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Bou Daher F, Chen Y, Bozorg B, Clough J, Jönsson H, Braybrook SA. Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry. eLife 2018; 7:e38161. [PMID: 30226465 PMCID: PMC6143341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination, it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life. In most dicot plants, this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl, the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems. Anisotropic growth is common in plant organs and is canonically attributed to cell wall anisotropy produced by oriented cellulose fibers. Recently, a mechanism based on asymmetric pectin-based cell wall elasticity has been proposed. Here we present a harmonizing model for anisotropic growth control in the dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl: basic anisotropic information is provided by cellulose orientation) and additive anisotropic information is provided by pectin-based elastic asymmetry in the epidermis. We quantitatively show that hypocotyl elongation is anisotropic starting at germination. We present experimental evidence for pectin biochemical differences and wall mechanics providing important growth regulation in the hypocotyl. Lastly, our in silico modelling experiments indicate an additive collaboration between pectin biochemistry and cellulose orientation in promoting anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuanjie Chen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jack Clough
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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Cole RA, Peremyslov VV, Van Why S, Moussaoui I, Ketter A, Cool R, Moreno MA, Vejlupkova Z, Dolja VV, Fowler JE. A broadly conserved NERD genetically interacts with the exocyst to affect root growth and cell expansion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3625-3637. [PMID: 29722827 PMCID: PMC6022600 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst, a conserved, octameric protein complex, helps mediate secretion at the plasma membrane, facilitating specific developmental processes that include control of root meristem size, cell elongation, and tip growth. A genetic screen for second-site enhancers in Arabidopsis identified NEW ENHANCER of ROOT DWARFISM1 (NERD1) as an exocyst interactor. Mutations in NERD1 combined with weak exocyst mutations in SEC8 and EXO70A1 result in a synergistic reduction in root growth. Alone, nerd1 alleles modestly reduce primary root growth, both by shortening the root meristem and by reducing cell elongation, but also result in a slight increase in root hair length, bulging, and rupture. NERD1 was identified molecularly as At3g51050, which encodes a transmembrane protein of unknown function that is broadly conserved throughout the Archaeplastida. A functional NERD1-GFP fusion localizes to the Golgi, in a pattern distinct from the plasma membrane-localized exocyst, arguing against a direct NERD1-exocyst interaction. Structural modeling suggests the majority of the protein is positioned in the lumen, in a β-propeller-like structure that has some similarity to proteins that bind polysaccharides. We suggest that NERD1 interacts with the exocyst indirectly, possibly affecting polysaccharides destined for the cell wall, and influencing cell wall characteristics in a developmentally distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valera V Peremyslov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Savannah Van Why
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ibrahim Moussaoui
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ann Ketter
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renee Cool
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Andres Moreno
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zuzana Vejlupkova
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Correspondence:
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Genome-Wide Identification, Molecular Evolution, and Expression Profiling Analysis of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Genes in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051338. [PMID: 29724020 PMCID: PMC5983585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes (PMEIs) are a large multigene family and play crucial roles in cell wall modifications in plant growth and development. Here, a comprehensive analysis of the PMEI gene family in Brassicacampestris, an important leaf vegetable, was performed. We identified 100 BrassicacampestrisPMEI genes (BcPMEIs), among which 96 BcPMEIs were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes and nine tandem arrays containing 20 BcPMEIs were found. We also detected 80 pairs of syntenic PMEI orthologs. These findings indicated that whole-genome triplication (WGT) and tandem duplication (TD) were the main mechanisms accounting for the current number of BcPMEIs. In evolution, BcPMEIs were retained preferentially and biasedly, consistent with the gene balance hypothesis and two-step theory, respectively. The molecular evolution analysis of BcPMEIs manifested that they evolved through purifying selection and the divergence time is in accordance with the WGT data of B. campestris. To obtain the functional information of BcPMEIs, the expression patterns in five tissues and the cis-elements distributed in promoter regions were investigated. This work can provide a better understanding of the molecular evolution and biological function of PMEIs in B. campestris.
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54
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Majda M, Robert S. The Role of Auxin in Cell Wall Expansion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040951. [PMID: 29565829 PMCID: PMC5979272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and protection, but also extensible, to allow cell growth, which is triggered by a high intracellular turgor pressure. Wall properties regulate the differential growth of the cell, resulting in a diversity of cell sizes and shapes. The plant hormone auxin is well known to stimulate cell elongation via increasing wall extensibility. Auxin participates in the regulation of cell wall properties by inducing wall loosening. Here, we review what is known on cell wall property regulation by auxin. We focus particularly on the auxin role during cell expansion linked directly to cell wall modifications. We also analyze downstream targets of transcriptional auxin signaling, which are related to the cell wall and could be linked to acid growth and the action of wall-loosening proteins. All together, this update elucidates the connection between hormonal signaling and cell wall synthesis and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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55
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Sotiriou P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Local differentiation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in sinuous pavement cells: its possible involvement in the flexibility of cell shape. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:223-237. [PMID: 29247575 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of homogalacturonans (HGAs) displaying different degrees of esterification as well as of callose was examined in cell walls of mature pavement cells in two angiosperm and two fern species. We investigated whether local cell wall matrix differentiation may enable pavement cells to respond to mechanical tension forces by transiently altering their shape. HGA epitopes, identified with 2F4, JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies, and callose were immunolocalised in hand-made or semithin leaf sections. Callose was also stained with aniline blue. The structure of pavement cells was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all species examined, pavement cells displayed wavy anticlinal cell walls, but the waviness pattern differed between angiosperms and ferns. The angiosperm pavement cells were tightly interconnected throughout their whole depth, while in ferns they were interconnected only close to the external periclinal cell wall and intercellular spaces were developed between them close to the mesophyll. Although the HGA epitopes examined were located along the whole cell wall surface, the 2F4- and JIM5- epitopes were especially localised at cell lobe tips. In fern pavement cells, the contact sites were impregnated with callose and JIM5-HGA epitopes. When tension forces were applied on leaf regions, the pavement cells elongated along the stretching axis, due to a decrease in waviness of anticlinal cell walls. After removal of tension forces, the original cell shape was resumed. The presented data support that HGA epitopes make the anticlinal pavement cell walls flexible, in order to reversibly alter their shape. Furthermore, callose seems to offer stability to cell contacts between pavement cells, as already suggested in photosynthetic mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sotiriou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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56
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Martín G, Rovira A, Veciana N, Soy J, Toledo-Ortiz G, Gommers CM, Boix M, Henriques R, Minguet EG, Alabadí D, Halliday KJ, Leivar P, Monte E. Circadian Waves of Transcriptional Repression Shape PIF-Regulated Photoperiod-Responsive Growth in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:311-318.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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57
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Sénéchal F, Habrylo O, Hocq L, Domon JM, Marcelo P, Lefebvre V, Pelloux J, Mercadante D. Structural and dynamical characterization of the pH-dependence of the pectin methylesterase-pectin methylesterase inhibitor complex. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21538-21547. [PMID: 29109147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of pectin, one of the main polysaccharides in the plant cell wall, and are of critical importance in plant development. PME activity generates highly negatively charged pectin and mutates the physiochemical properties of the plant cell wall such that remodeling of the plant cell can occur. PMEs are therefore tightly regulated by proteinaceous inhibitors (PMEIs), some of which become active upon changes in cellular pH. Nevertheless, a detailed picture of how this pH-dependent inhibition of PME occurs at the molecular level is missing. Herein, using an interdisciplinary approach that included homology modeling, MD simulations, and biophysical and biochemical characterizations, we investigated the molecular basis of PME3 inhibition by PMEI7 in Arabidopsis thaliana Our complementary approach uncovered how changes in the protonation of amino acids at the complex interface shift the network of interacting residues between intermolecular and intramolecular. These shifts ultimately regulate the stability of the PME3-PMEI7 complex and the inhibition of the PME as a function of the pH. These findings suggest a general model of how pH-dependent proteinaceous inhibitors function. Moreover, they enhance our understanding of how PMEs may be regulated by pH and provide new insights into how this regulation may control the physical properties and structure of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ludivine Hocq
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- the Plateforme ICAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 80039 Amiens, France,
| | - Davide Mercadante
- the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg-HITS, 16920 Heidelberg, Germany, and .,the IWR-Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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58
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Podgórska A, Burian M, Gieczewska K, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Zebrowski J, Solecka D, Szal B. Altered Cell Wall Plasticity Can Restrict Plant Growth under Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1344. [PMID: 28848567 PMCID: PMC5554365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly utilize inorganic forms of nitrogen (N), such as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+). However, the composition of the N source is important, because excess of NH4+ promotes morphological disorders. Plants cultured on NH4+ as the sole N source exhibit serious growth inhibition, commonly referred to as "ammonium toxicity syndrome." NH4+-mediated suppression of growth may be attributable to both repression of cell elongation and reduction of cell division. The precondition for cell enlargement is the expansion of the cell wall, which requires the loosening of the cell wall polymers. Therefore, to understand how NH4+ nutrition may trigger growth retardation in plants, properties of their cell walls were analyzed. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana using NH4+ as the sole N source has smaller cells with relatively thicker cell walls. Moreover, cellulose, which is the main load-bearing polysaccharide revealed a denser assembly of microfibrils. Consequently, the leaf blade tissue showed elevated tensile strength and indicated higher cell wall stiffness. These changes might be related to changes in polysaccharide and ion content of cell walls. Further, NH4+ toxicity was associated with altered activities of cell wall modifying proteins. The lower activity and/or expression of pectin hydrolyzing enzymes and expansins might limit cell wall expansion. Additionally, the higher activity of cell wall peroxidases can lead to higher cross-linking of cell wall polymers. Overall, the NH4+-mediated inhibition of growth is related to a more rigid cell wall structure, which limits expansion of cells. The changes in cell wall composition were also indicated by decreased expression of Feronia, a receptor-like kinase involved in the control of cell wall extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podgórska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Burian
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of RzeszówKolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Danuta Solecka
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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59
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Mravec J, Kračun SK, Rydahl MG, Westereng B, Pontiggia D, De Lorenzo G, Domozych DS, Willats WGT. An oligogalacturonide-derived molecular probe demonstrates the dynamics of calcium-mediated pectin complexation in cell walls of tip-growing structures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:534-546. [PMID: 28419587 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectic homogalacturonan (HG) is one of the main constituents of plant cell walls. When processed to low degrees of esterification, HG can form complexes with divalent calcium ions. These macromolecular structures (also called egg boxes) play an important role in determining the biomechanics of cell walls and in mediating cell-to-cell adhesion. Current immunological methods enable only steady-state detection of egg box formation in situ. Here we present a tool for efficient real-time visualisation of available sites for HG crosslinking within cell wall microdomains. Our approach is based on calcium-mediated binding of fluorescently tagged long oligogalacturonides (OGs) with endogenous de-esterified HG. We established that more than seven galacturonic acid residues in the HG chain are required to form a stable complex with endogenous HG through calcium complexation in situ, confirming a recently suggested thermodynamic model. Using defined carbohydrate microarrays, we show that the long OG probe binds exclusively to HG that has a very low degree of esterification and in the presence of divalent ions. We used this probe to study real-time dynamics of HG during elongation of Arabidopsis pollen tubes and root hairs. Our results suggest a different spatial organisation of incorporation and processing of HG in the cell walls of these two tip-growing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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60
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Lehman TA, Smertenko A, Sanguinet KA. Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3321-3329. [PMID: 28666373 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis depends on the synchronized anisotropic expansion of individual cells in response to developmental and environmental cues. The magnitude of cell expansion depends on the biomechanical properties of the cell wall, which in turn depends on both its biosynthesis and extensibility. Although the control of cell expansion by the phytohormone auxin is well established, its regulation of cell wall composition, trafficking of H+-ATPases, and K+ influx that drives growth is still being elucidated. Furthermore, the maintenance of auxin fluxes via the interaction between the cytoskeleton and PIN protein recycling on the plasma membrane remains under investigation. This review proposes a model that describes how the cell wall, auxin, microtubule binding-protein CLASP and Kin7/separase complexes, and vesicle trafficking are co-ordinated on a cellular level to mediate cell wall loosening during cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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61
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Auxin steers root cell expansion via apoplastic pH regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4884-E4893. [PMID: 28559333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are embedded within cell walls, which provide structural integrity, but also spatially constrain cells, and must therefore be modified to allow cellular expansion. The long-standing acid growth theory postulates that auxin triggers apoplast acidification, thereby activating cell wall-loosening enzymes that enable cell expansion in shoots. Interestingly, this model remains heavily debated in roots, because of both the complex role of auxin in plant development as well as technical limitations in investigating apoplastic pH at cellular resolution. Here, we introduce 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) as a suitable fluorescent pH indicator for assessing apoplastic pH, and thus acid growth, at a cellular resolution in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Using HPTS, we demonstrate that cell wall acidification triggers cellular expansion, which is correlated with a preceding increase of auxin signaling. Reduction in auxin levels, perception, or signaling abolishes both the extracellular acidification and cellular expansion. These findings jointly suggest that endogenous auxin controls apoplastic acidification and the onset of cellular elongation in roots. In contrast, an endogenous or exogenous increase in auxin levels induces a transient alkalinization of the extracellular matrix, reducing cellular elongation. The receptor-like kinase FERONIA is required for this physiological process, which affects cellular root expansion during the gravitropic response. These findings pinpoint a complex, presumably concentration-dependent role for auxin in apoplastic pH regulation, steering the rate of root cell expansion and gravitropic response.
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62
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Malik N, Agarwal P, Tyagi A. Emerging functions of multi-protein complex Mediator with special emphasis on plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:475-502. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1325830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Malik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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63
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Wojtasik W, Czemplik M, Preisner M, Dymińska L, Yuan G, Szopa J, Kulma A. Pectin from transgenic flax shives regulates extracellular matrix remodelling in human skin fibroblasts. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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64
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Guénin S, Hardouin J, Paynel F, Müller K, Mongelard G, Driouich A, Lerouge P, Kermode AR, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Pelloux J, Gutierrez L, Mareck A. AtPME3, a ubiquitous cell wall pectin methylesterase of Arabidopsis thaliana, alters the metabolism of cruciferin seed storage proteins during post-germinative growth of seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1083-1095. [PMID: 28375469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AtPME3 (At3g14310) is a ubiquitous cell wall pectin methylesterase. Atpme3-1 loss-of-function mutants exhibited distinct phenotypes from the wild type (WT), and were characterized by earlier germination and reduction of root hair production. These phenotypical traits were correlated with the accumulation of a 21.5-kDa protein in the different organs of 4-day-old Atpme3-1 seedlings grown in the dark, as well as in 6-week-old mutant plants. Microarray analysis showed significant down-regulation of the genes encoding several pectin-degrading enzymes and enzymes involved in lipid and protein metabolism in the hypocotyl of 4-day-old dark grown mutant seedlings. Accordingly, there was a decrease in proteolytic activity of the mutant as compared with the WT. Among the genes specifying seed storage proteins, two encoding CRUCIFERINS were up-regulated. Additional analysis by RT-qPCR showed an overexpression of four CRUCIFERIN genes in the mutant Atpme3-1, in which precursors of the α- and β-subunits of CRUCIFERIN accumulated. Together, these results provide evidence for a link between AtPME3, present in the cell wall, and CRUCIFERIN metabolism that occurs in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Guénin
- BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Laboratoire PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florence Paynel
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V6A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V6A 1S6, Canada
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
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Jacq A, Pernot C, Martinez Y, Domergue F, Payré B, Jamet E, Burlat V, Pacquit VB. The Arabidopsis Lipid Transfer Protein 2 (AtLTP2) Is Involved in Cuticle-Cell Wall Interface Integrity and in Etiolated Hypocotyl Permeability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:263. [PMID: 28289427 PMCID: PMC5326792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) belong to a complex multigenic family implicated in diverse physiological processes. However, their function and mode of action remain unclear probably because of functional redundancy. Among the different roles proposed for nsLTPs, it has long been suggested that they could transport cuticular precursor across the cell wall during the formation of the cuticle, which constitutes the first physical barrier for plant interactions with their aerial environment. Here, we took advantage of the Arabidopsis thaliana etiolated hypocotyl model in which AtLTP2 was previously identified as the unique and abundant nsLTP member in the cell wall proteome, to investigate its function. AtLTP2 expression was restricted to epidermal cells of aerial organs, in agreement with the place of cuticle deposition. Furthermore, transient AtLTP2-TagRFP over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells resulted in its localization to the cell wall, as expected, but surprisingly also to the plastids, indicating an original dual trafficking for a nsLTP. Remarkably, in etiolated hypocotyls, the atltp2-1 mutant displayed modifications in cuticle permeability together with a disorganized ultra-structure at the cuticle-cell wall interface completely recovered in complemented lines, whereas only slight differences in cuticular composition were observed. Thus, AtLTP2 may not play the historical purported nsLTP shuttling role across the cell wall, but we rather hypothesize that AtLTP2 could play a major structural role by maintaining the integrity of the adhesion between the mainly hydrophobic cuticle and the hydrophilic underlying cell wall. Altogether, these results gave new insights into nsLTP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Jacq
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clémentine Pernot
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Fédération de Recherche FR3450–Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS Université de Bordeaux–INRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse III, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie B. Pacquit
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Castanet-Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Valérie B. Pacquit,
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Hocq L, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. Connecting Homogalacturonan-Type Pectin Remodeling to Acid Growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:20-29. [PMID: 27884541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'acid growth theory', cell wall acidification controls cell elongation, therefore plant growth. This notably involves changes in cell wall mechanics through modifications of cell wall polysaccharide structure. Recently, advances in cell biology showed that changes in cell elongation rate can be mediated by the remodeling of pectins, and in particular of homogalacturonans (HGs). Their demethylesterification appears to be a key element controlling the chemistry and the rheology of the cell wall. We postulate that precise and dynamic modulation of extracellular pH plays a central role in the control of HG-modifying enzyme activities, and in particular those of pectin methylesterases and polygalacturonases. We propose that acid growth requires dynamic HG remodeling through the tight control of cell wall pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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67
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Salazar-Iribe A, Agredano-Moreno LT, Zúñiga-Sánchez E, Jiménez-Garcia LF, Gamboa-deBuen A. The cell wall DUF642 At2g41800 (TEB) protein is involved in hypocotyl cell elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:206-214. [PMID: 27968989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the cell wall is a complex and dynamic structure comprising high molecular weight carbohydrates and proteins. The cell wall plays an important role in several stages of the plant life cycle, including cell division, elongation and differentiation. The DUF642 family of cell wall proteins is highly conserved in spermatophytes and might be involved in pectin structural modifications. Particularly, At2g41800 is one of the most highly induced genes during the M/G1 phases of the cell cycle, and the protein encodes by this gene has been detected in cell wall proteomes of cell suspension cultures. In the present study, the expression of At2g41800 (TEB) was confirmed in primary and lateral roots, stigmatic papillae and hypocotyls. Subcellular localization studies showed that TEB is located in the cell wall. The root length and lateral root density were not affected in either of the two teb mutants studied, but the length of the hypocotyls from seedlings grown under light and dark conditions was increased. Immunogold labelling studies using JIM5 antibodies on sections of hypocotyl epidermal cells showed an important reduction of gold particles in teb mutants. The results suggested that TEB is involved in hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Salazar-Iribe
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - Esther Zúñiga-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, México DF, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jiménez-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, México DF, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa-deBuen
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510, México DF, Mexico.
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68
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Giannoutsou E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Spatio-temporal diversification of the cell wall matrix materials in the developing stomatal complexes of Zea mays. PLANTA 2016; 244:1125-1143. [PMID: 27460945 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The matrix cell wall materials, in developing Zea mays stomatal complexes are asymmetrically distributed, a phenomenon appearing related to the local cell wall expansion and deformation, the establishment of cell polarity, and determination of the cell division plane. In cells of developing Zea mays stomatal complexes, definite cell wall regions expand determinately and become locally deformed. This differential cell wall behavior is obvious in the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) and the subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) that locally protrude towards the adjacent GMCs. The latter, emitting a morphogenetic stimulus, induce polarization/asymmetrical division in SMCs. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that homogalacturonans (HGAs) with a high degree of de-esterification (2F4- and JIM5-HGA epitopes) and arabinogalactan proteins are selectively distributed in the extending and deformed cell wall regions, while their margins are enriched with rhamnogalacturonans (RGAs) containing highly branched arabinans (LM6-RGA epitope). In SMCs, the local cell wall matrix differentiation constitutes the first structural event, indicating the establishment of cell polarity. Moreover, in the premitotic GMCs and SMCs, non-esterified HGAs (2F4-HGA epitope) are preferentially localized in the cell wall areas outlining the cytoplasm where the preprophase band is formed. In these areas, the forthcoming cell plate fuses with the parent cell walls. These data suggest that the described heterogeneity in matrix cell wall materials is probably involved in: (a) local cell wall expansion and deformation, (b) the transduction of the inductive GMC stimulus, and
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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69
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Fernandes JC, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Immunolocalization of cell wall polymers in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) internodes under nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:1151-1163. [PMID: 27417099 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact on cell wall (CW) of the deficiency in nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P) or sulphur (-S), known to impair essential metabolic pathways, was investigated in the economically important fruit species Vitis vinifera L. Using cuttings as an experimental model a reduction in total internode number and altered xylem shape was observed. Under -N an increased internode length was also seen. CW composition, visualised after staining with calcofluor white, Toluidine blue and ruthenium red, showed decreased cellulose in all stresses and increased pectin content in recently formed internodes under -N compared to the control. Using CW-epitope specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lower amounts of extensins incorporated in the wall were also observed under -N and -P conditions. Conversely, increased pectins with a low degree of methyl-esterification and richer in long linear 1,5-arabinan rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) side chains were observed under -N and -P in mature internodes which, in the former condition, were able to form dimeric association through calcium ions. -N was the only condition in which 1,5-arabinan branched RG-I content was not altered, as -P and -S older internodes showed, respectively, lower and higher amounts of this polymer. Higher xyloglucan content in older internodes was also observed under -N. The results suggest that impairments of specific CW components led to changes in the deposition of other polymers to promote stiffening of the CW. The unchanged extensin amount observed under -S may contribute to attenuating the effects on the CW integrity caused by this stress. Our work showed that, in organized V. vinifera tissues, modifications in a given CW component can be compensated by synthesis of different polymers and/or alternative linking between polymers. The results also pinpoint different strategies at the CW level to overcome mineral stress depending on how essential they are to cell growth and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fernandes
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L F Goulao
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão-Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
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70
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Bastien R, Legland D, Martin M, Fregosi L, Peaucelle A, Douady S, Moulia B, Höfte H. KymoRod: a method for automated kinematic analysis of rod-shaped plant organs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:468-475. [PMID: 27354251 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in plant systems biology is the development of robust, predictive multiscale models for organ growth. In this context it is important to bridge the gap between the, rather well-documented molecular scale and the organ scale by providing quantitative methods to study within-organ growth patterns. Here, we describe a simple method for the analysis of the evolution of growth patterns within rod-shaped organs that does not require adding markers at the organ surface. The method allows for the simultaneous analysis of root and hypocotyl growth, provides spatio-temporal information on curvature, growth anisotropy and relative elemental growth rate and can cope with complex organ movements. We demonstrate the performance of the method by documenting previously unsuspected complex growth patterns within the growing hypocotyl of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana during normal growth, after treatment with a growth-inhibiting drug or in a mechano-sensing mutant. The method is freely available as an intuitive and user-friendly Matlab application called KymoRod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bastien
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Legland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Biopolymères Interaction et Assemblages, INRA, UR1368, Nantes, F-44316, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lucien Fregosi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Douady
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, 75025, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
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71
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Ali O, Traas J. Force-Driven Polymerization and Turgor-Induced Wall Expansion. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:398-409. [PMID: 26895732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While many molecular players involved in growth control have been identified in the past decades, it is often unknown how they mechanistically act to induce specific shape changes during development. Plant morphogenesis results from the turgor-induced yielding of the extracellular and load-bearing cell wall. Its mechanochemical equilibrium appears as a fundamental link between molecular growth regulation and the effective shape evolution of the tissue. We focus here on force-driven polymerization of the cell wall as a central process in growth control. We propose that mechanical forces facilitate the insertion of wall components, in particular pectins, a process that can be modulated through genetic regulation. We formalize this idea in a mathematical model, which we subsequently test with published experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France; Virtual Plants INRIA Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.
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72
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Turbant A, Fournet F, Lequart M, Zabijak L, Pageau K, Bouton S, Van Wuytswinkel O. PME58 plays a role in pectin distribution during seed coat mucilage extrusion through homogalacturonan modification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2177-90. [PMID: 26895630 PMCID: PMC4809284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are major components of plant primary cell walls. They include homogalacturonans (HGs), which are the most abundant pectin and can be the target of apoplastic enzymes like pectin methylesterases (PMEs) that control their methylesterification level. Several PMEs are expressed in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana, particularly in mucilage secretory cells (MSCs). On the basis of public transcriptomic data, seven PME genes were selected and checked for their seed-specific expression by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Of these, PME58 presented the highest level of expression and was specifically expressed in MSCs at the early stages of seed development. pme58 mutants presented two discrete phenotypes: (i) their adherent mucilage was less stained by ruthenium red when compared to wild-type seeds, but only in the presence of EDTA, a Ca(2+)chelator; and (ii) the MSC surface area was decreased. These phenotypes are the consequence of an increase in the degree of HG methylesterification connected to a decrease in PME activity. Analysis of the sugar composition of soluble and adherent mucilage showed that, in the presence of EDTA, sugars of adherent mucilage were more readily extracted in pme58 mutants. Immunolabelling with LM19, an antibody that preferentially recognizes unesterified HGs, also showed that molecular interactions with HGs were modified in the adherent mucilage of pme58 mutants, suggesting a role of PME58 in mucilage structure and organization. In conclusion, PME58 is the first PME identified to play a direct role in seed mucilage structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Turbant
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Luciane Zabijak
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire et Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80036 Amiens, France
| | - Karine Pageau
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Bouton
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Van Wuytswinkel
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
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73
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Sotiriou P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Cell wall matrix polysaccharide distribution and cortical microtubule organization: two factors controlling mesophyll cell morphogenesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:401-19. [PMID: 26802013 PMCID: PMC4765543 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This work investigates the involvement of local differentiation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides and the role of microtubules in the morphogenesis of mesophyll cells (MCs) of three types (lobed, branched and palisade) in the dicotyledon Vigna sinensis and the fern Asplenium nidus. METHODS Homogalacturonan (HGA) epitopes recognized by the 2F4, JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies and callose were immunolocalized in hand-made leaf sections. Callose was also stained with aniline blue. We studied microtubule organization by tubulin immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In both plants, the matrix cell wall polysaccharide distribution underwent definite changes during MC differentiation. Callose constantly defined the sites of MC contacts. The 2F4 HGA epitope in V. sinensis first appeared in MC contacts but gradually moved towards the cell wall regions facing the intercellular spaces, while in A. nidus it was initially localized at the cell walls delimiting the intercellular spaces, but finally shifted to MC contacts. In V. sinensis, the JIM5 and JIM7 HGA epitopes initially marked the cell walls delimiting the intercellular spaces and gradually shifted in MC contacts, while in A. nidus they constantly enriched MC contacts. In all MC types examined, the cortical microtubules played a crucial role in their morphogenesis. In particular, in palisade MCs, cortical microtubule helices, by controlling cellulose microfibril orientation, forced these MCs to acquire a truncated cone-like shape. Unexpectedly in V. sinensis, the differentiation of colchicine-affected MCs deviated completely, since they developed a cell wall ingrowth labyrinth, becoming transfer-like cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of this work and previous studies on Zea mays (Giannoutsou et al., Annals of Botany 2013; 112: : 1067-1081) revealed highly controlled local cell wall matrix differentiation in MCs of species belonging to different plant groups. This, in coordination with microtubule-dependent cellulose microfibril alignment, spatially controlled cell wall expansion, allowing MCs to acquire their particular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sotiriou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece and
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece and
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece and
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece and
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Identification of MEDIATOR16 as the Arabidopsis COBRA suppressor MONGOOSE1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:16048-53. [PMID: 26655738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521675112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a screen for genetic suppressors of cobra, an Arabidopsis mutant with defects in cellulose formation and an increased ratio of unesterified/esterified pectin. We identified a suppressor named mongoose1 (mon1) that suppressed the growth defects of cobra, partially restored cellulose levels, and restored the esterification ratio of pectin to wild-type levels. mon1 was mapped to the MEDIATOR16 (MED16) locus, a tail mediator subunit, also known as SENSITIVE TO FREEZING6 (SFR6). When separated from the cobra mutation, mutations in MED16 caused resistance to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, consistent with their ability to suppress the cobra cellulose deficiency. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a number of cell wall genes are misregulated in med16 mutants. Two of these genes encode pectin methylesterase inhibitors, which, when ectopically expressed, partially suppressed the cobra phenotype. This suggests that cellulose biosynthesis can be affected by the esterification levels of pectin, possibly through modifying cell wall integrity or the interaction of pectin and cellulose.
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75
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L’Enfant M, Domon JM, Rayon C, Desnos T, Ralet MC, Bonnin E, Pelloux J, Pau-Roblot C. Substrate specificity of plant and fungi pectin methylesterases: Identification of novel inhibitors of PMEs. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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76
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Wang R, Liu X, Liang S, Ge Q, Li Y, Shao J, Qi Y, An L, Yu F. A subgroup of MATE transporter genes regulates hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6327-43. [PMID: 26160579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The growth of higher plants is under complex regulation to ensure the elaboration of developmental programmes under a changing environment. To dissect these regulatory circuits, we carried out genetic screens for Arabidopsis abnormal shoot (abs) mutants with altered shoot development. Here, we report the isolation of two dominant mutants, abs3-1D and abs4-1D, through activation tagging. Both mutants showed a 'bushy' loss of apical dominance phenotype. ABS3 and ABS4 code for two closely related putative Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) family of efflux transporters, respectively. ABS3 and ABS4, as well as two related MATE genes, ABS3-Like1 (ABS3L1) and ABS3L2, showed diverse tissue expression profiles but their gene products all localized to the late endosome/prevacuole (LE/PVC) compartment. The over-expression of these four genes individually led to the inhibition of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light. On the other hand, the quadruple knockout mutant (mateq) showed the opposite phenotype of an enhanced hypocotyl cell elongation in the light. Hypocotyl cell elongation and de-etiolation processes in the dark were also affected by the mutations of these genes. Exogenously applied sucrose attenuated the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation caused by abs3-1D and abs4-1D in the dark, and enhanced the hypocotyl elongation of mateq under prolonged dark treatment. We determined that ABS3 genetically interacts with the photoreceptor gene PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB). Our results demonstrate that ABS3 and related MATE family transporters are potential negative regulators of hypocotyl cell elongation and support a functional link between the endomembrane system, particularly the LE/PVC, and the regulation of plant cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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77
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Levesque-Tremblay G, Pelloux J, Braybrook SA, Müller K. Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development. PLANTA 2015; 242:791-811. [PMID: 26168980 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent publications have increased our knowledge of how pectin composition and the degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification impact the biochemical and biomechanical properties of plant cell walls, plant development, and plants' interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments. Experimental observations have shown that the relationships between the DM, the pattern of de-methylesterificaton, its effect on cell wall elasticity, other biomechanical parameters, and growth are not straightforward. Working towards a detailed understanding of these relationships at single cell resolution is one of the big tasks of pectin research. Pectins are highly complex polysaccharides abundant in plant primary cell walls. New analytical and microscopy techniques are revealing the composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall and increasing our knowledge on the topic. Progress in plant physiological research supports a link between cell wall pectin modifications and plant development and interactions with the environment. Homogalacturonan pectins, which are major components of the primary cell wall, have a potential for modifications such as methylesterification, as well as an ability to form cross-linked structures with divalent cations. This contributes to changing the mechanical properties of the cell wall. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the pectin component homogalacturonan, including its synthesis, modification, regulation and role in the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Energy Bioscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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78
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Lionetti V, Raiola A, Mattei B, Bellincampi D. The Grapevine VvPMEI1 Gene Encodes a Novel Functional Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Associated to Grape Berry Development. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26204516 PMCID: PMC4512722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and partially de-methylesterified in the cell wall by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). PME activity is expressed during plant growth, development and stress responses. PME activity is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by proteins named PME inhibitors (PMEIs). We have identified, expressed and characterized VvPMEI1, a functional PME inhibitor of Vitis vinifera. VvPMEI1 typically affects the activity of plant PMEs and is inactive against microbial PMEs. The kinetics of PMEI-PME interaction, studied by surface plasmon resonance, indicates that the inhibitor strongly interacts with PME at apoplastic pH while the stability of the complex is reduced by increasing the pH. The analysis of VvPMEI1 expression in different grapevine tissues and during grape fruit development suggests that this inhibitor controls PME activity mainly during the earlier phase of berry development. A proteomic analysis performed at this stage indicates a PME isoform as possible target of VvPMEI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agroforestali, Università di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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79
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Sénéchal F, L'Enfant M, Domon JM, Rosiau E, Crépeau MJ, Surcouf O, Esquivel-Rodriguez J, Marcelo P, Mareck A, Guérineau F, Kim HR, Mravec J, Bonnin E, Jamet E, Kihara D, Lerouge P, Ralet MC, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Tuning of Pectin Methylesterification: PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR 7 MODULATES THE PROCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CO-EXPRESSED PECTIN METHYLESTERASE 3 IN A pH-DEPENDENT MANNER. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23320-35. [PMID: 26183897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan domains of pectin in plant cell walls and are regulated by endogenous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In Arabidopsis dark-grown hypocotyls, one PME (AtPME3) and one PMEI (AtPMEI7) were identified as potential interacting proteins. Using RT-quantitative PCR analysis and gene promoter::GUS fusions, we first showed that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 genes had overlapping patterns of expression in etiolated hypocotyls. The two proteins were identified in hypocotyl cell wall extracts by proteomics. To investigate the potential interaction between AtPME3 and AtPMEI7, both proteins were expressed in a heterologous system and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of recombinant AtPME3 was characterized on homogalacturonans (HGs) with distinct degrees/patterns of methylesterification. AtPME3 showed the highest activity at pH 7.5 on HG substrates with a degree of methylesterification between 60 and 80% and a random distribution of methyl esters. On the best HG substrate, AtPME3 generates long non-methylesterified stretches and leaves short highly methylesterified zones, indicating that it acts as a processive enzyme. The recombinant AtPMEI7 and AtPME3 interaction reduces the level of demethylesterification of the HG substrate but does not inhibit the processivity of the enzyme. These data suggest that the AtPME3·AtPMEI7 complex is not covalently linked and could, depending on the pH, be alternately formed and dissociated. Docking analysis indicated that the inhibition of AtPME3 could occur via the interaction of AtPMEI7 with a PME ligand-binding cleft structure. All of these data indicate that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 could be partners involved in the fine tuning of HG methylesterification during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | | | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Emeline Rosiau
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Marie-Jeanne Crépeau
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire and Analyses des Protéines (ICAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Hyung-Rae Kim
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jozef Mravec
- the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark, and
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- the LRSV, UMR 5546 Université Toulouse 3/CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- the Departments of Computer Sciences and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Catherine Rayon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
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80
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The Control of Growth Symmetry Breaking in the Arabidopsis Hypocotyl. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1746-52. [PMID: 26073136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex shapes in biology depend on the ability of cells to shift from isotropic to anisotropic growth during development. In plants, this growth symmetry breaking reflects changes in the extensibility of the cell walls. The textbook view is that the direction of turgor-driven cell expansion depends on the cortical microtubule (CMT)-mediated orientation of cellulose microfibrils. Here, we show that this view is incomplete at best. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study changes in cell-wall mechanics associated with growth symmetry breaking within the hypocotyl epidermis. We show that, first, growth symmetry breaking is preceded by an asymmetric loosening of longitudinal, as compared to transverse, anticlinal walls, in the absence of a change in CMT orientation. Second, this wall loosening is triggered by the selective de-methylesterification of cell-wall pectin in longitudinal walls, and, third, the resultant mechanical asymmetry is required for the growth symmetry breaking. Indeed, preventing or promoting pectin de-methylesterification, respectively, increased or decreased the stiffness of all the cell walls, but in both cases reduced the growth anisotropy. Finally, we show that the subsequent CMT reorientation contributes to the consolidation of the growth axis but is not required for the growth symmetry breaking. We conclude that growth symmetry breaking is controlled at a cellular scale by bipolar pectin de-methylesterification, rather than by the cellulose-dependent mechanical anisotropy of the cell walls themselves. Such a cell asymmetry-driven mechanism is comparable to that underlying tip growth in plants but also anisotropic cell growth in animal cells.
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81
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Levesque-Tremblay G, Müller K, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. HIGHLY METHYL ESTERIFIED SEEDS is a pectin methyl esterase involved in embryo development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:725-37. [PMID: 25572606 PMCID: PMC4348785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan pectin domains are synthesized in a highly methyl-esterified form that later can be differentially demethyl esterified by pectin methyl esterase (PME) to strengthen or loosen plant cell walls that contain pectin, including seed coat mucilage, a specialized secondary cell wall of seed coat epidermal cells. As a means to identify the active PMEs in seed coat mucilage, we identified seven PMEs expressed during seed coat development. One of these, HIGHLY METHYL ESTERIFIED SEEDS (HMS), is abundant during mucilage secretion, peaking at 7 d postanthesis in both the seed coat and the embryo. We have determined that this gene is required for normal levels of PME activity and homogalacturonan methyl esterification in the seed. The hms-1 mutant displays altered embryo morphology and mucilage extrusion, both of which are a consequence of defects in embryo development. A significant decrease in the size of cells in the embryo suggests that the changes in embryo morphology are a consequence of lack of cell expansion. Progeny from a cross between hms-1 and the previously characterized PME inhibitor5 overexpression line suggest that HMS acts independently from other cell wall-modifying enzymes in the embryo. We propose that HMS is required for cell wall loosening in the embryo to facilitate cell expansion during the accumulation of storage reserves and that its role in the seed coat is masked by redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - George W Haughn
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
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82
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Höfte H. The yin and yang of cell wall integrity control: brassinosteroid and FERONIA signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:224-31. [PMID: 25481004 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how developmental and environmental signals control plant cell expansion requires an intimate knowledge of the architecture of the primary cell wall and the chemo-rheological processes that underlie cell wall relaxation. In this review I discuss recent findings that reveal a more prominent role than previously suspected for covalent bonds and pectin cross-links in primary cell wall architecture. In addition, genetic studies have uncovered a role for receptor kinases in the control of cell wall homeostasis in growing cells. The emerging view is that, upon cell wall disruption, compensatory changes are induced in the cell wall through the interplay between the brassinosteroid signaling module, which positively regulates wall extensibility and receptor kinases of the CrRLKL1 family, which may act as negative regulators of cell wall stiffness. These findings lift the tip of the veil of a complex signaling network allowing normal homeostasis in walls of growing cells but also crisis management under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Höfte
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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83
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Park J, Cui Y, Kang BH. AtPGL3 is an Arabidopsis BURP domain protein that is localized to the cell wall and promotes cell enlargement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:412. [PMID: 26106400 PMCID: PMC4460304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The BURP domain is a plant-specific domain that has been identified in secretory proteins, and some of these are involved in cell wall modification. The tomato polygalacturonase I complex involved in pectin degradation in ripening fruits has a non-catalytic subunit that has a BURP domain. This protein is called polygalacturonase 1 beta (PG1β) and the Arabidopsis genome encodes three proteins that exhibit strong amino acid similarities with PG1β? We generated Arabidopsis lines in which expression levels of AtPGLs are altered in order to investigate the biological roles of the Arabidopsis PG1β-like proteins (AtPGLs). Among the three AtPGLs (AtPGL1-3), AtPGL3 exhibited the highest transcriptional activity throughout all developmental stages. AtPGL triple mutant plants have smaller rosette leaves than those of wild type plants because the leaf cells are smaller in the mutant plants. Interestingly, when we overexpressed AtPGL3 using a 35S promoter, leaf cells in transgenic plants grew larger than those of the wild type. A C-terminal GFP fusion protein of AtPGL3 complemented phenotypes of the triple mutant plants and it localized to the cell wall. A truncated AtPGL3-GFP fusion protein lacking the BURP domain failed to rescue the mutant phenotypes even though the GFP protein was targeted to the cell wall, indicating that the BURP domain is required for the protein's effect on cell expansion. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses indicated that the α-expansin 6 gene is up-regulated in the overexpressor plants. Taken together, these results indicate that AtPGL3 is an apoplastic BURP domain protein playing a role in cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Plant Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Plant Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Byung-Ho Kang, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 409 East Block Science Center, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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84
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Sénéchal F, Mareck A, Marcelo P, Lerouge P, Pelloux J. Arabidopsis PME17 Activity can be Controlled by Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor4. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e983351. [PMID: 25826258 PMCID: PMC4622950 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.983351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The degree of methylesterification (DM) of homogalacturonans (HGs), the main constituent of pectins in Arabidopsis thaliana, can be modified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Regulation of PME activity occurs through interaction with PME inhibitors (PMEIs) and subtilases (SBTs). Considering the size of the gene families encoding PMEs, PMEIs and SBTs, it is highly likely that specific pairs mediate localized changes in pectin structure with consequences on cell wall rheology and plant development. We previously reported that PME17, a group 2 PME expressed in root, could be processed by SBT3.5, a co-expressed subtilisin-like serine protease, to mediate changes in pectin properties and root growth. Here, we further report that a PMEI, PMEI4, is co-expressed with PME17 and is likely to regulate its activity. This sheds new light on the possible interplay of specific PMEs, PMEIs and SBTs in the fine-tuning of pectin structure.
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Key Words
- ARF, Auxin response factor
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- BES1/BIM1-3, BRI1 EMS suppressor 1/BES1 interaction MYC-like 1-3
- Col-0, Columbia-0
- DM, Degree of methylesterification
- Gal-A, Galacturonic acid
- HG, Homogalacturonan
- IEF, Isoelectric focusing
- KO, Knock-out
- OG, Oligogalacturonide
- PG, Polygalacturonase
- PL, Pectate lyase
- PM, Plasma membrane
- PME, Pectin methylesterase
- PMEI, Pectin methylesterase inhibitor
- RLK, Receptor-like kinase
- SBT, Subtilase
- TF, Transcription factor
- WAK, Wall-associated kinase
- cell wall
- co-expression
- growth
- pectin
- pectin methylesterase
- pectin methylesterase inhibitor
- root
- subtilase
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- EA4358-GlycoMEV Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale; IFRMP 23; UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire et Analyses des Protéines; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- EA4358-GlycoMEV Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale; IFRMP 23; UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens, France
- Correspondence to: Jérôme Pelloux;
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85
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Scheler C, Weitbrecht K, Pearce SP, Hampstead A, Büttner-Mainik A, Lee KJD, Voegele A, Oracz K, Dekkers BJW, Wang X, Wood ATA, Bentsink L, King JR, Knox JP, Holdsworth MJ, Müller K, Leubner-Metzger G. Promotion of testa rupture during garden cress germination involves seed compartment-specific expression and activity of pectin methylesterases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:200-15. [PMID: 25429110 PMCID: PMC4280999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) controls the methylesterification status of pectins and thereby determines the biophysical properties of plant cell walls, which are important for tissue growth and weakening processes. We demonstrate here that tissue-specific and spatiotemporal alterations in cell wall pectin methylesterification occur during the germination of garden cress (Lepidium sativum). These cell wall changes are associated with characteristic expression patterns of PME genes and resultant enzyme activities in the key seed compartments CAP (micropylar endosperm) and RAD (radicle plus lower hypocotyl). Transcriptome and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis as well as PME enzyme activity measurements of separated seed compartments, including CAP and RAD, revealed distinct phases during germination. These were associated with hormonal and compartment-specific regulation of PME group 1, PME group 2, and PME inhibitor transcript expression and total PME activity. The regulatory patterns indicated a role for PME activity in testa rupture (TR). Consistent with a role for cell wall pectin methylesterification in TR, treatment of seeds with PME resulted in enhanced testa permeability and promoted TR. Mathematical modeling of transcript expression changes in germinating garden cress and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds suggested that group 2 PMEs make a major contribution to the overall PME activity rather than acting as PME inhibitors. It is concluded that regulated changes in the degree of pectin methylesterification through CAP- and RAD-specific PME and PME inhibitor expression play a crucial role during Brassicaceae seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scheler
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Karin Weitbrecht
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Simon P Pearce
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Anthony Hampstead
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Annette Büttner-Mainik
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Kieran J D Lee
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Antje Voegele
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Krystyna Oracz
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Bas J W Dekkers
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Andrew T A Wood
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - John R King
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - J Paul Knox
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Michael J Holdsworth
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (C.S., K.W., A.B.-M., K.O., G.L.-M.);Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany (C.S.);Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany (K.W.);Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K., M.J.H.) and Division of Plant and Crop Science (S.P.P., M.J.H., K.M.), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom (S.P.P., A.H., A.T.A.W., J.R.K.)Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Seed Quality, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland (A.B.-M.);Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.);National Institute for Health Research Trainees Coordinating Centre, Leeds Innovation Centre, Leeds LS2 9DF, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L.);School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (A.V., G.L.-M.);Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland (K.O.);Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.W.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.L.-M.)
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Boron AK, Van Loock B, Suslov D, Markakis MN, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 alters etiolated arabidopsis hypocotyl growth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:67-80. [PMID: 25492062 PMCID: PMC4284114 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant stature and shape are largely determined by cell elongation, a process that is strongly controlled at the level of the cell wall. This is associated with the presence of many cell wall proteins implicated in the elongation process. Several proteins and enzyme families have been suggested to be involved in the controlled weakening of the cell wall, and these include xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), yieldins, lipid transfer proteins and expansins. Although expansins have been the subject of much research, the role and involvement of expansin-like genes/proteins remain mostly unclear. This study investigates the expression and function of AtEXLA2 (At4g38400), a member of the expansin-like A (EXLA) family in arabidposis, and considers its possible role in cell wall metabolism and growth. METHODS Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown, and lines over-expressing AtEXLA2 were identified. Plants were grown in the dark, on media containing growth hormones or precursors, or were gravistimulated. Hypocotyls were studied using transmission electron microscopy and extensiometry. Histochemical GUS (β-glucuronidase) stainings were performed. KEY RESULTS AtEXLA2 is one of the three EXLA members in arabidopsis. The protein lacks the typical domain responsible for expansin activity, but contains a presumed cellulose-interacting domain. Using promoter::GUS lines, the expression of AtEXLA2 was seen in germinating seedlings, hypocotyls, lateral root cap cells, columella cells and the central cylinder basally to the elongation zone of the root, and during different stages of lateral root development. Furthermore, promoter activity was detected in petioles, veins of leaves and filaments, and also in the peduncle of the flowers and in a zone just beneath the papillae. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 resulted in an increase of >10 % in the length of dark-grown hypocotyls and in slightly thicker walls in non-rapidly elongating etiolated hypocotyl cells. Biomechanical analysis by creep tests showed that AtEXLA2 over-expression may decrease the wall strength in arabidopsis hypocotyls. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that AtEXLA2 may function as a positive regulator of cell elongation in the dark-grown hypocotyl of arabidopsis by possible interference with cellulose metabolism, deposition or its organization.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- Cell Wall/ultrastructure
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Karolina Boron
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bram Van Loock
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Boron AK, Van Orden J, Nektarios Markakis M, Mouille G, Adriaensen D, Verbelen JP, Höfte H, Vissenberg K. Proline-rich protein-like PRPL1 controls elongation of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5485-95. [PMID: 25147272 PMCID: PMC4400542 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and composition of cell walls is dynamically adapted in response to many developmental and environmental signals. In this respect, cell wall proteins involved in controlling cell elongation are critical for cell development. Transcriptome analysis identified a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, which was named proline-rich protein-like, AtPRPL1, based on sequence similarities from a phylogenetic analysis. The most resemblance was found to AtPRP1 and AtPRP3 from Arabidopsis, which are known to be involved in root hair growth and development. In A. thaliana four proline-rich cell wall protein genes, playing a role in building up the cross-connections between cell wall components, can be distinguished. AtPRPL1 is a small gene that in promoter::GUS (β-glucuronidase) analysis has high expression in trichoblast cells and in the collet. Chemical or mutational interference with root hair formation inhibited this expression. Altered expression levels in knock-out or overexpression lines interfered with normal root hair growth and etiolated hypocotyl development, but Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis did not identify consistent changes in cell wall composition of root hairs and hypocotyl. Co-localization analysis of the AtPRPL1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein and different red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labelled markers confirmed the presence of AtPRPL1-GFP in small vesicles moving over the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, these data indicate that the AtPRPL1 protein is involved in the cell's elongation process. How exactly this is achieved remains unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Karolina Boron
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Orden
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut de Recherche Agronomique, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut de Recherche Agronomique, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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Sénéchal F, Graff L, Surcouf O, Marcelo P, Rayon C, Bouton S, Mareck A, Mouille G, Stintzi A, Höfte H, Lerouge P, Schaller A, Pelloux J. Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASE17 is co-expressed with and processed by SBT3.5, a subtilisin-like serine protease. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1161-75. [PMID: 24665109 PMCID: PMC4195543 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In Arabidopsis thaliana, the degree of methylesterification (DM) of homogalacturonans (HGs), the main pectic constituent of the cell wall, can be modified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). In all organisms, two types of protein structure have been reported for PMEs: group 1 and group 2. In group 2 PMEs, the active part (PME domain, Pfam01095) is preceded by an N-terminal extension (PRO part), which shows similarities to PME inhibitors (PMEI domain, Pfam04043). This PRO part mediates retention of unprocessed group 2 PMEs in the Golgi apparatus, thus regulating PME activity through a post-translational mechanism. This study investigated the roles of a subtilisin-type serine protease (SBT) in the processing of a PME isoform. METHODS Using a combination of functional genomics, biochemistry and proteomic approaches, the role of a specific SBT in the processing of a group 2 PME was assessed together with its consequences for plant development. KEY RESULTS A group 2 PME, AtPME17 (At2g45220), was identified, which was highly co-expressed, both spatially and temporally, with AtSBT3.5 (At1g32940), a subtilisin-type serine protease (subtilase, SBT), during root development. PME activity was modified in roots of knockout mutants for both proteins with consequent effects on root growth. This suggested a role for SBT3.5 in the processing of PME17 in planta. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, it was indeed shown that SBT3.5 can process PME17 at a specific single processing motif, releasing a mature isoform in the apoplasm. CONCLUSIONS By revealing the potential role of SBT3.5 in the processing of PME17, this study brings new evidence of the complexity of the regulation of PMEs in plants, and highlights the need for identifying specific PME-SBT pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Lucile Graff
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP, UPJV, 1-3 Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Bouton
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- IJPB, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 2, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Herman Höfte
- IJPB, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 2, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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Zagorchev L, Kamenova P, Odjakova M. The role of plant cell wall proteins in response to salt stress. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:764089. [PMID: 24574917 PMCID: PMC3916024 DOI: 10.1155/2014/764089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary agriculture is facing new challenges with the increasing population and demand for food on Earth and the decrease in crop productivity due to abiotic stresses such as water deficit, high salinity, and extreme fluctuations of temperatures. The knowledge of plant stress responses, though widely extended in recent years, is still unable to provide efficient strategies for improvement of agriculture. The focus of study has been shifted to the plant cell wall as a dynamic and crucial component of the plant cell that could immediately respond to changes in the environment. The investigation of plant cell wall proteins, especially in commercially important monocot crops revealed the high involvement of this compartment in plants stress responses, but there is still much more to be comprehended. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on this issue and to point out the future areas of interest that should be studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyuben Zagorchev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Plamena Kamenova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariela Odjakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Komarova TV, Sheshukova EV, Dorokhov YL. Cell wall methanol as a signal in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:101. [PMID: 24672536 PMCID: PMC3957485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall pectin forms a matrix around the cellulose-xyloglucan network that is composed of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, and homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectic polymer consisting of α-1,4-linked galacturonic acids. HG is secreted in a highly methyl-esterified form and selectively de-methyl-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) during cell growth and pathogen attack. The mechanical damage that often precedes the penetration of the leaf by a pathogen promotes the activation of PME, which in turn leads to the emission of methanol (MeOH), an abundant volatile organic compound, which is quickly perceived by the intact leaves of the damaged plant, and the neighboring plants. The exposure to MeOH may result in a "priming" effect on intact leaves, setting the stage for the within-plant, and neighboring plant immunity. The emission of MeOH by a wounded plant enhances the resistance of the non-wounded, neighboring "receiver" plants to bacterial pathogens and promotes cell-to-cell communication that facilitates the spread of viruses in neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of ScienceMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of ScienceMoscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yuri L. Dorokhov, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia e-mail:
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Braidwood L, Breuer C, Sugimoto K. My body is a cage: mechanisms and modulation of plant cell growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:388-402. [PMID: 24033322 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
388 I. 388 II. 389 III. 389 IV. 390 V. 391 VI. 393 VII. 394 VIII. 398 399 References 399 SUMMARY: The wall surrounding plant cells provides protection from abiotic and biotic stresses, and support through the action of turgor pressure. However, the presence of this strong elastic wall also prevents cell movement and resists cell growth. This growth can be likened to extending a house from the inside, using extremely high pressures to push out the walls. Plants must increase cell volume in order to explore their environment, acquire nutrients and reproduce. Cell wall material must stretch and flow in a controlled manner and, concomitantly, new cell wall material must be deposited at the correct rate and site to prevent wall and cell rupture. In this review, we examine biomechanics, cell wall structure and growth regulatory networks to provide a 'big picture' of plant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Braidwood
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Christian Breuer
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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93
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Largo-Gosens A, Hernández-Altamirano M, García-Calvo L, Alonso-Simón A, Álvarez J, Acebes JL. Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy applications for monitoring the structural plasticity of plant cell walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:303. [PMID: 25071791 PMCID: PMC4074895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used as a potent, fast and non-destructive procedure for analyzing cell wall architectures, with the capacity to provide abundant information about their polymers, functional groups, and in muro entanglement. In conjunction with multivariate analyses, this method has proved to be a valuable tool for tracking alterations in cell walls. The present review examines recent progress in the use of FT-MIR spectroscopy to monitor cell wall changes occurring in muro as a result of various factors, such as growth and development processes, genetic modifications, exposition or habituation to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and responses to other abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as its biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José L. Acebes
- *Correspondence: José L. Acebes, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain e-mail:
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94
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Woriedh M, Wolf S, Márton ML, Hinze A, Gahrtz M, Becker D, Dresselhaus T. External application of gametophyte-specific ZmPMEI1 induces pollen tube burst in maize. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:255-66. [PMID: 23824238 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulated demethylesterification of homogalacturonan, a major component of plant cell walls, by the activity of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), plays a critical role for cell wall stability and integrity. Especially fast growing plant cells such as pollen tubes secrete large amounts of PMEs toward their apoplasmic space. PME activity itself is tightly regulated by its inhibitor named as PME inhibitor and is thought to be required especially at the very pollen tube tip. We report here the identification and functional characterization of PMEI1 from maize (ZmPMEI1). We could show that the protein acts as an inhibitor of PME but not of invertases and found that its gene is strongly expressed in both gametophytes (pollen grain and embryo sac). Promoter reporter studies showed gene activity also during pollen tube growth toward and inside the transmitting tract. All embryo sac cells except the central cell displayed strong expression. Weaker signals were visible at sporophytic cells of the micropylar region. ZmPMEI1-EGFP fusion protein is transported within granules inside the tube and accumulates at the pollen tube tip as well as at sites where pollen tubes bend and/or change growth directions. The female gametophyte putatively influences pollen tube growth behavior by exposing it to ZmPMEI1. We therefore simulated this effect by applying recombinant protein at different concentrations on growing pollen tubes. ZmPMEI1 did not arrest growth, but destabilized the cell wall inducing burst. Compared with female gametophyte secreted defensin-like ZmES4, which induces burst at the very pollen tube tip, ZmPMEI1-induced burst occurs at the subapical region. These findings indicate that ZmPMEI1 secreted by the embryo sac likely destabilizes the pollen tube wall during perception and together with other proteins such as ZmES4 leads to burst and thus sperm release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Woriedh
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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95
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Pogorelko G, Lionetti V, Bellincampi D, Zabotina O. Cell wall integrity: targeted post-synthetic modifications to reveal its role in plant growth and defense against pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25435. [PMID: 23857352 PMCID: PMC4002593 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall, a dynamic network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins of significant compositional and structural complexity, functions in plant growth, development and stress responses. In recent years, the existence of plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanisms has been demonstrated, but little is known about the signaling pathways involved, or their components. Examination of key mutants has shed light on the relationships between cell wall remodeling and plant cell responses, indicating a central role for the regulatory network that monitors and controls cell wall performance and integrity. In this review, we present a short overview of cell wall composition and discuss post-synthetic cell wall modification as a valuable approach for studying CWI perception and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Pogorelko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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96
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Kutschera U, Niklas KJ. Cell division and turgor-driven stem elongation in juvenile plants: a synthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 207:45-56. [PMID: 23602098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The growth of hypocotyls and epicotyls has been attributed to the turgor-driven enlargement of cells, a process that is under the control of phytohormones such as auxin. However, the experiments presented here and elsewhere using developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings raised either in darkness (skotomorphogenesis) or in white light (WL) (photomorphogenesis) indicate that auxin-mediated segment elongation ceases after 1 day, whereas hypocotyl growth continues in the intact system. Based on these results and data from the literature, we propose that hypocotyl growth consists of three inter-related processes: (1) cell division in the apical meristematic regions; (2) turgor-driven cell elongation along the stem; and (3) cell maturation in the basal region of the organ. We document that the closed apical hook (or the corresponding region after opening in WL) is the location where cell division occurs, and suggest that the epidermis and the outer cortex plays an important role in a "pacemaker system" for cell division. Results from the literature support the hypothesis that pectin metabolism in the expansion-limiting epidermal cell wall(s) is involved in wall-loosening and -stiffening. During hypocotyl growth in darkness and WL, turgor pressure is largely maintained, i.e., in H. annuus no hydrostatic pressure-regulated growth occurs. These data do not support the "loss of stability theory" of cell expansion. Finally, we document that turgor maintenance during organ elongation is caused by sucrose catabolism via vacuolar acid invertases, resulting in the generation of hexoses (osmoregulation). Based on these data, we present an integrative model of axial elongation in developing seedlings of dicotyledonous plants and discuss open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany.
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97
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Miedes E, Suslov D, Vandenbussche F, Kenobi K, Ivakov A, Van Der Straeten D, Lorences EP, Mellerowicz EJ, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) overexpression affects growth and cell wall mechanics in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2481-97. [PMID: 23585673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth and biomechanics of etiolated hypocotyls from Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase AtXTH18, AtXTH19, AtXTH20, and PttXET16-34 were studied. Overexpression of AtXTH18, AtXTH19, and AtXTH20 stimulated growth of hypocotyls, while PttXET16-34 overexpression did not show this effect. In vitro extension of frozen/thawed hypocotyls measured by a constant-load extensiometer started from a high-amplitude initial deformation followed by a slow time-dependent creep. Creep of growing XTH-overexpressing (OE) hypocotyls was more linear in time compared with the wild type at pH 5.0, reflecting their higher potential for long-term extension. XTH-OE plants deposited 65-84% more cell wall material per hypocotyl cross-sectional area than wild-type plants. As a result, their wall stress under each external load was lower than in the wild-type. Growing XTH-OE hypocotyls had higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1) compared with the wild type. Plotting creep rates for each line under different loads against the respective wall stress values gave straight lines. Their slopes and intercepts with the abscissa correspond to ϕ (in vitro cell wall extensibility) and y (in vitro cell wall yield threshold) values characterizing cell wall material properties. The wall material in XTH-OE lines was more pliant than in the wild type due to lower y values. In contrast, the acid-induced wall extension in vitro resulted from increasing ϕ values. Thus, three factors contributed to the XTH-OE-stimulated growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls: their more linear creep, higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1), and lower y values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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98
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Day A, Fénart S, Neutelings G, Hawkins S, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Identification of cell wall proteins in the flax (Linum usitatissimum
) stem. Proteomics 2013; 13:812-25. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Day
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Stéphane Fénart
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP); USR CNRS 3290; Villeneuve d'Ascq; France
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP); USR CNRS 3290; Villeneuve d'Ascq; France
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99
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Saez-Aguayo S, Ralet MC, Berger A, Botran L, Ropartz D, Marion-Poll A, North HM. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 promotes Arabidopsis mucilage release by limiting methylesterification of homogalacturonan in seed coat epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:308-23. [PMID: 23362209 PMCID: PMC3584544 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Imbibed seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Djarly are affected in mucilage release from seed coat epidermal cells. The impaired locus was identified as a pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene, PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 (PMEI6), specifically expressed in seed coat epidermal cells at the time when mucilage polysaccharides are accumulated. This spatio-temporal regulation appears to be modulated by GLABRA2 and LEUNIG HOMOLOG/MUCILAGE MODIFIED1, as expression of PMEI6 is reduced in mutants of these transcription regulators. In pmei6, mucilage release was delayed and outer cell walls of epidermal cells did not fragment. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylate homogalacturonan (HG), and the majority of HG found in wild-type mucilage was in fact derived from outer cell wall fragments. This correlated with the absence of methylesterified HG labeling in pmei6, whereas transgenic plants expressing the PMEI6 coding sequence under the control of the 35S promoter had increased labeling of cell wall fragments. Activity tests on seeds from pmei6 and 35S:PMEI6 transgenic plants showed that PMEI6 inhibits endogenous PME activities, in agreement with reduced overall methylesterification of mucilage fractions and demucilaged seeds. Another regulator of PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells, the subtilisin-like Ser protease SBT1.7, acts on different PMEs, as a pmei6 sbt1.7 mutant showed an additive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lucy Botran
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - David Ropartz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Helen M. North
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- Address correspondence to
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100
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Müller K, Levesque-Tremblay G, Bartels S, Weitbrecht K, Wormit A, Usadel B, Haughn G, Kermode AR. Demethylesterification of cell wall pectins in Arabidopsis plays a role in seed germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:305-16. [PMID: 23129203 PMCID: PMC3532262 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The methylesterification status of cell wall homogalacturonans, mediated through the action of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), influences the biophysical properties of plant cell walls such as elasticity and porosity, important parameters for cell elongation and water uptake. The completion of seed germination requires cell wall extensibility changes in both the radicle itself and in the micropylar tissues surrounding the radicle. In wild-type seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), PME activities peaked around the time of testa rupture but declined just before the completion of germination (endosperm weakening and rupture). We overexpressed an Arabidopsis PME inhibitor to investigate PME involvement in seed germination. Seeds of the resultant lines showed a denser methylesterification status of their cell wall homogalacturonans, but there were no changes in the neutral sugar and uronic acid composition of the cell walls. As compared with wild-type seeds, the PME activities of the overexpressing lines were greatly reduced throughout germination, and the low steady-state levels neither increased nor decreased. The most striking phenotype was a significantly faster rate of germination, which was not connected to altered testa rupture morphology but to alterations of the micropylar endosperm cells, evident by environmental scanning electron microscopy. The transgenic seeds also exhibited an apparent reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid with respect to its inhibitory effects on germination. We speculate that PME activity contributes to the temporal regulation of radicle emergence in endospermic seeds by altering the mechanical properties of the cell walls and thereby the balance between the two opposing forces of radicle elongation and mechanical resistance of the endosperm.
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