51
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Takagi T, Osumi M, Shinohara A. Ultrastructural analysis in yeast reveals a meiosis-specific actin-containing nuclear bundle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1009. [PMID: 34433891 PMCID: PMC8387383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin polymerises to form filaments/cables for motility, transport, and the structural framework in a cell. Recent studies show that actin polymers are present not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nuclei of vertebrate cells. Here, we show, by electron microscopic observation with rapid freezing and high-pressure freezing, a unique bundled structure containing actin in the nuclei of budding yeast cells undergoing meiosis. The nuclear bundle during meiosis consists of multiple filaments with a rectangular lattice arrangement, often showing a feather-like appearance. The bundle was immunolabelled with an anti-actin antibody and was sensitive to an actin-depolymerising drug. Similar to cytoplasmic bundles, nuclear bundles are rarely seen in premeiotic cells and spores and are induced during meiotic prophase-I. The formation of the nuclear bundle is independent of DNA double-stranded breaks. We speculate that nuclear bundles containing actin play a role in nuclear events during meiotic prophase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Osumi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,NPO: Integrated Imaging Research Support, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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52
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Geng L, Shen J, Wang W. Circularly permuted AsLOV2 as an optogenetic module for engineering photoswitchable peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8051-8054. [PMID: 34291777 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We re-engineered a commonly-used light-sensing protein, AsLOV2, using a circular permutation strategy to allow photoswitchable control of the C-terminus of a peptide. We demonstrate that the circularly permuted AsLOV2 can be used on its own or together with the original AsLOV2 for enhanced caging. In summary, circularly permuted AsLOV2 could expand the engineering capabilities of optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lequn Geng
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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53
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Record J, Saeed MB, Venit T, Percipalle P, Westerberg LS. Journey to the Center of the Cell: Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Actin in Immune Cell Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682294. [PMID: 34422807 PMCID: PMC8375500 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeletal dynamics drive cellular shape changes, linking numerous cell functions to physiological and pathological cues. Mutations in actin regulators that are differentially expressed or enriched in immune cells cause severe human diseases known as primary immunodeficiencies underscoring the importance of efficienct actin remodeling in immune cell homeostasis. Here we discuss recent findings on how immune cells sense the mechanical properties of their environement. Moreover, while the organization and biochemical regulation of cytoplasmic actin have been extensively studied, nuclear actin reorganization is a rapidly emerging field that has only begun to be explored in immune cells. Based on the critical and multifaceted contributions of cytoplasmic actin in immune cell functionality, nuclear actin regulation is anticipated to have a large impact on our understanding of immune cell development and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Record
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mezida B. Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Venit
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S. Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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54
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Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081990. [PMID: 34440759 PMCID: PMC8393718 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues are continuously exposed to both chemical and physical stimuli and dynamically adapt and respond to this variety of external cues to ensure cellular homeostasis, regulated development and tissue-specific differentiation. Alterations of these pathways promote disease progression-a prominent example being cancer. Rho GTPases are key regulators of the remodeling of cytoskeleton and cell membranes and their coordination and integration with different biological processes, including cell polarization and motility, as well as other signaling networks such as growth signaling and proliferation. Apart from the control of GTP-GDP cycling, Rho GTPase activity is spatially and temporally regulated by post-translation modifications (PTMs) and their assembly onto specific protein complexes, which determine their controlled activity at distinct cellular compartments. Although Rho GTPases were traditionally conceived as targeted from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to exert their activity, recent research demonstrates that active pools of different Rho GTPases also localize to endomembranes and the nucleus. In this review, we discuss how PTM-driven modulation of Rho GTPases provides a versatile mechanism for their compartmentalization and functional regulation. Understanding how the subcellular sorting of active small GTPase pools occurs and what its functional significance is could reveal novel therapeutic opportunities.
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55
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Wichert N, Witt M, Blume C, Scheper T. Clinical applicability of optogenetic gene regulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4168-4185. [PMID: 34287844 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The field of optogenetics is rapidly growing in relevance and number of developed tools. Among other things, the optogenetic repertoire includes light-responsive ion channels and methods for gene regulation. This review will be confined to the optogenetic control of gene expression in mammalian cells as suitable models for clinical applications. Here optogenetic gene regulation might offer an excellent method for spatially and timely regulated gene and protein expression in cell therapeutic approaches. Well-known systems for gene regulation, such as the LOV-, CRY2/CIB-, PhyB/PIF-systems, as well as other, in mammalian cells not yet fully established systems, will be described. Advantages and disadvantages with regard to clinical applications are outlined in detail. Among the many unanswered questions concerning the application of optogenetics, we discuss items such as the use of exogenous chromophores and their effects on the biology of the cells and methods for a gentle, but effective gene transfection method for optogenetic tools for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wichert
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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56
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Shindo T, Ihashi S, Sakamoto Y, Okuno T, Tomikawa J, Miyamoto K. Visualization of endogenous nuclear F-actin in mouse embryos reveals abnormal actin assembly after somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Biochem 2021; 169:303-311. [PMID: 33169144 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin in the nucleus, referred to as nuclear actin, is involved in a variety of nuclear events. Nuclear actin is present as a globular (G-actin) and filamentous form (F-actin), and dynamic assembly/disassembly of nuclear actin profoundly affects nuclear functions. However, it is still challenging to observe endogenous nuclear F-actin. Here, we present a condition to visualize endogenous nuclear F-actin of mouse zygotes using different fixation methods. Zygotes fixed with paraformaldehyde and treated with fluorescently conjugated phalloidin show both short and long actin filaments in their pronuclei. Short nuclear actin filaments are characteristic of phalloidin staining, rather than the consequence of severing actin filaments by the fixation process, since long nuclear actin filaments probed with the nuclear actin chromobody are not disassembled into short filaments after fixation with paraformaldehyde. Furthermore, we find that nuclear actin assembly is impaired after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), suggesting abnormal nucleoskeleton structures in SCNT embryos. Taken together, our presented method for visualizing nuclear F-actin with phalloidin can be used to observe the states of nuclear actin assembly, and revealed improper reprogramming of actin nucleoskeleton structures in cloned mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shindo
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Shunya Ihashi
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okuno
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Junko Tomikawa
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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57
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Machida N, Takahashi D, Ueno Y, Nakama Y, Gubeli RJ, Bertoldo D, Harata M. Modulating dynamics and function of nuclear actin with synthetic bicyclic peptides. J Biochem 2021; 169:295-302. [PMID: 33169153 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin exists in monomeric globular (G-) and polymerized filamentous (F-) forms and the dynamics of its polymerization/depolymerization are tightly regulated in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Various essential functions of nuclear actin have been identified including regulation of gene expression and involvement in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Small G-actin-binding molecules affect F-actin formation and can be utilized for analysis and manipulation of actin in living cells. However, these G-actin-binding molecules are obtained by extraction from natural sources or through complex chemical synthesis procedures, and therefore, the generation of their derivatives for analytical tools is underdeveloped. In addition, their effects on nuclear actin cannot be separately evaluated from those on cytoplasmic actin. Previously, we have generated synthetic bicyclic peptides, consisting of two macrocyclic rings, which bind to G-actin but not to F-actin. Here, we describe the introduction of these bicyclic peptides into living cells. Furthermore, by conjugation to a nuclear localization signal (NLS), the bicyclic peptides accumulated in the nucleus. The NLS-bicyclic peptides repress the formation of nuclear F-actin, and impair transcriptional regulation and DSB repair. These observations highlight a potential role for NLS-linked bicyclic peptides in the manipulation of dynamics and functions of nuclear actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Machida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yuya Ueno
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Raphael J Gubeli
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bertoldo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
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58
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Miyamoto K, Harata M. Nucleoskeleton proteins for nuclear dynamics. J Biochem 2021; 169:237-241. [PMID: 33479767 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus shows organized structures of chromosomes, transcriptional components and their associated proteins. It has been believed that such a dense nuclear environment prevents the formation of a cytoskeleton-like network of protein filaments. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the cell nucleus also possesses structural filamentous components to support nuclear organization and compartments, which are referred to as nucleoskeleton proteins. Nucleoskeleton proteins including lamins and actin influence nuclear dynamics including transcriptional regulation, chromatin organization and DNA damage responses. Furthermore, these nucleoskeleton proteins play a pivotal role in cellular differentiation and animal development. In this commentary, we discuss how nucleoskeleton-based regulatory mechanisms orchestrate nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza-Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
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59
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Safaralizade M, Fuderer R, Grosse R, Zhao B. Measuring nuclear calcium and actin assembly in living cells. J Biochem 2021; 169:287-294. [PMID: 33479753 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear calcium signalling has emerged as a critical mechanism regulating processes like chromatin organization and gene expression. Recently, we have shown that nuclear calcium elevation triggers rapid and transient actin filament assembly inside the nucleus. Here, we constructed and employed a nuclear-specific calcium sensor based upon the new generation of genetically encoded probes jGCaMP7f. By fusing a nuclear localization signal to jGCaMP7f, we achieved highly efficient nuclear-specific targeting. Comparing the jGCaMP7f-NLS probe with the previous GCaMP6f-NLS calcium sensor showed clearly that jGCaMP7f-NLS is more sensitive and reverses significantly quicker thereby reflecting rapid nuclear calcium transients in a closely physiological manner. We further confirm that nuclear calcium transients precede nuclear actin polymerization by several seconds. Our data show that calcium-triggered nuclear actin assembly in fibroblasts is independent of the actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex. Together, jGCaMP7f-NLS represents an easy to use, reliable and highly sensitive nuclear calcium sensor that allows to tightly interrogate real-time, spatiotemporal calcium signalling and calcium-elicited effects in the nucleus of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bing Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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60
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Lamm N, Rogers S, Cesare AJ. Chromatin mobility and relocation in DNA repair. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:843-855. [PMID: 34183232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is a dynamic environment containing chromatin, membraneless organelles, and specialized molecular structures at the nuclear membrane. Within the spectrum of DNA repair activities are observations of increased mobility of damaged chromatin and the displacement of DNA lesions to specific nuclear environments. Here, we focus on the role that nuclear-specific filamentous actin plays in mobilizing damaged chromatin in response to DNA double-strand breaks and replication stress. We also examine nuclear pore complexes and promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies as specialized platforms for homology-directed repair. The literature suggests an emerging model where specific types of DNA lesions are subjected to nuclear-derived forces that mobilize damaged chromatin and promote interaction with repair hubs to facilitate specialized repair reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Lamm
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
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61
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Takahashi Y, Hiratsuka S, Machida N, Takahashi D, Matsushita J, Hozak P, Misteli T, Miyamoto K, Harata M. Impairment of nuclear F-actin formation and its relevance to cellular phenotypes in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nucleus 2021; 11:250-263. [PMID: 32954953 PMCID: PMC7529414 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1815395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder caused by a mutation of lamin A, which contributes to nuclear architecture and the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus. The expression of a lamin A mutant, named progerin, leads to functional and structural disruption of nuclear organization. Since progerin lacks a part of the actin-binding site of lamin A, we hypothesized that nuclear actin dynamics and function are altered in HGPS cells. Nuclear F-actin is required for the organization of nuclear shape, transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here we show that the expression of progerin decreases nuclear F-actin and impairs F-actin-regulated transcription. When nuclear F-actin levels are increased by overexpression of nuclear-targeted actin or by using jasplakinolide, a compound that stabilizes F-actin, the irregularity of nuclear shape and defects in gene expression can be reversed. These observations provide evidence for a novel relationship between nuclear actin and the etiology of HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Shogo Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Nanako Machida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University , Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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62
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Abstract
Robert Insall introduces the cytoskeleton special issue and summarises some recent changes in our view of actin function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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63
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Okuno T, Li WY, Hatano Y, Takasu A, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto M, Ikeda Z, Shindo T, Plessner M, Morita K, Matsumoto K, Yamagata K, Grosse R, Miyamoto K. Zygotic Nuclear F-Actin Safeguards Embryonic Development. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107824. [PMID: 32610125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After fertilization, sperm and oocyte nuclei are rapidly remodeled to form swollen pronuclei (PN) in mammalian zygotes, and the proper formation and function of PN are key to producing totipotent zygotes. However, how mature PN are formed has been unclear. We find that filamentous actin (F-actin) assembles in the PN of mouse zygotes and is required for fully functional PN. The perturbation of nuclear actin dynamics in zygotes results in the misregulation of genes related to genome integrity and abnormal development of mouse embryos. We show that nuclear F-actin ensures DNA damage repair, thus preventing the activation of a zygotic checkpoint. Furthermore, optogenetic control of cofilin nuclear localization reveals the dynamically regulated F-actin nucleoskeleton in zygotes, and its timely disassembly is needed for developmental progression. Nuclear F-actin is a hallmark of totipotent zygotic PN, and the temporal regulation of its polymerized state is necessary for normal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Okuno
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Wayne Yang Li
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Yu Hatano
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takasu
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Mari Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Taiki Shindo
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kohtaro Morita
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
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64
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Forlani G, Di Ventura B. A light way for nuclear cell biologists. J Biochem 2021; 169:273-286. [PMID: 33245128 PMCID: PMC8053400 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is a very complex organelle present in eukaryotic cells. Having the crucial task to safeguard, organize and manage the genetic information, it must tightly control its molecular constituents, its shape and its internal architecture at any given time. Despite our vast knowledge of nuclear cell biology, much is yet to be unravelled. For instance, only recently we came to appreciate the existence of a dynamic nuclear cytoskeleton made of actin filaments that regulates processes such as gene expression, DNA repair and nuclear expansion. This suggests further exciting discoveries ahead of us. Modern cell biologists embrace a new methodology relying on precise perturbations of cellular processes that require a reversible, highly spatially confinable, rapid, inexpensive and tunEable external stimulus: light. In this review, we discuss how optogenetics, the state-of-the-art technology that uses genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins to steer biological processes, can be adopted to specifically investigate nuclear cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Forlani
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM)
- Centers for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Ventura
- Centers for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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65
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Ulferts S, Prajapati B, Grosse R, Vartiainen MK. Emerging Properties and Functions of Actin and Actin Filaments Inside the Nucleus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a040121. [PMID: 33288541 PMCID: PMC7919393 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have provided considerable insights into the dynamic nature of the cell nucleus, which is constantly reorganizing its genome, controlling its size and shape, as well as spatiotemporally orchestrating chromatin remodeling and transcription. Remarkably, it has become clear that the ancient and highly conserved cytoskeletal protein actin plays a crucial part in these processes. However, the underlying mechanisms, regulations, and properties of actin functions inside the nucleus are still not well understood. Here we summarize the diverse and distinct roles of monomeric and filamentous actin as well as the emerging roles for actin dynamics inside the nuclear compartment for genome organization and nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bina Prajapati
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria K. Vartiainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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66
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Melchionna R, Trono P, Tocci A, Nisticò P. Actin Cytoskeleton and Regulation of TGFβ Signaling: Exploring Their Links. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020336. [PMID: 33672325 PMCID: PMC7926735 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissues, to maintain their architecture and function, respond to injuries by activating intricate biochemical and physical mechanisms that regulates intercellular communication crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Coordination of the communication occurs through the activity of different actin cytoskeletal regulators, physically connected to extracellular matrix through integrins, generating a platform of biochemical and biomechanical signaling that is deregulated in cancer. Among the major pathways, a controller of cellular functions is the cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which remains a complex and central signaling network still to be interpreted and explained in cancer progression. Here, we discuss the link between actin dynamics and TGFβ signaling with the aim of exploring their aberrant interaction in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melchionna
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Trono
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tocci
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652662539
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67
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Szczęśniak P, Henke T, Fröhlich S, Plessmann U, Urlaub H, Leng L, Bucala R, Grosse R, Meinhardt A, Klug J. Extracellular MIF, but not its homologue D-DT, promotes fibroblast motility independently of its receptor complex CD74/CD44. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.217356. [PMID: 33328325 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homologue D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) are widely expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines with chemokine-like functions that coordinate a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as migration. Here, we biotin-tagged intracellular MIF/D-DT in vivo to identify important cytosolic interactors and found a plethora of actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins. Although the receptor complex between CD74 and CD44 (CD74/CD44) is essential for signalling transduction in fibroblasts via extracellular MIF/D-DT, our interactome data suggested direct effects. We, thus, investigated whether MIF/D-DT can modulate cell migration independently of CD74/CD44. To distinguish between receptor- and non-receptor-mediated motility, we used fibroblasts that are either deficient or that express CD74/CD44 proteins, and treated them with recombinant MIF/D-DT. Interestingly, only MIF could stimulate chemokinesis in the presence or absence of CD74/CD44. The pro-migratory effects of MIF depended on lipid raft/caveolae-mediated but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis, on its tautomerase activity and, probably, on its thiol protein oxidoreductase activity. As MIF treatment restrained actin polymerisation in vitro, our findings establish a new intracellular role for MIF/D-DT in driving cell motility through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szczęśniak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Tamara Henke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Suada Fröhlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Uwe Plessmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Research Group 'Bioanalytics', University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
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68
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Zhao B, Grosse R. Optogenetic Control of Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor A Subcellular Localization and Transcriptional Activity Steers Membrane Blebbing and Invasive Cancer Cell Motility. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000208. [PMID: 34028209 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) controls the transcriptional activity of the serum response factor (SRF) in a tightly controlled actin-dependent manner. In turn, MRTF-A is crucial for many actin-dependent processes including adhesion, migration, and contractility and has emerged as a novel target for anti-tumor strategies. MRTF-A rapidly shuttles between cytoplasmic and nuclear compartment via dynamic actin interactions within its N-terminal RPEL domain. Here, optogenetics is used to spatiotemporally control MRTF-A nuclear localization by blue light using the light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain 2-domain based system LEXY (light-inducible nuclear export system). It is found that light-regulated nuclear export of MRTF-A occurs within 10-20 min. Importantly, MRTF-A-LEXY shuttling is independent of perturbations of actin dynamics. Furthermore, light-regulation of MRTF-A-LEXY is reversible and repeatable for several cycles of illumination and its subcellular localization correlates with SRF transcriptional activity. As a consequence, optogenetic control of MRTF-A subcellular localization determines subsequent cytoskeletal dynamics such as non-apoptotic plasma membrane blebbing as well as invasive tumor-cell migration through 3D collagen matrix. This data demonstrates robust optogenetic regulation of MRTF as a powerful tool to control SRF-dependent transcription as well as cell motile behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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69
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Liu Y, Mei Y, Han X, Korobova FV, Prado MA, Yang J, Peng Z, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Finley D, Ji P. Membrane skeleton modulates erythroid proteome remodeling and organelle clearance. Blood 2021; 137:398-409. [PMID: 33036023 PMCID: PMC7819763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The final stages of mammalian erythropoiesis involve enucleation, membrane and proteome remodeling, and organelle clearance. Concomitantly, the erythroid membrane skeleton establishes a unique pseudohexagonal spectrin meshwork that is connected to the membrane through junctional complexes. The mechanism and signaling pathways involved in the coordination of these processes are unclear. The results of our study revealed an unexpected role of the membrane skeleton in the modulation of proteome remodeling and organelle clearance during the final stages of erythropoiesis. We found that diaphanous-related formin mDia2 is a master regulator of the integrity of the membrane skeleton through polymerization of actin protofilament in the junctional complex. The mDia2-deficient terminal erythroid cell contained a disorganized and rigid membrane skeleton that was ineffective in detaching the extruded nucleus. In addition, the disrupted skeleton failed to activate the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) complex, which led to a global defect in proteome remodeling, endolysosomal trafficking, and autophagic organelle clearance. Chmp5, a component of the ESCRT-III complex, is regulated by mDia2-dependent activation of the serum response factor and is essential for membrane remodeling and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Mice with loss of Chmp5 in hematopoietic cells in vivo resembled the phenotypes in mDia2-knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Chmp5 in mDia2-deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells significantly restored terminal erythropoiesis in vivo. These findings reveal a formin-regulated signaling pathway that connects the membrane skeleton to proteome remodeling, enucleation, and organelle clearance during terminal erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Farida V Korobova
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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70
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See C, Arya D, Lin E, Chiolo I. Live Cell Imaging of Nuclear Actin Filaments and Heterochromatic Repair foci in Drosophila and Mouse Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2153:459-482. [PMID: 32840799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0644-5_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pericentromeric heterochromatin is mostly composed of repeated DNA sequences, which are prone to aberrant recombination during double-strand break (DSB) repair. Studies in Drosophila and mouse cells revealed that 'safe' homologous recombination (HR) repair of these sequences relies on the relocalization of repair sites to outside the heterochromatin domain before Rad51 recruitment. Relocalization requires a striking network of nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) and myosins that drive directed motions. Understanding this pathway requires the detection of nuclear actin filaments that are significantly less abundant than those in the cytoplasm, and the imaging and tracking of repair sites for long time periods. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for live cell imaging of nuclear F-actin in Drosophila cells, and for repair focus tracking in mouse cells, including: imaging setup, image processing approaches, and analysis methods. We emphasize approaches that can be applied to identify the most effective fluorescent markers for live cell imaging, strategies to minimize photobleaching and phototoxicity with a DeltaVision deconvolution microscope, and image processing and analysis methods using SoftWoRx and Imaris software. These approaches enable a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of heterochromatin repair and have broad applicability in the fields of nuclear architecture, nuclear dynamics, and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby See
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Arya
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Lin
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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71
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Nuclear F-actin counteracts nuclear deformation and promotes fork repair during replication stress. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1460-1470. [PMID: 33257806 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous actin (F-actin) provides cells with mechanical support and promotes the mobility of intracellular structures. Although F-actin is traditionally considered to be cytoplasmic, here we reveal that nuclear F-actin participates in the replication stress response. Using live and super-resolution imaging, we find that nuclear F-actin is polymerized in response to replication stress through a pathway regulated by ATR-dependent activation of mTORC1, and nucleation through IQGAP1, WASP and ARP2/3. During replication stress, nuclear F-actin increases the nuclear volume and sphericity to counteract nuclear deformation. Furthermore, F-actin and myosin II promote the mobility of stressed-replication foci to the nuclear periphery through increasingly diffusive motion and directed movements along the nuclear actin filaments. These actin functions promote replication stress repair and suppress chromosome and mitotic abnormalities. Moreover, we find that nuclear F-actin is polymerized in vivo in xenograft tumours after treatment with replication-stress-inducing chemotherapeutic agents, indicating that this pathway has a role in human disease.
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72
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Molecular Mechanisms to Target Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122540. [PMID: 33255630 PMCID: PMC7761055 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as a major cause of cancer-related death and is the most common type of liver cancer. Due to the current paucity of drugs for HCC therapy there is a pressing need to develop new therapeutic concepts. In recent years, the role of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and its coactivators, Myocardin-Related Transcription Factors A and B (MRTF-A and -B), in HCC formation and progression has received considerable attention. Targeting MRTFs results in HCC growth arrest provoked by oncogene-induced senescence. The induction of senescence acts as a tumor-suppressive mechanism and therefore gains consideration for pharmacological interventions in cancer therapy. In this article, we describe the key features and the functional role of senescence in light of the development of novel drug targets for HCC therapy with a focus on MRTFs.
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73
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Fan T, Qu R, Jiang X, Yang Y, Sun B, Huang X, Zhou Z, Ouyang J, Zhong S, Dai J. Spatial organization and crosstalk of vimentin and actin stress fibers regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21175. [PMID: 33205555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000378rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are ideal seed cells for tissue engineering due to their multidirectional differentiation potential. Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are responsible for supporting the intracellular space. Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament protein that is specifically expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin, can function as a scaffold and endow cells with tension and shear stress resistance. Actin stress fibers (ASF) act as an important physical device in stress signal transduction, providing stiffness for cells, and promoting osteogenesis. Through direct physical contact, cross-linkers, and spatial interactions, vimentin and actin networks exist as intersecting entities. Spatial interactions occur in the overlapping area of cytoskeleton subsystems, which could affect cell morphology, cell mechanics, and cell fate. However, how does the spatial organization between the cytoskeletal subsystems changed during osteogenesis, especially between vimentin and ASF, is still not understood, and its mechanism effect on cell fate remains unclear. In our study, WB experiment was used to detect the expression changes in Vimentin, ASF, and other proteins. Cells were reconstructed by three-dimensional scanning with fluorescence microscope, and the spatial thickness of vimentin and ASF cytoskeletons and the thickness of the overlapping area between them were calculated, respectively, so as to observe the spatial reorganization of vimentin and ASF in cells. Cytochalasin D (an inhibitor of actin polymerization) and vimentin upregulated/downregulated cells were used to verify the change in the spatial organization between vimentin and ASF and its influence on osteogenesis. Then, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was downregulated to illuminate the regulatory mechanisms of spatial organization between vimentin and ASF during osteogenesis. The amounts and the spatial positions of vimentin and actin stress fiber exhibited opposite trends during osteogenesis. Through controlling the anchor sites on the nucleus, intermediate filaments vimentin can reduce the spatial proportion of actin stress fibers, which can be regulated by HSP27. In addition, depolymerization of actin stress fibers lead to lower osteogenic differentiation ability, resulting in osteogenesis and lipogenesis existed simultaneously, that can be resisted by vimentin. Our data indicate that the spatial reorganization of vimentin and actin stress fibers is a key factor in the regulation of the differentiation state of hASCs. And their spatial overlapping area is detrimental to hASCs osteogenesis, providing a new perspective for further exploring the mechanism underlying hASCs osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxing Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics &, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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74
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Peng AYT, Kolhe JA, Behrens LD, Freeman BC. Genome organization: Tag it, move it, place it. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:90-97. [PMID: 33166737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are selectively organized within the nuclei of interphase cells reflecting the current fate of each cell and are reorganized in response to various physiological cues to maintain homeostasis. Although substantial progress is being made to establish the various patterns of genome architecture, less is understood on how chromosome folding/positioning is achieved. Here, we discuss recent insights into the cellular mechanisms dictating chromatin movements including the use of epigenetic modifications and allosterically regulated transcription factors, as well as a nucleoskeleton system comprised of actin, myosin, and actin-binding proteins. Together, these nuclear factors help coordinate the positioning of both general and cell-specific genomic architectural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yi Tyan Peng
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Janhavi A Kolhe
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lindsey D Behrens
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Brian C Freeman
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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75
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Procter DJ, Furey C, Garza-Gongora AG, Kosak ST, Walsh D. Cytoplasmic control of intranuclear polarity by human cytomegalovirus. Nature 2020; 587:109-114. [PMID: 32908309 PMCID: PMC7644666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its size and rigidity, the cell nucleus can be moved or reorganized by cytoskeletal filaments under various conditions (for example, during viral infection)1-11. Moreover, whereas chromatin organizes into non-random domains12, extensive heterogeneity at the single-cell level13 means that precisely how and why nuclei reorganize remains an area of intense investigation. Here we describe convolutional neural network-based automated cell classification and analysis pipelines, which revealed the extent to which human cytomegalovirus generates nuclear polarity through a virus-assembled microtubule-organizing centre. Acetylation of tubulin enables microtubules emanating from this centre to rotate the nucleus by engaging cytoplasmically exposed dynein-binding domains in the outer nuclear membrane protein nesprin-2G, which polarizes the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN1. This in turn creates intranuclear polarity in emerin, and thereby controls nuclear actin filaments that spatially segregate viral DNA from inactive histones and host DNA, maximizing virus replication. Our findings demonstrate the extent to which viruses can control the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Procter
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arturo G Garza-Gongora
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven T Kosak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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76
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Mathony J, Niopek D. Enlightening Allostery: Designing Switchable Proteins by Photoreceptor Fusion. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2020; 5:e2000181. [PMID: 33107225 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics harnesses natural photoreceptors to non-invasively control selected processes in cells with previously unmet spatiotemporal precision. Linking the activity of a protein of choice to the conformational state of a photosensor domain through allosteric coupling represents a powerful method for engineering light-responsive proteins. It enables the design of compact and highly potent single-component optogenetic systems with fast on- and off-switching kinetics. However, designing protein-photoreceptor chimeras, in which structural changes of the photoreceptor are effectively propagated to the fused effector protein, is a challenging engineering problem and often relies on trial and error. Here, recent advances in the design and application of optogenetic allosteric switches are reviewed. First, an overview of existing optogenetic tools based on inducible allostery is provided and their utility for cell biology applications is highlighted. Focusing on light-oxygen-voltage domains, a widely applied class of small blue light sensors, the available strategies for engineering light-dependent allostery are presented and their individual advantages and limitations are highlighted. Finally, high-throughput screening technologies based on comprehensive insertion libraries, which could accelerate the creation of stimulus-responsive receptor-protein chimeras for use in optogenetics and beyond, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mathony
- Department of Biology and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany.,BZH graduate school, Heidelberg University, Im Neuheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Dominik Niopek
- Department of Biology and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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77
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A M, Latario CJ, Pickrell LE, Higgs HN. Lysine acetylation of cytoskeletal proteins: Emergence of an actin code. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2020; 219:211455. [PMID: 33044556 PMCID: PMC7555357 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible lysine acetylation of nuclear proteins such as histones is a long-established important regulatory mechanism for chromatin remodeling and transcription. In the cytoplasm, acetylation of a number of cytoskeletal proteins, including tubulin, cortactin, and the formin mDia2, regulates both cytoskeletal assembly and stability. More recently, acetylation of actin itself was revealed to regulate cytoplasmic actin polymerization through the formin INF2, with downstream effects on ER-to-mitochondrial calcium transfer, mitochondrial fission, and vesicle transport. This finding raises the possibility that actin acetylation, along with other post-translational modifications to actin, might constitute an "actin code," similar to the "histone code" or "tubulin code," controlling functional shifts to these central cellular proteins. Given the multiple roles of actin in nuclear functions, its modifications might also have important roles in gene expression.
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78
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Krippner S, Winkelmeier J, Knerr J, Brandt DT, Virant D, Schwan C, Endesfelder U, Grosse R. Postmitotic expansion of cell nuclei requires nuclear actin filament bundling by α-actinin 4. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50758. [PMID: 32959960 PMCID: PMC7645226 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton operates in a multitude of cellular processes including cell shape and migration, mechanoregulation, and membrane or organelle dynamics. However, its filamentous properties and functions inside the mammalian cell nucleus are less well explored. We previously described transient actin assembly at mitotic exit that promotes nuclear expansion during chromatin decondensation. Here, we identify non‐muscle α‐actinin 4 (ACTN4) as a critical regulator to facilitate F‐actin reorganization and bundling during postmitotic nuclear expansion. ACTN4 binds to nuclear actin filament structures, and ACTN4 clusters associate with nuclear F‐actin in a highly dynamic fashion. ACTN4 but not ACTN1 is required for proper postmitotic nuclear volume expansion, mediated by its actin‐binding domain. Using super‐resolution imaging to quantify actin filament numbers and widths in individual nuclei, we find that ACTN4 is necessary for postmitotic nuclear actin reorganization and actin filament bundling. Our findings uncover a nuclear cytoskeletal function for ACTN4 to control nuclear size and chromatin organization during mitotic cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Krippner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Winkelmeier
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - David Virant
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
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79
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Gómez-Gil E, Martín-García R, Vicente-Soler J, Franco A, Vázquez-Marín B, Prieto-Ruiz F, Soto T, Pérez P, Madrid M, Cansado J. Stress-activated MAPK signaling controls fission yeast actomyosin ring integrity by modulating formin For3 levels. eLife 2020; 9:57951. [PMID: 32915139 PMCID: PMC7511234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, which enables the physical separation of daughter cells once mitosis has been completed, is executed in fungal and animal cells by a contractile actin- and myosin-based ring (CAR). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the formin For3 nucleates actin cables and also co-operates for CAR assembly during cytokinesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate essential adaptive responses in eukaryotic organisms to environmental changes. We show that the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (SAPK) and its effector, MAPK Sty1, downregulates CAR assembly in S. pombe when its integrity becomes compromised during cytoskeletal damage and stress by reducing For3 levels. Accurate control of For3 levels by the SAPK pathway may thus represent a novel regulatory mechanism of cytokinesis outcome in response to environmental cues. Conversely, SAPK signaling favors CAR assembly and integrity in its close relative Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, revealing a remarkable evolutionary divergence of this response within the fission yeast clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gómez-Gil
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Martín-García
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vázquez-Marín
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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80
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Abstract
The presence of actin in the nucleus has historically been a highly contentious issue. It is now, however, well accepted that actin has physiologically important roles in the nucleus. In this Review, we describe the evolution of our thinking about actin in the nucleus starting with evidence supporting its involvement in transcription, chromatin remodeling and intranuclear movements. We also review the growing literature on the mechanisms that regulate the import and export of actin and how post-translational modifications of actin could regulate nuclear actin. We end with an extended discussion of the role of nuclear actin in the repair of DNA double stranded breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Serebryannyy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Primal de Lanerolle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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81
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McNeill MC, Wray J, Sala-Newby GB, Hindmarch CCT, Smith SA, Ebrahimighaei R, Newby AC, Bond M. Nuclear actin regulates cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of SRF and TEAD. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118691. [PMID: 32119877 PMCID: PMC7262588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actin dynamics regulate cell behaviour in response to physiological signals. Here we demonstrate a novel role for nuclear actin in inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. We demonstrate that physiological signals that elevate cAMP, which is anti-mitogenic in vascular smooth muscle cells, increases nuclear actin monomer levels. Expression of a nuclear-targeted polymerisation-defective actin mutant (NLS-ActinR62D) inhibited proliferation and migration. Preventing nuclear actin monomer accumulation by enhancing its nuclear export or polymerisation reversed the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects of cAMP. Transcriptomic analysis identified repression of proliferation and migration associated genes regulated by serum response factor (SRF) and TEA Domain (TEAD) transcription factors. Accordingly, NLS-ActinR62D inhibited SRF and TEAD activity and target gene expression, and these effects were reversed by constitutively-active mutants of the TEAD and SRF co-factors YAP, TAZ and MKL1. In summary, intranuclear actin inhibits proliferation and migration by inhibiting YAP-TEAD and MKL-SRF activity. This mechanism explains the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory properties of physiological signals that elevate cAMP. SUMMARY: McNeill et al show that increased levels of intranuclear actin monomer inhibit cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting MKL1-SRF and YAP/TAZ-TEAD-dependent gene expression. This mechanism mediates the anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects of physiological signals that elevate cyclic-AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Jason Wray
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B Sala-Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Charles C T Hindmarch
- Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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82
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Diaphanous-related formin mDia2 regulates beta2 integrins to control hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell engraftment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3172. [PMID: 32576838 PMCID: PMC7311390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow engraftment of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) involves homing to the vasculatures and lodgment to their niches. How HSPCs transmigrate from the vasculature to the niches is unclear. Here, we show that loss of diaphanous-related formin mDia2 leads to impaired engraftment of long-term hematopoietic stem cells and loss of competitive HSPC repopulation. These defects are likely due to the compromised trans-endothelial migration of HSPCs since their homing to the bone marrow vasculatures remained intact. Mechanistically, loss of mDia2 disrupts HSPC polarization and induced cytoplasmic accumulation of MAL, which deregulates the activity of serum response factor (SRF). We further reveal that beta2 integrins are transcriptional targets of SRF. Knockout of beta2 integrins in HSPCs phenocopies mDia2 deficient mice. Overexpression of SRF or beta2 integrins rescues HSPC engraftment defects associated with mDia2 deficiency. Our findings show that mDia2-SRF-beta2 integrin signaling is critical for HSPC lodgment to the niches. Bone marrow engraftment of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) requires homing and lodgement to the niche. Here, the authors show that mDia2 is required for HSPC polarization, nuclear MAL, and SRF-induced beta2 integrin expression during transendothelial migration of HSPCs required for engraftment.
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83
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Tuan NM, Lee CH. Role of Anillin in Tumour: From a Prognostic Biomarker to a Novel Target. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1600. [PMID: 32560530 PMCID: PMC7353083 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anillin (ANLN), an actin-binding protein, reportedly plays a vital role in cell proliferation and migration, particularly in cytokinesis. Although there have been findings pointing to a contribution of ANLN to the development of cancer, the association of ANLN to cancer remains not fully understood. Here, we gather evidence to determine the applicability of ANLN as a prognostic tool for some types of cancer, and the impact that ANLN has on the hallmarks of cancer. We searched academic repositories including PubMed and Google Scholar to find and review studies related to cancer and ANLN. The conclusion is that ANLN could be a potent target for cancer treatment, but the roles ANLN, other than in cytokinesis and its influence on tumour microenvironment remodeling in cancer development, must be further elucidated, and specific ANLN inhibitors should be found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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84
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Taskinen ME, Närvä E, Conway JR, Hinojosa LS, Lilla S, Mai A, De Franceschi N, Elo LL, Grosse R, Zanivan S, Norman JC, Ivaska J. MASTL promotes cell contractility and motility through kinase-independent signaling. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201906204. [PMID: 32311005 PMCID: PMC7265322 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase-like (MASTL) is a mitosis-accelerating kinase with emerging roles in cancer progression. However, possible cell cycle-independent mechanisms behind its oncogenicity remain ambiguous. Here, we identify MASTL as an activator of cell contractility and MRTF-A/SRF (myocardin-related transcription factor A/serum response factor) signaling. Depletion of MASTL increased cell spreading while reducing contractile actin stress fibers in normal and breast cancer cells and strongly impairing breast cancer cell motility and invasion. Transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed MASTL-regulated genes implicated in cell movement and actomyosin contraction, including Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (GEF-H1, ARHGEF2) and MRTF-A target genes tropomyosin 4.2 (TPM4), vinculin (VCL), and nonmuscle myosin IIB (NM-2B, MYH10). Mechanistically, MASTL associated with MRTF-A and increased its nuclear retention and transcriptional activity. Importantly, MASTL kinase activity was not required for regulation of cell spreading or MRTF-A/SRF transcriptional activity. Taken together, we present a previously unknown kinase-independent role for MASTL as a regulator of cell adhesion, contractility, and MRTF-A/SRF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Taskinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - James R.W. Conway
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Soto Hinojosa
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, and Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anja Mai
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, and Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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85
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Nuclear actin dynamics in gene expression and genome organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 102:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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86
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Crucial Role of Lamin A/C in the Migration and Differentiation of MSCs in Bone. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061330. [PMID: 32466483 PMCID: PMC7348862 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C, intermediate filament proteins from the nuclear lamina encoded by the LMNA gene, play a central role in mediating the mechanosignaling of cytoskeletal forces into nucleus. In fact, this mechanotransduction process is essential to ensure the proper functioning of other tasks also mediated by lamin A/C: the structural support of the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression. In this way, lamin A/C is fundamental for the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, thus affecting bone homeostasis. Bone formation is a complex process regulated by chemical and mechanical cues, coming from the surrounding extracellular matrix. MSCs respond to signals modulating the expression levels of lamin A/C, and therefore, adapting their nuclear shape and stiffness. To promote cell migration, MSCs need soft nuclei with low lamin A content. Conversely, during osteogenic differentiation, lamin A/C levels are known to be increased. Several LMNA mutations present a negative impact in the migration and osteogenesis of MSCs, affecting bone tissue homeostasis and leading to pathological conditions. This review aims to describe these concepts by discussing the latest state-of-the-art in this exciting area, focusing on the relationship between lamin A/C in MSCs' function and bone tissue from both, health and pathological points of view.
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87
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D-Aspartate Upregulates DAAM1 Protein Levels in the Rat Testis and Induces Its Localization in Spermatogonia Nucleus. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050677. [PMID: 32353957 PMCID: PMC7277804 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation during spermatogenesis requires a proper actin dynamic, regulated by several proteins, including formins. Disheveled-Associated-Activator of Morphogenesis1 (DAAM1) belongs to the formins and promotes actin polymerization. Our results showed that oral D-Aspartate (D-Asp) administration, an excitatory amino acid, increased DAAM1 protein levels in germ cells cytoplasm of rat testis. Interestingly, after the treatment, DAAM1 also localized in rat spermatogonia (SPG) and mouse GC-1 cells nuclei. We provided bioinformatic evidence that DAAM1 sequence has two predicted NLS, supporting its nuclear localization. The data also suggested a role of D-Asp in promoting DAAM1 shuttling to the nuclear compartment of those proliferative cells. In addition, the proliferative action induced by D-Asp is confirmed by the increased levels of PCNA, a protein expressed in the nucleus of cells in the S phase and p-H3, a histone crucial for chromatin condensation during mitosis and meiosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated, for the first time, an increased DAAM1 protein levels following D-Asp treatment in rat testis and also its localization in the nucleus of rat SPG and in mouse GC-1 cells. Our results suggest an assumed role for this formin as a regulator of actin dynamics in both cytoplasm and nuclei of the germ cells.
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88
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Tsopoulidis N, Kaw S, Laketa V, Kutscheidt S, Baarlink C, Stolp B, Grosse R, Fackler OT. T cell receptor-triggered nuclear actin network formation drives CD4 + T cell effector functions. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/31/eaav1987. [PMID: 30610013 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling triggers selective cytokine expression to drive T cell proliferation and differentiation required for immune defense and surveillance. The nuclear signaling events responsible for specificity in cytokine gene expression upon T cell activation are largely unknown. Here, we uncover formation of a dynamic actin filament network in the nucleus that regulates cytokine expression for effector functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes. TCR engagement triggers the rapid and transient formation of a nuclear actin filament network via nuclear Arp2/3 complex, induced by elevated nuclear Ca2+ levels and regulated via N-Wasp and NIK. Specific interference with TCR-induced formation of nuclear actin filaments impairs production of effector cytokines and prevents generation of antigen-specific antibodies but does not interfere with immune synapse formation and cell proliferation. Ca2+-regulated actin polymerization in the nucleus allows CD4+ T cells the rapid conversion of TCR signals into effector functions required for T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kutscheidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Baarlink
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Grosse
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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89
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Wei M, Fan X, Ding M, Li R, Shao S, Hou Y, Meng S, Tang F, Li C, Sun Y. Nuclear actin regulates inducible transcription by enhancing RNA polymerase II clustering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay6515. [PMID: 32494599 PMCID: PMC7159918 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in response to stimuli underlies many fundamental processes. However, how transcription is regulated under these scenarios is largely unknown. Here, we find a previously unknown role of nuclear actin in transcriptional regulation. The RNA-seq data reveal that nuclear actin is required for the serum-induced transcriptional program. Using super-resolution imaging, we found a remarkable enhancement of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) clustering upon serum stimulation, and this enhancement requires nuclear actin. Pol II clusters colocalized with the serum-response genes and nuclear actin filaments upon serum stimulation. Furthermore, N-WASP is required for serum-enhanced Pol II clustering. N-WASP phase-separated with Pol II and nuclear actin. In addition to serum stimulation, nuclear actin also enhanced Pol II clustering upon interferon-γ treatment. Together, our work unveils that nuclear actin promotes the formation of transcription factory on inducible genes, acting as a general mechanism underlying the rapid response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Miao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shipeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingping Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoshuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for Statistical Science, Center for Bioinformatics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
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90
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The Actin-Family Protein Arp4 Is a Novel Suppressor for the Formation and Functions of Nuclear F-Actin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030758. [PMID: 32204557 PMCID: PMC7140684 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between actin and actin-related proteins (Arps), namely Arp2 and Arp3, plays a central role in facilitating actin polymerization in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus. Nuclear F-actin is required for transcriptional regulation, double-strand break repair, and nuclear organization. The formation of nuclear F-actin is highly dynamic, suggesting the involvement of positive and negative regulators for nuclear actin polymerization. While actin assembly factors for nuclear F-actin have been recently described, information about inhibitory factors is still limited. The actin-related protein Arp4 which is predominantly localized in the nucleus, has been previously identified as an integral subunit of multiple chromatin modulation complexes, where it forms a heterodimer with monomeric actin. Therefore, we tested whether Arp4 functions as a suppressor of nuclear F-actin formation. The knockdown of Arp4 (Arp4 KD) led to an increase in nuclear F-actin formation in NIH3T3 cells, and purified Arp4 potently inhibited F-actin formation in mouse nuclei transplanted into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Consistently, Arp4 KD facilitated F-actin-inducible gene expression (e.g., OCT4) and DNA damage repair. Our results suggest that Arp4 has a critical role in the formation and functions of nuclear F-actin.
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91
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Hyrskyluoto A, Vartiainen MK. Regulation of nuclear actin dynamics in development and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 64:18-24. [PMID: 32088545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Actin has essential functions both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, where it has been linked to key nuclear processes, from transcription to DNA damage response. The multifunctional nature of actin suggests that the cell must contain mechanisms to accurately control the cellular actin balance. Indeed, recent results have demonstrated that nuclear actin levels fluctuate to regulate the transcriptional activity of the cell and that controlled nuclear actin polymerization is required for transcription activation, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair. Intriguingly, aberrant nuclear actin regulation has been observed, for example, in cancer, signifying the importance of this process for cellular homeostasis. This review discussed the latest research on how nuclear actin is regulated, and how this influences actin-dependent nuclear processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alise Hyrskyluoto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria K Vartiainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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92
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Wang A, Kolhe JA, Gioacchini N, Baade I, Brieher WM, Peterson CL, Freeman BC. Mechanism of Long-Range Chromosome Motion Triggered by Gene Activation. Dev Cell 2020; 52:309-320.e5. [PMID: 31902656 PMCID: PMC7108666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Movement of chromosome sites within interphase cells is critical for numerous pathways including RNA transcription and genome organization. Yet, a mechanism for reorganizing chromatin in response to these events had not been reported. Here, we delineate a molecular chaperone-dependent pathway for relocating activated gene loci in yeast. Our presented data support a model in which a two-authentication system mobilizes a gene promoter through a dynamic network of polymeric nuclear actin. Transcription factor-dependent nucleation of a myosin motor propels the gene locus through the actin matrix, and fidelity of the actin association was ensured by ARP-containing chromatin remodelers. Motor activity of nuclear myosin was dependent on the Hsp90 chaperone. Hsp90 further contributed by biasing the remodeler-actin interaction toward nucleosomes with the non-canonical histone H2A.Z, thereby focusing the pathway on select sites such as transcriptionally active genes. Together, the system provides a rapid and effective means to broadly yet selectively mobilize chromatin sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janhavi A Kolhe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nate Gioacchini
- Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Imke Baade
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Craig L Peterson
- Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Brian C Freeman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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93
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Kashina AS. Regulation of actin isoforms in cellular and developmental processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 102:113-121. [PMID: 32001148 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant and essential intracellular proteins that mediates nearly every form of cellular movement and underlies such key processes as embryogenesis, tissue integrity, cell division and contractility of all types of muscle and non-muscle cells. In mammals, actin is represented by six isoforms, which are encoded by different genes but produce proteins that are 95-99 % identical to each other. The six actin genes have vastly different functions in vivo, and the small amino acid differences between the proteins they encode are rigorously maintained through evolution, but the underlying differences behind this distinction, as well as the importance of specific amino acid sequences for each actin isoform, are not well understood. This review summarizes different levels of actin isoform-specific regulation in cellular and developmental processes, starting with the nuclear actin's role in transcription, and covering the gene-level, mRNA-level, and protein-level regulation, with a special focus on mammalian actins in non-muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kashina
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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94
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Percipalle P, Vartiainen M. Cytoskeletal proteins in the cell nucleus: a special nuclear actin perspective. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 30:1781-1785. [PMID: 31306096 PMCID: PMC6727747 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of cytoskeletal proteins in the cell nucleus has become a new frontier in cell biology. Actin and actin-binding proteins regulate chromatin and gene expression, but importantly they are beginning to be essential players in genome organization. These actin-based functions contribute to genome stability and integrity while affecting DNA replication and global transcription patterns. This is likely to occur through interactions of actin with nuclear components including nuclear lamina and subnuclear organelles. An exciting future challenge is to understand how these actin-based genome-wide mechanisms may regulate development and differentiation by interfering with the mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and how regulated actin polymerization plays a role in maintaining nuclear architecture. With a special focus on actin, here we summarize how cytoskeletal proteins operate in the nucleus and how they may be important to consolidate nuclear architecture for sustained gene expression or silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, 12988 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Vartiainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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95
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Song Y, Soto J, Chen B, Yang L, Li S. Cell engineering: Biophysical regulation of the nucleus. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119743. [PMID: 31962231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells live in a complex and dynamic microenvironment, and a variety of microenvironmental cues can regulate cell behavior. In addition to biochemical signals, biophysical cues can induce not only immediate intracellular responses, but also long-term effects on phenotypic changes such as stem cell differentiation, immune cell activation and somatic cell reprogramming. Cells respond to mechanical stimuli via an outside-in and inside-out feedback loop, and the cell nucleus plays an important role in this process. The mechanical properties of the nucleus can directly or indirectly modulate mechanotransduction, and the physical coupling of the cell nucleus with the cytoskeleton can affect chromatin structure and regulate the epigenetic state, gene expression and cell function. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress in nuclear biomechanics and mechanobiology in the context of cell engineering, tissue remodeling and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Binru Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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96
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Sankaran JS, Sen B, Dudakovic A, Paradise CR, Perdue T, Xie Z, McGrath C, Styner M, Newberg J, Uzer G, van Wijnen AJ, Rubin J. Knockdown of formin mDia2 alters lamin B1 levels and increases osteogenesis in stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:102-117. [PMID: 31648392 PMCID: PMC6993926 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear actin plays a critical role in mediating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate commitment. In marrow-derived MSCs, the principal diaphanous-related formin Diaph3 (mDia2) is present in the nucleus and regulates intranuclear actin polymerization, whereas Diaph1 (mDia1) is localized to the cytoplasm and controls cytoplasmic actin polymerization. We here show that mDia2 can be used as a tool to query actin-lamin nucleoskeletal structure. Silencing mDia2 affected the nucleoskeletal lamin scaffold, altering nuclear morphology without affecting cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton, and promoted MSC differentiation. Attempting to target intranuclear actin polymerization by silencing mDia2 led to a profound loss in lamin B1 nuclear envelope structure and integrity, increased nuclear height, and reduced nuclear stiffness without compensatory changes in other actin nucleation factors. Loss of mDia2 with the associated loss in lamin B1 promoted Runx2 transcription and robust osteogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic differentiation. Hence, mDia2 is a potent tool to query intranuclear actin-lamin nucleoskeletal structure, and its presence serves to retain multipotent stromal cells in an undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyantt S. Sankaran
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christopher R. Paradise
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for
Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tony Perdue
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Newberg
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise
State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise
State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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97
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98
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Inhibition of TRPM7 blocks MRTF/SRF-dependent transcriptional and tumorigenic activity. Oncogene 2019; 39:2328-2344. [PMID: 31844251 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myocardin-related transcription factors A and B (MRTFs) are coactivators of Serum Response Factor (SRF) that mediates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. There is mounting evidence that MRTFs and SRF represent promising targets for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth. Since MRTF-A nuclear localization is a prerequisite for its transcriptional activity and oncogenic properties, we searched for pharmacologically active compounds able to redistribute MRTF-A to the cytoplasm. We identified NS8593, a negative gating modulator of the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM7, as a novel inhibitor of MRTF-A nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. Using a pharmacological approach and targeted genome editing, we investigated the functional contribution of TRPM7, a unique ion channel containing a serine-threonine kinase domain, to MRTF transcriptional and tumorigenic activity. We found that TRPM7 function regulates RhoA activity and subsequently actin polymerization, MRTF-A-Filamin A complex formation and MRTF-A/SRF target gene expression. Mechanistically, TRPM7 signaling relies on TRPM7 channel-mediated Mg2+ influx and phosphorylation of RhoA by TRPM7 kinase. Pharmacological blockade of TRPM7 results in oncogene-induced senescence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and in vivo in HCC xenografts. Hence, inhibition of the TRPM7/MRTF axis emerges as a promising strategy to curb HCC growth.
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99
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GPCR-induced calcium transients trigger nuclear actin assembly for chromatin dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5271. [PMID: 31754104 PMCID: PMC6872576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the properties of the actin cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm are well characterized, the regulation and function of nuclear actin filaments are only recently emerging. We previously demonstrated serum-induced, transient assembly of filamentous actin within somatic cell nuclei. However, the extracellular cues, cell surface receptors as well as underlying signaling mechanisms have been unclear. Here we demonstrate that physiological ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) promote nuclear F-actin assembly via heterotrimeric Gαq proteins. Signal-induced nuclear actin responses require calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting the ER-associated formin INF2 at the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Notably, calcium signaling promotes the polymerization of linear actin filaments emanating from the INM towards the nuclear interior. We show that GPCR and calcium elevations trigger nuclear actin-dependent alterations in chromatin organization, uncovering a general cellular mechanism by which physiological ligands and calcium promote nuclear F-actin assembly for rapid responses towards chromatin dynamics.
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100
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Li LL, Qiao ZY, Wang L, Wang H. Programmable Construction of Peptide-Based Materials in Living Subjects: From Modular Design and Morphological Control to Theranostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804971. [PMID: 30450607 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanomaterials show potential high efficiency as theranostics for high-performance bioimaging and disease treatment. However, the superstructures of pre-assembled nanomaterials may change in the complicated physiological conditions, resulting in compromised properties and/or biofunctions. Taking advantage of chemical self-assembly and biomedicine, a new strategy of "in vivo self-assembly" is proposed to in situ construct functional nanomaterials in living subjects to explore new biological effects. Herein, recent advances on peptide-based nanomaterials constructed by the in vivo self-assembly strategy are summarized. Modular peptide building blocks with various functions, such as targeting, self-assembly, tailoring, and biofunctional motifs, are employed for the construction of nanomaterials. Then, self-assembly of these building blocks in living systems to construct various morphologies of nanostructures and corresponding unique biological effects, such as assembly/aggregation-induced retention (AIR), are introduced, followed by their applications in high-performance drug delivery and bioimaging. Finally, an outlook and perspective toward future developments of in vivo self-assembled peptide-based nanomaterials for translational medicine are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Ying Qiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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