, Song J, Gao XQ, Zhang X. Expression of a rice OsARGOS gene in Arabidopsis promotes cell division and expansion and increases organ size. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:31-40. [PMID: 19161943 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ARGOS gene in Arabidopsis plays a key role in controlling plant organ size. To determine the function of it's ortholog in rice, a putative ARGOS orthologous gene from rice tissues was isolated and designated as OsARGOS. This gene has only one copy in the rice genome. OsARGOS transcripts were detected in most of rice tissues, particularly in the young tissues, and its expression was induced in rice seedlings by the application of either auxin or cytokinin. Arabidopsis plants expressing OsARGOS led to larger organs, such as leaves and siliques, compared with wild-type plants. Interestingly, the root growth was also enhanced in these transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, the biomass of the transgenic plants was significantly increased. Further analysis revealed that, different from the ARGOS and ARGOS-LIKE genes in Arabidopsis, the OsARGOS gene enlarged organ by an increase in both cell number and cell size. In addition, the transcript levels of several organ size-associated genes regulating either cell division or cell growth were upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We also transferred the OsARGOS gene to rice, but the transgenic plants did not show any changes in organ size compared with the control plants. It is likely that the function of OsARGOS in organ size control depends on other size regulators in rice. The expression of OsARGOS in Arabidopsis may activate the signaling pathways that control cell proliferation and cell expansion during the course of plant growth and development. Since the expression of OsARGOS causes organ enlargement, the potential application of this gene through genetic engineering may significantly improve the production of biomass in agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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90
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Niklas KJ, Cobb ED, Spatz HC. Predicting the allometry of leaf surface area and dry mass. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:531-6. [PMID: 21628208 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The manner in which increases in leaf surface area S scale with respect to increases in leaf dry mass M(t) within and across species has important implications to understanding the ability of plants to harvest sunlight, grow, and ultimately reproduce. Thus far, no mechanistic explanation has been advanced to explain why prior work shows that the scaling exponent governing the S to M(t) relationship is generally significantly less than one (i.e., S ∝ M(t)(α < 1.0)) such that increases in M(t) yield diminishing returns with respect to increases in S across most species. Here, we show analytically why this phenomenon occurs and present equations that predict trends observed in the numerical values of scaling exponents for the S vs. M(t) relationships observed across dicot tree species and two aquatic vascular plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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91
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Olson ME, Aguirre-Hernández R, Rosell JA. Universal foliage-stem scaling across environments and species in dicot trees: plasticity, biomechanics and Corner's Rules. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:210-9. [PMID: 19141123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trees range from small-leaved, intricately branched species with slender stems to large-leaved, coarsely branched ones with thick stems. We suggest a mechanism for this pattern, known as Corner's Rules, based on universal scaling. We show similar crown area-stem diameter scaling between trunks and branches, environments, and species spanning a wide range of leaf size and stem biomechanics. If crown and stem maintain metabolically driven proportionality, but similar amounts of photosynthates are produced per unit crown area, then the greater leaf spacing in large-leaved species requires lower density stem tissue and, meeting mechanical needs, thicker stems. Congruent with this scenario, we show a negative relationship between leaf size and stem Young's modulus. Corner's Rules emerge from these mutual adjustments, which suggest that adaptive studies cannot consider any of these features independently. The constancy of scaling despite environmental challenges identifies this trait constellation as a crucial axis of plant diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de CU, México DF 04510, Mexico.
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92
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Arcand N, Kagawa AK, Sack L, Giambelluca TW. Scaling of Frond Form in Hawaiian Tree FernCibotium glaucum: Compliance with Global Trends and Application for Field Estimation. Biotropica 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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93
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Yang D, Li G, Sun S. The generality of leaf size versus number trade-off in temperate woody species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:623-9. [PMID: 18682438 PMCID: PMC2701782 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trade-offs are fundamental to life-history theory, and the leaf size vs. number trade-off has recently been suggested to be of importance to our understanding leaf size evolution. The purpose of the present study was to test whether the isometric, negative relationship between leaf size and number found by Kleiman and Aarssen is conserved between plant functional types and between habitats. METHODS Leaf mass, area and number, and stem mass and volume of current-year shoots were measured for 107 temperate broadleaved woody species at two altitudes on Gongga Mountain, south-west China. The scaling relationships of leaf size (leaf area and mass) vs. (mass- and volume-based) leafing intensity were analysed in relation to leaf habit, leaf form and habitat type. Trait relationships were determined with both a standardized major axis method and a phylogenetically independent comparative method. KEY RESULTS Significant negative, isometric scaling relationships between leaf size and leafing intensity were found to be consistently conserved across species independent of leaf habit, leaf form and habitat type. In particular, about 99 % of the variation in leaf mass across species could be accounted for by proportional variation in mass-based leafing intensity. The negative correlations between leaf size and leafing intensity were also observed across correlated evolutionary divergences. However, evergreen species had a lower y-intercept in the scaling relationships of leaf area vs. leafing intensity than deciduous species. This indicated that leaf area was smaller in the evergreen species at a given leafing intensity than in the deciduous species. The compound-leaved deciduous species were observed usually to have significant upper shifts along the common slopes relative to the simple-leaved species, which suggested that the compound-leaved species were larger in leaf size but smaller in leafing intensity than their simple counterparts. No significant difference was found in the scaling relationships between altitudes. CONCLUSIONS The negative, isometric scaling relationship between leaf size and number is largely conserved in plants, while the leaf size vs. number trade-off can be mediated by leaf properties. The isometry of the leaf size vs. number relationship may simply result from a biomass allocation trade-off, although a twig size constraint may provide an alternative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoyong Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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94
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Poorter L, Rozendaal DMA. Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species. Oecologia 2008; 158:35-46. [PMID: 18719946 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trees forage for light through optimal leaf display. Effective leaf display is determined by metamer traits (i.e., the internode, petiole, and corresponding leaf), and thus these traits strongly co-determine carbon gain and as a result competitive advantage in a light-limited environment. We examined 11 metamer traits of sun and shade trees of 38 coexisting moist forest tree species and determined the relative strengths of intra- and interspecific variation. Species-specific metamer traits were related to two variables that represent important life history variation; the regeneration light requirements and average leaf size of the species. Metamer traits varied strongly across species and, in contrast to our expectation, showed only modest changes in response to light. Intra- and interspecific responses to light were only congruent for a third of the traits evaluated. Four traits, amongst which leaf size, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf area ratio at the metamer level (LAR) showed even opposite intra- and interspecific responses to light. Strikingly, these are classic traits that are thought to be of paramount importance for plant performance but that have completely different consequences within and across species. Sun trees of a given species had small leaves to reduce the heat load, but light-demanding species had large leaves compared to shade-tolerants, probably to outcompete their neighbors. Shade trees of a given species had a high SLA and LAR to capture more light in a light-limited environment, whereas shade-tolerant species have well-protected leaves with a low SLA compared to light-demanding species, probably to deter herbivores and enhance leaf lifespan. There was a leaf-size-mediated trade-off between biomechanical and hydraulic safety, and the efficiency with which species can space their leaves and forage for light. Unexpectedly, metamer traits were more closely linked to leaf size than to regeneration light requirements, probably because leaf-size-related biomechanical and vascular constraints limit the trait combinations that are physically possible. This suggests that the leaf size spectrum overrules more subtle variation caused by the leaf economics spectrum, and that leaf size represents a more important strategy axis than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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95
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Li G, Yang D, Sun S. Allometric relationships between lamina area, lamina mass and petiole mass of 93 temperate woody species vary with leaf habit, leaf form and altitude. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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96
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Milla R, Reich PB, Niinemets ., Castro-Dez P. Environmental and developmental controls on specific leaf area are little modified by leaf allometry. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Niklas KJ, Cobb ED. Evidence for "diminishing returns" from the scaling of stem diameter and specific leaf area. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:549-557. [PMID: 21632381 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that increases in total leaf area (A(T)) may fail to keep pace with increases in total leaf mass (M(L)) across plants differing in size (e.g., as measured by stem diameter, D). This "diminishing returns" hypothesis predicts that the scaling exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) will be less than one and that the exponent for specific leaf mass (i.e., A(T) / M(L)) vs. D will be negative. These predictions were examined using data from 46 plants ranging between 0.125 cm ≤ D ≤ 0.485 m across 25 woody dicot species. Standardized major axis slopes were used to quantify scaling exponents and random effects models were used to quantify species and size effects on the numerical values of exponents. The exponents for A(T) vs. M(L) and A(T) / M(L) vs. D differed among species and different species groupings. In general, the exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) was less than one and the exponent for A(T) / M(L) vs. D was negative, as predicted. However, random effects models indicated that species effects overshadowed size effects, although size effects were statistically significant. The diminishing returns hypothesis therefore receives statistical support, i.e., although the numerical values of exponents are "species-dependent," they are less than unity, as predicted by theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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98
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Grote R, Niinemets U. Modeling volatile isoprenoid emissions--a story with split ends. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:8-28. [PMID: 18211545 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of plant-generated volatile isoprenoid fluxes is necessary for reliable estimation of atmospheric ozone and aerosol formation potentials. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the environmental and physiological controls on isoprenoid emission and in scaling these emissions to canopy and landscape levels. We summarize recent developments and compare different approaches for simulating volatile isoprenoid emission and scaling up to whole forest canopies with complex architecture. We show that the current developments in modeling volatile isoprenoid emissions are "split-ended" with simultaneous but separated efforts in fine-tuning the empirical emission algorithms and in constructing process-based models. In modeling volatile isoprenoid emissions, simplified leaf-level emission algorithms (Guenther algorithms) are highly successful, particularly after scaling these models up to whole regions, where the influences of different ecosystem types, ontogenetic stages, and variations in environmental conditions on emission rates and dynamics partly cancel out. However, recent experimental evidence indicates important environmental effects yet unconsidered and emphasize, the importance of a highly dynamic plant acclimation in space and time. This suggests that current parameterizations are unlikely to hold in a globally changing and dynamic environment. Therefore, long-term predictions using empirical algorithms are not necessarily reliable. We show that process-based models have large potential to capture the influence of changing environmental conditions, in particular if the leaf models are linked with physiologically based whole-plant models. This combination is also promising in considering the possible feedback impacts of emissions on plant physiological status such as mitigation of thermal and oxidative stresses by volatile isoprenoids. It might be further worth while to incorporate main features of these approaches in regional empirically-based emission estimations thereby merging the "split ends".
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grote
- Research Center Karlsruhe GmbH, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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99
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Milla R, Reich PB. The scaling of leaf area and mass: the cost of light interception increases with leaf size. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:2109-14. [PMID: 17591590 PMCID: PMC2706187 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For leaves, the light-capturing surface area per unit dry mass investment (specific leaf area, SLA) is a key trait from physiological, ecological and biophysical perspectives. To address whether SLA declines with leaf size, as hypothesized due to increasing costs of support in larger leaves, we compiled data on intraspecific variation in leaf dry mass (LM) and leaf surface area (LA) for 6334 leaves of 157 species. We used the power function LM=alpha LAbeta to test whether, within each species, large leaves deploy less surface area per unit dry mass than small leaves. Comparing scaling exponents (beta) showed that more species had a statistically significant decrease in SLA as leaf size increased (61) than the opposite (7) and the average beta was significantly greater than 1 (betamean=1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.13). However, scaling exponents varied markedly from the few species that decreased to the many that increased SLA disproportionately fast as leaf size increased. This variation was unrelated to growth form, ecosystem of origin or climate. The average within-species tendency found here (allometric decrease of SLA with leaf size, averaging 13%) is in accord with concurrent findings on global-scale trends among species, although the substantial scatter around the central tendency suggests that the leaf size dependency does not obligately shape SLA. Nonetheless, the generally greater mass per unit leaf area of larger than smaller leaves directly translates into a greater cost to build and maintain a unit of leaf area, which, all else being equal, should constrain the maximum leaf size displayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Milla
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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100
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Shade induced changes in biomechanical petiole properties in the stoloniferous herb Trifolium repens. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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