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Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host-Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091342. [PMID: 32887435 PMCID: PMC7563982 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered type of innate immune lymphocyte. They include three different groups classified by the nature of the transcription factors required for their development and by the cytokines they produce. ILCs mainly reside in tissues close to the mucosal barrier such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Due to their close proximity to the mucosal surface, ILCs are exposed to a variety of both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Under non-pathological conditions, ILCs have been shown to be important regulators for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by mutual interactions with the microbiome. Besides these important functions at homeostasis, several studies have also provided emerging evidence that ILCs contribute to defense against pathogenic bacterial infection by responding rapidly to the pathogens as well as orchestrating other immune cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the interactions of ILCs and bacteria, with special focus on the function of the different ILC subsets in bacterial infections.
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Knoop KA, McDonald KG, Coughlin PE, Kulkarni DH, Gustafsson JK, Rusconi B, John V, Ndao IM, Beigelman A, Good M, Warner BB, Elson CO, Hsieh CS, Hogan SP, Tarr PI, Newberry RD. Synchronization of mothers and offspring promotes tolerance and limits allergy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137943. [PMID: 32759496 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic disorders, characterized by Th2 immune responses to environmental substances, are increasingly common in children in Western societies. Multiple studies indicate that breastfeeding, early complementary introduction of food allergens, and antibiotic avoidance in the first year of life reduces allergic outcomes in at-risk children. Why the benefit of these practices is restricted to early life is largely unknown. We identified a preweaning interval during which dietary antigens are assimilated by the colonic immune system. This interval is under maternal control via temporal changes in breast milk, coincides with an influx of naive T cells into the colon, and is followed by the development of a long-lived population of colonic peripherally derived Tregs (pTregs) that can be specific for dietary antigens encountered during this interval. Desynchronization of mothers and offspring produced durable deficits in these pTregs, impaired tolerance to dietary antigens introduced during and after this preweaning interval, and resulted in spontaneous Th2 responses. These effects could be rescued by pTregs from the periweaning colon or by Tregs generated in vitro using periweaning colonic antigen-presenting cells. These findings demonstrate that mothers and their offspring are synchronized for the development of a balanced immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brigida Rusconi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - I Malick Ndao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,The Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Barbara B Warner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles O Elson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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53
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Zhang S, Cho WJ, Jin AT, Kok LY, Shi Y, Heller DE, Lee YAL, Zhou Y, Xie X, Korzenik JR, Lennerz JK, Traverso G. Heparin-Coated Albumin Nanoparticles for Drug Combination in Targeting Inflamed Intestine. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000536. [PMID: 32597571 PMCID: PMC7482138 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting areas of inflammation offers potential therapeutic and diagnostic benefits by maximizing drug and imaging marker on-target effects while minimizing systemic exposure that can be associated with adverse side effects. This strategy is particularly beneficial in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here an inflammation-targeting (IT) approach based on heparin-coated human serum albumin nanoparticles (HEP-HSA NPs) that utilize the increased intestinal permeability and changes in electrostatic interaction at the site of intestinal inflammation is described. Using small-molecule and biologic drugs as a model for drug combination, the HEP-HSA NPs demonstrate the capacity to load both drugs simultaneously; the dual-drug loaded HEP-HSA NPs exhibit a higher anti-inflammatory effect than both of the single-drug loaded NPs in vitro and selectively bind to inflamed intestine after enema administration in vivo in a murine model of colitis. Importantly, analyses of the physicochemical characteristics and targeting capacities of these NPs indicate that HEP coating modulates NP binding to the inflamed intestine, providing a foundation for future IT-NP formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufeng Zhang
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Won Joon Cho
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amy T. Jin
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lie Yun Kok
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yunhua Shi
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David E. Heller
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Young-Ah Lucy Lee
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xi Xie
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua R. Korzenik
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jochen K. Lennerz
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Dr. S. Zhang, A. T. Jin, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. G. Traverso Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, W. J. Woo, A. T. Jin, L. Y. Kok, Dr. Y. Shi, D. E. Heller, Y.-A. L. Lee, Y. Zhou, Dr. X. Xie Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Dr. S. Zhang, Prof. J. R. Korzenik, Prof. J. K. Lennerz, Prof. G. Traverso Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prof. J. K. Lennerz Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Prof. G. Traverso Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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54
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Brown EM, Kenny DJ, Xavier RJ. Gut Microbiota Regulation of T Cells During Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 37:599-624. [PMID: 31026411 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in influencing the development of host immunity, and in turn the immune system also acts to regulate the microbiota through intestinal barrier maintenance and immune exclusion. Normally, these interactions are homeostatic, tightly controlled, and organized by both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, a combination of environmental exposures and genetic defects can result in a break in tolerance and intestinal homeostasis. The outcomes of these interactions at the mucosal interface have broad, systemic effects on host immunity and the development of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune disease. The underlying mechanisms and pathways the microbiota can utilize to regulate these diseases are just starting to emerge. Here, we discuss the recent evidence in this area describing the impact of microbiota-immune interactions during inflammation and autoimmunity, with a focus on barrier function and CD4+ T cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA;
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55
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Caruso R, Lo BC, Núñez G. Host-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:411-426. [PMID: 32005980 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near the epithelial surface of the intestine poses an enormous challenge to the host because it must avoid the activation of harmful inflammatory responses to the microorganisms while preserving its ability to mount robust immune responses to invading pathogens. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, there is a breakdown of the multiple strategies that the immune system has evolved to promote the separation between symbiotic microorganisms and the intestinal epithelium and the effective killing of penetrant microorganisms, while suppressing the activation of inappropriate T cell responses to resident microorganisms. Understanding the complex interactions between intestinal microorganisms and the host may provide crucial insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease as well as new avenues to prevent and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernard C Lo
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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56
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The microbiome in inflammatory bowel diseases: from pathogenesis to therapy. Protein Cell 2020; 12:331-345. [PMID: 32601832 PMCID: PMC8106558 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global disease with accelerating incidence worldwide in the 21st century while its accurate etiology remains unclear. In the past decade, gut microbiota dysbiosis has consistently been associated with IBD. Although many IBD-associated dysbiosis have not been proven to be a cause or an effect of IBD, it is often hypothesized that at least some of alteration in microbiome is protective or causative. In this article, we selectively reviewed the hypothesis supported by both association studies in human and pathogenesis studies in biological models. Specifically, we reviewed the potential protective bacterial pathways and species against IBD, as well as the potential causative bacterial pathways and species of IBD. We also reviewed the potential roles of some members of mycobiome and virome in IBD. Lastly, we covered the current status of therapeutic approaches targeting microbiome, which is a promising strategy to alleviate and cure this inflammatory disease.
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57
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Desai C, Handley SA, Rodgers R, Rodriguez C, Ordiz MI, Manary MJ, Holtz LR. Growth velocity in children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction is associated with specific bacterial and viral taxa of the gastrointestinal tract in Malawian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008387. [PMID: 32574158 PMCID: PMC7310680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is characterized by diffuse villous atrophy of the small bowel. EED is strongly associated with stunting, a major public health problem linked to increased childhood morbidity and mortality. EED and subsequent stunting of linear growth are surmised to have microbial origins. To interrogate this relationship, we defined the comprehensive virome (eukaryotic virus and bacteriophage) and bacterial microbiome of a longitudinal cohort of rural Malawian children with extensive metadata and intestinal permeability testing at each time point. We found thirty bacterial taxa differentially associated with linear growth. We detected many eukaryotic viruses. Neither the total number of eukaryotic families nor a specific viral family was statistically associated with improved linear growth. We identified 3 differentially abundant bacteriophage among growth velocities. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between bacteria and bacteriophage richness in children with subsequent adequate/moderate growth which children with subsequent poor growth lacked. This suggests that a disruption in the equilibrium between bacteria and bacteriophage communities might be associated with subsequent poor growth. Future studies of EED and stunting should include the evaluation of viral communities in addition to bacterial microbiota to understand the complete microbial ecology of these poorly understood entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria I. Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lori R. Holtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Wegorzewska MM, Glowacki RWP, Hsieh SA, Donermeyer DL, Hickey CA, Horvath SC, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. Diet modulates colonic T cell responses by regulating the expression of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron antigen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/32/eaau9079. [PMID: 30737355 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses to symbionts in the intestine drive tolerance or inflammation depending on the genetic background of the host. These symbionts in the gut sense the available nutrients and adapt their metabolic programs to use these nutrients efficiently. Here, we ask whether diet can alter the expression of a bacterial antigen to modulate adaptive immune responses. We generated a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, BθOM, specific for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta). Adoptively transferred transgenic T cells expressing the BθOM TCR proliferated in the colon, colon-draining lymph node, and spleen in B. theta-colonized healthy mice and differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells (Teffs). Depletion of B. theta-specific Tregs resulted in colitis, showing that a single protein expressed by B. theta can drive differentiation of Tregs that self-regulate Teffs to prevent disease. We found that BθOM T cells recognized a peptide derived from a single B. theta protein, BT4295, whose expression is regulated by nutrients, with glucose being a strong catabolite repressor. Mice fed a high-glucose diet had a greatly reduced activation of BθOM T cells in the colon. These studies establish that the immune response to specific bacterial antigens can be modified by changes in the diet by altering antigen expression in the microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Wegorzewska
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W P Glowacki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina A Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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59
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Ansaldo E, Slayden LC, Ching KL, Koch MA, Wolf NK, Plichta DR, Brown EM, Graham DB, Xavier RJ, Moon JJ, Barton GM. Akkermansia muciniphila induces intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis. Science 2020; 364:1179-1184. [PMID: 31221858 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal adaptive immune responses influence host health, yet only a few intestinal bacteria species that induce cognate adaptive immune responses during homeostasis have been identified. Here, we show that Akkermansia muciniphila, an intestinal bacterium associated with systemic effects on host metabolism and PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy, induces immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice. Unlike previously characterized mucosal responses, T cell responses to A. muciniphila are limited to T follicular helper cells in a gnotobiotic setting, without appreciable induction of other T helper fates or migration to the lamina propria. However, A. muciniphila-specific responses are context dependent and adopt other fates in conventional mice. These findings suggest that, during homeostasis, contextual signals influence T cell responses to the microbiota and modulate host immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ansaldo
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leianna C Slayden
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Krystal L Ching
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Gut microbiome refers to the microbes that live in human digestive tract and are symbiotic with the human body. They participate in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes of the human body and are associated with various diseases. The pathological process of osteoporosis is affected by gut microbes. The molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis mainly include: 1) Intestinal barrier and nutrient absorption (involving SCFAs). 2) Immunoregulation (Th-17 and T-reg cells balance). 3) Regulation of intestinal-brain axis (involving 5-HT). Gut microbes can increase bone mass and improve osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, inducing apoptosis, reducing bone resorption, or promoting osteoblast proliferation and maturation. However, the therapeutic effect of gut microbes on osteoporosis remains to be further proven. At present, some of the findings on the impact of gut microbes on osteoporosis has been applied in clinical, including early diagnosis and intervention of osteoporosis and adjuvant therapy. In this article, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of gut microbes on osteoporosis and the clinical practice of using gut microbes to improve bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- 1Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,2Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,3Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- 1Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,2Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,3Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenge Ding
- 1Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,2Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,3Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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61
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Kulkarni DH, Gustafsson JK, Knoop KA, McDonald KG, Bidani SS, Davis JE, Floyd AN, Hogan SP, Hsieh CS, Newberry RD. Goblet cell associated antigen passages support the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:271-282. [PMID: 31819172 PMCID: PMC7044050 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to innocuous antigens from the diet and the commensal microbiota is a fundamental process essential to health. Why tolerance is efficiently induced to substances arising from the hostile environment of the gut lumen is incompletely understood but may be related to how these antigens are encountered by the immune system. We observed that goblet cell associated antigen passages (GAPs), but not other pathways of luminal antigen capture, correlated with the acquisition of luminal substances by lamina propria (LP) antigen presenting cells (APCs) and with the sites of tolerance induction to luminal antigens. Strikingly this role extended beyond antigen delivery. The GAP function of goblet cells facilitated maintenance of pre-existing LP T regulatory cells (Tregs), imprinting LP-dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties, and facilitating LP macrophages to produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, tolerance to dietary antigen was impaired in the absence of GAPs. Thus, by delivering luminal antigens, maintaining pre-existing LP Tregs, and imprinting tolerogenic properties on LP-APCs GAPs support tolerance to substances encountered in the hostile environment of the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesha H Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Keely G McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shay S Bidani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jazmyne E Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexandria N Floyd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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62
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Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play key roles in the prevention of autoimmunity and the maintenance of immune homeostasis and represent a major barrier to the induction of robust antitumor immune responses. Thus, a clear understanding of the mechanisms coordinating Treg cell differentiation is crucial for understanding numerous facets of health and disease and for developing approaches to modulate Treg cells for clinical benefit. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the signals that coordinate Treg cell development, the antigen-presenting cell types that direct Treg cell selection, and the nature of endogenous Treg cell ligands, focusing on evidence from studies in mice. We also highlight recent advances in this area and identify key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - David E J Klawon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - Christine H Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
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63
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Ahern PP, Maloy KJ. Understanding immune-microbiota interactions in the intestine. Immunology 2020; 159:4-14. [PMID: 31777071 PMCID: PMC6904641 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen an explosion in research that aims to understand how the dynamic interplay with the gut microbiota impacts host health and disease, establishing a role for the gut microbiota in a plethora of pathologies. Understanding how health-promoting microbiota are established and how beneficial host-microbiota interactions are maintained is of immense biomedical importance. Despite the enormous progress that has been made, our knowledge of the specific microbiota members that mediate these effects and the mechanisms underlying these interactions is rudimentary. The dearth of information regarding the nature of advantageous host-microbiota interactions, and the factors that cause these relationships to go awry, has hampered our ability to realize the therapeutic potential of the microbiota. Here we discuss key issues that limit current knowledge and describe a path forwards to improving our understanding of the contributions of the microbiota to host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Ahern
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland Clinic Lerner Research InstituteClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kevin J. Maloy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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64
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Lee JY, Hall JA, Kroehling L, Wu L, Najar T, Nguyen HH, Lin WY, Yeung ST, Silva HM, Li D, Hine A, Loke P, Hudesman D, Martin JC, Kenigsberg E, Merad M, Khanna KM, Littman DR. Serum Amyloid A Proteins Induce Pathogenic Th17 Cells and Promote Inflammatory Disease. Cell 2019; 180:79-91.e16. [PMID: 31866067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid cells that produce interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines protect barrier tissues from pathogenic microbes but are also prominent effectors of inflammation and autoimmune disease. T helper 17 (Th17) cells, defined by RORγt-dependent production of IL-17A and IL-17F, exert homeostatic functions in the gut upon microbiota-directed differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. In the non-pathogenic setting, their cytokine production is regulated by serum amyloid A proteins (SAA1 and SAA2) secreted by adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. However, Th17 cell behaviors vary markedly according to their environment. Here, we show that SAAs additionally direct a pathogenic pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation program, acting directly on T cells in collaboration with STAT3-activating cytokines. Using loss- and gain-of-function mouse models, we show that SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 have distinct systemic and local functions in promoting Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases. These studies suggest that T cell signaling pathways modulated by the SAAs may be attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Yong Lee
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jason A Hall
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lin Wu
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tariq Najar
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Nguyen
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Woan-Yu Lin
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hernandez Moura Silva
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dayi Li
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashley Hine
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Hudesman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jerome C Martin
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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65
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Fung TC. The microbiota-immune axis as a central mediator of gut-brain communication. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104714. [PMID: 31846737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory disorders are associated with neurophysiological and behavioral symptoms. Conversely, many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are accompanied by intestinal complications. These observations suggest that intestinal and nervous system physiologies are functionally linked. Indeed, a growing body of literature has revealed multiple pathways mediating bidirectional communication between the intestine and the CNS, collectively referred to as the gut-brain axis. In particular, microbes naturally colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, termed the gut microbiota, not only correlate with but also play a causative role in regulating CNS function, development and host behavior. Despite these findings, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate gut-brain communication remains in its infancy. However, members of the gut microbiota have been established as potent modulators of intestinal, systemic and CNS-resident immune cell function, suggesting that gut-brain interactions may involve the host immune system. Multiple CNS disorders with gut microbiota associations, including neuroinflammatory, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, also have significant inflammatory manifestations. In this review, I discuss recent advances exploring the role of microbiota-immune interactions as a critical regulator of the gut-brain axis in the context of CNS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Fung
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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66
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Spencer SP, Fragiadakis GK, Sonnenburg JL. Pursuing Human-Relevant Gut Microbiota-Immune Interactions. Immunity 2019; 51:225-239. [PMID: 31433970 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic network of diverse organisms intricately connected with human physiology. Recent advances in profiling approaches of both the microbiota and the immune system now enable a deeper exploration of immunity-microbiota connections. An important next step is to elucidate a human-relevant "map" of microbial-immune wiring while focusing on animal studies to probe a prioritized subset of interactions. Here, we provide an overview of this field's current status and discuss two approaches for establishing priorities for detailed investigation: (1) longitudinal intervention studies in humans probing the dynamics of both the microbiota and the immune system and (2) the study of traditional populations to assess lost features of human microbial identity whose absence may be contributing to the rise of immunological disorders. These human-centered approaches offer a judicious path forward to understand the impact of the microbiota in immune development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Spencer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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67
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Shi H, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Treg Cell Stability, Plasticity, and Tissue-Specific Heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2716. [PMID: 31921097 PMCID: PMC6917616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for peripheral immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity and tissue damage. Treg cells are inherently defined by the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which enforces lineage development and immune suppressive function of these cells. Under various conditions as observed in autoimmunity, cancer and non-lymphoid tissues, a proportion of Treg cells respond to specific environmental signals and display altered stability, plasticity and tissue-specific heterogeneity, which further shape their context-dependent suppressive functions. Recent studies have revealed that metabolic programs play pivotal roles in controlling these processes in Treg cells, thereby considerably expanding our understanding of Treg cell biology. Here we summarize these recent advances that highlight how cell-extrinsic factors, such as nutrients, vitamins and metabolites, and cell-intrinsic metabolic programs, orchestrate Treg cell stability, plasticity, and tissue-specific heterogeneity. Understanding metabolic regulation of Treg cells should provide new insight into immune homeostasis and disease, with important therapeutic implications for autoimmunity, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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68
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Soderholm AT, Pedicord VA. Intestinal epithelial cells: at the interface of the microbiota and mucosal immunity. Immunology 2019; 158:267-280. [PMID: 31509239 PMCID: PMC6856932 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a barrier between the microbiota and the rest of the body. In addition, beyond acting as a physical barrier, the function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in sensing and responding to microbial signals is increasingly appreciated and likely has numerous implications for the vast network of immune cells within and below the intestinal epithelium. IECs also respond to factors produced by immune cells, and these can regulate IEC barrier function, proliferation and differentiation, as well as influence the composition of the microbiota. The mechanisms involved in IEC-microbe-immune interactions, however, are not fully characterized. In this review, we explore the ability of IECs to direct intestinal homeostasis by orchestrating communication between intestinal microbes and mucosal innate and adaptive immune cells during physiological and inflammatory conditions. We focus primarily on the most recent findings and call attention to the numerous remaining unknowns regarding the complex crosstalk between IECs, the microbiota and intestinal immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia T. Soderholm
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious DiseaseUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Virginia A. Pedicord
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious DiseaseUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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69
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Dichotomous regulation of group 3 innate lymphoid cells by nongastric Helicobacter species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24760-24769. [PMID: 31740609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908128116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) contribute to the protective immunity and homeostasis of the gut, and the microbiota are critically involved in shaping ILC function. However, the role of the gut microbiota in regulating ILC development and maintenance still remains elusive. Here, we identified opposing effects on ILCs by two Helicobacter species, Helicobacter apodemus and Helicobacter typhlonius, isolated from immunocompromised mice. We demonstrated that the introduction of both Helicobacter species activated ILCs and induced gut inflammation; however, these Helicobacter species negatively regulated RORγt+ group 3 ILCs (ILC3s), especially T-bet+ ILC3s, and diminished their proliferative capacity. Thus, these findings underscore a previously unknown dichotomous regulation of ILC3s by Helicobacter species, and may serve as a model for further investigations to elucidate the host-microbe interactions that critically sustain the maintenance of intestinal ILC3s.
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70
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Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen P, Xie H, Tao Y. Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:41. [PMID: 31637019 PMCID: PMC6799818 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host pathophysiology. Remarkable progress in large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry has increased our understanding of the influence of the microbiome and/or its metabolites on the onset and progression of extraintestinal cancers and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Given the plasticity in microbial composition and function, microbial-based therapeutic interventions, including dietary modulation, prebiotics, and probiotics, as well as fecal microbial transplantation, potentially permit the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the latest evidence on the involvement of the gut microbiome in host immunity and metabolism, the effects of the microbiome on extraintestinal cancers and the immune response, and strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, and we discuss ongoing studies and future areas of research that deserve focused research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, China
| | - Haosheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
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71
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Çavdar G, Papich T, Ryan EP. Microbiome, Breastfeeding and Public Health Policy in the United States: The Case for Dietary Fiber. Nutr Metab Insights 2019; 12:1178638819869597. [PMID: 31488950 PMCID: PMC6710673 DOI: 10.1177/1178638819869597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of literature has highlighted the significance of breastmilk oligosaccharides and dietary fibers in complementary weaning foods for the development of the infant's microbiome that has both short- and long-term health implications. This review highlights the newborns' consumption of fiber and oligosaccharides as directly linked to the mother's diet, and that current dietary recommendations for pregnant mothers in the United States and globally fall short in both addressing the importance of dietary fiber intake for enhancing mother's health and establishing the developing infant microbiome. Although limited in data, there is suggestion for maternal dietary interventions to include healthy fibers as an effective means of promoting infant health via modification of breast milk composition. This paper argues that there is an urgent need for a two-fold national policy that addresses the significance of fiber in breastfeeding mothers' diets and modifies the dietary recommendations accordingly, and provides a paid parental leave, which would enable mothers to not only breastfeed for at least six months, but to also effectively follow the dietary recommendations needed to support breast milk quality that is linked to their infants' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Çavdar
- Department of Political Science, Colorado State Univeristy, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Theresa Papich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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72
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Kalinkovich A, Livshits G. A cross talk between dysbiosis and gut-associated immune system governs the development of inflammatory arthropathies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49:474-484. [PMID: 31208713 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that dysbiosis, imbalanced gut microbial community, might be a key player in the development of various diseases, including inflammatory arthropathies, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis (mainly, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis), and osteoarthritis. Yet, the underlying mechanisms and corresponding interactions remain poorly understood. METHODS We conducted a critical and extensive literature review to explore the association between dysbiosis and the development of inflammatory arthropathies. We also reviewed the literature to assess the perspectives that ameliorate inflammatory arthropathies by manipulating the microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation. RESULTS Some bacterial species (e.g. Prevotella, Citrobacter rodentium, Collinsella aerofaciens, Segmented filamentous bacteria) participate in the creation of the pro-inflammatory immune status, presumably via epitope mimicry, modification of self-antigens, enhanced cell apoptosis mechanisms, and destruction of tight junction proteins and intestinal barrier integrity, all leading to the development and maintainance of inflammatory arthropathies. Whether dysbiosis is an epiphenomenon or is an active driver of these disorders remains unclear, yet, recent observations clearly suggest that dysbiosis precedes and triggers their development implying a causative relationship between dysbiosis and inflammatory arthropathies. The underlying mechanisms include dysbiosis-mediated changes in the functional activity of the intestinal immune cell subsets, such as innate lymphoid cells, mucosa-associated invariant T cells, invariant natural killer T cells, T-follicular helper and T-regulatory cells. In turn, disturbed functionality of the gut-associated immune system is shown to promote the overgrowth of many bacteria, thus establishing a detrimental vicious circle of actively maintaining arthritis. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the data described in the review supports the notion that a close, dynamic and tightly regulated cross talk between dysbiosis and the gut-associated immune system governs the development of inflammatory arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalinkovich
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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73
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Ge Z, Feng Y, Sheh A, Muthupalani S, Gong G, Chawanthayatham S, Essigmann JM, Fox JG. Mutagenicity of Helicobacter hepaticus infection in the lower bowel mucosa of 129/SvEv Rag2 -/- Il10 -/- gpt delta mice is influenced by sex. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1042-1054. [PMID: 30977112 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease and colonic tumors induced by Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) infection in susceptible mouse strains are utilized to dissect the mechanisms underlying similar human diseases. In our study, infection with genotoxic cytolethal distending toxin-producing Hh in 129/SvEv Rag2-/- Il10-/- gpt delta (RagIl10gpt) mice of both sexes for 21 weeks induced significantly more severe cecal and colonic pathology compared to uninfected controls. The mutation frequencies in the infected RagIl10gpt males were 2.1-fold higher for the cecum and 1.7-fold higher for the colon than male RagIl10gpt controls. In addition, there was a 12.5-fold increase of G:C-to-T:A transversions in the colon of Hh-infected males compared to controls. In contrast, there was no statistical significance in mutation frequencies between infected female Rag2Il10gpt mice and controls. Moreover, Hh infection in RagIl10gpt males significantly up-regulated transcription of Tnfα and iNos, and decreased mRNA levels of cecal Atm compared to the infected females; there was no significant difference in mRNA levels of Il-22, Il-17A, Ifnγ and Atr between the infected males and females. Significantly higher levels of cecal and colonic iNos expression and γH2AX-positive epithelial cells (a biomarker for double-strand DNA breaks [DSB]) in Hh-infected Rag2Il10gpt males vs. Hh-infected females were noted. Finally, Hh infection and associated inflammation increased levels of intestinal mucosa-associated genotoxic colibactin-producing pks+ Escherichia coli. Elevated Tnfα and iNos responses and bacterial genotoxins, in concert with suppression of the DSB repair responses, may have promoted mutagenesis in the lower bowel mucosa of Hh-infected male RagIl10gpt mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Guanyu Gong
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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74
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Regulatory T cell adaptation in the intestine and skin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:386-396. [PMID: 30890797 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine and skin are distinct microenvironments with unique physiological functions and are continually exposed to diverse environmental challenges. Host adaptation at these sites is an active process that involves interaction between immune cells and tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a pivotal role in enforcing homeostasis at barrier surfaces, illustrated by the development of intestinal and skin inflammation in diseases caused by primary deficiency in Treg cells. Treg cells at barrier sites are phenotypically distinct from their lymphoid-organ counterparts, and these 'tissue' signatures often reflect their tissue-adapted function. We discuss current understanding of Treg cell adaptation in the intestine and skin, including unique phenotypes, functions and metabolic demands, and how increased knowledge of Treg cells at barrier sites might guide precision medicine therapies.
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75
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76
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Ladinsky MS, Araujo LP, Zhang X, Veltri J, Galan-Diez M, Soualhi S, Lee C, Irie K, Pinker EY, Narushima S, Bandyopadhyay S, Nagayama M, Elhenawy W, Coombes BK, Ferraris RP, Honda K, Iliev ID, Gao N, Bjorkman PJ, Ivanov II. Endocytosis of commensal antigens by intestinal epithelial cells regulates mucosal T cell homeostasis. Science 2019; 363:eaat4042. [PMID: 30846568 PMCID: PMC6708280 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria influence host physiology, without invading host tissues. We show that proteins from segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are transferred into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) through adhesion-directed endocytosis that is distinct from the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of invasive pathogens. This process transfers microbial cell wall-associated proteins, including an antigen that stimulates mucosal T helper 17 (TH17) cell differentiation, into the cytosol of IECs in a cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42)-dependent manner. Removal of CDC42 activity in vivo led to disruption of endocytosis induced by SFB and decreased epithelial antigen acquisition, with consequent loss of mucosal TH17 cells. Our findings demonstrate direct communication between a resident gut microbe and the host and show that under physiological conditions, IECs acquire antigens from commensal bacteria for generation of T cell responses to the resident microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leandro P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - John Veltri
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Marta Galan-Diez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Salima Soualhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carolyn Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Koichiro Irie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Elisha Y Pinker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seiko Narushima
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Nagayama
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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77
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Melo-Gonzalez F, Kammoun H, Evren E, Dutton EE, Papadopoulou M, Bradford BM, Tanes C, Fardus-Reid F, Swann JR, Bittinger K, Mabbott NA, Vallance BA, Willinger T, Withers DR, Hepworth MR. Antigen-presenting ILC3 regulate T cell-dependent IgA responses to colonic mucosal bacteria. J Exp Med 2019; 216:728-742. [PMID: 30814299 PMCID: PMC6446868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune homeostasis is dependent upon tightly regulated and dynamic host interactions with the commensal microbiota. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by mucosal B cells dictates the composition of commensal bacteria residing within the intestine. While emerging evidence suggests the majority of IgA is produced innately and may be polyreactive, mucosal-dwelling species can also elicit IgA via T cell-dependent mechanisms. However, the mechanisms that modulate the magnitude and quality of T cell-dependent IgA responses remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) regulate steady state interactions between T follicular helper cells (TfH) and B cells to limit mucosal IgA responses. ILC3 used conserved migratory cues to establish residence within the interfollicular regions of the intestinal draining lymph nodes, where they act to limit TfH responses and B cell class switching through antigen presentation. The absence of ILC3-intrinsic antigen presentation resulted in increased and selective IgA coating of bacteria residing within the colonic mucosa. Together these findings implicate lymph node resident, antigen-presenting ILC3 as a critical regulatory checkpoint in the generation of T cell-dependent colonic IgA and suggest ILC3 act to maintain tissue homeostasis and mutualism with the mucosal-dwelling commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hana Kammoun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elza Evren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma E Dutton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Markella Papadopoulou
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fahmina Fardus-Reid
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim Willinger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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78
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Abstract
Intestinal damage driven by unrestricted immune responses against the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. How such breakdown in tolerance occurs alongside the mechanisms to reinforce homeostasis with the microbiota are a focus of many studies. Our recent work demonstrates coordinated interactions between intact microbiota and CX3CR1 expressing intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) that limits T helper 1 cell responses and promotes differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) against intestinal antigens including pathogens, soluble proteins and the microbiota itself. We find a microbial attachment to intestinal epithelial cells is necessary to support these anti-inflammatory immune functions. In this addendum, we discuss how our findings enhance understanding of microbiota-directed homeostatic functions of the intestinal immune system and implications of modulating this interaction in ameliorating inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoo Kim
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea A. Hill
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wan-Jung Wu
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gretchen E. Diehl
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and the Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Gretchen E. Diehl
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79
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Defective IgA response to atypical intestinal commensals in IL-21 receptor deficiency reshapes immune cell homeostasis and mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:85-96. [PMID: 30087442 PMCID: PMC6301133 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite studies indicating the effects of IL-21 signaling in intestinal inflammation, its roles in intestinal homeostasis and infection are not yet clear. Here, we report potent effects of commensal microbiota on the phenotypic manifestations of IL-21 receptor deficiency. IL-21 is produced highly in the small intestine and appears to be critical for mounting an IgA response against atypical commensals such as segmented filamentous bacteria and Helicobacter, but not to the majority of commensals. In the presence of these atypical commensals, IL-21R-deficient mice exhibit reduced numbers of germinal center and IgA+ B cells and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in Peyer's patches as well as a significant decrease in small intestine IgA+ plasmablasts and plasma cells, leading to higher bacterial burdens and subsequent expansion of Th17 and Treg cells. These microbiota-mediated secondary changes in turn enhance T cell responses to an oral antigen and strikingly dampen Citrobacter rodentium-induced immunopathology, demonstrating a complex interplay between IL-21-mediated mucosal immunity, microbiota, and pathogens.
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80
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Sorini C, Cardoso RF, Gagliani N, Villablanca EJ. Commensal Bacteria-Specific CD4 + T Cell Responses in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2667. [PMID: 30524431 PMCID: PMC6256970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, mammalian body surfaces have adapted their complex immune system to allow a harmless coexistence with the commensal microbiota. The adaptive immune response, in particular CD4+ T cell-mediated, is crucial to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis by discriminating between harmless (e.g., dietary compounds and intestinal microbes) and harmful stimuli (e.g., pathogens). To tolerate food molecules and microbial components, CD4+ T cells establish a finely tuned crosstalk with the environment whereas breakdown of these mechanisms might lead to chronic disease associated with mucosal barriers and beyond. How commensal-specific immune responses are regulated and how these molecular and cellular mechanisms can be manipulated to treat chronic disorders is yet poorly understood. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the regulation of commensal bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells. We place particular focus on the key role of commensal-specific CD4+ T cells in maintaining tolerance while efficiently eradicating local and systemic infections, with a focus on factors that trigger their aberrant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sorini
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebeca F. Cardoso
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo J. Villablanca
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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Usharauli D, Kamala T. Concurrent cross-reactivity of microbiota-derived epitopes to both self and pathogens may underlie the “Hygiene hypothesis”. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12708. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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82
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Abstract
The current article is a review of the most important, accessible, and relevant literature published between April 2017 and March 2018 on other Helicobacters and the gastric microbiome. The first part of the review focuses on literature describing non-Helicobacter pylori-Helicobacter (NHPH) infections in humans and animals whilst the subsequent section focuses specifically on the human gastric microbiome. Novel diagnostic methods as well as new NHPHs species have been identified in recent studies. Furthermore, our knowledge about the pathogenesis of NHPH infections has been further enhanced by important fundamental studies in cell lines and animal models. Over the last year, additional insights over the prevalence and potential prevention strategies of NHPHs have also been reported. With regard to understanding the gastric microbiome, new information detailing the structure of the gastric microbiota at different stages of H. pylori infection, within different patient geographical locations, was documented. There was also a study detailing the impact of proton-pump inhibitor usage and the effect on the gastric microbiome. Newer analysis approaches including defining the active microbiome through analysis of RNA rather than DNA-based sequencing were also published allowing the first assessments of the functional capabilities of the gastric microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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83
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Kim J, Kim W, An JU, Suh JG, Seong JK, Jeon BY, Cho S. Complete Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Helicobacter Apodemus Isolated From the Wild Korean Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) for Potential Pathogenicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:838. [PMID: 30131692 PMCID: PMC6090156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Uk An
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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84
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Extrathymically Generated Regulatory T Cells Establish a Niche for Intestinal Border-Dwelling Bacteria and Affect Physiologic Metabolite Balance. Immunity 2018; 48:1245-1257.e9. [PMID: 29858010 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gut microbiota provides essential metabolites to the host and promotes the differentiation and accumulation of extrathymically generated regulatory T (pTreg) cells. To explore the impact of these cells on intestinal microbial communities, we assessed the composition of the microbiota in pTreg cell-deficient and -sufficient mice. pTreg cell deficiency led to heightened type 2 immune responses triggered by microbial exposure, which disrupted the niche of border-dwelling bacteria early during colonization. Moreover, impaired pTreg cell generation led to pervasive changes in metabolite profiles, altered features of the intestinal epithelium, and reduced body weight in the presence of commensal microbes. Absence of a single species of bacteria depleted in pTreg cell-deficient animals, Mucispirillum schaedleri, partially accounted for the sequelae of pTreg cell deficiency. These observations suggest that pTreg cells modulate the metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota by restraining immune defense mechanisms that may disrupt a particular bacterial niche.
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85
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Chiaranunt P, Tometich JT, Ji J, Hand TW. T Cell Proliferation and Colitis Are Initiated by Defined Intestinal Microbes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:243-250. [PMID: 29777027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease has been associated with the dysregulation of T cells specific to Ags derived from the intestinal microbiota. How microbiota-specific T cells are regulated is not completely clear but is believed to be mediated by a combination of IgA, regulatory T cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells. To test the role of these regulatory components on microbiota-specific T cells, we bred CBir1 TCR transgenic (CBir1Tg) mice (specific to flagellin from common intestinal bacteria) onto a lymphopenic Rag1-/- background. Surprisingly, T cells from CBir1Tg mice bred onto a Rag1-/- background could not induce colitis and did not differentiate to become effectors under lymphopenic conditions, despite deficits in immunoregulatory factors, such as IgA, regulatory T cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells. In fact, upon transfer of conventional CBir1Tg T cells into lymphopenic mice, the vast majority of proliferating T cells responded to Ags other than CBir1 flagellin, including those found on other bacteria, such as Helicobacter spp. Thus, we discovered a caveat in the CBir1Tg model within our animal facility that illustrates the limitations of using TCR transgenics at mucosal surfaces, where multiple TCR specificities can respond to the plethora of foreign Ags. Our findings also indicate that T cell specificity to the microbiota alone is not sufficient to induce T cell activation and colitis. Instead, other interrelated factors, such as the composition and ecology of the intestinal microbiota and host access to Ag, are paramount in controlling the activation of microbiota-specific T cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Justin T Tometich
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Junyi Ji
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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86
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Perry JSA, Russler-Germain EV, Zhou YW, Purtha W, Cooper ML, Choi J, Schroeder MA, Salazar V, Egawa T, Lee BC, Abumrad NA, Kim BS, Anderson MS, DiPersio JF, Hsieh CS. Transfer of Cell-Surface Antigens by Scavenger Receptor CD36 Promotes Thymic Regulatory T Cell Receptor Repertoire Development and Allo-tolerance. Immunity 2018; 48:923-936.e4. [PMID: 29752065 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell tolerance in the thymus requires the presentation of host proteins by multiple antigen-presenting cell (APC) types. However, the importance of transferring host antigens from transcription factor AIRE-dependent medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) to bone marrow (BM) APCs is unknown. We report that antigen was primarily transferred from mTECs to CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) and showed that CD36, a scavenger receptor selectively expressed on CD8α+ DCs, mediated the transfer of cell-surface, but not cytoplasmic, antigens. The absence of CD8α+ DCs or CD36 altered thymic T cell selection, as evidenced by TCR repertoire analysis and the loss of allo-tolerance in murine allogeneic BM transplantation (allo-BMT) studies. Decreases in these DCs and CD36 expression in peripheral blood of human allo-BMT patients correlated with graft-versus-host disease. Our findings suggest that CD36 facilitates transfer of mTEC-derived cell-surface antigen on CD8α+ DCs to promote tolerance to host antigens during homeostasis and allo-BMT.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/immunology
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emilie V Russler-Germain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - You W Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Whitney Purtha
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Matthew L Cooper
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jaebok Choi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vanessa Salazar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Byeong-Chel Lee
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and the Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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87
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Zhao Q, Elson CO. Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens. Immunology 2018; 154:28-37. [PMID: 29338074 PMCID: PMC5904715 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbiota mutualism has been established during long-term co-evolution. A diverse and rich gut microbiota plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the host immune system. Education of the adaptive immune compartment by gut microbiota antigens is important in establishing immune balance. In particular, a critical time frame immediately after birth provides a 'window of opportunity' for the development of lymphoid structures, differentiation and maturation of T and B cells and, most importantly, establishment of immune tolerance to gut commensals. Depending on the colonization niche, antigen type and metabolic property of different gut microbes, CD4 T-cell responses vary greatly, which results in differentiation into distinct subsets. As a consequence, certain bacteria elicit effector-like immune responses by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and interleukin-17A, whereas other bacteria favour the generation of regulatory CD4 T cells and provide help with gut homeostasis. The microbiota have profound effects on B cells also. Gut microbial exposure leads to a continuous diversification of B-cell repertoire and the production of T-dependent and -independent antibodies, especially IgA. These combined effects of the gut microbes provide an elegant educational process to the adaptive immune network. Contrariwise, failure of this process results in a reduced homeostasis with the gut microbiota, and an increased susceptibility to various immune disorders, both inside and outside the gut. With more definitive microbial-immune relations waiting to be discovered, modulation of the host gut microbiota has a promising future for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of MedicineThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of MedicineThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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88
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Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Gomez Atria D, Hashemi T, Jones DD, Gardner CA, Cole SD, Misic AM, Beiting DP, Allman D. Commensal Microbes Induce Serum IgA Responses that Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:302-311.e3. [PMID: 29478774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are readily detected in mice and people, but the mechanisms underlying the induction of serum IgA and its role in host protection remain uncertain. We report that select commensal bacteria induce several facets of systemic IgA-mediated immunity. Exposing conventional mice to a unique but natural microflora that included several members of the Proteobacteria phylum led to T cell-dependent increases in serum IgA levels and the induction of large numbers of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. The resulting serum IgA bound to a restricted collection of bacterial taxa, and antigen-specific serum IgA antibodies were readily induced after intestinal colonization with the commensal bacterium Helicobacter muridarum. Finally, movement to a Proteobacteria-rich microbiota led to serum IgA-mediated resistance to polymicrobial sepsis. We conclude that commensal microbes overtly influence the serum IgA repertoire, resulting in constitutive protection against bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Tina Hashemi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Christopher A Gardner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
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89
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Xu M, Pokrovskii M, Ding Y, Yi R, Au C, Harrison OJ, Galan C, Belkaid Y, Bonneau R, Littman DR. c-MAF-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to a gut pathobiont. Nature 2018; 554:373-377. [PMID: 29414937 PMCID: PMC5814346 DOI: 10.1038/nature25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both microbial and host genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. There is accumulating evidence that microbial species that potentiate chronic inflammation, as in inflammatory bowel disease, often also colonize healthy individuals. These microorganisms, including the Helicobacter species, can induce pathogenic T cells and are collectively referred to as pathobionts. However, how such T cells are constrained in healthy individuals is not yet understood. Here we report that host tolerance to a potentially pathogenic bacterium, Helicobacter hepaticus, is mediated by the induction of RORγt+FOXP3+ regulatory T (iTreg) cells that selectively restrain pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (TH17) cells and whose function is dependent on the transcription factor c-MAF. Whereas colonization of wild-type mice by H. hepaticus promoted differentiation of RORγt-expressing microorganism-specific iTreg cells in the large intestine, in disease-susceptible IL-10-deficient mice, there was instead expansion of colitogenic TH17 cells. Inactivation of c-MAF in the Treg cell compartment impaired differentiation and function, including IL-10 production, of bacteria-specific iTreg cells, and resulted in the accumulation of H. hepaticus-specific inflammatory TH17 cells and spontaneous colitis. By contrast, RORγt inactivation in Treg cells had only a minor effect on the bacteria-specific Treg and TH17 cell balance, and did not result in inflammation. Our results suggest that pathobiont-dependent inflammatory bowel disease is driven by microbiota-reactive T cells that have escaped this c-MAF-dependent mechanism of iTreg-TH17 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Xu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Ren Yi
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Christy Au
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Carolina Galan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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90
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Abdel-Gadir A, Massoud AH, Chatila TA. Antigen-specific Treg cells in immunological tolerance: implications for allergic diseases. F1000Res 2018; 7:38. [PMID: 29375821 PMCID: PMC5765398 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12650.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders in which there is failure to mount effective tolerogenic immune responses to inciting allergens. The alarming rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases in recent decades has spurred investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of breakdown in tolerance in these disorders and means of restoring it. Tolerance to allergens is critically dependent on the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells, which mediate a state of sustained non-responsiveness to the offending allergen. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms governing the generation and function of allergen-specific Treg cells and their subversion in allergic diseases. We will also outline approaches to harness allergen-specific Treg cell responses to restore tolerance in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Abdel-Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Amir H Massoud
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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91
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A gut pathobiont synergizes with the microbiota to instigate inflammatory disease marked by immunoreactivity against other symbionts but not itself. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17707. [PMID: 29255158 PMCID: PMC5735134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are likely driven by aberrant immune responses directed against the resident microbiota. Although IBD is commonly associated with a dysbiotic microbiota enriched in putative pathobionts, the etiological agents of IBD remain unknown. Using a pathobiont-induced intestinal inflammation model and a defined bacterial community, we provide new insights into the immune-microbiota interactions during disease. In this model system, the pathobiont Helicobacter bilis instigates disease following sub-pathological dextran sulfate sodium treatment. We show that H. bilis causes mild inflammation in mono-associated mice, but severe disease in the presence of a microbiota, demonstrating synergy between the pathobiont and microbiota in exacerbating pathology. Remarkably, inflammation depends on the presence of H. bilis, but is marked by a predominant Th17 response against specific members of the microbiota and not the pathobiont, even upon the removal of the most immune-dominant taxa. Neither increases in pathobiont burden nor unique changes in immune-targeted microbiota member abundances are observed during disease. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a pathobiont instigates inflammation without being the primary target of a Th17 response or by altering the microbiota community structure. Moreover, our findings point toward monitoring pathobiont-induced changes in microbiota immune targeting as a new concept in IBD diagnotics.
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92
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Knoop KA, Gustafsson JK, McDonald KG, Kulkarni DH, Coughlin PE, McCrate S, Kim D, Hsieh CS, Hogan SP, Elson CO, Tarr PI, Newberry RD. Microbial antigen encounter during a preweaning interval is critical for tolerance to gut bacteria. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:eaao1314. [PMID: 29246946 PMCID: PMC5759965 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have a mutually beneficial relationship with the trillions of microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract. However, maintaining this relationship requires recognizing these organisms as affable and restraining inflammatory responses to these organisms when encountered in hostile settings. How and when the immune system develops tolerance to our gut microbial members is not well understood. We identify a specific preweaning interval in which gut microbial antigens are encountered by the immune system to induce antigen-specific tolerance to gut bacteria. For some bacterial taxa, physiologic encounters with the immune system are restricted to this interval, despite abundance of these taxa in the gut lumen at later times outside this interval. Antigen-specific tolerance to gut bacteria induced during this preweaning interval is stable and maintained even if these taxa are encountered later in life in an inflammatory setting. However, inhibiting microbial antigen encounter during this interval or extending these encounters beyond the normal interval results in a failure to induce tolerance and robust antigen-specific effector responses to gut bacteria upon reencounter in an inflammatory setting. Thus, we have identified a defined preweaning interval critical for developing tolerance to gut bacteria and maintaining the mutually beneficial relationship with our gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Keely G McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Devesha H Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paige E Coughlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie McCrate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dongyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles O Elson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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93
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Cervantes-Barragan L, Chai JN, Tianero MD, Di Luccia B, Ahern PP, Merriman J, Cortez VS, Caparon MG, Donia MS, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Gordon JI, Hsieh CS, Colonna M. Lactobacillus reuteri induces gut intraepithelial CD4 +CD8αα + T cells. Science 2017; 357. [PMID: 28775213 PMCID: PMC5687812 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5825 10.1126/science.aah5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine contains CD4+CD8αα+ double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes (DP IELs), which originate from intestinal CD4+ T cells through down-regulation of the transcription factor Thpok and have regulatory functions. DP IELs are absent in germ-free mice, which suggests that their differentiation depends on microbial factors. We found that DP IEL numbers in mice varied in different vivaria, correlating with the presence of Lactobacillus reuteri This species induced DP IELs in germ-free mice and conventionally-raised mice lacking these cells. L. reuteri did not shape the DP-IEL-TCR (TCR, T cell receptor) repertoire but generated indole derivatives of tryptophan that activated the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor in CD4+ T cells, allowing Thpok down-regulation and differentiation into DP IELs. Thus, L. reuteri, together with a tryptophan-rich diet, can reprogram intraepithelial CD4+ T cells into immunoregulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jiani N. Chai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ma. Diarey Tianero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Philip P. Ahern
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Merriman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Victor S. Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeffrey I. Gordon
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110,Correspondence to: Marco Colonna, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid St Louis, MO 63110. Tel: 314-362-0367; FAX: 314-747-0809;
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94
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Cervantes-Barragan L, Chai JN, Tianero MD, Di Luccia B, Ahern PP, Merriman J, Cortez VS, Caparon MG, Donia MS, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Gordon JI, Hsieh CS, Colonna M. Lactobacillus reuteri induces gut intraepithelial CD4 +CD8αα + T cells. Science 2017; 357:806-810. [PMID: 28775213 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine contains CD4+CD8αα+ double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes (DP IELs), which originate from intestinal CD4+ T cells through down-regulation of the transcription factor Thpok and have regulatory functions. DP IELs are absent in germ-free mice, which suggests that their differentiation depends on microbial factors. We found that DP IEL numbers in mice varied in different vivaria, correlating with the presence of Lactobacillus reuteri This species induced DP IELs in germ-free mice and conventionally-raised mice lacking these cells. L. reuteri did not shape the DP-IEL-TCR (TCR, T cell receptor) repertoire but generated indole derivatives of tryptophan that activated the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor in CD4+ T cells, allowing Thpok down-regulation and differentiation into DP IELs. Thus, L. reuteri, together with a tryptophan-rich diet, can reprogram intraepithelial CD4+ T cells into immunoregulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ma Diarey Tianero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philip P Ahern
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Merriman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victor S Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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