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Abstract
This study presents evidence that the MAGUK family of synaptic scaffolding proteins plays an essential, but redundant, role in long-term potentiation (LTP). The action of PSD-95, but not that of SAP102, requires the binding to the transsynaptic adhesion protein ADAM22, which is required for nanocolumn stabilization. Based on these and previous results, we propose a two-step process in the recruitment of AMPARs during LTP. First, AMPARs, via TARPs, bind to exposed PSD-95 in the PSD. This alone is not adequate to enhance synaptic transmission. Second, the AMPAR/TARP/PSD-95 complex is stabilized in the nanocolumn by binding to ADAM22. A second, ADAM22-independent pathway is proposed for SAP102.
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Perveen N, Ashraf W, Alqahtani F, Fawad Rasool M, Samad N, Imran I. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: What do we understand about protein alterations? Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:377-394. [PMID: 34132061 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During neuronal diseases, neuronal proteins get disturbed due to changes in the connections of neurons. As a result, neuronal proteins get disturbed and cause epilepsy. At the genetic level, many mutations may take place in proteins like axon guidance proteins, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 protein, microtubular protein, pore-forming, chromatin remodeling, and chemokine proteins which may lead toward temporal lobe epilepsy. These proteins can be targeted in the future for the treatment purpose of epilepsy. Novel avenues can be developed for therapeutic interventions by these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Perveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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53
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LGI1-ADAM22-MAGUK configures transsynaptic nanoalignment for synaptic transmission and epilepsy prevention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022580118. [PMID: 33397806 PMCID: PMC7826393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses a fundamental question in neuroscience, namely how does the presynaptic component of the synapse precisely align with the postsynaptic component? This is essential for the proper transmission of signals across the synapse. This paper focuses on a set of transsynaptic, epilepsy-related proteins that are essential for this alignment. We show that the LGI1–ADAM22–MAGUK complex is a key player in the nanoarchitecture of the synapse, such that the release site is directly apposed to the nanocluster of glutamate receptors. Physiological functioning and homeostasis of the brain rely on finely tuned synaptic transmission, which involves nanoscale alignment between presynaptic neurotransmitter-release machinery and postsynaptic receptors. However, the molecular identity and physiological significance of transsynaptic nanoalignment remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that epilepsy gene products, a secreted protein LGI1 and its receptor ADAM22, govern transsynaptic nanoalignment to prevent epilepsy. We found that LGI1–ADAM22 instructs PSD-95 family membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) to organize transsynaptic protein networks, including NMDA/AMPA receptors, Kv1 channels, and LRRTM4–Neurexin adhesion molecules. Adam22ΔC5/ΔC5 knock-in mice devoid of the ADAM22–MAGUK interaction display lethal epilepsy of hippocampal origin, representing the mouse model for ADAM22-related epileptic encephalopathy. This model shows less-condensed PSD-95 nanodomains, disordered transsynaptic nanoalignment, and decreased excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Strikingly, without ADAM22 binding, PSD-95 cannot potentiate AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. Furthermore, forced coexpression of ADAM22 and PSD-95 reconstitutes nano-condensates in nonneuronal cells. Collectively, this study reveals LGI1–ADAM22–MAGUK as an essential component of transsynaptic nanoarchitecture for precise synaptic transmission and epilepsy prevention.
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McMillan KJ, Banks PJ, Hellel FLN, Carmichael RE, Clairfeuille T, Evans AJ, Heesom KJ, Lewis P, Collins BM, Bashir ZI, Henley JM, Wilkinson KA, Cullen PJ. Sorting nexin-27 regulates AMPA receptor trafficking through the synaptic adhesion protein LRFN2. eLife 2021; 10:59432. [PMID: 34251337 PMCID: PMC8296521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosome-associated cargo adaptor sorting nexin-27 (SNX27) is linked to various neuropathologies through sorting of integral proteins to the synaptic surface, most notably AMPA receptors. To provide a broader view of SNX27-associated pathologies, we performed proteomics in rat primary neurons to identify SNX27-dependent cargoes, and identified proteins linked to excitotoxicity, epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and working memory deficits. Focusing on the synaptic adhesion molecule LRFN2, we established that SNX27 binds to LRFN2 and regulates its endosomal sorting. Furthermore, LRFN2 associates with AMPA receptors and knockdown of LRFN2 results in decreased surface AMPA receptor expression, reduced synaptic activity, and attenuated hippocampal long-term potentiation. Overall, our study provides an additional mechanism by which SNX27 can control AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity indirectly through the sorting of LRFN2 and offers molecular insight into the perturbed function of SNX27 and LRFN2 in a range of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Banks
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas Clairfeuille
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ashley J Evans
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics facility, School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip Lewis
- Proteomics facility, School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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55
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Zhang K, Wang Y, Fan T, Zeng C, Sun ZS. The p21-activated kinases in neural cytoskeletal remodeling and related neurological disorders. Protein Cell 2020; 13:6-25. [PMID: 33306168 PMCID: PMC8776968 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine p21-activated kinases (PAKs), as main effectors of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, represent a group of important molecular switches linking the complex cytoskeletal networks to broad neural activity. PAKs show wide expression in the brain, but they differ in specific cell types, brain regions, and developmental stages. PAKs play an essential and differential role in controlling neural cytoskeletal remodeling and are related to the development and fate of neurons as well as the structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. PAK-mediated actin signaling and interacting functional networks represent a common pathway frequently affected in multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Considering specific small-molecule agonists and inhibitors for PAKs have been developed in cancer treatment, comprehensive knowledge about the role of PAKs in neural cytoskeletal remodeling will promote our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying neurological diseases, which may also represent potential therapeutic targets of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tianda Fan
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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56
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Souza ILM, Oliveira NH, Huamaní PAM, Martin ATS, Borgonovo ZLM, Nakao LS, Zanata SM. Endocytosis of the non-catalytic ADAM23: Recycling and long half-life properties. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112415. [PMID: 33296662 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 23 (ADAM23) is a member of the ADAMs family of transmembrane proteins, mostly expressed in nervous system, and involved in traffic and stabilization of Kv1-potassium channels, synaptic transmission, neurite outgrowth, neuronal morphology and cell adhesion. Also, ADAM23 has been linked to human pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, cancer metastasis and cardiomyopathy. ADAM23 functionality depends on the molecule presence at the cell surface and along the secretory pathway, as expected for a cell surface receptor. Because endocytosis is an important functional regulatory mechanism of plasma membrane receptors and no information is available about the traffic or turnover of non-catalytic ADAMs, we investigated ADAM23 internalization, recycling and half-life properties. Here, we show that ADAM23 undergoes constitutive internalization from the plasma membrane, a process that depends on lipid raft integrity, and is redistributed to intracellular vesicles, especially early and recycling endosomes. Furthermore, we observed that ADAM23 is recycled from intracellular compartments back to the plasma membrane and thus has longer half-life and higher cell surface stability compared with other ADAMs. Our findings suggest that regulation of ADAM23 endocytosis/stability could be exploited therapeutically in diseases in which ADAM23 is directly involved, such as epilepsy, cancer progression and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L M Souza
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Natália H Oliveira
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Pierina A M Huamaní
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Anh-Tuan S Martin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zaine L M Borgonovo
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lia S Nakao
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Departments of Basic Pathology and Cell Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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57
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McDonald RC, Schott MJ, Idowu TA, Lyons PJ. Biochemical and genetic analysis of Ecm14, a conserved fungal pseudopeptidase. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:86. [PMID: 33256608 PMCID: PMC7706225 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Like most major enzyme families, the M14 family of metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) contains a number of pseudoenzymes predicted to lack enzyme activity and with poorly characterized molecular function. The genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes one member of the M14 MCP family, a pseudoenzyme named Ecm14 proposed to function in the extracellular matrix. In order to better understand the function of such pseudoenzymes, we studied the structure and function of Ecm14 in S. cerevisiae. Results A phylogenetic analysis of Ecm14 in fungi found it to be conserved throughout the ascomycete phylum, with a group of related pseudoenzymes found in basidiomycetes. To investigate the structure and function of this conserved protein, His6-tagged Ecm14 was overexpressed in Sf9 cells and purified. The prodomain of Ecm14 was cleaved in vivo and in vitro by endopeptidases, suggesting an activation mechanism; however, no activity was detectable using standard carboxypeptidase substrates. In order to determine the function of Ecm14 using an unbiased screen, we undertook a synthetic lethal assay. Upon screening approximately 27,000 yeast colonies, twenty-two putative synthetic lethal clones were identified. Further analysis showed many to be synthetic lethal with auxotrophic marker genes and requiring multiple mutations, suggesting that there are few, if any, single S. cerevisiae genes that present synthetic lethal interactions with ecm14Δ. Conclusions We show in this study that Ecm14, although lacking detectable enzyme activity, is a conserved carboxypeptidase-like protein that is secreted from cells and is processed to a mature form by the action of an endopeptidase. Our study and datasets from other recent large-scale screens suggest a role for Ecm14 in processes such as vesicle-mediated transport and aggregate invasion, a fungal process that has been selected against in modern laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-020-00330-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Schott
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA
| | - Temitope A Idowu
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA
| | - Peter J Lyons
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA.
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58
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Singh N, Mishra A, Sahu DK, Jain M, Shyam H, Tripathi RK, Shankar P, Kumar A, Alam N, Jaiswal R, Kumar S. Comprehensive Characterization of Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11973-11988. [PMID: 33244273 PMCID: PMC7685366 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s279974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heterogeneity of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) among patients is currently not well studied. Pathologic markers and staging systems have not been a precise predictor of the prognosis of an individual patient. Hence, we hypothesize to develop a transcript-based signature to categorize stage IIIA-NSCLC in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), plus identify markers that could indicate the prognosis of the disease. Methods Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (HTA) and NanoString nCounter® platform were used for high-throughput gene-expression profiling. Initially, we profiled stage IIIA-NSCLC through HTA and validated through NanoString. Additionally, two metastatic markers SPP1 and CDH2 were validated in 47 NSCLC stage IIIA samples through real-time PCR. Results We observed distinct gene clusters in LUAD and LUSC with down-regulation of six genes and up-regulation of 57 genes through HTA. Ninety-six transcripts were randomly selected after analyzing HTA data and validated on the NanoString platform. We found 40 differentially expressed transcripts that categorized NSCLC into LUAD and LUSC. SPP1 is significantly overexpressed (4.311±1.27 fold in LUAD and 13.41±3.82 fold in LUSC compared to control), and the CDH2 transcript was significantly overexpressed (11.53 ± 4.027-fold compared to control) only in LUSC. Discussion These markers enable us to categorize stage IIIA NSCLC into LUAD and LUSC plus these markers may be helpful to understand the pathophysiology of NSCLC. However, more data required to make these findings useful in general clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Mayank Jain
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Hari Shyam
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Ratnesh Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Pratap Shankar
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Riddhi Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Department of Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
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59
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Charmsaz S, Doherty B, Cocchiglia S, Varešlija D, Marino A, Cosgrove N, Marques R, Priedigkeit N, Purcell S, Bane F, Bolger J, Byrne C, O'Halloran PJ, Brett F, Sheehan K, Brennan K, Hopkins AM, Keelan S, Jagust P, Madden S, Martinelli C, Battaglini M, Oesterreich S, Lee AV, Ciofani G, Hill ADK, Young LS. ADAM22/LGI1 complex as a new actionable target for breast cancer brain metastasis. BMC Med 2020; 18:349. [PMID: 33208158 PMCID: PMC7677775 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in woman. Brain metastasis is a common and devastating site of relapse for several breast cancer molecular subtypes, including oestrogen receptor-positive disease, with life expectancy of less than a year. While efforts have been devoted to developing therapeutics for extra-cranial metastasis, drug penetration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major clinical challenge. Defining molecular alterations in breast cancer brain metastasis enables the identification of novel actionable targets. METHODS Global transcriptomic analysis of matched primary and metastatic patient tumours (n = 35 patients, 70 tumour samples) identified a putative new actionable target for advanced breast cancer which was further validated in vivo and in breast cancer patient tumour tissue (n = 843 patients). A peptide mimetic of the target's natural ligand was designed in silico and its efficacy assessed in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models of breast cancer metastasis. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis of over-represented pathways in metastatic breast cancer identified ADAM22 as a top ranked member of the ECM-related druggable genome specific to brain metastases. ADAM22 was validated as an actionable target in in vitro, ex vivo and in patient tumour tissue (n = 843 patients). A peptide mimetic of the ADAM22 ligand LGI1, LGI1MIM, was designed in silico. The efficacy of LGI1MIM and its ability to penetrate the BBB were assessed in vitro, ex vivo and in brain metastasis BBB 3D biometric biohybrid models, respectively. Treatment with LGI1MIM in vivo inhibited disease progression, in particular the development of brain metastasis. CONCLUSION ADAM22 expression in advanced breast cancer supports development of breast cancer brain metastasis. Targeting ADAM22 with a peptide mimetic LGI1MIM represents a new therapeutic option to treat metastatic brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Charmsaz
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ben Doherty
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Cocchiglia
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Damir Varešlija
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Attilio Marino
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Nicola Cosgrove
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nolan Priedigkeit
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Siobhan Purcell
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fiona Bane
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jarlath Bolger
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher Byrne
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine Sheehan
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Keelan
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Petra Jagust
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.,The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Arnold D K Hill
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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60
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Lugarà E, Kaushik R, Leite M, Chabrol E, Dityatev A, Lignani G, Walker MC. LGI1 downregulation increases neuronal circuit excitability. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2836-2846. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lugarà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marco Leite
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK
| | - Elodie Chabrol
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg Germany
- Medical Faculty Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK
| | - Matthew C. Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London UK
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Ghimire P, Khanal UP, Gajurel BP, Karn R, Rajbhandari R, Paudel S, Gautam N, Ojha R. Anti-LGI1, anti-GABABR, and Anti-CASPR2 encephalitides in Asia: A systematic review. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01793. [PMID: 32783406 PMCID: PMC7559615 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aim to review the literature to collate and describe features of encephalitides arising from autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), gamma aminobutyric acid receptor (GABABR), and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) in Asian populations and compare them with findings of Western studies. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles published till 24 May 2020 were searched, and original, full-text studies from Asia with serum/CSF antibody-based diagnosis and at least 2 patients were selected. Twenty-four studies with 263 patients (139 anti-LGI1, 114 anti-GAGABR, and 10 anti-CASPR2) were included. Data were pooled to produce descriptive information on demographics, clinical characteristics, diagnostics, treatments, and outcome. RESULTS The mean age was 54.2 (anti-LGI1), 55.2 (anti-GABABR), and 47.7 years (anti-CASPR2), with an overall male predominance of 62.0%. Commonest clinical features across all types were seizures (87.5%), memory deficits (80.7%), psychiatric disturbances (75.9%), and altered consciousness (52.9%). Four anti-LGI1, 40 anti-GABABR, and 1 anti-CASPR2 patients had tumors. CSF, MRI, and EEG were abnormal in 33.3%, 54.1%, and 75% patients in anti-LGI1; 60.0%, 49.6%, and 85.7% in anti-GABABR; and 50%, 44.4%, and 100% in anti-CASPR2 patients, respectively. 95.6% patients received first-line therapy alone (steroids/IVIG/Plasma therapy), and 4.4% received second-line therapy (rituximab/cyclophosphamide). 91.7%, 63.6%, and 70% of patients had favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Score 0-2) with mortality rates at 2.5%, 23.2%, and 0% in the three types, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that these disorders present in Asian patients at a relatively young age often with features of seizures, memory deficits, and psychiatric disturbances and usually demonstrate a favorable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinska Ghimire
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Ragesh Karn
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Reema Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunanda Paudel
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niraj Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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62
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Hirose S, Tanaka Y, Shibata M, Kimura Y, Ishikawa M, Higurashi N, Yamamoto T, Ichise E, Chiyonobu T, Ishii A. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells in epilepsy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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63
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Suzuki K, Elegheert J, Song I, Sasakura H, Senkov O, Matsuda K, Kakegawa W, Clayton AJ, Chang VT, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Miura E, Kaushik R, Ikeno M, Morioka Y, Takeuchi Y, Shimada T, Otsuka S, Stoyanov S, Watanabe M, Takeuchi K, Dityatev A, Aricescu AR, Yuzaki M. A synthetic synaptic organizer protein restores glutamatergic neuronal circuits. Science 2020; 369:369/6507/eabb4853. [PMID: 32855309 PMCID: PMC7116145 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal synapses undergo structural and functional changes throughout life, which are essential for nervous system physiology. However, these changes may also perturb the excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission balance and trigger neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Molecular tools to restore this balance are highly desirable. Here, we designed and characterized CPTX, a synthetic synaptic organizer combining structural elements from cerebellin-1 and neuronal pentraxin-1. CPTX can interact with presynaptic neurexins and postsynaptic AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors and induced the formation of excitatory synapses both in vitro and in vivo. CPTX restored synaptic functions, motor coordination, spatial and contextual memories, and locomotion in mouse models for cerebellar ataxia, Alzheimer's disease, and spinal cord injury, respectively. Thus, CPTX represents a prototype for structure-guided biologics that can efficiently repair or remodel neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimichi Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jonathan Elegheert
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Sasakura
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Oleg Senkov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Keiko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Amber J Clayton
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Veronica T Chang
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Maura Ferrer-Ferrer
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Masashi Ikeno
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Morioka
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Otsuka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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64
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Koneczny I. Update on IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: New insights and new family members. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102646. [PMID: 32801046 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of IgG4 subclass are exceptional players of the immune system, as they are considered to be immunologically inert and functionally monovalent, and as such may be part of classical tolerance mechanisms. IgG4 antibodies are found in a range of different diseases, including IgG4-related diseases, allergy, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, helminth infection and IgG4 autoimmune diseases, where they may be pathogenic or protective. IgG4 autoimmune diseases are an emerging new group of diseases that are characterized by pathogenic, antigen-specific autoantibodies of IgG4 subclass, such as MuSK myasthenia gravis, pemphigus vulgaris and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The list of IgG4 autoantigens is rapidly growing and to date contains 29 candidate antigens. Interestingly, IgG4 autoimmune diseases are restricted to four distinct organs: 1) the central and peripheral nervous system, 2) the kidney, 3) the skin and mucous membranes and 4) the vascular system and soluble antigens in the blood circulation. The pathogenicity of IgG4 can be validated using our classification system, and is usually excerted by functional blocking of protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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65
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Tanaka K, Kawamura M, Sakimura K, Kato N. Significance of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Encephalitis in Relation to Antigen Localization: An Outline of Frequently Reported Autoantibodies with a Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144941. [PMID: 32668637 PMCID: PMC7404295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies related to central nervous system (CNS) diseases propel research on paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS). This syndrome develops autoantibodies in combination with certain neurological syndromes and cancers, such as anti-HuD antibodies in encephalomyelitis with small cell lung cancer and anti-Yo antibodies in cerebellar degeneration with gynecological cancer. These autoantibodies have roles in the diagnosis of neurological diseases and early detection of cancers that are usually occult. Most of these autoantibodies have no pathogenic roles in neuronal dysfunction directly. Instead, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are thought to have direct roles in neuronal damage. The recent discoveries of autoantibodies against neuronal synaptic receptors/channels produced in patients with autoimmune encephalomyelitis have highlighted insights into our understanding of the variable neurological symptoms in this disease. It has also improved our understanding of intractable epilepsy, atypical psychosis, and some demyelinating diseases that are ameliorated with immune therapies. The production and motility of these antibodies through the blood-brain barrier into the CNS remains unknown. Most of these recently identified autoantibodies bind to neuronal and glial cell surface synaptic receptors, potentially altering the synaptic signaling process. The clinical features differ among pathologies based on antibody targets. The investigation of these antibodies provides a deeper understanding of the background of neurological symptoms in addition to novel insights into their basic neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (K.S.)
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1247, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-0624; Fax: +81-25-227-0816
| | - Meiko Kawamura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan; (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
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66
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Ramberger M, Berretta A, Tan JMM, Sun B, Michael S, Yeo T, Theorell J, Bashford-Rogers R, Paneva S, O’Dowd V, Dedi N, Topia S, Griffin R, Ramirez-Franco J, El Far O, Baulac S, Leite MI, Sen A, Jeans A, McMillan D, Marshall D, Anthony D, Lightwood D, Waters P, Irani SR. Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms. Brain 2020; 143:1731-1745. [PMID: 32437528 PMCID: PMC7296845 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) are found in patients with limbic encephalitis and focal seizures. Here, we generate patient-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against LGI1. We explore their sequences and binding characteristics, plus their pathogenic potential using transfected HEK293T cells, rodent neuronal preparations, and behavioural and electrophysiological assessments in vivo after mAb injections into the rodent hippocampus. In live cell-based assays, LGI1 epitope recognition was examined with patient sera (n = 31), CSFs (n = 11), longitudinal serum samples (n = 15), and using mAbs (n = 14) generated from peripheral B cells of two patients. All sera and 9/11 CSFs bound both the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and the epitempin repeat (EPTP) domains of LGI1, with stable ratios of LRR:EPTP antibody levels over time. By contrast, the mAbs derived from both patients recognized either the LRR or EPTP domain. mAbs against both domain specificities showed varied binding strengths, and marked genetic heterogeneity, with high mutation frequencies. LRR-specific mAbs recognized LGI1 docked to its interaction partners, ADAM22 and ADAM23, bound to rodent brain sections, and induced internalization of the LGI1-ADAM22/23 complex in both HEK293T cells and live hippocampal neurons. By contrast, few EPTP-specific mAbs bound to rodent brain sections or ADAM22/23-docked LGI1, but all inhibited the docking of LGI1 to ADAM22/23. After intrahippocampal injection, and by contrast to the LRR-directed mAbs, the EPTP-directed mAbs showed far less avid binding to brain tissue and were consistently detected in the serum. Post-injection, both domain-specific mAbs abrogated long-term potentiation induction, and LRR-directed antibodies with higher binding strengths induced memory impairment. Taken together, two largely dichotomous populations of LGI1 mAbs with distinct domain binding characteristics exist in the affinity matured peripheral autoantigen-specific memory pools of individuals, both of which have pathogenic potential. In human autoantibody-mediated diseases, the detailed characterization of patient mAbs provides a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms within polyclonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ramberger
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Berretta
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeanne M M Tan
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bo Sun
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia Michael
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianrong Yeo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Theorell
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sofija Paneva
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Neesha Dedi
- UCB Pharma, 208-216 Bath Road, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Oussama El Far
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Baulac
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria I Leite
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjune Sen
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Jeans
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Anthony
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick Waters
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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67
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Heib M, Rose-John S, Adam D. Necroptosis, ADAM proteases and intestinal (dys)function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:83-152. [PMID: 32381179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an unexpected connection between necroptosis and members of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) protease family has been reported. Necroptosis represents an important cell death routine which helps to protect from viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections, maintains adult T cell homeostasis and contributes to the elimination of potentially defective organisms before parturition. Equally important for organismal homeostasis, ADAM proteases control cellular processes such as development and differentiation, immune responses or tissue regeneration. Notably, necroptosis as well as ADAM proteases have been implicated in the control of inflammatory responses in the intestine. In this review, we therefore provide an overview of the physiology and pathophysiology of necroptosis, ADAM proteases and intestinal (dys)function, discuss the contribution of necroptosis and ADAMs to intestinal (dys)function, and review the current knowledge on the role of ADAMs in necroptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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68
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Giannoccaro MP, Wright SK, Vincent A. In vivo Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Neurological Disorders: Animal Models and Potential Implications. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1394. [PMID: 32116982 PMCID: PMC7013005 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the discovery of antibodies directed against neuronal surface antigens (NSA-Abs) in patients with different forms of encephalitis has provided a basis for immunotherapies in previously undefined disorders. Nevertheless, despite the circumstantial clinical evidence of the pathogenic role of these antibodies in classical autoimmune encephalitis, specific criteria need to be applied in order to establish the autoimmune nature of a disease. A growing number of studies have begun to provide proof of the pathogenicity of NSA-Abs and insights into their pathogenic mechanisms through passive transfer or, more rarely, through active immunization animal models. Moreover, the increasing evidence that NSA-Abs in the maternal circulation can reach the fetal brain parenchyma during gestation, causing long-term effects, has led to models of antibody-induced neurodevelopmental disorders. This review summarizes different methodological approaches and the results of the animal models of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antibody-mediated disorders and discuss the results and the limitations. We also summarize recent experiments that demonstrate that maternal antibodies to NMDAR and CASPR2 can alter development in the offspring with potential lifelong susceptibility to neurological or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna and IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhvir K. Wright
- School of Life and Health Sciences & Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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69
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Hebert JD, Myers SA, Naba A, Abbruzzese G, Lamar JM, Carr SA, Hynes RO. Proteomic Profiling of the ECM of Xenograft Breast Cancer Metastases in Different Organs Reveals Distinct Metastatic Niches. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1475-1485. [PMID: 32019869 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis causes most cancer-related deaths, and one poorly understood aspect of metastatic cancer is the adaptability of cells from a primary tumor to create new niches and survive in multiple, different secondary sites. We used quantitative mass spectrometry to analyze the extracellular matrix (ECM), a critical component of metastatic niches, in metastases to the brain, lungs, liver, and bone marrow, all derived from parental MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Tumor and stromal cells cooperated in forming niches; stromal cells produced predominantly core, structural ECM proteins and tumor cells produced a diverse array of ECM-associated proteins, including secreted factors and modulators of the matrix. In addition, tumor and stromal cells together created distinct niches in each tissue. Downregulation of SERPINB1, a protein elevated in brain metastases, led to a reduction in brain metastasis, suggesting that some niche-specific ECM proteins may be involved in metastatic tropism. SIGNIFICANCE: Tumor and stromal cells together create distinct ECM niches in breast cancer metastases to various tissues, providing new insight into how tumor cells adapt to survive in different tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess D Hebert
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel A Myers
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John M Lamar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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70
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Kornau HC, Kreye J, Stumpf A, Fukata Y, Parthier D, Sammons RP, Imbrosci B, Kurpjuweit S, Kowski AB, Fukata M, Prüss H, Schmitz D. Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoclonal LGI1 Autoantibodies Increase Neuronal Excitability. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:405-418. [PMID: 31900946 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is the second most common antibody-mediated encephalopathy, but insight into the intrathecal B-cell autoimmune response, including clonal relationships, isotype distribution, frequency, and pathogenic effects of single LGI1 antibodies, has remained limited. METHODS We cloned, expressed, and tested antibodies from 90 antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and B cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of several patients with LGI1 encephalitis. RESULTS Eighty-four percent of the ASCs and 21% of the memory B cells encoded LGI1-reactive antibodies, whereas reactivities to other brain epitopes were rare. All LGI1 antibodies were of IgG1, IgG2, or IgG4 isotype and had undergone affinity maturation. Seven of the overall 26 LGI1 antibodies efficiently blocked the interaction of LGI1 with its receptor ADAM22 in vitro, and their mean LGI1 signal on mouse brain sections was weak compared to the remaining, non-ADAM22-competing antibodies. Nevertheless, both types of LGI1 antibodies increased the intrinsic cellular excitability and glutamatergic synaptic transmission of hippocampal CA3 neurons in slice cultures. INTERPRETATION Our data show that the patients' intrathecal B-cell autoimmune response is dominated by LGI1 antibodies and that LGI1 antibodies alone are sufficient to promote neuronal excitability, a basis of seizure generation. Fundamental differences in target specificity and antibody hypermutations compared to the CSF autoantibody repertoire in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis underline the clinical concept that autoimmune encephalitides are very distinct entities. Ann Neurol 2020;87:405-418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Kornau
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Kreye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Stumpf
- Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Daniel Parthier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna P Sammons
- Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Imbrosci
- Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Kurpjuweit
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander B Kowski
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
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71
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Du J, Vegh V, Reutens DC. Persistent sodium current blockers can suppress seizures caused by loss of low-threshold D-type potassium currents: Predictions from an in silico study of K v1 channel disorders. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:86-96. [PMID: 32140647 PMCID: PMC7049813 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ion channels belonging to subfamily A of voltage‐gated potassium channels (Kv1) are highly expressed on axons, where they play a key role in determining resting membrane potential, in shaping action potentials, and in modulating action potential frequency during repetitive neuronal firing. We aimed to study the genesis of seizures caused by mutations affecting Kv1 channels and searched for potential therapeutic targets. Methods We used a novel in silico model, the laminar cortex model (LCM), to examine changes in neuronal excitability and network dynamics associated with loss‐of‐function mutations in Kv1 channels. The LCM simulates the activities of a network of tens of thousands of interconnected neurons and incorporates the kinetics of 11 types of ion channel and three classes of neurotransmitter receptor. Changes in two types of potassium currents conducted by Kv1 channels were examined: slowly inactivating D‐type currents and rapidly inactivating A‐type currents. Effects on neuronal firing rate, action potential shape, and neuronal oscillation state were evaluated. A systematic parameter scan was performed to identify parameter changes that can reverse the effects of the changes. Results Reduced axonal D‐type currents led to lower firing threshold and widened action potentials, both lowering the seizure threshold. Two potential therapeutic targets for treating seizures caused by loss‐of‐function changes in Kv1 channels were identified: persistent sodium channels and NMDA receptors. Blocking persistent sodium channels restored the firing threshold and reduced action potential width. NMDA receptor antagonists reduced excitatory postsynaptic currents from excessive glutamate release related to widened action potentials. Significance Riluzole reduces persistent sodium currents and excitatory postsynaptic currents from NMDA receptor activation. Our results suggest that this FDA‐approved drug can be repurposed to treat epilepsies caused by mutations affecting axonal Kv1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Du
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Viktor Vegh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
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72
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Yamagata A, Fukai S. Insights into the mechanisms of epilepsy from structural biology of LGI1-ADAM22. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:267-274. [PMID: 31432233 PMCID: PMC11104983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders, which can be caused by abnormal synaptic transmissions. Many epilepsy-related mutations have been identified in synaptic ion channels, which are main targets for current antiepileptic drugs. One of the novel potential targets for therapy of epilepsy is a class of non-ion channel-type epilepsy-related proteins. The leucine-rich repeat glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) is a neuronal secreted protein, and has been extensively studied as a product of a causative gene for autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE; also known as autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features [ADPEAF]). At least 43 mutations of LGI1 have been found in ADLTE families. Additionally, autoantibodies against LGI1 in limbic encephalitis are associated with amnesia, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. Although the relationship of LGI1 with synaptic transmission and synaptic disorders has been studied genetically, biochemically, and clinically, the structural mechanism of LGI1 remained largely unknown until recently. In this review, we introduce insights into pathogenic mechanisms of LGI1 from recent structural studies on LGI1 and its receptor, ADAM22. We also discuss the mechanism for pathogenesis of autoantibodies against LGI1, and the potential of chemical correctors as novel drugs for epilepsy, with structural aspects of LGI1-ADAM22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamagata
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
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73
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Fossati M, Assendorp N, Gemin O, Colasse S, Dingli F, Arras G, Loew D, Charrier C. Trans-Synaptic Signaling through the Glutamate Receptor Delta-1 Mediates Inhibitory Synapse Formation in Cortical Pyramidal Neurons. Neuron 2019; 104:1081-1094.e7. [PMID: 31704028 PMCID: PMC6926483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fine orchestration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic development is required for normal brain function, and alterations may cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Using sparse molecular manipulations in intact brain circuits, we show that the glutamate receptor delta-1 (GluD1), a member of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), is a postsynaptic organizer of inhibitory synapses in cortical pyramidal neurons. GluD1 is selectively required for the formation of inhibitory synapses and regulates GABAergic synaptic transmission accordingly. At inhibitory synapses, GluD1 interacts with cerebellin-4, an extracellular scaffolding protein secreted by somatostatin-expressing interneurons, which bridges postsynaptic GluD1 and presynaptic neurexins. When binding to its agonist glycine or D-serine, GluD1 elicits non-ionotropic postsynaptic signaling involving the guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARHGEF12 and the regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 PPP1R12A. Thus, GluD1 defines a trans-synaptic interaction regulating postsynaptic signaling pathways for the proper establishment of cortical inhibitory connectivity and challenges the dichotomy between iGluRs and inhibitory synaptic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fossati
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nora Assendorp
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gemin
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Colasse
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Guillaume Arras
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Cécile Charrier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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74
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Han KA, Kim J, Kim H, Kim D, Lim D, Ko J, Um JW. Slitrk2 controls excitatory synapse development via PDZ-mediated protein interactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17094. [PMID: 31745231 PMCID: PMC6863843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Slitrk (Slit- and Trk-like protein) family of synaptic cell-adhesion molecules control excitatory and inhibitory synapse development through isoform-dependent extracellular interactions with leukocyte common antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs). However, how Slitrks participate in activation of intracellular signaling pathways in postsynaptic neurons remains largely unknown. Here we report that, among the six members of the Slitrk family, only Slitrk2 directly interacts with the PDZ domain-containing excitatory scaffolds, PSD-95 and Shank3. The interaction of Slitrk2 with PDZ proteins is mediated by the cytoplasmic COOH-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (Ile-Ser-Glu-Leu), which is not found in other Slitrks. Mapping analyses further revealed that a single PDZ domain of Shank3 is responsible for binding to Slitrk2. Slitrk2 forms in vivo complexes with membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family proteins in addition to PSD-95 and Shank3. Intriguingly, in addition to its role in synaptic targeting in cultured hippocampal neurons, the PDZ domain-binding motif of Slitrk2 is required for Slitrk2 promotion of excitatory synapse formation, transmission, and spine development in the CA1 hippocampal region. Collectively, our data suggest a new molecular mechanism for conferring isoform-specific regulatory actions of the Slitrk family in orchestrating intracellular signal transduction pathways in postsynaptic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jinhu Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Hyeonho Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Dongseok Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
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75
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-3081. [PMID: 31236626 PMCID: PMC11105368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Hsia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brummer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanpeng Zheng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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76
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Assessment of genetic variant burden in epilepsy-associated brain lesions. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1738-1744. [PMID: 31358956 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to estimate genetic variant burden across different subtypes of epilepsy. Herein, we used a comparative approach to assess the genetic variant burden and genotype-phenotype correlations in four most common brain lesions in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Targeted sequencing analysis was performed for a panel of 161 genes with a mean coverage of >400×. Lesional tissue was histopathologically reviewed and dissected from hippocampal sclerosis (n = 15), ganglioglioma (n = 16), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (n = 8), and focal cortical dysplasia type II (n = 15). Peripheral blood (n = 12) or surgical tissue samples histopathologically classified as lesion-free (n = 42) were available for comparison. Variants were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Overall, we identified pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in 25.9% of patients with a mean coverage of 383×. The highest number of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants was observed in patients with ganglioglioma (43.75%; all somatic) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (37.5%; all somatic), and in 20% of cases with focal cortical dysplasia type II (13.33% somatic, 6.67% germline). Pathogenic/likely pathogenic positive genes were disorder specific and BRAF V600E the only recurrent pathogenic variant. This study represents a reference for the genetic variant burden across the four most common lesion entities in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. The observed large variability in variant burden by epileptic lesion type calls for whole exome sequencing of histopathologically well-characterized tissue in a diagnostic setting and in research to discover novel disease-associated genes.
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77
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Seegar TC, Blacklow SC. Domain integration of ADAM family proteins: Emerging themes from structural studies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1510-1519. [PMID: 31333048 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219865901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) proteins are type-1 transmembrane and secreted proteins that function in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Here we review the structural features of ADAM proteins that direct their biological functions in ectodomain shedding and cell adhesion. Impact statement Recent structural advances have provided a deeper appreciation for interdomain relationships that modulate the activity of ADAM proteins in ectodomain shedding and cellular adhesion. Our review covers these new findings, and places them into historical context. The new results make clear that the metalloproteinase domain works in combination with its ancillary domains to execute its biological function. The ADAM ectodomain is dynamic, and accesses conformations that require interdomain movements during its enzymatic “lifecycle.” Fundamental questions about ADAM activation and substrate selection, however, still remain unanswered. Elucidating the biochemical and structural basis for ADAM regulation will be an exciting avenue of future research that should greatly advance our understanding of ADAM function in biology and human pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cm Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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78
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Inactivation of Lgi1 in murine neuronal precursor cells leads to dysregulation of axon guidance pathways. Genomics 2019; 112:1167-1172. [PMID: 31276752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
LGI1 mutations predispose to a rare epilepsy syndrome and when inactivated in mice leads to early onset seizures and premature death. Histopathology of the mature brain soon after birth shows cortical dysplasia in Lgi1 null mice with hypercellularity in the outer cortical layers. Here we show extensive gene expression changes in neuronal precursor cells from Lgi1 null mice compared with wild type mice. The most significantly dysregulated pathway involves canonical axon guidance signaling with multiple networks involved in cell movement, adhesion and invasion related to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The Lgi1 null NPCs show increased cell motility in vitro compared with normal counterparts. Dysregulation of genes critical to cell movement/migration and critical transcription factors involved in early neuronal development is a prominent feature. These studies provide a critical mechanistic link to the observation of increased cellularity in the outer layers of the developing cortex in Lgi1 null mice.
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79
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Lancaster E, Burnor E, Zhang J, Lancaster E. ADAM23 is a negative regulator of K v1.1/K v1.4 potassium currents. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:159-163. [PMID: 30965109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background ADAM22 and ADAM23 are transmembrane proteins that bind the secreted synaptic protein LGI1 and associate with Kv1.1/Kv1.4 potassium channels. However, the roles of these proteins in regulated voltage-gated potassium currents are poorly understood. Methods Cultured cells were transfected to express ADAM22, ADAM23, and Kv1.1/Kv1.4. Voltage-gated potassium currents were measured by whole-cell patch-clamp. Immunostaining Kv1.1 with fluorescent antibodies and fluorescently tagged Kv1.1 subunits was used to measure the effects of ADAM proteins on cell-surface and total expression of Kv1.1 channels. LGI1-conditioned media was added to assess the effect on LGI1 on Kv1.1 currents. Results Cells transfected with Kv1.1/Kv1.4 showed voltage-gated potassium currents (Kv1.1 currents). ADAM23 was a powerful negative regulator of Kv1.1 currents and caused decreased surface expression of Kv1.1 subunits. This decrease in current was not mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. LGI1-conditioned media did not affect the negative regulation of Kv1.1 currents by ADAM23. ADAM22 had no significant effect on Kv1.1 currents by itself, but in the presence of LGI1-conditioned media markedly potentiated Kv1.1 currents without changing channel activation kinetics. Conclusions ADAM22 and ADAM23 have opposite effects on Kv1.1 currents. The relative expression of these proteins, and the availability of LGI1 may shape the expression of Kv1.1 currents in different neuronal membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elisabeth Burnor
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
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80
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A disintegrin and metalloprotease 22 accelerates neointima formation by activating ERK signaling. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:92-99. [PMID: 30822685 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the advantage of arterial expansion for life-threatening vascular pathologies, the occurrence of neointima formation remains a prominent complication, with the underlying mechanisms largely unknown. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 22 (ADAM22) belongs to the family of ADAMs that possesses various biological capacities regulating vascular physiopathology. However, little is known about ADAM22 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-mediated neointima formation. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential functional regulation of ADAM22 in neointima formation and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In our study, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMC proliferation was examined using a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay and a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, while VSMC migration was detected using a modified Boyden chamber method and a scratch-wound assay. The functional role of ADAM22 in neointima formation was evaluated based on a left carotid artery wire injury model in mice at 14 and 28 days. RESULTS ADAM22 was significantly up-regulated in both PDGF-BB-challenged VSMCs and restenotic arteries of mice. When ADAM22 was overexpressed in VSMCs, cell proliferation, migration and phenotypic switching were simultaneously aggravated, whereas the opposite was observed when ADAM22 was knocked down in vitro. In ADAM22 heterozygote mice, wire-injury induced neointima formation was significantly ameliorated compared to wild-type control mice. Mechanistically, significantly up-regulated ERK phosphorylation is closely involved in the regulatory effects of ADAM22 in neointima formation. Interestingly, an ERK inhibitor largely reversed the aggravated VSMCs migration, proliferation and phenotypic switching induced by ADAM22 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ADAM22 accelerates neointima formation by enhancing VSMC migration, proliferation and phenotypic switching via promoting ERK phosphorylation. Suppressing ADAM22 expression may be an effective strategy for ameliorating neointima formation.
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81
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Yamagata A, Fukai S. Structural insights into leucine-rich repeat-containing synaptic cleft molecules. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:68-77. [PMID: 30784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are cell adhesion structures specialized for signal transmission between neurons. At the synapse, presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals of neurons are functionally connected but spatially separated and form a cleft. Membrane receptor-like cell adhesion molecules and secreted proteins in the synaptic cleft (synaptic cleft molecules) can mediate structural and functional linkages between the presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals for neural development or activity. A leucine-rich repeat (LRR) has been known as a typical structural motif for protein-protein interactions and plays important roles in intermolecular interactions mediated by synaptic cleft molecules. In this review, we summarize structural insights into LRR-containing synaptic cleft molecules from recent structural studies and discuss how they are linked to their downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamagata
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
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82
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Geis C, Planagumà J, Carreño M, Graus F, Dalmau J. Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:926-940. [PMID: 30714986 DOI: 10.1172/jci125178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion in the number of encephalitis disorders associated with autoantibodies against neuronal proteins has led to an incremental increase in use of the term "autoimmune epilepsy," yet has occurred with limited attention to the physiopathology of each disease and genuine propensity to develop epilepsy. Indeed, most autoimmune encephalitides present with seizures, but the probability of evolving to epilepsy is relatively small. The risk of epilepsy is higher for disorders in which the antigens are intracellular (often T cell-mediated) compared with disorders in which the antigens are on the cell surface (antibody-mediated). Most autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens show robust effects on the target proteins, resulting in hyperexcitability and impairment of synaptic function and plasticity. Here, we trace the evolution of the concept of autoimmune epilepsy and examine common inflammatory pathways that might lead to epilepsy. Then, we focus on several antibody-mediated encephalitis disorders that associate with seizures and review the synaptic alterations caused by patients' antibodies, with emphasis on those that have been modeled in animals (e.g., antibodies against NMDA, AMPA receptors, LGI1 protein) or in cultured neurons (e.g., antibodies against the GABAb receptor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Geis
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jesus Planagumà
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and
| | - Mar Carreño
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and.,Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and.,Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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83
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Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Its Ligands in Kidney Inflammation and Damage. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8739473. [PMID: 30670929 PMCID: PMC6323488 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8739473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent inflammation and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. Although many studies have investigated the factors involved in the progressive deterioration of renal function, current therapeutic strategies only delay disease progression, leaving an unmet need for effective therapeutic interventions that target the cause behind the inflammatory process and could slow down or reverse the development and progression of CKD. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (ERBB1), a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in the kidney, is activated after renal damage, and preclinical studies have evidenced its potential as a therapeutic target in CKD therapy. To date, seven official EGFR ligands have been described, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) (canonical ligand), transforming growth factor-α, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, amphiregulin, betacellulin, epiregulin, and epigen. Recently, the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) has been described as a novel EGFR ligand. The direct activation of EGFR by its ligands can exert different cellular responses, depending on the specific ligand, tissue, and pathological condition. Among all EGFR ligands, CTGF/CCN2 is of special relevance in CKD. This growth factor, by binding to EGFR and downstream signaling pathway activation, regulates renal inflammation, cell growth, and fibrosis. EGFR can also be “transactivated” by extracellular stimuli, including several key factors involved in renal disease, such as angiotensin II, transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), and other cytokines, including members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, showing another important mechanism involved in renal pathology. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of EGFR pathway activation in experimental kidney damage, with special attention to the regulation of the inflammatory response and the role of some EGFR ligands in this process. Better insights in EGFR signaling in renal disease could improve our current knowledge of renal pathology contributing to therapeutic strategies for CKD development and progression.
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Giannoccaro MP, Crisp SJ, Vincent A. Antibody-mediated central nervous system diseases. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818817497. [PMID: 32166168 PMCID: PMC7058213 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818817497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated central nervous system diseases are a relatively new area of clinical neuroscience with growing impact. Their recognition has challenged the dogma of the blood–brain barrier preventing antibody access into the central nervous system. The antibodies discovered so far are mainly against neurotransmitter receptors (e.g. N-methyl-d-aspartate and glycine receptors) and ion channel–associated proteins (leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 and contactin-associated protein 2) and are expressed on the surface of neuronal synapses and elsewhere. The disorders are reversible with immunotherapies that reduce antibody levels. Although rare, the identification of these disorders in clinical practice has made central nervous system autoimmune diseases a consideration in the differential diagnoses of many clinical presentations. There is still much to learn about the aetiology of the diseases and the mechanisms by which the antibodies act, the neuronal and glial changes that follow antibody-attack, and the compensatory changes that may be required to ensure good recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah J Crisp
- Kullmann Lab, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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85
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Petit-Pedrol M, Sell J, Planagumà J, Mannara F, Radosevic M, Haselmann H, Ceanga M, Sabater L, Spatola M, Soto D, Gasull X, Dalmau J, Geis C. LGI1 antibodies alter Kv1.1 and AMPA receptors changing synaptic excitability, plasticity and memory. Brain 2018; 141:3144-3159. [PMID: 30346486 PMCID: PMC6202570 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) is a secreted neuronal protein that forms a trans-synaptic complex that includes the presynaptic disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 23 (ADAM23), which interacts with voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.1, and the postsynaptic ADAM22, which interacts with AMPA receptors. Human autoantibodies against LGI1 associate with a form of autoimmune limbic encephalitis characterized by severe but treatable memory impairment and frequent faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Although there is evidence that this disease is immune-mediated, the underlying LGI1 antibody-mediated mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used patient-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to determine the main epitope regions of LGI1 and whether the antibodies disrupt the interaction of LGI1 with ADAM23 and ADAM22. In addition, we assessed the effects of patient-derived antibodies on Kv1.1, AMPA receptors, and memory in a mouse model based on cerebroventricular transfer of patient-derived IgG. We found that IgG from all patients (n = 25), but not from healthy participants (n = 20), prevented the binding of LGI1 to ADAM23 and ADAM22. Using full-length LGI1, LGI3, and LGI1 constructs containing the LRR1 domain (EPTP1-deleted) or EPTP1 domain (LRR3-EPTP1), IgG from all patients reacted with epitope regions contained in the LRR1 and EPTP1 domains. Confocal analysis of hippocampal slices of mice infused with pooled IgG from eight patients, but not pooled IgG from controls, showed a decrease of total and synaptic levels of Kv1.1 and AMPA receptors. The effects on Kv1.1 preceded those involving the AMPA receptors. In acute slice preparations of hippocampus, patch-clamp analysis from dentate gyrus granule cells and CA1 pyramidal neurons showed neuronal hyperexcitability with increased glutamatergic transmission, higher presynaptic release probability, and reduced synaptic failure rate upon minimal stimulation, all likely caused by the decreased expression of Kv1.1. Analysis of synaptic plasticity by recording field potentials in the CA1 region of the hippocampus showed a severe impairment of long-term potentiation. This defect in synaptic plasticity was independent from Kv1 blockade and was possibly mediated by ineffective recruitment of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. In parallel with these findings, mice infused with patient-derived IgG showed severe memory deficits in the novel object recognition test that progressively improved after stopping the infusion of patient-derived IgG. Different from genetic models of LGI1 deficiency, we did not observe aberrant dendritic sprouting or defective synaptic pruning as potential cause of the symptoms. Overall, these findings demonstrate that patient-derived IgG disrupt presynaptic and postsynaptic LGI1 signalling, causing neuronal hyperexcitability, decreased plasticity, and reversible memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Petit-Pedrol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefine Sell
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Mannara
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marija Radosevic
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Holger Haselmann
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mihai Ceanga
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lidia Sabater
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Spatola
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Soto
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Geis
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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86
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The Nogo Receptor Ligand LGI1 Regulates Synapse Number and Synaptic Activity in Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0185-18. [PMID: 30225353 PMCID: PMC6140115 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0185-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) is a secreted neuronal protein and a Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) ligand. Mutations in LGI1 in humans causes autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy and homozygous deletion of LGI1 in mice results in severe epileptic seizures that cause early postnatal death. NgR1 plays an important role in the development of CNS synapses and circuitry by limiting plasticity in the adult cortex via the activation of RhoA. These relationships and functions prompted us to examine the effect of LGI1 on synapse formation in vitro and in vivo. We report that application of LGI1 increases synaptic density in neuronal culture and that LGI1 null hippocampus has fewer dendritic mushroom spines than in wild-type (WT) littermates. Further, our electrophysiological investigations demonstrate that LGI1 null hippocampal neurons possess fewer and weaker synapses. RhoA activity is significantly increased in cortical cultures derived from LGI1 null mice and using a reconstituted system; we show directly that LGI1 antagonizes NgR1-tumor necrosis factor receptor orphan Y (TROY) signaling. Our data suggests that LGI1 enhances synapse formation in cortical and hippocampal neurons by reducing NgR1 signaling.
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87
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Xie YJ, Zhou L, Wang Y, Jiang NW, Cao S, Shao CY, Wang XT, Li XY, Shen Y, Zhou L. Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination via TSC-mTOR Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:231. [PMID: 30034322 PMCID: PMC6043672 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (Lgi1), a putative tumor suppressor, is tightly associated with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). It has been shown that Lgi1 regulates the myelination of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, the function and underlying mechanisms for Lgi1 regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive. In addition, whether Lgi1 is required for myelin maintenance is unknown. Here, we show that Lgi1 is necessary and sufficient for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and is also required for the maintenance of myelinated fibers. The hypomyelination in Lgi1-/- mice attributes to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins in oligodendrocytes (OLs). Moreover, we found that Lgi1 deficiency leads to a decrease in expression of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) and activates mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Together, the present work establishes that Lgi1 is a regulator of oligodendrocyte development and myelination in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, China
| | - Nan-Wei Jiang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of MedicineNingbo, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Tai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
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88
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ADAM-like Decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1) is a positive regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC) that promotes apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9639. [PMID: 29941981 PMCID: PMC6018119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that newly emerging transformed cells are often eliminated from epithelia via cell competition with the surrounding normal epithelial cells. However, it remains unknown whether and how soluble factors are involved in this cancer preventive phenomenon. By performing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative mass spectrometric analyses, we have identified ADAM-like Decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1) as a soluble protein whose expression is upregulated in the mix culture of normal and RasV12-transformed epithelial cells. Expression of ADAMDEC1 is elevated in normal epithelial cells co-cultured with RasV12 cells. Knockdown of ADAMDEC1 in the surrounding normal cells substantially suppresses apical extrusion of RasV12 cells, suggesting that ADAMDEC1 secreted by normal cells positively regulate the elimination of the neighboring transformed cells. In addition, we show that the metalloproteinase activity of ADAMDEC1 is dispensable for the regulation of apical extrusion. Furthermore, ADAMDEC1 facilitates the accumulation of filamin, a crucial regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC), in normal cells at the interface with RasV12 cells. This is the first report demonstrating that an epithelial intrinsic soluble factor is involved in cell competition in mammals.
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89
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Dysregulated long non-coding RNAs in the temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model. Seizure 2018; 58:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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90
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Structural basis of epilepsy-related ligand-receptor complex LGI1-ADAM22. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1546. [PMID: 29670100 PMCID: PMC5906670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder throughout history. Epilepsy-related ligand–receptor complex, LGI1–ADAM22, regulates synaptic transmission and has emerged as a determinant of brain excitability, as their mutations and acquired LGI1 autoantibodies cause epileptic disorders in human. Here, we report the crystal structure of human LGI1–ADAM22 complex, revealing a 2:2 heterotetrameric assembly. The hydrophobic pocket of the C-terminal epitempin-repeat (EPTP) domain of LGI1 binds to the metalloprotease-like domain of ADAM22. The N-terminal leucine-rich repeat and EPTP domains of LGI1 mediate the intermolecular LGI1–LGI1 interaction. A pathogenic R474Q mutation of LGI1, which does not exceptionally affect either the secretion or the ADAM22 binding, is located in the LGI1–LGI1 interface and disrupts the higher-order assembly of the LGI1–ADAM22 complex in vitro and in a mouse model for familial epilepsy. These studies support the notion that the LGI1–ADAM22 complex functions as the trans-synaptic machinery for precise synaptic transmission. LGI1 is an epilepsy-related gene that encodes a secreted neuronal protein. Here the authors present the crystal structure of LGI1 bound to its receptor ADAM22, which provides structural insights into epilepsy-causing LGI1 mutations and might facilitate the development of novel anti-epilepsy drugs.
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91
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Zhou L, Zhou L, Su LD, Cao SL, Xie YJ, Wang N, Shao CY, Wang YN, Zhou JH, Cowell JK, Shen Y. Celecoxib Ameliorates Seizure Susceptibility in Autosomal Dominant Lateral Temporal Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3346-3357. [PMID: 29491011 PMCID: PMC5884462 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3245-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is an inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. It is known that glutamatergic transmission is altered in LGI1 mutant mice, and seizures can be reduced by restoring LGI1 function. Yet, the mechanism underlying ADLTE is unclear. Here, we propose that seizures in male LGI1-/- mice are due to nonsynaptic epileptiform activity in cortical neurons. We examined the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons in the temporal cortex of male LGI1-/- mice and found that the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.2 was significantly downregulated. We also found that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) signaling was enhanced in LGI1-/- mice. Interestingly, Cox2 inhibition effectively restored the dysregulated Kv1.2 and reduced the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons. Moreover, in vivo injection of celecoxib, an FDA-approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued the defective Kv1.2 (an ∼1.9-fold increase), thereby alleviating the seizure susceptibility and extending the life of LGI1-/- mice by 5 d. In summary, we conclude that LGI1 deficiency dysregulates cPLA2-Cox2 signaling to cause hyperexcitability of cortical pyramidal neurons, and celecoxib is a potential agent to manage human ADLTE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Haploinsufficiency of the leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene is the major pathogenic basis for ADLTE, an inherited syndrome with no cure to date. Existing studies suggest that altered glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus causes this disease, but the data are paradoxical. We demonstrate that the loss of LGI1 decreases Kv1.2 expression, enhances intrinsic excitability, and thereby causes epilepsy. Interestingly, for the first time, we show that an FDA-approved drug, celecoxib, rescues the Kv1.2 defect and alleviates seizure susceptibility in LGI1-/- mice, as well as improving their survival. Thus, we suggest that celecoxib is a promising drug for the treatment of ADLTE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Sheng-Long Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ya-Jun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China, and
| | - Chong-Yu Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Huan Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - John K Cowell
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- GRU Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China,
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92
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Dazzo E, Rehberg K, Michelucci R, Passarelli D, Boniver C, Vianello Dri V, Striano P, Striano S, Pasterkamp RJ, Nobile C. Mutations in MICAL-1cause autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:483-493. [PMID: 29394500 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is a genetic focal epilepsy characterized by auditory symptoms. Two genes, LGI1 and RELN, encoding secreted proteins, are implicated in the etiology of ADLTE, but half of the affected families remain genetically unsolved, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be clarified. We aimed to identify additional genes causing ADLTE to better understand the genetic basis and molecular pathway underlying this epileptic disorder. METHODS A cohort of Italian ADLTE families was examined by whole exome sequencing combined with genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism-array linkage analysis. RESULTS We identified two ADLTE-causing variants in the MICAL-1 gene: a p.Gly150Ser substitution occurring in the enzymatically active monooxygenase (MO) domain and a p.Ala1065fs frameshift indel in the C-terminal domain, which inhibits the oxidoreductase activity of the MO domain. Each variant segregated with ADLTE in a single family. Examination of candidate variants in additional genes excluded their implication in ADLTE. In cell-based assays, both variants significantly increased MICAL-1 oxidoreductase activity and induced cell contraction in COS7 cells, which likely resulted from deregulation of F-actin dynamics. INTERPRETATION MICAL-1 oxidoreductase activity induces disassembly of actin filaments, thereby regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in developing and adult neurons and in other cell types. This suggests that dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics is a likely mechanism by which MICAL-1 pathogenic variants lead to ADLTE. Ann Neurol 2018;83:483-493.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dazzo
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, Section of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Kati Rehberg
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS-Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Unit of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Clementina Boniver
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Vianello Dri
- APSS Trento, Mental Health Department, Child and Adolescent Neuropsichiatry 1, Trento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Nobile
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, Section of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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93
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Fukata M, Yokoi N, Fukata Y. Neurobiology of autoimmune encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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94
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Hivert B, Marien L, Agbam KN, Faivre-Sarrailh C. ADAM22 and ADAM23 modulate the targeting of the Kv1 channel-associated protein LGI1 to the axon initial segment. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.219774. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1 at the axon initial segment (AIS) influences neuronal intrinsic excitability. Kv1.1/1.2 subunits are associated with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including Caspr2 and LGI1 that are implicated in autoimmune and genetic neurological diseases with seizures. In particular, mutations in the LGI1 gene cause autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). Here, using rat hippocampal neurons in culture, we showed that LGI1 is recruited at the AIS and colocalized with ADAM22 and Kv1 channels. Strikingly, the missense mutations S473L and R474Q of LGI1 identified in ADLTE prevent its association with ADAM22 and enrichment at the AIS. Moreover, we observed that ADAM22 or ADAM23 modulates the trafficking of LGI1, and promotes its ER export and expression at the overall neuronal cell surface. Live-cell imaging indicated that LGI1 is co-transported in axonal vesicles with ADAM22 or ADAM23. Finally, we showed that ADAM22 and ADAM23 also associate with Caspr2 and TAG-1 to be selectively targeted within different axonal sub-regions. So, the combinatorial expression of Kv1-associated CAMs may be critical to tune intrinsic excitability in physiological or epileptogenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hivert
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, F-13273 Marseille, France
- Present address: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurène Marien
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1249, F-13273 Marseille, France
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95
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Szepetowski P. Genetics of human epilepsies: Continuing progress. Presse Med 2017; 47:218-226. [PMID: 29277263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epilepsy genes have been identified in the last years, mostly in the (rare) monogenic forms and thanks to the increased availability and the decreased cost of next-generation sequencing approaches. Besides the somehow expected group of epilepsy genes encoding various ion channel subunits (e.g. sodium or potassium channel subunits, or GABA receptors, or glutamate-gated NMDA receptors), more diversity has emerged recently, with novel epilepsy genes encoding proteins playing a wide range of physiological roles at the cellular and molecular levels, such as synaptic proteins, members of the mTOR pathway, or proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. The overall picture is somehow complicated: one given epilepsy gene can be associated with more than one epileptic phenotype, and with variable degrees of severity, from the benign to the severe forms (e.g. epileptic encephalopathies), and with various comorbid conditions such as migraine or autism spectrum of disorders. Conversely, one given epileptic syndrome may be associated with different genes, some of which have obvious links with each other (e.g. encoding different subunits of the same receptor) while other ones have no clear relationships. Also genomic copy number variations have been detected, some of which, albeit rare, may confer high risk to epilepsy. Whereas translation from gene identification to targeted medicine still remains challenging, progress in epilepsy genetics is currently revolutionizing genetic-based diagnosis and genetic counseling. Epilepsy gene identification also represents a key entry point to start in deciphering the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms via the design and the study of the most pertinent cellular and animal models - which may in turn provide proofs-of-principle for future applications in human epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Szepetowski
- Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Inserm U901, parc scientifique de Luminy, BP 13, 13273 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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96
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Abstract
Research in the last two decades has identified many synaptic organizers in the central nervous system that directly regulate the assembly of pre- and/or postsynaptic molecules, such as synaptic vesicles, active zone proteins, and neurotransmitter receptors. They are classified into secreted factors and cell adhesion molecules, such as neurexins and neuroligins. Certain secreted factors are termed extracellular scaffolding proteins (ESPs) because they are components of the synaptic extracellular matrix and serve as a scaffold at the synaptic cleft. These include Lgi1, Cbln1, neuronal pentraxins, Hevin, thrombospondins, and glypicans. Diffusible secreted factors, such as Wnts, fibroblast growth factors, and semaphorins, tend to act from a distance. In contrast, ESPs remain at the synaptic cleft and often help synaptic adhesion and/or accumulation of postsynaptic receptors. Many fundamental questions remain about when, how, and why various synaptic organizers establish and modify the vast numbers of connections during development and throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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97
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Epilepsy and synaptic proteins. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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98
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Reggiani C, Coppens S, Sekhara T, Dimov I, Pichon B, Lufin N, Addor MC, Belligni EF, Digilio MC, Faletra F, Ferrero GB, Gerard M, Isidor B, Joss S, Niel-Bütschi F, Perrone MD, Petit F, Renieri A, Romana S, Topa A, Vermeesch JR, Lenaerts T, Casimir G, Abramowicz M, Bontempi G, Vilain C, Deconinck N, Smits G. Novel promoters and coding first exons in DLG2 linked to developmental disorders and intellectual disability. Genome Med 2017; 9:67. [PMID: 28724449 PMCID: PMC5518101 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-specific integrative omics has the potential to reveal new genic elements important for developmental disorders. METHODS Two pediatric patients with global developmental delay and intellectual disability phenotype underwent array-CGH genetic testing, both showing a partial deletion of the DLG2 gene. From independent human and murine omics datasets, we combined copy number variations, histone modifications, developmental tissue-specific regulation, and protein data to explore the molecular mechanism at play. RESULTS Integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics data, we describe two novel DLG2 promoters and coding first exons expressed in human fetal brain. Their murine conservation and protein-level evidence allowed us to produce new DLG2 gene models for human and mouse. These new genic elements are deleted in 90% of 29 patients (public and in-house) showing partial deletion of the DLG2 gene. The patients' clinical characteristics expand the neurodevelopmental phenotypic spectrum linked to DLG2 gene disruption to cognitive and behavioral categories. CONCLUSIONS While protein-coding genes are regarded as well known, our work shows that integration of multiple omics datasets can unveil novel coding elements. From a clinical perspective, our work demonstrates that two new DLG2 promoters and exons are crucial for the neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with this gene. In addition, our work brings evidence for the lack of cross-annotation in human versus mouse reference genomes and nucleotide versus protein databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Reggiani
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
- Neuropediatrics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
| | - Tayeb Sekhara
- Neuropediatrics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
- Present address: Neuropediatrics, Clinique Saint-Anne Saint-Rémy - CHIREC, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Bruno Pichon
- ULB Center of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lufin
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- ULB Center of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Marie-Claude Addor
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, 1011 Switzerland
| | - Elga Fabia Belligni
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, 10126 Italy
| | | | - Flavio Faletra
- S.C. Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34137 Italy
| | | | - Marion Gerard
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, CHU de Caen - Hôpital Clémenceau, Caen, 14033 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, South Glasgow University Hospitals, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
| | - Florence Niel-Bütschi
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, 1011 Switzerland
| | - Maria Dolores Perrone
- S.C. Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34137 Italy
- Present address: Assisted Fertilization Department, Casa di Cura Città di Udine, Udine, 33100 Italy
| | - Florence Petit
- Service de Génétique, CHRU de Lille - Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, 59000 France
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, 53100 Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Serge Romana
- Service d’Histologie Embryologie Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, 75015 France
- Université Paris Descartes - Institut IMAGINE, Paris, 75015 France
| | - Alexandra Topa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 413 45 Sweden
| | | | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- AI lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
| | - Georges Casimir
- Pediatrics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- ULB Center of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Gianluca Bontempi
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- ULB Center of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
- Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Neuropediatrics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels ULB-VUB, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
- ULB Center of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
- Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1020 Belgium
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99
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Zong S, Hoffmann C, Mané-Damas M, Molenaar P, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Are There Implications for Depression? Front Immunol 2017; 8:752. [PMID: 28725222 PMCID: PMC5497139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are affecting around 7.6-9.4% of the general population. A number of central nervous system disorders, including encephalitis and severe psychiatric disorders, have been demonstrated to associate with specific neuronal surface autoantibodies (NSAbs). It has become clear that specific autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface antigens and ion channels could cause severe mental disturbances. A number of studies have focused or are currently investigating the presence of autoantibodies in specific mental conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. However, less is known about other conditions such as depression. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis. The diagnosis criteria of depression are largely based on symptoms but not on the origin of the disease. The question which arises is whether in a subgroup of patients with depression, the symptoms might be caused by autoantibodies targeting membrane-associated antigens. Here, we describe how autoantibodies targeting membrane proteins and ion channels cause pathological effects. We discuss the physiology of these antigens and their role in relation to depression. Finally, we summarize a number of studies detecting NSAbs with a special focus on cohorts that include depression diagnosis and/or show depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Zong
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Hoffmann
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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100
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LGI1 tunes intrinsic excitability by regulating the density of axonal Kv1 channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7719-7724. [PMID: 28673977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618656114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features results from mutations in leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), a soluble glycoprotein secreted by neurons. Animal models of LGI1 depletion display spontaneous seizures, however, the function of LGI1 and the mechanisms by which deficiency leads to epilepsy are unknown. We investigated the effects of pure recombinant LGI1 and genetic depletion on intrinsic excitability, in the absence of synaptic input, in hippocampal CA3 neurons, a classical focus for epileptogenesis. Our data indicate that LGI1 is expressed at the axonal initial segment and regulates action potential firing by setting the density of the axonal Kv1.1 channels that underlie dendrotoxin-sensitive D-type potassium current. LGI1 deficiency incurs a >50% down-regulation of the expression of Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 via a posttranscriptional mechanism, resulting in a reduction in the capacity of axonal D-type current to limit glutamate release, thus contributing to epileptogenesis.
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