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Apa AD, Wiechman LA. Captive-rearing of Gunnison sage-grouse from egg collection to adulthood to foster proactive conservation and recovery of a conservation-reliant species. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:438-52. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lief A. Wiechman
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Colorado
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52
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53
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Cardador L, Brotons L, Mougeot F, Giralt D, Bota G, Pomarol M, Arroyo B. Conservation Traps and Long-Term Species Persistence in Human-Dominated Systems. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cardador
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC); Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km 2; 25280 Solsona Catalonia Spain
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC); Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km 2; 25280 Solsona Catalonia Spain
- CREAF, Edifici C, Autonomous University of Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - François Mougeot
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC); Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano Almería Spain
| | - David Giralt
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC); Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km 2; 25280 Solsona Catalonia Spain
| | - Gerard Bota
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC); Crta. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys Km 2; 25280 Solsona Catalonia Spain
| | - Manel Pomarol
- Servei de Biodiversitat (Govern de Catalunya); Dr. Roux 80 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz Arroyo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC)-(CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
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54
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Nunes LA, Turvey ST, Rosindell J. The price of conserving avian phylogenetic diversity: a global prioritization approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140004. [PMID: 25561665 PMCID: PMC4290418 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of rapid biodiversity loss and limited funds available for conservation represents a major global concern. While there are many approaches for conservation prioritization, few are framed as financial optimization problems. We use recently published avian data to conduct a global analysis of the financial resources required to conserve different quantities of phylogenetic diversity (PD). We introduce a new prioritization metric (ADEPD) that After Downlisting a species gives the Expected Phylogenetic Diversity at some future time. Unlike other metrics, ADEPD considers the benefits to future PD associated with downlisting a species (e.g. moving from Endangered to Vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List). Combining ADEPD scores with data on the financial cost of downlisting different species provides a cost-benefit prioritization approach for conservation. We find that under worst-case spending $3915 can save 1 year of PD, while under optimal spending $1 can preserve over 16.7 years of PD. We find that current conservation spending patterns are only expected to preserve one quarter of the PD that optimal spending could achieve with the same total budget. Maximizing PD is only one approach within the wider goal of biodiversity conservation, but our analysis highlights more generally the danger involved in uninformed spending of limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Nunes
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - James Rosindell
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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55
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Murray DL, Bastille-Rousseau G, Adams JR, Waits LP. The Challenges of Red Wolf Conservation and the Fate of an Endangered Species Recovery Program. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Murray
- Department of Biology, Trent University; Peterborough; Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | | | - Jennifer R. Adams
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844 USA
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844 USA
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56
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Ewen JG, Soorae PS, Canessa S. Reintroduction objectives, decisions and outcomes: global perspectives from the herpetofauna. Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Ewen
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - P. S. Soorae
- Environmental Agency-Abu Dhabi; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Reptile and Amphibian Section Chair IUCN Species Survival Commission Reintroduction Specialist Group; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Canessa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Botany; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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57
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Abstract
AbstractProtected areas are regarded as the most important tool in the conservation toolbox. They cover > 12% of the Earth's terrestrial area, with over half of this designated since 1970, and are thus a unique example of governments and other stakeholders consciously changing management of land and water at a significant scale. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has a global programme to complete ecologically-representative protected area networks, and this is driving the creation of large numbers of new protected areas. But there is also growing criticism of protected areas because of the social costs of protection and doubts about their effectiveness. We acknowledge this criticism but believe that it is over-stated and applied to a protected area model that has already been replaced by newer thinking. As protected areas are becoming more complex in concept and more complicated in management, we review the six most important changes affecting them over the last 2 decades: (1) a new protected area definition with more emphasis on nature conservation; (2) a plurality of management and governance models; (3) acknowledgement of wider protected area benefits beyond nature conservation; (4) greater social safeguards for protected areas; (5) evidence that protected areas are effective conservation tools; and (6) a new emphasis on larger protected areas, transboundary protected areas, connectivity conservation and landscape approaches. We conclude by considering fresh challenges as a result of policy changes and the global criminal wildlife trade, and consider the potential of the forthcoming 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress.
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58
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Rick TC, Sillett TS, Ghalambor CK, Hofman CA, Ralls K, Anderson RS, Boser CL, Braje TJ, Cayan DR, Chesser RT, Collins PW, Erlandson JM, Faulkner KR, Fleischer R, Funk WC, Galipeau R, Huston A, King J, Laughrin L, Maldonado J, McEachern K, Muhs DR, Newsome SD, Reeder-Myers L, Still C, Morrison SA. Ecological Change on California's Channel Islands from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F. Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2663-71. [PMID: 25015646 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The captive genetic management of threatened species strives to preserve genetic diversity and avoid inbreeding to ensure populations remain available, healthy, and viable for future reintroduction. Determining and responding to the genetic status of captive populations is therefore paramount to these programs. Here, we genotyped 19 microsatellite loci for 240 captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (∼64% of the captive population) from four breeding centers, Wolong (WL), Chengdu (CD), Louguantai (LGT), and Beijing (BJ), and analyzed 655 bp of mitochondrial DNA control region sequence for 220 of these animals. High levels of genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding were estimated in the breeding centers, indicating that the captive population is genetically healthy and deliberate further genetic input from wild animals is unnecessary. However, the LGT population faces a higher risk of inbreeding, and significant genetic structure was detected among breeding centers, with LGT-CD and WL-BJ clustering separately. Based on these findings, we highlight that: 1) the LGT population should be managed as an independent captive population to resemble the genetic distinctness of their Qinling Mountain origins; 2) exchange between CD and WL should be encouraged because of similar wild founder sources; 3) the selection of captive individuals for reintroduction should consider their geographic origin, genetic background, and genetic contribution to wild populations; and 4) combining our molecular genetic data with existing pedigree data will better guide giant panda breeding and further reduce inbreeding into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Desheng Li
- China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelin Jin
- Shaanxi (Louguantai) Rescue and Breeding Center for Rare Wildlife, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Fuwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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60
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Ockendon N, Baker DJ, Carr JA, White EC, Almond REA, Amano T, Bertram E, Bradbury RB, Bradley C, Butchart SHM, Doswald N, Foden W, Gill DJC, Green RE, Sutherland WJ, Tanner EVJ, Pearce-Higgins JW. Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2221-2229. [PMID: 24677405 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in species' distribution and abundance in response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present the results of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis investigating the frequency and importance of different mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes of North America and Europe; almost half investigated bird populations. We found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic mechanisms than direct, abiotic mechanisms as mediators of the impact of climate on populations. In addition, biotic effects tended to have greater support than abiotic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, the impact of climate was equally mediated by biotic and abiotic mechanisms, whereas for higher level consumers the mechanisms were most frequently biotic, such as predation or food availability. Biotic mechanisms were more frequently supported in studies that reported a directional trend in climate than in studies with no such climatic change, although sample sizes for this comparison were small. We call for more mechanistic studies of climate change impacts on populations, particularly in tropical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ockendon
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford IP24 2PU, UK
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61
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Rohlf DJ, Carroll C, Hartl B. Conservation-Reliant Species: Toward a Biology-Based Definition. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Heller NE, Hobbs RJ. Development of a natural practice to adapt conservation goals to global change. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:696-704. [PMID: 24617971 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Conservation goals at the start of the 21st century reflect a combination of contrasting ideas. Ideal nature is something that is historically intact but also futuristically flexible. Ideal nature is independent from humans, but also, because of the pervasiveness of human impacts, only able to reach expression through human management. These tensions emerge in current management rationales because scientists and managers are struggling to accommodate old and new scientific and cultural thinking, while also maintaining legal mandates from the past and commitments to preservation of individual species in particular places under the stresses of global change. Common management goals (such as integrity, wilderness, resilience), whether they are forward looking and focused on sustainability and change, or backward looking and focused on the persistence and restoration of historic states, tend to create essentialisms about how ecosystems should be. These essentialisms limit the options of managers to accommodate the dynamic, and often novel, response of ecosystems to global change. Essentialisms emerge because there is a tight conceptual coupling of place and historical species composition as an indicator of naturalness (e.g., normal, healthy, independent from humans). Given that change is increasingly the norm and ecosystems evolve in response, the focus on idealized ecosystem states is increasingly unwise and unattainable. To provide more open-ended goals, we propose greater attention be paid to the characteristics of management intervention. We suggest that the way we interact with other species in management and the extent to which those interactions reflect the interactions among other biotic organisms, and also reflect our conservation virtues (e.g., humility, respect), influences our ability to cultivate naturalness on the landscape. We call this goal a natural practice (NP) and propose it as a framework for prioritizing and formulating how, when, and where to intervene in this period of rapid change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Heller
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0328, U.S.A..
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63
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Marris E. ‘New conservation’ is an expansion of approaches, not an ethical orientation. Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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64
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Aslan CE, Aslan A, Croll D, Tershy B, Zavaleta E. Building Taxon Substitution Guidelines on a Biological Control Foundation. Restor Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Aslan
- Conservation Education and Science Department; Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum; Tucson AZ 85743 U.S.A
| | - Austin Aslan
- Geography Department; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Don Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Bernie Tershy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Erika Zavaleta
- Department of Environmental Studies; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
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65
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Carroll C, Rohlf DJ, Li YW, Hartl B, Phillips MK, Noss RF. Connectivity Conservation and Endangered Species Recovery: A Study in the Challenges of Defining Conservation-Reliant Species. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carroll
- Klamath Center for Conservation Research; Orleans CA 95556 USA
| | - Daniel J. Rohlf
- Pacific Environmental Advocacy Center; Lewis and Clark Law School; Portland OR 97219 USA
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Defenders of Wildlife; Washington DC 20036 USA
| | - Brett Hartl
- Center for Biological Diversity; Washington DC 20001 USA
| | | | - Reed F. Noss
- University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816 USA
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66
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Wilsey CB, Lawler JJ, Cimprich D, Schumaker NH. Dependence of the endangered black-capped Vireo on sustained cowbird management. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:561-571. [PMID: 24299126 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conservation-reliant species depend on active management, even after surpassing recovery goals, for protection from persistent threats. Required management may include control of another species, habitat maintenance, or artificial recruitment. Sometimes, it can be difficult to determine whether sustained management is required. We used nonspatial stochastic population projection matrix simulation and a spatially explicit population model to estimate the effects of parasitism by a brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird (Moluthrus ater), on a population of endangered Black-capped Vireos (Vireo atricapilla). We simulated parasitism as a percentage of breeding vireo pairs experiencing decreased fecundity due to cowbirds. We estimated maximum sustainable parasitism (i.e., highest percentage of parasitized vireo breeding pairs for which population growth is ≥1) with the nonspatial model under multiple scenarios designed to assess sensitivity to assumptions about population growth rate, demographic effects of parasitism, and spatial distribution of parasitism. We then used the spatially explicit model to estimate cumulative probabilities of the population falling below the population recovery target of 1000 breeding pairs for a range of parasitism rates under multiple scenarios. We constructed our models from data on vireos collected on the Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas (U.S.A.). Estimates of maximum sustainable parasitism rates ranged from 9-12% in scenarios with a low (6%) vireo population growth rate to 49-60% in scenarios with a high (24%) growth rate. Sustained parasitism above 45-85%, depending on the scenario, would likely result in the Fort Hood Vireo population dropping below its recovery goal within the next 25 years. These estimates suggest that vireos, although tolerant of low parasitism rates, are a conservation-reliant species dependent on cowbird management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad B Wilsey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, U.S.A..
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67
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Kissel AM, Palen WJ, Govindarajulu P, Bishop CA. Quantifying Ecological Life Support: The Biological Efficacy of Alternative Supplementation Strategies for Imperiled Amphibian Populations. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Kissel
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Wendy J. Palen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | | | - Christine A. Bishop
- Environment Canada; Wildlife and Landscape Science; 5421 Robertson Rd Delta BC V4K3N2 Canada
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68
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Bruskotter JT, Vucetich JA, Enzler S, Treves A, Nelson MP. Removing Protections for Wolves and the Future of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973). Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. Bruskotter
- School of Environment and Natural Resources; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - John A. Vucetich
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences; Michigan Technological University; Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Sherry Enzler
- Department of Forest Resources; University Minnesota; St Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Adrian Treves
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael P. Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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69
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Underwood JG, Silbernagle M, Nishimoto M, Uyehara K. Managing conservation reliant species: Hawai'i's endangered endemic waterbirds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67872. [PMID: 23825687 PMCID: PMC3692473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawai'I's coastal plain wetlands are inhabited by five endangered endemic waterbird species. These include the Hawaiian Coot ('alae ke'oke'o), Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli), Hawaiian Stilt (ae'o), Hawaiian Gallinule (Moorhen) ('alae 'ula), and Hawaiian Goose (nēnē). All five species are categorized as being "conservation reliant." The current strategy to recover these endangered birds includes land protection and active management of wetlands. To assess the effectiveness of the current management paradigm, we compared species population trends across the state to those on six actively managed wetland national wildlife refuges (Refuges) thought to be critical for the survival of these endangered species. To perform the evaluation we relied on systematic semiannual population counts that have been conducted across most wetlands in the state and monthly population counts that have occurred on Refuges during the same time period. We found that statewide and Refuge populations of the Hawaiian Coot, Stilt and Gallinule have rebounded from historic lows and over the last 20 years have slowly increased or remained stable. We also documented that Refuges are important to each species year-round and that a disproportionately larger percentage of the population for each species is found on them. Understanding of why Refuges successfully house a disproportionate percentage of these "conservation reliant" species can inform current and future conservation efforts as well as ensure long-term population viability for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared G. Underwood
- Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike Silbernagle
- Oahu National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Haleiwa, Hawai'i, United States of America
| | - Mike Nishimoto
- Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kihei, Hawai'i, United States of America
| | - Kim Uyehara
- Kauai National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kilauea, Hawai'i, United States of America
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70
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Neel MC, Che-Castaldo JP. Predicting recovery criteria for threatened and endangered plant species on the basis of past abundances and biological traits. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2013; 27:385-397. [PMID: 23293869 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are required to specify measurable criteria that can be used to determine when the species can be delisted. For the 642 listed endangered and threatened plant species that have recovery plans, we applied recursive partitioning methods to test whether the number of individuals or populations required for delisting can be predicted on the basis of distributional and biological traits, previous abundance at multiple time steps, or a combination of traits and previous abundances. We also tested listing status (threatened or endangered) and the year the recovery plan was written as predictors of recovery criteria. We analyzed separately recovery criteria that were stated as number of populations and as number of individuals (population-based and individual-based criteria, respectively). Previous abundances alone were relatively good predictors of population-based recovery criteria. Fewer populations, but a greater proportion of historically known populations, were required to delist species that had few populations at listing compared with species that had more populations at listing. Previous abundances were also good predictors of individual-based delisting criteria when models included both abundances and traits. The physiographic division in which the species occur was also a good predictor of individual-based criteria. Our results suggest managers are relying on previous abundances and patterns of decline as guidelines for setting recovery criteria. This may be justifiable in that previous abundances inform managers of the effects of both intrinsic traits and extrinsic threats that interact and determine extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maile C Neel
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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71
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Darst CR, Murphy PJ, Strout NW, Campbell SP, Field KJ, Allison L, Averill-Murray RC. A strategy for prioritizing threats and recovery actions for at-risk species. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 51:786-800. [PMID: 23322128 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-012-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring the persistence of at-risk species depends on implementing conservation actions that ameliorate threats. We developed and implemented a method to quantify the relative importance of threats and to prioritize recovery actions based on their potential to affect risk to Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). We used assessments of threat importance and elasticities of demographic rates from population matrix models to estimate the relative contributions of threats to overall increase in risk to the population. We found that urbanization, human access, military operations, disease, and illegal use of off highway vehicles are the most serious threats to the desert tortoise range-wide. These results suggest that, overall, recovery actions that decrease habitat loss, predation, and crushing will be most effective for recovery; specifically, we found that habitat restoration, topic-specific environmental education, and land acquisition are most likely to result in the greatest decrease in risk to the desert tortoise across its range. In addition, we have developed an application that manages the conceptual model and all supporting information and calculates threat severity and potential effectiveness of recovery actions. Our analytical approach provides an objective process for quantifying threats, prioritizing recovery actions, and developing monitoring metrics for those actions for adaptive management of any at-risk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Darst
- Desert Tortoise Recovery Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2493 Portola Road Suite B, Ventura, CA 93003, USA
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72
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Schultz CA, Sisk TD, Noon BR, Nie MA. Wildlife conservation planning under the United States Forest Service's 2012 planning rule. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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McCarthy DP, Donald PF, Scharlemann JPW, Buchanan GM, Balmford A, Green JMH, Bennun LA, Burgess ND, Fishpool LDC, Garnett ST, Leonard DL, Maloney RF, Morling P, Schaefer HM, Symes A, Wiedenfeld DA, Butchart SHM. Financial Costs of Meeting Global Biodiversity Conservation Targets: Current Spending and Unmet Needs. Science 2012; 338:946-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1229803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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75
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Reed JM, DesRochers DW, VanderWerf EA, Scott JM. Long-Term Persistence of Hawaii's Endangered Avifauna through Conservation-Reliant Management. Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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76
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Averill-Murray RC, Darst CR, Field KJ, Allison LJ. A New Approach to Conservation of the Mojave Desert Tortoise. Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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77
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Bocetti CI, Goble DD, Scott JM. Using Conservation Management Agreements to Secure Postrecovery Perpetuation of Conservation-Reliant Species: The Kirtland's Warbler as a Case Study. Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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78
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Vanderwerf EA. Evolution of nesting height in an endangered Hawaiian forest bird in response to a non-native predator. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2012; 26:905-911. [PMID: 22830652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of bird extinctions since 1800 have occurred on islands, and non-native predators have been the greatest threat to the persistence of island birds. Island endemic species often lack life-history traits and behaviors that reduce the probability of predation and they can become evolutionarily trapped if they are unable to adapt, but few studies have examined the ability of island species to respond to novel predators. The greatest threat to the persistence of the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, is nest predation by non-native black rats (Rattus rattus). I examined whether Oahu Elepaio nest placement has changed at the individual and population levels in response to rat predation by measuring nest height and determining whether each nest produced offspring from 1996 to 2011. Average height of Oahu Elepaio nests increased 50% over this 16-year period, from 7.9 m (SE 1.7) to 12.0 m (SE 1.1). There was no net change in height of sequential nests made by individual birds, which means individual elepaios have not learned to place nests higher. Nests ≤3 m off the ground produced offspring less often, and the proportion of such nests declined over time, which suggests that nest-building behavior has evolved through natural selection by predation. Nest success increased over time, which may increase the probability of long-term persistence of the species. Rat control may facilitate the evolution of nesting height by slowing the rate of population decline and providing time for this adaptive response to spread through the population.
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80
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Neel MC, Leidner AK, Haines A, Goble DD, Scott JM. By the Numbers: How is Recovery Defined by the US Endangered Species Act? Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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81
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Lead poisoning and the deceptive recovery of the critically endangered California condor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11449-54. [PMID: 22733770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203141109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endangered species recovery programs seek to restore populations to self-sustaining levels. Nonetheless, many recovering species require continuing management to compensate for persistent threats in their environment. Judging true recovery in the face of this management is often difficult, impeding thorough analysis of the success of conservation programs. We illustrate these challenges with a multidisciplinary study of one of the world's rarest birds-the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). California condors were brought to the brink of extinction, in part, because of lead poisoning, and lead poisoning remains a significant threat today. We evaluated individual lead-related health effects, the efficacy of current efforts to prevent lead-caused deaths, and the consequences of any reduction in currently intensive management actions. Our results show that condors in California remain chronically exposed to harmful levels of lead; 30% of the annual blood samples collected from condors indicate lead exposure (blood lead ≥ 200 ng/mL) that causes significant subclinical health effects, measured as >60% inhibition of the heme biosynthetic enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Furthermore, each year, ∼20% of free-flying birds have blood lead levels (≥450 ng/mL) that indicate the need for clinical intervention to avert morbidity and mortality. Lead isotopic analysis shows that lead-based ammunition is the principle source of lead poisoning in condors. Finally, population models based on condor demographic data show that the condor's apparent recovery is solely because of intensive ongoing management, with the only hope of achieving true recovery dependent on the elimination or substantial reduction of lead poisoning rates.
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82
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Linklater WL, Gedir JV, Law PR, Swaisgood RR, Adcock K, du Preez P, Knight MH, Kerley GIH. Translocations as experiments in the ecological resilience of an asocial mega-herbivore. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30664. [PMID: 22295100 PMCID: PMC3266294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Species translocations are remarkable experiments in evolutionary ecology, and increasingly critical to biodiversity conservation. Elaborate socio-ecological hypotheses for translocation success, based on theoretical fitness relationships, are untested and lead to complex uncertainty rather than parsimonious solutions. We used an extraordinary 89 reintroduction and 102 restocking events releasing 682 black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to 81 reserves in southern Africa (1981-2005) to test the influence of interacting socio-ecological and individual characters on post-release survival. We predicted that the socio-ecological context should feature more prominently after restocking than reintroduction because released rhinoceros interact with resident conspecifics. Instead, an interaction between release cohort size and habitat quality explained reintroduction success but only individuals' ages explained restocking outcomes. Achieving translocation success for many species may not be as complicated as theory suggests. Black rhino, and similarly asocial generalist herbivores without substantial predators, are likely to be resilient to ecological challenges and robust candidates for crisis management in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L Linklater
- Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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83
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Redford KH, Ray JC, Boitani L. Mapping and navigating mammalian conservation: from analysis to action. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2712-21. [PMID: 21844050 PMCID: PMC3140739 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammals are often seen as important objects of human interest and affection, many are threatened with extinction. A range of efforts have been proposed and much work has been done to try to conserve mammals, but there is little overall understanding of what has worked and why. As a result, there is no global-scale, coordinated approach to conserving all mammals. Rather, conservation efforts are usually focused at jurisdictional levels where relevant legislation and policies are in force. To help build the framework for a global-scale approach, in this paper we review the many ways that have been proposed for conserving mammals. First, we examine the overall pattern of threat faced by mammals at the global level. Secondly, we look at the major structuring issues in prioritizing and planning mammal conservation, examining in particular the roles of values and scale and a set of approaches to conservation, each of which varies along a continuum. Finally, we lay out the steps necessary to move from planning to implementing mammalian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent H Redford
- WCS Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
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84
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Hoffmann M, Belant JL, Chanson JS, Cox NA, Lamoreux J, Rodrigues ASL, Schipper J, Stuart SN. The changing fates of the world's mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2598-610. [PMID: 21844039 PMCID: PMC3140737 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent complete assessment of the conservation status of 5487 mammal species demonstrated that at least one-fifth are at risk of extinction in the wild. We retrospectively identified genuine changes in extinction risk for mammals between 1996 and 2008 to calculate changes in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI). Species-level trends in the conservation status of mammalian diversity reveal that extinction risk in large-bodied species is increasing, and that the rate of deterioration has been most accelerated in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. Expanding agriculture and hunting have been the main drivers of increased extinction risk in mammals. Site-based protection and management, legislation, and captive-breeding and reintroduction programmes have led to improvements in 24 species. We contextualize these changes, and explain why both deteriorations and improvements may be under-reported. Although this study highlights where conservation actions are leading to improvements, it fails to account for instances where conservation has prevented further deteriorations in the status of the world's mammals. The continued utility of the RLI is dependent on sustained investment to ensure repeated assessments of mammals over time and to facilitate future calculations of the RLI and measurement against global targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
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85
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Chaves PB, Alvarenga CS, Possamai CDB, Dias LG, Boubli JP, Strier KB, Mendes SL, Fagundes V. Genetic diversity and population history of a critically endangered primate, the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e20722. [PMID: 21694757 PMCID: PMC3108597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social, ecological, and historical processes affect the genetic structure of primate populations, and therefore have key implications for the conservation of endangered species. The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is a critically endangered New World monkey and a flagship species for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Yet, like other neotropical primates, little is known about its population history and the genetic structure of remnant populations. We analyzed the mitochondrial DNA control region of 152 northern muriquis, or 17.6% of the 864 northern muriquis from 8 of the 12 known extant populations and found no evidence of phylogeographic partitions or past population shrinkage/expansion. Bayesian and classic analyses show that this finding may be attributed to the joint contribution of female-biased dispersal, demographic stability, and a relatively large historic population size. Past population stability is consistent with a central Atlantic Forest Pleistocene refuge. In addition, the best scenario supported by an Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis, significant fixation indices (Φ(ST) = 0.49, Φ(CT) = 0.24), and population-specific haplotypes, coupled with the extirpation of intermediate populations, are indicative of a recent geographic structuring of genetic diversity during the Holocene. Genetic diversity is higher in populations living in larger areas (>2,000 hectares), but it is remarkably low in the species overall (θ = 0.018). Three populations occurring in protected reserves and one fragmented population inhabiting private lands harbor 22 out of 23 haplotypes, most of which are population-exclusive, and therefore represent patchy repositories of the species' genetic diversity. We suggest that these populations be treated as discrete units for conservation management purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo B. Chaves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Clara S. Alvarenga
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Carla de B. Possamai
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. Dias
- Instituto Biotrópicos de Pesquisa em Vida Silvestre, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jean P. Boubli
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen B. Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sérgio L. Mendes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Fagundes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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86
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Rudd MA, Beazley KF, Cooke SJ, Fleishman E, Lane DE, Mascia MB, Roth R, Tabor G, Bakker JA, Bellefontaine T, Berteaux D, Cantin B, Chaulk KG, Cunningham K, Dobell R, Fast E, Ferrara N, Findlay CS, Hallstrom LK, Hammond T, Hermanutz L, Hutchings JA, Lindsay KE, Marta TJ, Nguyen VM, Northey G, Prior K, Ramirez-Sanchez S, Rice J, Sleep DJH, Szabo ND, Trottier G, Toussaint JP, Veilleux JP. Generation of priority research questions to inform conservation policy and management at a national level. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:476-84. [PMID: 21175828 PMCID: PMC3108069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource-based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well-being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray A Rudd
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
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87
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Fleishman E, Blockstein DE, Hall JA, Mascia MB, Rudd MA, Scott JM, Sutherland WJ, Bartuska AM, Brown AG, Christen CA, Clement JP, DellaSala D, Duke CS, Eaton M, Fiske SJ, Gosnell H, Haney JC, Hutchins M, Klein ML, Marqusee J, Noon BR, Nordgren JR, Orbuch PM, Powell J, Quarles SP, Saterson KA, Savitt CC, Stein BA, Webster MS, Vedder A. Top 40 Priorities for Science to Inform US Conservation and Management Policy. Bioscience 2011. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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88
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Decesare NJ, Whittington J, Hebblewhite M, Robinson H, Bradley M, Neufeld L, Musiani M. The role of translocation in recovery of woodland caribou populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:365-373. [PMID: 21091770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of viable populations of many endangered species will require conservation action in perpetuity. Efforts to conserve these species are more likely to be successful if their reliance on conservation actions is assessed at the population level. Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were extirpated recently from Banff National Park, Canada, and translocations of caribou to Banff and neighboring Jasper National Park are being considered. We used population viability analysis to assess the relative need for and benefits from translocation of individuals among caribou populations. We measured stochastic growth rates and the probability of quasi extinction of four populations of woodland caribou with and without translocation. We used two vital rates in our analysis: mean adult female survival and mean number of calves per breeding-age female as estimates of mean fecundity. We isolated process variance for each vital rate. Our results suggested the Tonquin caribou population in Jasper is likely to remain viable without translocation, but that translocation is probably insufficient to prevent eventual extirpation of the two other populations in Jasper. Simulated reintroductions of caribou into Banff resulted in a 53-98% probability of >8 females remaining after 20 years, which suggests translocation may be an effective recovery tool for some caribou populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Decesare
- Wildlife Biology Program, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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89
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90
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Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, Böhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Carpenter KE, Chanson J, Collen B, Cox NA, Darwall WRT, Dulvy NK, Harrison LR, Katariya V, Pollock CM, Quader S, Richman NI, Rodrigues ASL, Tognelli MF, Vié JC, Aguiar JM, Allen DJ, Allen GR, Amori G, Ananjeva NB, Andreone F, Andrew P, Aquino Ortiz AL, Baillie JEM, Baldi R, Bell BD, Biju SD, Bird JP, Black-Decima P, Blanc JJ, Bolaños F, Bolivar-G W, Burfield IJ, Burton JA, Capper DR, Castro F, Catullo G, Cavanagh RD, Channing A, Chao NL, Chenery AM, Chiozza F, Clausnitzer V, Collar NJ, Collett LC, Collette BB, Cortez Fernandez CF, Craig MT, Crosby MJ, Cumberlidge N, Cuttelod A, Derocher AE, Diesmos AC, Donaldson JS, Duckworth JW, Dutson G, Dutta SK, Emslie RH, Farjon A, Fowler S, Freyhof J, Garshelis DL, Gerlach J, Gower DJ, Grant TD, Hammerson GA, Harris RB, Heaney LR, Hedges SB, Hero JM, Hughes B, Hussain SA, Icochea M J, Inger RF, Ishii N, Iskandar DT, Jenkins RKB, Kaneko Y, Kottelat M, Kovacs KM, Kuzmin SL, La Marca E, Lamoreux JF, Lau MWN, Lavilla EO, Leus K, Lewison RL, Lichtenstein G, Livingstone SR, Lukoschek V, Mallon DP, McGowan PJK, McIvor A, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Muñoz Alonso A, Musick JA, Nowell K, Nussbaum RA, Olech W, Orlov NL, Papenfuss TJ, Parra-Olea G, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pourkazemi M, Racey PA, Ragle JS, Ram M, Rathbun G, Reynolds RP, Rhodin AGJ, Richards SJ, Rodríguez LO, Ron SR, Rondinini C, Rylands AB, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Sanciangco JC, Sanders KL, Santos-Barrera G, Schipper J, Self-Sullivan C, Shi Y, Shoemaker A, Short FT, Sillero-Zubiri C, Silvano DL, Smith KG, Smith AT, Snoeks J, Stattersfield AJ, Symes AJ, Taber AB, Talukdar BK, Temple HJ, Timmins R, Tobias JA, Tsytsulina K, Tweddle D, Ubeda C, Valenti SV, van Dijk PP, Veiga LM, Veloso A, Wege DC, Wilkinson M, Williamson EA, Xie F, Young BE, Akçakaya HR, Bennun L, Blackburn TM, Boitani L, Dublin HT, da Fonseca GAB, Gascon C, Lacher TE, Mace GM, Mainka SA, McNeely JA, Mittermeier RA, Reid GM, Rodriguez JP, Rosenberg AA, Samways MJ, Smart J, Stein BA, Stuart SN. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 2010; 330:1503-9. [PMID: 20978281 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
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