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von Delft A, Hall MD, Kwong AD, Purcell LA, Saikatendu KS, Schmitz U, Tallarico JA, Lee AA. Accelerating antiviral drug discovery: lessons from COVID-19. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:585-603. [PMID: 37173515 PMCID: PMC10176316 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a wave of rapid and collaborative drug discovery efforts took place in academia and industry, culminating in several therapeutics being discovered, approved and deployed in a 2-year time frame. This article summarizes the collective experience of several pharmaceutical companies and academic collaborations that were active in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antiviral discovery. We outline our opinions and experiences on key stages in the small-molecule drug discovery process: target selection, medicinal chemistry, antiviral assays, animal efficacy and attempts to pre-empt resistance. We propose strategies that could accelerate future efforts and argue that a key bottleneck is the lack of quality chemical probes around understudied viral targets, which would serve as a starting point for drug discovery. Considering the small size of the viral proteome, comprehensively building an arsenal of probes for proteins in viruses of pandemic concern is a worthwhile and tractable challenge for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alpha A Lee
- PostEra, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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52
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Karunakaran G, Sudha KG, Ali S, Cho EB. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Various Biological Sources and Its Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114527. [PMID: 37299004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the broad scope of nanomedicine has played an important role in the global healthcare industry. Biological acquisition methods to obtain nanoparticles (NPs) offer a low-cost, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly approach. This review shows recent data about several methods for procuring nanoparticles and an exhaustive elucidation of biological agents such as plants, algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycete, and yeast. When compared to the physical, chemical, and biological approaches for obtaining nanoparticles, the biological approach has significant advantages such as non-toxicity and environmental friendliness, which support their significant use in therapeutic applications. The bio-mediated, procured nanoparticles not only help researchers but also manipulate particles to provide health and safety. In addition, we examined the significant biomedical applications of nanoparticles, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and other medical applications. This review highlights the findings of current research on the bio-mediated acquisition of novel NPs and scrutinizes the various methods proposed to describe them. The bio-mediated synthesis of NPs from plant extracts has several advantages, including bioavailability, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Researchers have sequenced the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms and enzyme reactions of bio-mediated acquisition as well as the determination of the bioactive compounds mediated by nanoparticle acquisition. This review is primarily concerned with collating research from researchers from a variety of disciplines that frequently provides new clarifications to serious problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalu Karunakaran
- Institute for Applied Chemistry, Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kattakgoundar Govindaraj Sudha
- Department of Biotechnology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saheb Ali
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Eun-Bum Cho
- Institute for Applied Chemistry, Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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53
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Boora S, Sharma V, Kaushik S, Bhupatiraju AV, Singh S, Kaushik S. Hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a persistent global problem. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:679-689. [PMID: 37059940 PMCID: PMC10235410 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly prevalent globally, representing a serious public health problem. The diverse modes of transmission and the burden of the chronic carrier population pose challenges to the effective management of HBV. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure available in the current scenario. Still, HBV is one of the significant health issues in various parts of the globe due to non-response to vaccines, the high number of concealed carriers, and the lack of access and awareness. Universal vaccination programs must be scaled up in neonates, especially in the developing parts of the world, to prevent new HBV infections. Novel treatments like combinational therapy, gene silencing, and new antivirals must be available for effective management. The prolonged infection of HBV, direct and indirect, can promote the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present review emphasizes the problems and probable solutions for better managing HBV infections, causal risk factors of HCC, and mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Boora
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | - Vikrant Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | | | | | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India.
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54
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Kaiserman J, O’Hara BA, Haley SA, Atwood WJ. An Elusive Target: Inhibitors of JC Polyomavirus Infection and Their Development as Therapeutics for the Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8580. [PMID: 37239927 PMCID: PMC10218015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease caused by infection with JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV). Despite the identification of the disease and isolation of the causative pathogen over fifty years ago, no antiviral treatments or prophylactic vaccines exist. Disease onset is usually associated with immunosuppression, and current treatment guidelines are limited to restoring immune function. This review summarizes the drugs and small molecules that have been shown to inhibit JCPyV infection and spread. Paying attention to historical developments in the field, we discuss key steps of the virus lifecycle and antivirals known to inhibit each event. We review current obstacles in PML drug discovery, including the difficulties associated with compound penetrance into the central nervous system. We also summarize recent findings in our laboratory regarding the potent anti-JCPyV activity of a novel compound that antagonizes the virus-induced signaling events necessary to establish a productive infection. Understanding the current panel of antiviral compounds will help center the field for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter J. Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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55
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Simonetti L, Nilsson J, McInerney G, Ivarsson Y, Davey NE. SLiM-binding pockets: an attractive target for broad-spectrum antivirals. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:420-427. [PMID: 36623987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Short linear motif (SLiM)-mediated interactions offer a unique strategy for viral intervention due to their compact interfaces, ease of convergent evolution, and key functional roles. Consequently, many viruses extensively mimic host SLiMs to hijack or deregulate cellular pathways and the same motif-binding pocket is often targeted by numerous unrelated viruses. A toolkit of therapeutics targeting commonly mimicked SLiMs could provide prophylactic and therapeutic broad-spectrum antivirals and vastly improve our ability to treat ongoing and future viral outbreaks. In this opinion article, we discuss the therapeutic relevance of SLiMs, advocating their suitability as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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56
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Zabidi NZ, Liew HL, Farouk IA, Puniyamurti A, Yip AJW, Wijesinghe VN, Low ZY, Tang JW, Chow VTK, Lal SK. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040944. [PMID: 37112923 PMCID: PMC10145020 DOI: 10.3390/v15040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zawanah Zabidi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hern Liang Liew
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Puniyamurti
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Julian W Tang
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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57
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Kumari R, Sharma SD, Kumar A, Ende Z, Mishina M, Wang Y, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pohl J, Knight PR, Sambhara S. Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0004022. [PMID: 36645300 PMCID: PMC10035319 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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58
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Zhu G, Wu C, Wang Q, Deng D, Lin B, Hu X, Qiu F, Li Z, Huang C, Yang Q, Zhang D. Antiviral activity of the HSP90 inhibitor VER-50589 against enterovirus 71. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105553. [PMID: 36737007 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks; to date, there is no specific anti-EV71 agent. HSP90 is a crucial host factor for the viral life cycle and an ideal therapeutic target for limiting viral proliferation. However, the specific role of HSP90 in EV71-related signaling pathways and anti-EV71 agents targeting HSP90 remains unclear. This study aimed to verify the role of HSP90 in signaling pathways involved in EV71 replication and investigate the antiviral effects of a small molecule of VER-50589, a potent HSP90 inhibitor, against EV71 both in vitro and in vivo. Viral plaque assay, western blotting, and qPCR results showed that VER-50589 diminished the plaque formation induced by EV71 and inhibited EV71 mRNA and protein synthesis. A single daily dose of VER-50589 treatment significantly improved the survival rate of EV71-infected mice (p < 0.005). Interestingly, VER-50589 also exhibits activities against a series of human enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), Coxsackievirus B4-5 (CVB4-5), Coxsackievirus B4-7 (CVB4-7), and Echovirus 11 (Echo11). EV71 infection activated the AKT and ERK signaling pathways, and phosphorylation of AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK was weakened by VER-50589 administration. Thus, VER-50589 exhibits robust antiviral activity by inhibiting HSP90 and mediating the AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Considering that there are no effective antivirals or vaccines for the prevention and cure of HFMD in a clinical setting, the development of an anti-EV71 agent would be a straightforward and feasible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zhu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Danchun Deng
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xujuan Hu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Qingyu Yang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China; Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Wang Y, Huang H, Li D, Zhao C, Li S, Qin P, Li Y, Yang X, Du W, Li W, Li Y. Identification of niclosamide as a novel antiviral agent against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by targeting viral internalization. Virol Sin 2023; 38:296-308. [PMID: 36702255 PMCID: PMC10176444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there remain no effective drugs against PEDV infection. In this study, we utilized a recombinant PEDV expressing renilla luciferase (PEDV-Rluc) to screen potential anti-PEDV agents from an FDA-approved drug library in Vero cells. Four compounds were identified that significantly decreased luciferase activity of PEDV-Rluc. Among them, niclosamide was further characterized because it exhibited the most potent antiviral activity with the highest selectivity index. It can efficiently inhibit viral RNA synthesis, protein expression and viral progeny production of classical and variant PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner. Time of addition assay showed that niclosamide exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or after virus infection. Furthermore, niclosamide significantly inhibited the entry stage of PEDV infection by affecting viral internalization rather than viral attachment to cells. In addition, a combination with other small molecule inhibitors of endosomal acidification enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of niclosamide in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggested that niclosamide is a novel antiviral agent that might provide a basis for the development of novel drug therapies against PEDV and other related pathogenic coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands.
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60
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Rational design of novel nucleoside analogues reveals potent antiviral agents for EV71. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114942. [PMID: 36455356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different viruses belonging to distinct viral families, such as enterovirus 71, rely on the host methyltransferase METTL3 for the completion of fundamental cytoplasmic stages of their life cycle. Modulation of the activity of this enzyme could therefore provide a broad-spectrum approach to interfere with viral infections caused by viruses that depend on its activity for the completion of their viral cycle. With the aim to identify antiviral therapeutics with this effect, a series of new nucleoside analogues was rationally designed to act as inhibitors of human METTL3, as a novel approach to interfere with a range of viral infections. Guided by molecular docking studies on the SAM binding pocket of the enzyme, 24 compounds were prepared following multiple-step synthetic protocols, and evaluated for their ability to interfere with the replication of different viruses in cell-based systems, and to directly inhibit the activity of METTL3. While different molecules displayed moderate inhibition of the human methyltransferase in vitro, multiple novel, potent and selective inhibitors of enterovirus 71 were identified.
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61
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Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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62
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Huang Y, Li Y, Chen Z, Chen L, Liang J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Yang J. Nisoldipine Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Interfering with Virus Internalization Process. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122738. [PMID: 36560742 PMCID: PMC9785492 DOI: 10.3390/v14122738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections and the continuing spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are global public health concerns. As there are limited therapeutic options available in clinical practice, the rapid development of safe, effective and globally available antiviral drugs is crucial. Drug repurposing is a therapeutic strategy used in treatments for newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It has recently been shown that the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 is critical for influenza A virus entry, providing a potential target for antiviral strategies. Nisoldipine, a selective Ca2+ channel inhibitor, is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension. Here, we assessed the antiviral potential of nisoldipine against the influenza A virus and explored the mechanism of action of this compound. We found that nisoldipine treatment could potently inhibit infection with multiple influenza A virus strains. Mechanistic studies further revealed that nisoldipine impaired the internalization of the influenza virus into host cells. Overall, our findings demonstrate that nisoldipine exerts antiviral effects against influenza A virus infection and could serve as a lead compound in the design and development of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-6164-8590
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Saito K, Shimasaki K, Fukasawa M, Suzuki R, Okemoto-Nakamura Y, Katoh K, Takasaki T, Hanada K. Establishment of Vero cell lines persistently harboring a yellow fever virus 17D subgenomic replicon. Virus Res 2022; 322:198935. [PMID: 36152929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, is the etiological agent for an acute viral hemorrhagic disease, yellow fever. Although effective live attenuated vaccines based on the strain YFV 17D are currently available, no specific antiviral drug is available, and the disease remains a major public health concern. Hence, the discovery and development of antiviral drugs should lead to great benefits in controlling the disease. To provide a screening platform for antiviral agents targeting YFV RNA translation/replication, we have established and characterized two Vero cell lines that persistently harbor a subgenomic replicon derived from YFV 17D-204 (referred to as replicon cells). The replicon carries YFV nucleotides (1 - 176 and 2382-10,862) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Zeocin resistance fusion gene as a selection marker and indicator of persistent replication. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that both replicon cells and YFV 17D-infected cells showed similar distribution patterns of viral NS4B protein and replication intermediate, double-stranded RNA. Sequencing analysis of persistent replicons from the two replicon cell lines suggested that their nucleotide sequences did not vary greatly following multiple passages. We examined the effect of five agents, the antiviral cytokines interferon-β and -γ, the nucleoside analog ribavirin, the squalene synthase inhibitor zaragozic acid A, and the antibiotic rifapentine, a recently reported entry and replication inhibitor against YFV, on the persistent replication in the two replicon cell lines. These agents were selected because they inhibited both production of YFV 17D and transient replication of a luciferase-expressing replicon in Vero cells, without greatly affecting cell viability. We found that each of the agents decreased GFP fluorescence in the replicon cells, albeit to varying degrees. The agents other than rifapentine also showed a decrease in viral RNA levels in the replicon cells comparable to that seen for GFP fluorescence. These results indicate that persistent replication is susceptible to each of these five agents, although their mechanisms of action may differ. Taken together, these results provide evidence that translation/replication of the replicon in the replicon cells mimics that of the viral genome upon YFV 17D infection, indicating that the replicon cell lines can serve as a useful tool for high-throughput antiviral drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Shimasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Okemoto-Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba-shi, Ibaragi, Japan; AIRC, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety, and Information System, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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64
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Shearer J, Wolfe G, Khaliq M, Kaufman B, Sampath A, Warfield KL, Ramstedt U, Treston A. Reproductive and developmental toxicology studies of iminosugar UV-4. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 114:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sarkar R, Banerjee S, Halder P, Koley H, Komoto S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Suppression of classical nuclear import pathway by importazole and ivermectin inhibits rotavirus replication. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3443-3455. [PMID: 36210599 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the foremost cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants in resource-poor countries, causing severe morbidity and mortality. The currently available rotavirus vaccines are effective in reducing severity of the disease but not the infection rates, thus antivirals as an adjunct therapy are needed to reduce the morbidity in children. Viruses rely on host cellular machinery for nearly every step of the replication cycle. Therefore, targeting host factors that are indispensable for virus replication could be a promising strategy. OBJECTIVES To assess the therapeutic potential of ivermectin and importazole against rotaviruses. METHODS Antirotaviral activity of importazole and ivermectin was measured against various rotavirus strains (RV-SA11, RV-Wa, RV-A5-13, RV-EW) in vitro and in vivo by quantifying viral protein expression by western blot, analysing viroplasm formation by confocal microscopy, and measuring virus yield by plaque assay. RESULTS Importin-β1 and Ran were found to be induced during rotavirus infection. Knocking down importin-β1 severely impaired rotavirus replication, suggesting a critical role for importin-β1 in the rotavirus life cycle. In vitro studies revealed that treatment of ivermectin and importazole resulted in reduced synthesis of viral proteins, diminished production of infectious virus particles, and decrease in viroplasm-positive cells. Mechanistic study proved that both drugs perform antirotavirus activity by inhibiting the function of importin-β1. In vivo investigations in mice also confirmed the antirotavirus potential of importazole and ivermectin at non-toxic doses. Treatments of rotavirus-infected mice with either drug resulted in diminished shedding of viral particles in the stool sample, reduced expression of viral protein in the small intestine and restoration of damaged intestinal villi comapared to untreated infected mice. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the potential of importazole and ivermectin as antirotavirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, 700010, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, 700010, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, 700010, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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66
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Lvov DK, Alkhovsky SV, Zhirnov OP. [130th anniversary of virology]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:357-384. [PMID: 36515283 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (18641920) discovered a new type of pathogen viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of life on Earth and for more than three billion years, as the biosphere evolved, they are included in interpopulation interactions with representatives of all kingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the Homo sapiens (Hominidae, Homininae). Discovery of D.I. Ivanovsky laid the foundation for a new science virology. The rapid development of virology in the 20th century was associated with the fight against emerging and reemerging infections, epidemics (epizootics) and pandemics (panzootics) of which posed a threat to national and global biosecurity (tick-borne and other encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, influenza, smallpox, poliomyelitis, HIV, parenteral hepatitis, coronaviral and other infections). Fundamental research on viruses created the basis for the development of effective methods of diagnostics, vaccine prophylaxis, and antiviral drugs. Russian virologists continue to occupy leading positions in some priority areas of modern virology in vaccinology, environmental studies oz zoonotic viruses, studies of viral evolution in various ecosystems, and several other areas. A meaningful combination of theoretical approaches to studying the evolution of viruses with innovative methods for studying their molecular genetic properties and the creation of new generations of vaccines and antiviral drugs on this basis will significantly reduce the consequences of future pandemics or panzootics. The review presents the main stages in the formation and development of virology as a science in Russia with an emphasis on the most significant achievements of soviet and Russian virologists in the fight against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lvov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - S V Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O P Zhirnov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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Trimarco JD, Nelson SL, Chaparian RR, Wells AI, Murray NB, Azadi P, Coyne CB, Heaton NS. Cellular glycan modification by B3GAT1 broadly restricts influenza virus infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6456. [PMID: 36309510 PMCID: PMC9617049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicable respiratory viral infections pose both epidemic and pandemic threats and broad-spectrum antiviral strategies could improve preparedness for these events. To discover host antiviral restriction factors that may act as suitable targets for the development of host-directed antiviral therapies, we here conduct a whole-genome CRISPR activation screen with influenza B virus (IBV). A top hit from our screen, beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (B3GAT1), effectively blocks IBV infection. Subsequent studies reveal that B3GAT1 activity prevents cell surface sialic acid expression. Due to this mechanism of action, B3GAT1 expression broadly restricts infection with viruses that require sialic acid for entry, including Victoria and Yamagata lineage IBVs, H1N1/H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs), and the unrelated enterovirus D68. To understand the potential utility of B3GAT1 induction as an antiviral strategy in vivo, we specifically express B3GAT1 in the murine respiratory epithelium and find that overexpression is not only well-tolerated, but also protects female mice from a lethal viral challenge with multiple influenza viruses, including a pandemic-like H1N1 IAV. Thus, B3GAT1 may represent a host-directed broad-spectrum antiviral target with utility against clinically relevant respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Trimarco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah L Nelson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan R Chaparian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan B Murray
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Kumar R, Chander Y, Khandelwal N, Verma A, Rawat KD, Shringi BN, Pal Y, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. ROCK1/MLC2 inhibition induces decay of viral mRNA in BPXV infected cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17811. [PMID: 36280692 PMCID: PMC9592580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) intracellular cell signaling pathway regulates cell morphology, polarity, and cytoskeletal remodeling. We observed the activation of ROCK1/myosin light chain (MLC2) signaling pathway in buffalopox virus (BPXV) infected Vero cells. ROCK1 depletion by siRNA and specific small molecule chemical inhibitors (Thiazovivin and Y27632) resulted in a reduced BPXV replication, as evidenced by reductions in viral mRNA/protein synthesis, genome copy numbers and progeny virus particles. Further, we demonstrated that ROCK1 inhibition promotes deadenylation of viral mRNA (mRNA decay), mediated via inhibiting interaction with PABP [(poly(A)-binding protein] and enhancing the expression of CCR4-NOT (a multi-protein complex that plays an important role in deadenylation of mRNA). In addition, ROCK1/MLC2 mediated cell contraction, and perinuclear accumulation of p-MLC2 was shown to positively correlate with viral mRNA/protein synthesis. Finally, it was demonstrated that the long-term sequential passage (P = 50) of BPXV in the presence of Thiazovivin does not select for any drug-resistant virus variants. In conclusion, ROCK1/MLC2 cell signaling pathway facilitates BPXV replication by preventing viral mRNA decay and that the inhibitors targeting this pathway may have novel therapeutic effects against buffalopox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India ,grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- grid.411892.70000 0004 0500 4297Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana India
| | - Brij N. Shringi
- grid.464655.00000 0004 1768 5915Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Yash Pal
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India ,grid.418105.90000 0001 0643 7375Present Address: Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.462601.70000 0004 1768 7902Present Address: National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
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69
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Strang BL. Toward inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication with compounds targeting cellular proteins. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36215160 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral therapy for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) currently relies upon direct-acting antiviral drugs. However, it is now well known that these drugs have shortcomings, which limit their use. Here I review the identification and investigation of compounds targeting cellular proteins that have anti-HCMV activity and could supersede those anti-HCMV drugs currently in use. This includes discussion of drug repurposing, for example the use of artemisinin compounds, and discussion of new directions to identify compounds that target cellular factors in HCMV-infected cells, for example screening of kinase inhibitors. In addition, I highlight developing areas such as the use of machine learning and emphasize how interaction with fields outside virology will be critical for development of anti-HCMV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair L Strang
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Vesuna F, Akhrymuk I, Smith A, Winnard PT, Lin SC, Panny L, Scharpf R, Kehn-Hall K, Raman V. RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959577. [PMID: 36090095 PMCID: PMC9453862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy toward them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3X (DDX3), a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented support the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Vesuna
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Akhrymuk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul T Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robert Scharpf
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Modeling and Mathematical Analysis of the Dynamics of HPV in Cervical Epithelial Cells: Transient, Acute, Latency, and Chronic Infections. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8650071. [PMID: 36050998 PMCID: PMC9427304 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8650071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to model the dynamics of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical epithelial cells. We developed a mathematical model of the epithelial cellular dynamics of the stratified epithelium of three (basale, intermedium, and corneum) stratums that is based on three ordinary differential equations. We determine the biological condition for the existence of the epithelial cell homeostasis equilibrium, and we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for its global stability using the method of Lyapunov functions and a theorem on limiting systems. We have also developed a mathematical model based on seven ordinary differential equations that describes the dynamics of HPV infection. We calculated the basic reproductive number (R0) of the infection using the next-generation operator method. We determine the existence and the local stability of the equilibrium point of the cellular homeostasis of the epithelium. We then give a sufficient condition for the global asymptotic stability of the epithelial cell homeostasis equilibrium using the Lyapunov function method. We proved that this equilibrium point is nonhyperbolic when R0 = 1 and that in this case, the system presents a forward bifurcation, which shows the existence of an infected equilibrium point when R0 > 1. We also study the solutions numerically (i.e., viral kinetic in silico) when R0 > 1. Finally, local sensitivity index was calculated to assess the influence of different parameters on basic reproductive number. Our model reproduces the transient, acute, latent, and chronic infections that have been reported in studies of the natural history of HPV.
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Chander Y, Kumar R, Verma A, Khandelwal N, Nagori H, Singh N, Sharma S, Pal Y, Puvar A, Pandit R, Shukla N, Chavada P, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Resistance evolution against host-directed antiviral agents: Buffalopox virus switches to use p38-ϒ under long-term selective pressure of an inhibitor targeting p38-α. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6668988. [PMID: 35975687 PMCID: PMC9435063 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-dependency factors have increasingly been targeted to minimize antiviral drug resistance. In this study, we have demonstrated that inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (a cellular protein) suppresses buffalopox virus (BPXV) protein synthesis by targeting p38-MNK1-eIF4E signaling pathway. In order to provide insights into the evolution of drug resistance, we selected resistant mutants by long-term sequential passages (P; n = 60) in the presence of p38 inhibitor (SB239063). The P60-SB239063 virus exhibited significant resistance to SB239063 as compared to the P60-Control virus. To provide mechanistic insights on the acquisition of resistance by BPXV-P60-SB239063, we generated p38-α and p38-ϒ (isoforms of p38) knockout Vero cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. It was demonstrated that unlike the wild type (WT) virus which is dependent on p38-α isoform, the resistant virus (BPXV-P60-SB239063) switches over to use p38-ϒ so as to efficiently replicate in the target cells. This is a rare evidence wherein a virus was shown to bypass the dependency on a critical cellular factor under selective pressure of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Nagori
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hiar, Haryana, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Rameshchandra Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Nitin Shukla
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Priyank Chavada
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
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73
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Yang X, Dickmander RJ, Bayati A, Taft-Benz SA, Smith JL, Wells CI, Madden EA, Brown JW, Lenarcic EM, Yount BL, Chang E, Axtman AD, Baric RS, Heise MT, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Willson TM. Host Kinase CSNK2 is a Target for Inhibition of Pathogenic SARS-like β-Coronaviruses. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1937-1950. [PMID: 35723434 PMCID: PMC9236220 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase CSNK2 with any of 30 specific and selective inhibitors representing different chemotypes, blocked replication of pathogenic human, bat, and murine β-coronaviruses. The potency of in-cell CSNK2A target engagement across the set of inhibitors correlated with antiviral activity and genetic knockdown confirmed the essential role of the CSNK2 holoenzyme in β-coronavirus replication. Spike protein endocytosis was blocked by CSNK2A inhibition, indicating that antiviral activity was due in part to a suppression of viral entry. CSNK2A inhibition may be a viable target for the development of anti-SARS-like β-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J Dickmander
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason W Brown
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erik M Lenarcic
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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74
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Valipour M. Different Aspects of Emetine's Capabilities as a Highly Potent SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor against COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:387-399. [PMID: 35702393 PMCID: PMC9159504 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the global movement to find the appropriate agents to fight the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), emetine is one of the strongest anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds with sub-micromolar EC50 values, identified in several studies and high-throughput screening efforts. The reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms indicate the effect of this compound on both virus-based and host-based targets. In addition to having excellent antiviral effects, emetine can relieve COVID-19 patients by reducing inflammation through inhibitory activity against NF-κB by the mechanism of IκBα phosphorylation inhibition; it can also limit the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. Emetine also can well reduce pulmonary arterial hypertension as an important COVID-19 complication by modulating a variety of cellular processes such as the Rho-kinase/CyPA/Bsg signaling pathway. The therapeutic value of emetine for combating COVID-19 was highlighted when in vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the concentration of this compound in the lungs increases significantly higher than the EC50 of the drug. Despite its valuable therapeutic effects, emetine has some cardiotoxic effects that limit its use in high doses. However, high therapeutic capabilities make emetine a valuable lead compound that can be used for the design and development of less toxic anti-COVID-19 agents in the future. This Review provides a collection of information on the capabilities of emetine and its potential for the treatment of COVID-19, along with structural analysis which could be used for further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University
of Medical Sciences, 48175-866 Sari, Iran
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75
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De Santis F, Lopez AB, Virtuoso S, Poerio N, Saccomandi P, Olimpieri T, Duca L, Henrici De Angelis L, Aquilano K, D'Andrea MM, Aquaro S, Borsetti A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Fraziano M. Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes Down-Modulate CD4 Expression Reducing HIV Entry in Human Type-1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830788. [PMID: 35663973 PMCID: PMC9160374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy adopted to combat human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is based on interfering with virus entry into target cells. In this study, we found that phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes reduced the expression of the CD4 receptor in human primary type-1 macrophages but not in CD4+ T cells. The down-regulation was specific to CD4, as any effect was not observed in CCR5 membrane expression. Moreover, the reduction of membrane CD4 expression required the Ca2+-independent protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn mediated serine phosphorylation in the intracytoplasmic tail of the CD4 receptor. Serine phosphorylation of CD4 was also associated with its internalization and degradation in acidic compartments. Finally, the observed CD4 downregulation induced by PC liposomes in human primary macrophages reduced the entry of both single-cycle replication and replication competent R5 tropic HIV-1. Altogether, these results show that PC liposomes reduce HIV entry in human macrophages and may impact HIV pathogenesis by lowering the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Santis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Ana Borrajo Lopez
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Virtuoso
- Centro Nazionale per la ricerca su HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Saccomandi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Olimpieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Duca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Henrici De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Maria D'Andrea
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- Centro Nazionale per la ricerca su HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
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76
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Xie D, He S, Han L, Wu L, Huang H, Tao H, Zhou P, Shi X, Bai H, Bo X. Systematic optimization of host-directed therapeutic targets and preclinical validation of repositioned antiviral drugs. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac047. [PMID: 35238349 PMCID: PMC9116211 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of host protein functions using established drugs produces a promising antiviral effect with excellent safety profiles, decreased incidence of resistant variants and favorable balance of costs and risks. Genomic methods have produced a large number of robust host factors, providing candidates for identification of antiviral drug targets. However, there is a lack of global perspectives and systematic prioritization of known virus-targeted host proteins (VTHPs) and drug targets. There is also a need for host-directed repositioned antivirals. Here, we integrated 6140 VTHPs and grouped viral infection modes from a new perspective of enriched pathways of VTHPs. Clarifying the superiority of nonessential membrane and hub VTHPs as potential ideal targets for repositioned antivirals, we proposed 543 candidate VTHPs. We then presented a large-scale drug-virus network (DVN) based on matching these VTHPs and drug targets. We predicted possible indications for 703 approved drugs against 35 viruses and explored their potential as broad-spectrum antivirals. In vitro and in vivo tests validated the efficacy of bosutinib, maraviroc and dextromethorphan against human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and influenza A virus (IAV). Their drug synergy with clinically used antivirals was evaluated and confirmed. The results proved that low-dose dextromethorphan is better than high-dose in both single and combined treatments. This study provides a comprehensive landscape and optimization strategy for druggable VTHPs, constructing an innovative and potent pipeline to discover novel antiviral host proteins and repositioned drugs, which may facilitate their delivery to clinical application in translational medicine to combat fatal and spreading viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Xie
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China, 100850
| | - Song He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China, 100850
| | - Lu Han
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China, 100850
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Biological Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Huan Tao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China, 100850
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China, 100850
| | - Xunlong Shi
- Department of Biological Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Hui Bai
- BioMap (Beijing) Intelligence Technology Limited, Beijing, China, 100005
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China, 100850
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77
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Shearer J, Wolfe G, Sampath A, Warfield KL, Kaufman B, Ramstedt U, Treston A. Investigational New Drug Enabling Nonclinical Safety Assessment of the Iminosugar UV-4, a Broad-Spectrum Host-Targeted Antiviral Agent. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:182-200. [DOI: 10.1177/10915818221077225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The iminosugar UV-4 is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidate with activity in vitro and in vivo against multiple, diverse viruses. The toxicological profile of UV-4, dosed as the hydrochloride salt, was evaluated in single-dose and repeat-dose oral toxicity studies in mice, rats, dogs, and non-human primates (NHP). No moribundity or deaths were associated with the drug up to the maximum tolerated dose. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed following single oral doses in dogs, rats, and mice up to 250, 400, 1000 mg/kg, respectively, and in NHP up to 180 mg/kg administered three times daily for 10 days. UV-4-related findings were generally seen at higher doses after 7- or 14-day exposure. The most common clinical pathology findings (increase in aspartate aminotransferase and decreased platelet count) were consistently found across species and each appeared dose related. The kidney, mesenteric lymph nodes, stomach including gastrointestinal tract, and thymus were identified as target organs in mice, rats, and dogs. In 14-day repeat-dose toxicology studies in mice and dogs conducted in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice regulations, the dog was considered to be the most sensitive species to UV-4 exposure based on the treatment-related adverse effects noted in the identified target organs. The results of these studies demonstrate the safety profile of UV-4 hydrochloride and supported the selection of starting and maximal doses for a single ascending dose first-in-human clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Wolfe
- Gary Wolfe Toxicology, LLC, Herndon, VA, USA
| | - Aruna Sampath
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Kaufman
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- OncoC4, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Urban Ramstedt
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- AbViro, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Treston
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Treadwell Therapeutics, Toronto, Canada
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78
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Prevalence of adenoviruses as ocular disease causatives in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2026-2032. [PMID: 35531233 PMCID: PMC9072915 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Human Adenoviruses outbreaks are rare, there still could be a potential chance for those viruses to mutate and spread quickly in human populations with severe public health and socioeconomic consequences. Outbreaks often spread fairly quickly with considerable morbidity/mortality. Saudi Arabia's geopolitical and religious significance bring with it, millions of pilgrims, and tourists yearly. This presents a significant potential for HAdVs epidemics. This review shows that even with the mushrooming serotypes and genotypes, the scholarly knowledge on the nature, structure, transmission, and management of HAdVs is already well-established. Significant research is ongoing on pharmacological interventions, which, presently remain speculative and lacking in effectiveness. This review similarly uncovers a shortage of literature, both recent and dated, on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in either Saudi Arabia or the Middle East.
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79
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Bhuinya A, Dass D, Banerjee A, Mukherjee A. A Tale of Antiviral Counterattacks in Rotavirus Infection. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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Ribeiro AI, Dias AM, Zille A. Synergistic Effects Between Metal Nanoparticles and Commercial Antimicrobial Agents: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3030-3064. [PMID: 36568315 PMCID: PMC9773423 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. In particular, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) display unique antimicrobial properties, a fundamental function of novel medical devices. The combination of MNPs with commercial antimicrobial drugs (e.g., antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals) may offer several opportunities to overcome some disadvantages of their individual use and enhance effectiveness. MNP conjugates display multiple advantages. As drug delivery systems, the conjugates can extend the circulation of the drugs in the body, facilitate intercellular targeting, improve drug stabilization, and possess superior delivery. Concomitantly, they reduce the required drug dose, minimize toxicity, and broaden the antimicrobial spectrum. In this work, the common strategies to combine MNPs with clinically used antimicrobial agents are underscored. Furthermore, a comprehensive survey about synergistic antimicrobial effects, the mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- 2C2T
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, Department of Textile
Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alice Maria Dias
- Centre
of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrea Zille
- 2C2T
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, Department of Textile
Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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81
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Recent Advances in Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevention and Drug Treatment—The Need for Precision Medicine. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, and in particular, RNA viruses, dominate the WHO’s current list of ten global health threats. Of these, we review the widespread and most common HIV, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as their possible prevention by vaccination and treatments by pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Beyond the vaccination, we discuss the virus-targeting and host-targeting drugs approved in the last five years, in the case of SARS-CoV-2 in the last one year, as well as new drug candidates and lead molecules that have been published in the same periods. We share our views on vaccination and pharmacotherapy, their mutually reinforcing strategic significance in combating pandemics, and the pros and cons of host and virus-targeted drug therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided evidence of our limited armamentarium to fight emerging viral diseases. Novel broad-spectrum vaccines as well as drugs that could even be applied as prophylactic treatments or in early phases of the viremia, possibly through oral administration, are needed in all three areas. To meet these needs, the use of multi-data-based precision medicine in the practice and innovation of vaccination and drug therapy is inevitable.
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82
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Fierro NA, Rivera-Toledo E, Ávila-Horta F, Anaya-Covarrubias JY, Mendlovic F. Scavenger Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:175-191. [PMID: 35319302 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SR) are not only pattern recognition receptors involved in the immune response against pathogens but are also important receptors exploited by different virus to enter host cells, and thus represent targets for antiviral therapy. The high mutation rates of viruses, as well as their small genomes are partly responsible for the high rates of virus resistance and effective treatments remain a challenge. Most currently approved formulations target viral-encoded factors. Nevertheless, host proteins may function as additional targets. Thus, there is a need to explore and develop new strategies aiming at cellular factors involved in virus replication and host cell entry. SR-virus interactions have implications in the pathogenesis of several viral diseases and in adenovirus-based vaccination and gene transfer technologies, and may function as markers of severe progression. Inhibition of SR could reduce adenoviral uptake and improve gene therapy and vaccination, as well as reduce pathogenesis. In this review, we will examine the crucial role of SR play in cell entry of different types of human virus, which will allow us to further understand their role in protection and pathogenesis and its potential as antiviral molecules. The recent discovery of SR-B1 as co-factor of SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) entry is also discussed. Further fundamental research is essential to understand molecular interactions in the dynamic virus-host cell interplay through SR for rational design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Ávila-Horta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
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83
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Vesuna F, Akhrymuk I, Smith A, Winnard PT, Lin SC, Scharpf R, Kehn-Hall K, Raman V. RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.28.482334. [PMID: 35262079 PMCID: PMC8902879 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.28.482334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy towards them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3, a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented supports the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
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84
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Yang X, Dickmander RJ, Bayati A, Taft-Benz SA, Smith JL, Wells CI, Madden EA, Brown JW, Lenarcic EM, Yount BL, Chang E, Axtman AD, Baric RS, Heise MT, McPherson PS, Moorman NJ, Willson TM. Host kinase CSNK2 is a target for inhibition of pathogenic β-coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.03.474779. [PMID: 35018375 PMCID: PMC8750650 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.03.474779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase CSNK2 with any of 30 specific and selective inhibitors representing different chemotypes, blocked replication of pathogenic human and murine β-coronaviruses. The potency of in-cell CSNK2A target engagement across the set of inhibitors correlated with antiviral activity and genetic knockdown confirmed the essential role of the CSNK2 holoenzyme in β-coronavirus replication. Spike protein uptake was blocked by CSNK2A inhibition, indicating that antiviral activity was due in part to a suppression of viral entry. CSNK2A inhibition may be a viable target for development of new broad spectrum anti-β-coronavirus drugs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Armin Bayati
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sharon A. Taft-Benz
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Emily A. Madden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Erik M. Lenarcic
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI), Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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85
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From high-throughput to therapeutic: host-directed interventions against influenza viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101198. [PMID: 35030353 PMCID: PMC9086133 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are simultaneously supported and antagonized by factors within the host cell. This close relationship is the theoretical basis for future antivirals that target the host rather than the virus itself, a concept termed host-directed therapeutics. Genetic screening has led to the identification of host factors capable of modulating influenza virus infections, and these factors represent candidate targets for host-directed antiviral strategies. Despite advances in understanding host targets, however, there are currently no host-directed interventions for influenza viruses in clinical use. In this brief review, we discuss some host factors identified in knockout/knockdown and overexpression screens that could potentially be targeted as host-directed influenza intervention strategies. We further comment on the feasibility of changing gene expression in the respiratory tract with RNA delivery vectors and transient CRISPR-mediated gene targeting.
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86
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Le MH, Taghuo-Kaptouom E, Schrader T. Molecular Tweezers – a new class of potent broad-spectrum antivirals against enveloped viruses. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2954-2966. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new supramolecular approach to broad spectrum antivirals utilizes host guest chemistry between molecular tweezers and lysine/arginine as well as choline. Basic amino acids in amyloid-forming SEVI peptides (semen-derived enhancers...
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87
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The Thiazole-5-Carboxamide GPS491 Inhibits HIV-1, Adenovirus, and Coronavirus Replication by Altering RNA Processing/Accumulation. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010060. [PMID: 35062264 PMCID: PMC8779516 DOI: 10.3390/v14010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry optimization of a previously described stilbene inhibitor of HIV-1, 5350150 (2-(2-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)vinyl)quinoline), led to the identification of the thiazole-5-carboxamide derivative (GPS491), which retained potent anti-HIV-1 activity with reduced toxicity. In this report, we demonstrate that the block of HIV-1 replication by GPS491 is accompanied by a drastic inhibition of viral gene expression (IC50 ~ 0.25 µM), and alterations in the production of unspliced, singly spliced, and multiply spliced HIV-1 RNAs. GPS491 also inhibited the replication of adenovirus and multiple coronaviruses. Low µM doses of GPS491 reduced adenovirus infectious yield ~1000 fold, altered virus early gene expression/viral E1A RNA processing, blocked viral DNA amplification, and inhibited late (hexon) gene expression. Loss of replication of multiple coronaviruses (229E, OC43, SARS-CoV2) upon GPS491 addition was associated with the inhibition of viral structural protein expression and the formation of virus particles. Consistent with the observed changes in viral RNA processing, GPS491 treatment induced selective alterations in the accumulation/phosphorylation/function of splicing regulatory SR proteins. Our study establishes that a compound that impacts the activity of cellular factors involved in RNA processing can prevent the replication of several viruses with minimal effect on cell viability.
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88
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Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Chander Y, Nagori H, Verma A, Barua A, Godara B, Pal Y, Gulati BR, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase inhibitor DZNep blocks transcription and translation of SARS-CoV-2 genome with a low tendency to select for drug-resistant viral variants. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105232. [PMID: 34968527 PMCID: PMC8714615 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the in vitro antiviral activity of DZNep (3-Deazaneplanocin A; an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase) against SARS-CoV-2, besides demonstrating its protective efficacy against lethal infection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, a member of the Coronaviridae family). DZNep treatment resulted in reduced synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins without affecting other steps of viral life cycle. We demonstrated that deposition of N6-methyl adenosine (m6A) in SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the infected cells recruits heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), an RNA binding protein which serves as a m6A reader. DZNep inhibited the recruitment of hnRNPA1 at m6A-modified SARS-CoV-2 RNA which eventually suppressed the synthesis of the viral genome. In addition, m6A-marked RNA and hnRNPA1 interaction was also shown to regulate early translation to replication switch of SARS-CoV-2 genome. Furthermore, abrogation of methylation by DZNep also resulted in defective synthesis of the 5’ cap of viral RNA, thereby resulting in its failure to interact with eIF4E (a cap-binding protein), eventually leading to a decreased synthesis of viral proteins. Most importantly, DZNep-resistant mutants could not be observed upon long-term sequential passage of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. In summary, we report the novel role of methylation in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and propose that targeting the methylome using DZNep could be of significant therapeutic value against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Nagori
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Aditya Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India.
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89
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Tripathi D, Sodani M, Gupta PK, Kulkarni S. Host directed therapies: COVID-19 and beyond. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100058. [PMID: 34870156 PMCID: PMC8464038 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated the development of novel, safe and effective therapeutic agents against this virus to stop the pandemic, however the development of novel antivirals may take years, hence, the best alternative available, is to repurpose the existing antiviral drugs with known safety profile in humans. After more than one year into this pandemic, global efforts have yielded the fruits and with the launch of many vaccines in the market, the world is inching towards the end of this pandemic, nonetheless, future pandemics of this magnitude or even greater cannot be denied. The preparedness against viruses of unknown origin should be maintained and the broad-spectrum antivirals with activity against range of viruses should be developed to curb future viral pandemics. The majority of antivirals developed till date are pathogen specific agents, which target critical viral pathways and lack broad spectrum activity required to target wide range of viruses. The surge in drug resistance among pathogens has rendered a compelling need to shift our focus towards host directed factors in the treatment of infectious diseases. This gains special relevance in the case of viral infections, where the pathogen encodes a handful of genes and predominantly depends on host factors for their propagation and persistence. Therefore, future antiviral drug development should focus more on targeting molecules of host pathways that are often hijacked by many viruses. Such cellular proteins of host pathways offer attractive targets for the development of broad-spectrum anticipatory antivirals. In the present article, we have reviewed the host directed therapies (HDTs) effective against viral infections with a special focus on COVID-19. This article also discusses the strategies involved in identifying novel host targets and subsequent development of broad spectrum HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavrat Tripathi
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, C/O Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Megha Sodani
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, C/O Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Gupta
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, C/O Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, C/O Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Corresponding author. Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, C/O Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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90
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Rubey KM, Brenner JS. Nanomedicine to fight infectious disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113996. [PMID: 34634395 PMCID: PMC8665093 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity and potency of antibiotics may give the false impression that infection is a solved problem. Unfortunately, even bacterial infections, the target of antibiotics, remain a major cause of illness and death. Several major unmet needs persist: biofilms, such as those on implanted hardware, largely resist antibiotics; the inflammatory host response to infection often produces more damage than the infection itself; and systemic antibiotics often decimate the gut microbiome, which can predispose to additional infections and even predispose to non-infectious diseases. Additionally, there is an increasing threat from multi-drug resistant microorganisms, though market forces may continue to inhibit innovation in this realm. These numerous unmet infection-related needs provide attractive goals for innovation of targeted drug delivery technologies, especially those of nanomedicine. Here we review several of those innovations in pre-clinical development, the two such therapies which have made it to clinical use, and the opportunities for further technology development for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Rubey
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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91
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Vicenti I, Martina MG, Boccuto A, De Angelis M, Giavarini G, Dragoni F, Marchi S, Trombetta CM, Crespan E, Maga G, Eydoux C, Decroly E, Montomoli E, Nencioni L, Zazzi M, Radi M. System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113683. [PMID: 34273661 PMCID: PMC8255191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide circulation of different viruses coupled with the increased frequency and diversity of new outbreaks, strongly highlight the need for new antiviral drugs to quickly react against potential pandemic pathogens. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) represent the ideal option for a prompt response against multiple viruses, new and re-emerging. Starting from previously identified anti-flavivirus hits, we report herein the identification of promising BSAAs by submitting the multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine chemotype to a system-oriented optimization based on phenotypic screening on cell cultures infected with different viruses. Among the synthesized compounds, 6i showed low micromolar potency against Dengue, Zika, West Nile and Influenza A viruses (IC50 = 0.5-5.3 μM) with high selectivity index. Interestingly, 6i also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in different cell lines, with higher potency on Calu-3 cells that better mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo (IC50 = 0.5 μM, SI = 240). The multi-target effect of 6i on flavivirus replication was also analyzed in whole cell studies (in vitro selection and immunofluorescence) and against isolated host/viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giavarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Eydoux
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi s.r.l, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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92
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Murphy HL, Ly H. Pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of Lassa virus and its animal modeling, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic developments. Virulence 2021; 12:2989-3014. [PMID: 34747339 PMCID: PMC8923068 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a deadly viral hemorrhagic disease that is endemic to West Africa. The causative agent of LF is Lassa virus (LASV), which causes approximately 300,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually. There are currently no approved therapeutics or FDA-approved vaccines against LASV. The high genetic variability between LASV strains and immune evasion mediated by the virus complicate the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the basic biology of LASV and its mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and virulence in various animal models, as well as an update on prospective vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics for LF. Until effective vaccines and/or therapeutics are available for use to prevent or treat LF, a better level of understanding of the basic biology of LASV, its natural genetic variations and immune evasion mechanisms as potential pathogenicity factors, and of the rodent reservoir-vector populations and their geographical distributions, is necessary for the development of accurate diagnostics and effective therapeutics and vaccines against this deadly human viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Murphy
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
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93
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Highly Potent Host-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus Replication with High Resistance Barrier. mBio 2021; 12:e0262121. [PMID: 34724816 PMCID: PMC8561388 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02621-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enveloped RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, like measles virus (MeV), Nipah virus (NiV), canine distemper virus (CDV), or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are of high clinical relevance. Each year a huge number of lives are lost as a result of these viral infections. Worldwide, MeV infection alone is responsible for over a hundred thousand deaths each year despite available vaccine. Therefore, there is an urgent need for treatment options to counteract these viral infections. The development of antiviral drugs in general stands as a huge challenge due to the rapid emergence of viral escape mutants. Here, we disclose the discovery of a small-molecule antiviral, compound 1 (ZHAWOC9045), active against several pneumo-/paramyxoviruses, including MeV, NiV, CDV, RSV, and parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV-5). A series of mechanistic characterizations revealed that compound 1 targets a host factor which is indispensable for viral genome replication. Drug resistance profiling against a paramyxovirus model (CDV) demonstrated no detectable adaptation despite prolonged time of investigation, thereby mitigating the rapid emergence of escape variants. Furthermore, a thorough structure-activity relationship analysis of compound 1 led to the invention of 100-times-more potent-derivatives, e.g., compound 2 (ZHAWOC21026). Collectively, we present in this study an attractive host-directed pneumoviral/paramyxoviral replication inhibitor with potential therapeutic application.
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94
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Malhi M, Norris MJ, Duan W, Moraes TJ, Maynes JT. Statin-mediated disruption of Rho GTPase prenylation and activity inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1239. [PMID: 34716403 PMCID: PMC8556396 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory tract infections in children. To uncover new antiviral therapies, we developed a live cell-based high content screening approach for rapid identification of RSV inhibitors and characterized five drug classes which inhibit the virus. Among the molecular targets for each hit, there was a strong functional enrichment in lipid metabolic pathways. Modulation of lipid metabolites by statins, a key hit from our screen, decreases the production of infectious virus through a combination of cholesterol and isoprenoid-mediated effects. Notably, RSV infection globally upregulates host protein prenylation, including the prenylation of Rho GTPases. Treatment by statins or perillyl alcohol, a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor, reduces infection in vitro. Of the Rho GTPases assayed in our study, a loss in Rac1 activity strongly inhibits the virus through a decrease in F protein surface expression. Our findings provide new insight into the importance of host lipid metabolism to RSV infection and highlight geranylgeranyltransferases as an antiviral target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Malhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Norris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenming Duan
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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95
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Cakir M, Obernier K, Forget A, Krogan NJ. Target Discovery for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapies: Application of Proteomics Approaches. mSystems 2021; 6:e0038821. [PMID: 34519533 PMCID: PMC8547474 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00388-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current epidemics, such as AIDS or flu, and the emergence of new threatening pathogens, such as the one causing the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, represent major global health challenges. While vaccination is an important part of the arsenal to counter the spread of viral diseases, it presents limitations and needs to be complemented by efficient therapeutic solutions. Intricate knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is a powerful tool to identify host-dependent vulnerabilities that can be exploited to dampen viral replication. Such host-directed antiviral therapies are promising and are less prone to the development of drug-resistant viral strains. Here, we first describe proteomics-based strategies that allow the rapid characterization of host-pathogen interactions. We then discuss how such data can be exploited to help prioritize compounds with potential host-directed antiviral activity that can be tested in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antoine Forget
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
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96
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Xu X, Zhang QY, Chu XY, Quan Y, Lv BM, Zhang HY. Facilitating Antiviral Drug Discovery Using Genetic and Evolutionary Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112117. [PMID: 34834924 PMCID: PMC8626054 DOI: 10.3390/v13112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of human history, billions of people worldwide have been infected by various viruses. Despite rapid progress in the development of biomedical techniques, it is still a significant challenge to find promising new antiviral targets and drugs. In the past, antiviral drugs mainly targeted viral proteins when they were used as part of treatment strategies. Since the virus mutation rate is much faster than that of the host, such drugs feature drug resistance and narrow-spectrum antiviral problems. Therefore, the targeting of host molecules has gradually become an important area of research for the development of antiviral drugs. In recent years, rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have enabled numerous genetic studies (such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening, etc.) for human diseases, providing valuable genetic and evolutionary resources. Furthermore, it has been revealed that successful drug targets exhibit similar genetic and evolutionary features, which are of great value in identifying promising drug targets and discovering new drugs. Considering these developments, in this article the authors propose a host-targeted antiviral drug discovery strategy based on knowledge of genetics and evolution. We first comprehensively summarized the genetic, subcellular location, and evolutionary features of the human genes that have been successfully used as antiviral targets. Next, the summarized features were used to screen novel druggable antiviral targets and to find potential antiviral drugs, in an attempt to promote the discovery of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing-Ye Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
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97
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Giovannoni F, Li Z, Remes-Lenicov F, Dávola ME, Elizalde M, Paletta A, Ashkar AA, Mossman KL, Dugour AV, Figueroa JM, Barquero AA, Ceballos A, Garcia CC, Quintana FJ. AHR signaling is induced by infection with coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5148. [PMID: 34446714 PMCID: PMC8390748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection in humans is usually associated to respiratory tract illnesses, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening respiratory failure. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was recently identified as a host factor for Zika and dengue viruses; AHR antagonists boost antiviral immunity, decrease viral titers and ameliorate Zika-induced pathology in vivo. Here we report that AHR is activated by infection with different coronaviruses, potentially impacting antiviral immunity and lung epithelial cells. Indeed, the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq from lung tissue detected increased expression of AHR and AHR transcriptional targets, suggesting AHR signaling activation in SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells from COVID-19 patients. Moreover, we detected an association between AHR expression and viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Finally, we found that the pharmacological inhibition of AHR suppressed the replication in vitro of one of the causative agents of the common cold, HCoV-229E, and the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that AHR activation is a common strategy used by coronaviruses to evade antiviral immunity and promote viral replication, which may also contribute to lung pathology. Future studies should further evaluate the potential of AHR as a target for host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Remes-Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Dávola
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mercedes Elizalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea V Dugour
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Barquero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C Garcia
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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98
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Grazia Martina M, Vicenti I, Bauer L, Crespan E, Rango E, Boccuto A, Olivieri N, Incerti M, Zwaagstra M, Allodi M, Bertoni S, Dreassi E, Zazzi M, van Kuppeveld FJM, Maga G, Radi M. Bithiazole Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (PI4KIIIβ) as Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Blocking the Replication of SARS-CoV-2, Zika Virus, and Human Rhinoviruses. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3548-3552. [PMID: 34382337 PMCID: PMC8427023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over half a century since the description of the first antiviral drug, "old" re-emerging viruses and "new" emerging viruses still represent a serious threat to global health. Their high mutation rate and rapid selection of resistance toward common antiviral drugs, together with the increasing number of co-infections, make the war against viruses quite challenging. Herein we report a host-targeted approach, based on the inhibition of the lipid kinase PI4KIIIβ, as a promising strategy for inhibiting the replication of multiple viruses hijacking this protein. We show that bithiazole inhibitors of PI4KIIIβ block the replication of human rhinoviruses (hRV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar and sub-micromolar concentrations. However, while the anti-hRV/ZIKV activity can be directly linked to PI4KIIIβ inhibition, the role of PI4KIIIβ in SARS-CoV-2 entry/replication is debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Rango
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Current address: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marika Allodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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99
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Aviner R, Li KH, Frydman J, Andino R. Cotranslational prolyl hydroxylation is essential for flavivirus biogenesis. Nature 2021; 596:558-564. [PMID: 34408324 PMCID: PMC8789550 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogens are an ongoing threat to public health worldwide. Analysing their dependence on host biosynthetic pathways could lead to effective antiviral therapies1. Here we integrate proteomic analyses of polysomes with functional genomics and pharmacological interventions to define how enteroviruses and flaviviruses remodel host polysomes to synthesize viral proteins and disable host protein production. We find that infection with polio, dengue or Zika virus markedly modifies polysome composition, without major changes to core ribosome stoichiometry. These viruses use different strategies to evict a common set of translation initiation and RNA surveillance factors from polysomes while recruiting host machineries that are specifically required for viral biogenesis. Targeting these specialized viral polysomes could provide a new approach for antiviral interventions. For example, we find that both Zika and dengue use the collagen proline hydroxylation machinery to mediate cotranslational modification of conserved proline residues in the viral polyprotein. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of proline hydroxylation impairs nascent viral polyprotein folding and induces its aggregation and degradation. Notably, such interventions prevent viral polysome remodelling and lower virus production. Our findings delineate the modular nature of polysome specialization at the virus-host interface and establish a powerful strategy to identify targets for selective antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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100
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Ganoderma lucidum: A potential source to surmount viral infections through β-glucans immunomodulatory and triterpenoids antiviral properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:769-779. [PMID: 34197853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicine for ancient times. Massive demands of G. lucidum have fascinated the researchers towards its application as functional food, nutraceutical and modern medicine owing to wide range of application in various diseases include immunomodulators, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective. G. lucidum polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory properties through boosting the action of antigen-presenting cells, mononuclear phagocyte system, along with humoral and cellular immunity. β-Glucans isolated from G. lucidum are anticipated to produce an immune response through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). β-Glucans after binding with dectin-1 receptor present on different cells include macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils produce signal transduction that lead to trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), T cells and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that refer to cytokines production and contributing to immune response. While triterpenoids produce antiviral effects through inhibiting various enzymes like neuraminidase, HIV-protease, DENV2 NS2B-NS3 protease and HSV multiplication. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids adjunct to other drugs exhibit potential action in prevention and treatment of various diseases. Immunomodulators and antiviral properties of this mushroom could be a potential source to overcome this current pandemic outbreak.
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