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Saccon E, Vitiello A, Trevisan M, Salata C, Palù G. Sixth European Seminar in Virology on Virus⁻Host Interaction at Single Cell and Organism Level. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080400. [PMID: 30060596 PMCID: PMC6116093 DOI: 10.3390/v10080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6th European Seminar in Virology (EuSeV) was held in Bertinoro, Italy, 22–24 June 2018, and brought together international scientists and young researchers working in the field of Virology. Sessions of the meeting included: virus–host-interactions at organism and cell level; virus evolution and dynamics; regulation; immunity/immune response; and disease and therapy. This report summarizes lectures by the invited speakers and highlights advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Saccon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova PD, Italy.
| | - Adriana Vitiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova PD, Italy.
| | - Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova PD, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova PD, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova PD, Italy.
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Kessing CF, Nixon CC, Li C, Tsai P, Takata H, Mousseau G, Ho PT, Honeycutt JB, Fallahi M, Trautmann L, Garcia JV, Valente ST. In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a "Block-and-Lock" Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment. Cell Rep 2018; 21:600-611. [PMID: 29045830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat activates viral transcription and limited Tat transactivation correlates with latency establishment. We postulated a "block-and-lock" functional cure approach based on properties of the Tat inhibitor didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA). HIV-1 transcriptional inhibitors could block ongoing viremia during antiretroviral therapy (ART), locking the HIV promoter in persistent latency. We investigated this hypothesis in human CD4+ T cells isolated from aviremic individuals. Combining dCA with ART accelerates HIV-1 suppression and prevents viral rebound after treatment interruption, even during strong cellular activation. We show that dCA mediates epigenetic silencing by increasing nucleosomal occupancy at Nucleosome-1, restricting RNAPII recruitment to the HIV-1 promoter. The efficacy of dCA was studied in the bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mouse model of HIV latency and persistence. Adding dCA to ART-suppressed mice systemically reduces viral mRNA in tissues. Moreover, dCA significantly delays and reduces viral rebound levels upon treatment interruption. Altogether, this work demonstrates the potential of block-and-lock cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari F Kessing
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Perry Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guillaume Mousseau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Phong T Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenna B Honeycutt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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Honeycutt JB, Liao B, Nixon CC, Cleary RA, Thayer WO, Birath SL, Swanson MD, Sheridan P, Zakharova O, Prince F, Kuruc J, Gay CL, Evans C, Eron JJ, Wahl A, Garcia JV. T cells establish and maintain CNS viral infection in HIV-infected humanized mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2862-2876. [PMID: 29863499 DOI: 10.1172/jci98968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is an important site of HIV replication and persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Direct evaluation of HIV infection in the brains of otherwise healthy individuals is not feasible; therefore, we performed a large-scale study of bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice as an in vivo model to study HIV infection in the brain. Human immune cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages, were present throughout the BLT mouse brain. HIV DNA, HIV RNA, and/or p24+ cells were observed in the brains of HIV-infected animals, regardless of the HIV isolate used. HIV infection resulted in decreased numbers of CD4+ T cells, increased numbers of CD8+ T cells, and a decreased CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in the brain. Using humanized T cell-only mice (ToM), we demonstrated that T cells establish and maintain HIV infection of the brain in the complete absence of human myeloid cells. HIV infection of ToM resulted in CD4+ T cell depletion and a reduced CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. ART significantly reduced HIV levels in the BLT mouse brain, and the immune cell populations present were indistinguishable from those of uninfected controls, which demonstrated the effectiveness of ART in controlling HIV replication in the CNS and returning cellular homeostasis to a pre-HIV state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B Honeycutt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Baolin Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel A Cleary
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William O Thayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shayla L Birath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael D Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia Sheridan
- Department of Nutrition, UNC-CH, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oksana Zakharova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francesca Prince
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Cheng L, Ma J, Li G, Su L. Humanized Mice Engrafted With Human HSC Only or HSC and Thymus Support Comparable HIV-1 Replication, Immunopathology, and Responses to ART and Immune Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:817. [PMID: 29725337 PMCID: PMC5916969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune tissues and cells (humanized mice) are relevant and robust models for the study of HIV-1 infection, immunopathogenesis, and therapy. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparison of human immune reconstitution and HIV-1 infection, immunopathogenesis and therapy between immunodeficient NOD/Rag2-/-/γc-/- (NRG) mice transplanted with human HSCs (NRG-hu HSC) and mice transplanted with HSCs and thymus fragments (NRG-hu Thy/HSC) from the same donors. We found that similar human lymphoid and myeloid lineages were reconstituted in NRG-hu HSC and NRG-hu Thy/HSC mice, with human T cells more predominantly reconstituted in NRG-hu Thy/HSC mice, while NRG-hu HSC mice supported more human B cells and myeloid cells reconstitution. HIV-1 replicated similarly and induced similar T cell depletion, immune activation, and dysfunction in NRG-hu HSC and NRG-hu Thy/HSC mice. Moreover, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) inhibited HIV-1 replication efficiently with similar persistent HIV-1 reservoirs in both models. Finally, we found that blocking type-I interferon signaling under cART treatment transiently activated HIV-1 reservoirs, enhanced T cell recovery and reduced HIV-1 reservoirs in both HIV-1 infected NRG-hu HSC and NRG-hu Thy/HSC mice. In summary, we report that NRG-hu Thy/HSC and NRG-hu HSC mice support similar HIV-1 infection and similar HIV-1 immunopathology; and HIV-1 replication responds similarly to cART and IFNAR blockade therapies. The NRG-hu HSC mouse model reconstituted with human HSC only is sufficient for the study of HIV-1 infection, pathogenesis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jianping Ma
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Evering TH, Tsuji M. Human Immune System Mice for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29670623 PMCID: PMC5893637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cell populations or tissues, also known as human immune system (HIS) mice, have emerged as an important and versatile tool for the in vivo study of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis, treatment, and persistence in various biological compartments. Recent work in HIS mice has demonstrated their ability to recapitulate critical aspects of human immune responses to HIV-1 infection, and such studies have informed our knowledge of HIV-1 persistence and latency in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy. The central nervous system (CNS) is a unique, immunologically privileged compartment susceptible to HIV-1 infection, replication, and immune-mediated damage. The unique, neural, and glia-rich cellular composition of this compartment, as well as the important role of infiltrating cells of the myeloid lineage in HIV-1 seeding and replication makes its study of paramount importance, particularly in the context of HIV-1 cure research. Current work on the replication and persistence of HIV-1 in the CNS, as well as cells of the myeloid lineage thought to be important in HIV-1 infection of this compartment, has been aided by the expanded use of these HIS mouse models. In this review, we describe the major HIS mouse models currently in use for the study of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, recent insights from the field, limitations of the available models, and promising advances in HIS mouse model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Evering
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, An Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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HIV Replication and Latency in a Humanized NSG Mouse Model during Suppressive Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02118-17. [PMID: 29343582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02118-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) is therapeutically effective in the majority of HIV patients, interruption of therapy can cause a rapid rebound in viremia, demonstrating the existence of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. HIV latency is therefore considered a primary barrier to HIV eradication. Identifying, quantifying, and purging the HIV reservoir is crucial to effectively curing patients and relieving them from the lifelong requirement for therapy. Latently infected transformed cell models have been used to investigate HIV latency; however, these models cannot accurately represent the quiescent cellular environment of primary latently infected cells in vivo For this reason, in vivo humanized murine models have been developed for screening antiviral agents, identifying latently infected T cells, and establishing treatment approaches for HIV research. Such models include humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus mice and SCID-hu-thy/liv mice, which are repopulated with human immune cells and implanted human tissues through laborious surgical manipulation. However, no one has utilized the human hematopoietic stem cell-engrafted NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (NSG) model (hu-NSG) for this purpose. Therefore, in the present study, we used the HIV-infected hu-NSG mouse to recapitulate the key aspects of HIV infection and pathogenesis in vivo Moreover, we evaluated the ability of HIV-infected human cells isolated from HIV-infected hu-NSG mice on suppressive cART to act as a latent HIV reservoir. Our results demonstrate that the hu-NSG model is an effective surgery-free in vivo system in which to efficiently evaluate HIV replication, antiretroviral therapy, latency and persistence, and eradication interventions.IMPORTANCE HIV can establish a stably integrated, nonproductive state of infection at the level of individual cells, known as HIV latency, which is considered a primary barrier to curing HIV. A complete understanding of the establishment and role of HIV latency in vivo would greatly enhance attempts to develop novel HIV purging strategies. An ideal animal model for this purpose should be easy to work with, should have a shortened disease course so that efficacy testing can be completed in a reasonable time, and should have immune correlates that are easily translatable to humans. We therefore describe a novel application of the hematopoietic stem cell-transplanted humanized NSG model for dynamically testing antiretroviral treatment, supporting HIV infection, establishing HIV latency in vivo The hu-NSG model could be a facile alternative to humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus or SCID-hu-thy/liv mice in which laborious surgical manipulation and time-consuming human cell reconstitution is required.
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Yong KSM, Her Z, Chen Q. Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:245-266. [PMID: 29411049 PMCID: PMC6061174 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is acutely required to decipher human-specific disease pathogenesis and test an array of novel therapeutics. In this review, “humanized” mice are defined as immunodeficient mouse engrafted with functional human biological systems. Over the past decade, researchers have been conscientiously making improvements on the development of humanized mice as a model to closely recapitulate disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. Currently, literature is rife with descriptions of novel and innovative humanized mouse models that hold a significant promise to become a panacea for drug innovations to treat and control conditions such as infectious disease and cancer. This review will focus on the background of humanized mice, diseases, and human-specific therapeutics tested on this platform as well as solutions to improve humanized mice for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT)-humanized mice provide a robust model for HIV-1 infection and enable evaluation of cure strategies dependent on endogenous immune responses, most mice develop graft versus host disease (GVHD), limiting their utility for extended HIV cure studies. This study aimed to: evaluate the GVHD-resistant C57 black 6 (C57BL/6) recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2)γcCD47 triple knockout (TKO)-BLT mouse as a model to establish HIV-1 latency. Determine whether TKO-BLT mice could be maintained on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for extended periods of time. Assess the rapidity of viral rebound following therapy interruption. DESIGN TKO-BLT mice were HIV-1 infected, treated with various ART regimens over extended periods of time and assayed for viral rebound following therapy interruption. METHODS Daily subcutaneous injection and oral ART-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection was tested at various doses in TKO-BLT mice. Mice were monitored for suppression of viremia and cellular HIV-1 RNA and DNA prior to and following therapy interruption. RESULTS Mice remained healthy for 45 weeks posthumanization and could be treated with ART for up to 18 weeks. Viremia was suppressed to less than 200 copies/ml in the majority of mice with significant reductions in cellular HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Treatment interruption resulted in rapid viral recrudescence. CONCLUSION HIV-1 latency can be maintained in TKO-BLT mice over extended periods on ART and rapid viral rebound occurs following therapy removal. The additional 15-18 weeks of healthy longevity compared with other BLT models provides sufficient time to examine the decay kinetics of the latent reservoir as well as observe delays in recrudescence in HIV-1 cure studies.
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Whitney JB, Brad Jones R. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of HIV Latency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1075:241-263. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Li G, Nunoya JI, Cheng L, Reszka-Blanco N, Tsao LC, Jeffrey J, Su L. Regulatory T Cells Contribute to HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence in CD4+ T Cells Through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Mechanisms in Humanized Mice In Vivo. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1579-1591. [PMID: 29045701 PMCID: PMC5853220 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress T-cell immune activation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, but the role of Tregs in HIV-1 reservoir persistence is poorly defined. Methods Tregs were depleted by denileukin diftitox in humanized mice with chronic HIV-1 infection. Viral replication in lineage cells was determined by p24 expression. Levels of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in human cells, as well as replication-competent-virus-producing cells, were measured to quantified viral replication and reservoirs. Results Treg depletion resulted in a blip of HIV-1 replication in T cells but not in myeloid cells. The major activated reservoir cells were memory CD4+ T cells in vivo. Interestingly, the transient activation of viral replication led to HIV-1 reservoir reduction after viremia resuppression, as indicated by the quantity of HIV-1 DNA and replication-competent-virus-producing cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tregs use cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A pathway to inhibit HIV-1 activation and replication in resting conventional T cells in vitro. Conclusion Tregs suppress HIV-1 replication in T cells and contribute to HIV-1 reservoir persistence. cAMP produced in Tregs is involved in their suppression of viral gene activation and expression. Treg depletion combined with combination antiretroviral therapy provides a novel strategy for HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jun-ichi Nunoya
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | | | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jerry Jeffrey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
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Jean MJ, Hayashi T, Huang H, Brennan J, Simpson S, Purmal A, Gurova K, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Curaxin CBL0100 Blocks HIV-1 Replication and Reactivation through Inhibition of Viral Transcriptional Elongation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2007. [PMID: 29089933 PMCID: PMC5651003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), predominantly caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), remains incurable. The barrier to a cure lies in the virus' ability to establish a latent infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Unsurprisingly, efforts for a sterilizing cure have focused on the “shock and kill” strategy using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to complement cART in order to eliminate these latent reservoirs. However, this method faces numerous challenges. Recently, the “block and lock” strategy has been proposed. It aims to reinforce a deep state of latency and prevent sporadic reactivation (“blip”) of HIV-1 using latency-promoting agents (LPAs) for a functional cure. Our studies of curaxin 100 (CBL0100), a small-molecule targeting the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) complex, show that it blocks both HIV-1 replication and reactivation in in vitro and ex vivo models of HIV-1. Mechanistic investigation elucidated that CBL0100 preferentially targets HIV-1 transcriptional elongation and decreases the occupancy of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and FACT at the HIV-1 promoter region. In conclusion, CBL0100 is a newly identified inhibitor of HIV-1 transcription that can be used as an LPA in the “block and lock” cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Huachao Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Justin Brennan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Frattari G, Aagaard L, Denton PW. The role of miR-29a in HIV-1 replication and latency. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:185-191. [PMID: 29057080 PMCID: PMC5632543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective HIV-1 eradication strategy relies upon a clear understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in HIV-1 latency. Among such cellular processes, microRNA activities affect HIV-1 production by regulating viral transcripts as well as host cell HIV-1 dependency factors. miR-29a stands apart from other relevant microRNAs as a potential therapeutic target in HIV-1 eradication. In vitro experiments have shown that miR-29a binds to a sequence in the 3'UTR of viral transcripts and inhibits their expression. In vivo data revealed the existence of a cytokine-microRNA (i.e. IL-21/miR-29a) pathway that significantly impacts HIV-1 replication. Here we present and discuss evidence supporting the role of miR-29a in HIV-1 replication and latency. We also discuss potential clinical applications of miR-29a inhibitors and enhancers in HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frattari
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital Skejby,
Aarhus,
Denmark,Corresponding author: Giacomo Frattari,
Department of Infectious Diseases (Q),
Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99,
8200Aarhus N,
Denmark
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine,
Aarhus University,
Aarhus,
Denmark
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Marsden MD, Loy BA, Wu X, Ramirez CM, Schrier AJ, Murray D, Shimizu A, Ryckbosch SM, Near KE, Chun TW, Wender PA, Zack JA. In vivo activation of latent HIV with a synthetic bryostatin analog effects both latent cell "kick" and "kill" in strategy for virus eradication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006575. [PMID: 28934369 PMCID: PMC5608406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of HIV to establish a long-lived latent infection within resting CD4+ T cells leads to persistence and episodic resupply of the virus in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), thereby preventing eradication of the disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators such as bryostatin 1 can activate these latently infected cells, potentially leading to their elimination by virus-mediated cytopathic effects, the host's immune response and/or therapeutic strategies targeting cells actively expressing virus. While research in this area has focused heavily on naturally-occurring PKC modulators, their study has been hampered by their limited and variable availability, and equally significantly by sub-optimal activity and in vivo tolerability. Here we show that a designed, synthetically-accessible analog of bryostatin 1 is better-tolerated in vivo when compared with the naturally-occurring product and potently induces HIV expression from latency in humanized BLT mice, a proven and important model for studying HIV persistence and pathogenesis in vivo. Importantly, this induction of virus expression causes some of the newly HIV-expressing cells to die. Thus, designed, synthetically-accessible, tunable, and efficacious bryostatin analogs can mediate both a "kick" and "kill" response in latently-infected cells and exhibit improved tolerability, therefore showing unique promise as clinical adjuvants for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Schrier
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Murray
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Ryckbosch
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Near
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAZ); (PAW)
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAZ); (PAW)
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65
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Honeycutt JB, Garcia JV. Humanized mice: models for evaluating NeuroHIV and cure strategies. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:185-191. [PMID: 28831774 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic was initially characterized by a high prevalence of severe and widespread neurological pathologies, the development of better treatments to suppress viremia over years and even decades has mitigated many of the severe neurological pathologies previously observed. Despite effective treatment, mild neurocognitive impairment and premature cognitive aging are observed in HIV-infected individuals, suggesting a changing but ongoing role of HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS). Although current therapies are effective in suppressing viremia, they are not curative and patients must remain on life-long treatment or risk recrudescence of virus. Important for the development and evaluation of a cure for HIV will be animal models that recapitulate critical aspects of infection in vivo. In the following, we seek to summarize some of the recent developments in humanized mouse models and their usefulness in modeling HIV infection of the CNS and HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B Honeycutt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina (UNC), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina (UNC), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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66
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Deruaz M, Tager AM. Humanized mouse models of latent HIV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:97-104. [PMID: 28810166 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can efficiently control HIV viral replication, resulting in low viral loads and sustained CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected persons. However, fast viral rebound occurs in most infected persons when therapy is interrupted. The principal component of persistent infection is a latent but replication-competent HIV reservoir. The long half-life of this reservoir is a major barrier to cure, and its elimination is the target of important research efforts. Animal models that can recapitulate this aspect of human infection are needed to examine the HIV reservoir in tissues in vivo, and to test eradication strategies. In this review, we will summarize recent studies using humanized mouse models to examine different aspects of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Deruaz
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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67
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Datta PK, Kaminski R, Hu W, Pirrone V, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Khalili K. HIV-1 Latency and Eradication: Past, Present and Future. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:431-441. [PMID: 27009094 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that antiretroviral therapy (ART), while highly effective in controlling HIV replication, cannot eliminate virus from the body. Therefore, the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals remain at risk for developing AIDS due to persistence of infected reservoir cells serving as a source of virus re-emergence. Several reservoirs containing replication competent HIV-1 have been identified, most notably CD4+ T cells. Cells of the myeloid lineage, which are the first line of defense against pathogens and participate in HIV dissemination into sanctuary organs, also serve as cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. In latently infected resting CD4+ T cells, the integrated copies of proviral DNA remain in a dormant state, yet possess the ability to produce replication competent virus after cellular activation. Studies have demonstrated that modification of chromatin structure plays a role in establishing persistence, in part suggesting that latency is, controlled epigenetically. CONCLUSION Current efforts to eradicate HIV-1 from this cell population focus primarily on a "shock and kill" approach through cellular reactivation to trigger elimination of virus producing cells by cytolysis or host immune responses. However, studies revealed several limitations to this approach that require more investigation to assess its clinical application. Recent advances in gene editing technology prompted use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells. This technology, which requires a detailed understanding of the viral genetics and robust delivery, may serve as a powerful strategy to eliminate the latent reservoir in the host leading to a sterile cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. No effective vaccine is available to prevent HIV transmission, and although antiretroviral therapy can prevent disease progression, it does not cure HIV infection. Substantial effort is therefore currently directed toward basic research on HIV pathogenesis and persistence and developing methods to stop the spread of the HIV epidemic and cure those individuals already infected with HIV. Humanized mice are versatile tools for the study of HIV and its interaction with the human immune system. These models generally consist of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cells or reconstituted with a near-complete human immune system. Here, we describe the major humanized mouse models currently in use, and some recent advances that have been made in HIV research/therapeutics using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Marsden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
| | - Jerome A Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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69
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Xu P, Wang Y, Qin Z, Qiu L, Zhang M, Huang Y, Zheng JC. Combined Medication of Antiretroviral Drugs Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Emtricitabine, and Raltegravir Reduces Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation In Vivo and In Vitro. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:682-692. [PMID: 28735382 PMCID: PMC5693968 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The application of combination antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced the death rate from AIDS. However, up to 50% of patients on combination antiretroviral therapy develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which is associated with residual neuroinflammation and oxidative injury in the brain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitors play a vital role in repairing neuronal injuries. Therefore, we hypothesize that combination antiretroviral therapy may adversely affect NSCs/progenitors, contributing to the increasing prevalence of HAND. Here, we show that combined medication of three antiretroviral drugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC), and raltegravir (RAL) affects NSC homeostasis and progenitor proliferation in the mouse dentate gyrus (DG). Our results also show that TDF/FTC/RAL treatment prohibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of cultured mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs), resulting in a reduction in the viability of NPCs. Moreover, we find that TDF, among the three drugs used in this combination antiretroviral treatment, accounts for most of the effects on neural progenitors. Together, our results offer a mechanistic explanation for the prevalence of HAND in AIDS patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lisha Qiu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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70
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent discoveries of highly potent broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies provide new opportunities to successfully prevent, treat, and potentially cure HIV-1 infection. To test their activity in vivo, humanized mice have been shown to be a powerful model and were used to investigate antibody-mediated prevention and therapy approaches. In this review, we will summarize recent findings in humanized mice that have informed on the potential use of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV-1 in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Humanized mouse models have been used to demonstrate the antiviral efficacy of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in vivo. It has been shown that a combination of antibodies can suppress viremia below the limit of detection and targets the HIV-1 reservoir. Moreover, passively administered antibodies and vector-mediated antibody production protect humanized mice from HIV-1 infection. Finally, immunization studies in knock-in/transgenic mice carrying human antibody gene segments have informed on potential vaccination strategies to induce broad and potent HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. SUMMARY Humanized mouse models are of great value for HIV-1 research. They represent a highly versatile in vivo system to investigate novel approaches for HIV-1 prevention and therapy and expedite the critical translation from basic findings to clinical application.
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71
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Yin C, Zhang T, Qu X, Zhang Y, Putatunda R, Xiao X, Li F, Xiao W, Zhao H, Dai S, Qin X, Mo X, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W. In Vivo Excision of HIV-1 Provirus by saCas9 and Multiplex Single-Guide RNAs in Animal Models. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1168-1186. [PMID: 28366764 PMCID: PMC5417847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing provides a promising cure for HIV-1/AIDS; however, gene delivery efficiency in vivo remains an obstacle to overcome. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of excising the HIV-1 provirus in three different animal models using an all-in-one adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver multiplex single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) plus Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (saCas9). The quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 vector outperformed the duplex vector in excising the integrated HIV-1 genome in cultured neural stem/progenitor cells from HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice. Intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 excised HIV-1 proviral DNA and significantly reduced viral RNA expression in several organs/tissues of Tg26 mice. In EcoHIV acutely infected mice, intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 reduced systemic EcoHIV infection, as determined by live bioluminescence imaging. Additionally, this quadruplex vector induced efficient proviral excision, as determined by PCR genotyping in the liver, lungs, brain, and spleen. Finally, in humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice with chronic HIV-1 infection, successful proviral excision was detected by PCR genotyping in the spleen, lungs, heart, colon, and brain after a single intravenous injection of quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8. In conclusion, in vivo excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA by sgRNAs/saCas9 in solid tissues/organs can be achieved via AAV delivery, a significant step toward human clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genome, Viral
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV Long Terminal Repeat
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Science, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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72
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De Silva Feelixge HS, Jerome KR. Excision of Latent HIV-1 from Infected Cells In Vivo: An Important Step Forward. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1062-1064. [PMID: 28462817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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73
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Crawford LB, Tempel R, Streblow DN, Kreklywich C, Smith P, Picker LJ, Nelson JA, Caposio P. Human Cytomegalovirus Induces Cellular and Humoral Virus-specific Immune Responses in Humanized BLT Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:937. [PMID: 28428537 PMCID: PMC5430540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The strict species specificity of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has impeded our understanding of antiviral adaptive immune responses in the context of a human immune system. We have previously shown that HCMV infection of human hematopoietic progenitor cells engrafted in immune deficient mice (huNSG) results in viral latency that can be reactivated following G-CSF treatment. In this study, we characterized the functional human adaptive immune responses in HCMV latently-infected huBLT (humanized Bone marrow-Liver-Thymus) mice. Following infection, huBLT mice generate human effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses reactive to peptides corresponding to both IE and pp65 proteins. Additionally, both HCMV specific IgM and IgG B-cell responses with the ability to neutralize virus were detected. These results indicate that the HCMV huBLT mouse model may provide a valuable tool to study viral latency and reactivation as well as evaluate HCMV vaccines and immune responses in the context of a functional human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Rebecca Tempel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Patricia Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.
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74
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HIV persistence in tissue macrophages of humanized myeloid-only mice during antiretroviral therapy. Nat Med 2017; 23:638-643. [PMID: 28414330 PMCID: PMC5419854 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in the host and is never eradicated. One major barrier to eradication is that multiple different cell types are infected that may individually contribute to HIV persistence. Tissue macrophages are critical contributors to HIV disease (1–3); however, their specific role in HIV persistence during long-term suppressive ART has not been established (4–6). Using humanized myeloid-only mice (MoM), we demonstrate that HIV infection of tissue macrophages is rapidly suppressed by ART, as determined by a rapid drop in plasma viral load and a dramatic drop in the levels of cell-associated viral RNA and DNA. No virus rebound was observed in the plasma of 67% of the ART treated animals at seven weeks post-ART interruption, and no replication competent virus was rescued from the tissue macrophages obtained from these animals. In contrast, in a subset of animals (~33%), a significantly delayed viral rebound was observed that is consistent with the establishment of persistent infection in tissue macrophages. These observations represent the first direct evidence of HIV persistence in tissue macrophages in vivo.
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75
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Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Silvestri G, Garcia JV. In Vivo Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Cure Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S142-S151. [PMID: 28520967 PMCID: PMC5410984 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current HIV therapy is not curative regardless of how soon after infection it is initiated or how long it is administered, and therapy interruption almost invariably results in robust viral rebound. Human immunodeficiency virus persistence is therefore the major obstacle to a cure for AIDS. The testing and implementation of novel yet unproven approaches to HIV eradication that could compromise the health status of HIV-infected individuals might not be ethically warranted. Therefore, adequate in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is needed to facilitate the clinical implementation of promising strategies for an HIV cure. Animal models of HIV infection have a strong and well-documented history of bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and eventual clinical implementation. More recently, animal models have been developed and implemented for the in vivo evaluation of novel HIV cure strategies. In this article, we review the recent progress in this rapidly moving area of research, focusing on the two most promising model systems: humanized mice and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
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76
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Wahl A, Ho PT, Denton PW, Garrett KL, Hudgens MG, Swartz G, O'Neill C, Veronese F, Kashuba AD, Garcia JV. Predicting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy for Women using a Preclinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic In Vivo Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41098. [PMID: 28145472 PMCID: PMC5286499 DOI: 10.1038/srep41098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) relies on adherence and may also depend on the route of HIV acquisition. Clinical studies of systemic tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) PrEP revealed reduced efficacy in women compared to men with similar degrees of adherence. To select the most effective PrEP strategies, preclinical studies are critically needed to establish correlations between drug concentrations (pharmacokinetics [PK]) and protective efficacy (pharmacodynamics [PD]). We utilized an in vivo preclinical model to perform a PK-PD analysis of systemic TDF PrEP for vaginal HIV acquisition. TDF PrEP prevented vaginal HIV acquisition in a dose-dependent manner. PK-PD modeling of tenofovir (TFV) in plasma, female reproductive tract tissue, cervicovaginal lavage fluid and its intracellular metabolite (TFV diphosphate) revealed that TDF PrEP efficacy was best described by plasma TFV levels. When administered at 50 mg/kg, TDF achieved plasma TFV concentrations (370 ng/ml) that closely mimicked those observed in humans and demonstrated the same risk reduction (70%) previously attained in women with high adherence. This PK-PD model mimics the human condition and can be applied to other PrEP approaches and routes of HIV acquisition, accelerating clinical implementation of the most efficacious PrEP strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Phong T Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Paul W Denton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Katy L Garrett
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - Glenn Swartz
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, 20850, United States of America
| | - Cynthia O'Neill
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, 20850, United States of America
| | - Fulvia Veronese
- Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20852, United States of America
| | - Angela D Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 27599, United States of America
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Zhen A, Rezek V, Youn C, Lam B, Chang N, Rick J, Carrillo M, Martin H, Kasparian S, Syed P, Rice N, Brooks DG, Kitchen SG. Targeting type I interferon-mediated activation restores immune function in chronic HIV infection. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:260-268. [PMID: 27941243 DOI: 10.1172/jci89488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation, immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion are hallmarks of HIV infection, yet the mechanisms driving these processes are unclear. Chronic activation can be a driving force in immune exhaustion, and type I interferons (IFN-I) are emerging as critical components underlying ongoing activation in HIV infection. Here, we have tested the effect of blocking IFN-I signaling on T cell responses and virus replication in a murine model of chronic HIV infection. Using HIV-infected humanized mice, we demonstrated that in vivo blockade of IFN-I signaling during chronic HIV infection diminished HIV-driven immune activation, decreased T cell exhaustion marker expression, restored HIV-specific CD8 T cell function, and led to decreased viral replication. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in combination with IFN-I blockade accelerated viral suppression, further decreased viral loads, and reduced the persistently infected HIV reservoir compared with ART treatment alone. Our data suggest that blocking IFN-I signaling in conjunction with ART treatment can restore immune function and may reduce viral reservoirs during chronic HIV infection, providing validation for IFN-I blockade as a potential therapy for HIV infection.
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78
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Sharaf R, Mempel TR, Murooka TT. Visualizing the Behavior of HIV-Infected T Cells In Vivo Using Multiphoton Intravital Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1354:189-201. [PMID: 26714713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3046-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of multiphoton microscopy has dramatically broadened the scope of intravital imaging studies and has allowed researchers to validate and refine basic mechanistic concepts in many areas of biology within the context of physiologically relevant tissue microenvironments. This has also led to new insights into the behavior of immune cells at steady state, and how their behaviors are altered during an immune response. At the same time, advances in the humanized mouse model have allowed for in vivo studies of strictly human pathogens, such as HIV-1. Here, we describe in detail an intravital microscopy approach to visualize the dynamic behavior of HIV-infected T cells within the lymph nodes of live, anesthetized humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Sharaf
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy andImmunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy andImmunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Ave, Rm 433, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 0T5.
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79
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Melkova Z, Shankaran P, Madlenakova M, Bodor J. Current views on HIV-1 latency, persistence, and cure. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 62:73-87. [PMID: 27709447 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured as it persists in latently infected cells that are targeted neither by the immune system nor by available therapeutic approaches. Consequently, a lifelong therapy suppressing only the actively replicating virus is necessary. The latent reservoir has been defined and characterized in various experimental models and in human patients, allowing research and development of approaches targeting individual steps critical for HIV-1 latency establishment, maintenance, and reactivation. However, additional mechanisms and processes driving the remaining low-level HIV-1 replication in the presence of the suppressive therapy still remain to be identified and targeted. Current approaches toward HIV-1 cure involve namely attempts to reactivate and purge HIV latently infected cells (so-called "shock and kill" strategy), as well as approaches involving gene therapy and/or gene editing and stem cell transplantation aiming at generation of cells resistant to HIV-1. This review summarizes current views and concepts underlying different approaches aiming at functional or sterilizing cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Melkova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Prakash Shankaran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Madlenakova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bodor
- BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
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80
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Ibeh BO, Furuta Y, Habu JB, Ogbadu L. Humanized mouse as an appropriate model for accelerated global HIV research and vaccine development: current trend. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:395-407. [PMID: 27604679 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1233980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models currently have seen improved development and have received wide applications. Its usefulness is observed in cell and tissue transplant involving basic and applied human disease research. In this article, the development of a new generation of humanized mice was discussed as well as their relevant application in HIV disease. Furthermore, current techniques employed to overcome the initial limitations of mouse model were reviewed. Highly immunodeficient mice which support cell and tissue differentiation and do not reject xenografts are indispensable for generating additional appropriate models useful in disease study, this phenomenom deserves emphases, scientific highlight and a definitive research focus. Since the early 2000s, a series of immunodeficient mice appropriate for generating humanized mice has been successively developed by introducing the IL-2Rγnull gene (e.g. NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mice) through various genomic approaches. These mice were generated by genetically introducing human cytokine genes into NOD/SCID/γcnull and Rag2nullγcnull mouse backgrounds. The application of these techniques serves as a quick and appropriate mechanistic model for basic and therapeutic investigations of known and emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew Okechukwu Ibeh
- a Immunovirology and Vaccine Development Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- b RIKEN CDB CLST (Center for Life Science Technologies) , Kobe , Japan
| | - Josiah Bitrus Habu
- c Bioresources Development Center Odi, Bayelsa , National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Lucy Ogbadu
- d National Biotechnology Development Agency , Abuja , Nigeria
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81
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Margolis DM, Garcia JV, Hazuda DJ, Haynes BF. Latency reversal and viral clearance to cure HIV-1. Science 2016; 353:aaf6517. [PMID: 27463679 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research toward a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has joined prevention and treatment efforts in the global public health agenda. A major approach to HIV eradication envisions antiretroviral suppression, paired with targeted therapies to enforce the expression of viral antigen from quiescent HIV-1 genomes, and immunotherapies to clear latent infection. These strategies are targeted to lead to viral eradication--a cure for AIDS. Paired testing of latency reversal and clearance strategies has begun, but additional obstacles to HIV eradication may emerge. Nevertheless, there is reason for optimism that advances in long-acting antiretroviral therapy and HIV prevention strategies will contribute to efforts in HIV cure research and that the implementation of these efforts will synergize to markedly blunt the effect of the HIV pandemic on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Margolis
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, PA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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82
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Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Ross AL, Ananworanich J, Benkirane M, Cannon P, Chomont N, Douek D, Lifson JD, Lo YR, Kuritzkes D, Margolis D, Mellors J, Persaud D, Tucker JD, Barre-Sinoussi F, Alter G, Auerbach J, Autran B, Barouch DH, Behrens G, Cavazzana M, Chen Z, Cohen ÉA, Corbelli GM, Eholié S, Eyal N, Fidler S, Garcia L, Grossman C, Henderson G, Henrich TJ, Jefferys R, Kiem HP, McCune J, Moodley K, Newman PA, Nijhuis M, Nsubuga MS, Ott M, Palmer S, Richman D, Saez-Cirion A, Sharp M, Siliciano J, Silvestri G, Singh J, Spire B, Taylor J, Tolstrup M, Valente S, van Lunzen J, Walensky R, Wilson I, Zack J. International AIDS Society global scientific strategy: towards an HIV cure 2016. Nat Med 2016; 22:839-50. [PMID: 27400264 PMCID: PMC5322797 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is not curative. Given the challenges in providing lifelong therapy to a global population of more than 35 million people living with HIV, there is intense interest in developing a cure for HIV infection. The International AIDS Society convened a group of international experts to develop a scientific strategy for research towards an HIV cure. This Perspective summarizes the group's strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Laura Ross
- International and Scientific Relations Office, ANRS, Paris, France
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Molecular Virology Lab, Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR 1142, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Cannon
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CRCHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying-Ru Lo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - David Margolis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine &Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- University of North Carolina-Project China, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith Auerbach
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CIMI-Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georg Behrens
- Clinic for Immunology and Rhematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en biothérapie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Serge Eholié
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Nir Eyal
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cynthia Grossman
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gail Henderson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brigham &Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keymanthri Moodley
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Peter A Newman
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Douglas Richman
- Virginia San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sharp
- Independent HIV Education and Advocacy Consultant, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jerome Singh
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Jeffrey Taylor
- CARE Collaboratory Community Advisory Board, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susana Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | | | - Rochelle Walensky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ira Wilson
- Department of Health Services, Policy &Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jerome Zack
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Shanmugasundaram U, Kovarova M, Ho PT, Schramm N, Wahl A, Parniak MA, Garcia JV. Efficient Inhibition of HIV Replication in the Gastrointestinal and Female Reproductive Tracts of Humanized BLT Mice by EFdA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159517. [PMID: 27438728 PMCID: PMC4954669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) in preclinical development exhibits improved safety and antiviral activity profiles with minimal drug resistance compared to approved NRTIs. However, the systemic antiviral efficacy of EFdA has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice to investigate the systemic effect of EFdA treatment on HIV replication and CD4+ T cell depletion in the peripheral blood (PB) and tissues. In particular, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, major sites of transmission, viral replication, and CD4+ T cell depletion and where some current antiretroviral drugs have a sub-optimal effect. Results EFdA treatment resulted in reduction of HIV-RNA in PB to undetectable levels in the majority of treated mice by 3 weeks post-treatment. HIV-RNA levels in cervicovaginal lavage of EFdA-treated BLT mice also declined to undetectable levels demonstrating strong penetration of EFdA into the FRT. Our results also demonstrate a strong systemic suppression of HIV replication in all tissues analyzed. In particular, we observed more than a 2-log difference in HIV-RNA levels in the GI tract and FRT of EFdA-treated BLT mice compared to untreated HIV-infected control mice. In addition, HIV-RNA was also significantly lower in the lymph nodes, liver, lung, spleen of EFdA-treated BLT mice compared to untreated HIV-infected control mice. Furthermore, EFdA treatment prevented the depletion of CD4+ T cells in the PB, mucosal tissues and lymphoid tissues. Conclusion Our findings indicate that EFdA is highly effective in controlling viral replication and preserving CD4+ T cells in particular with high efficiency in the GI and FRT tract. Thus, EFdA represents a strong potential candidate for further development as a part of antiretroviral therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Phong T. Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Schramm
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Angela Wahl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Abstract
HIV has a very limited species tropism that prevents the use of most conventional small animal models for AIDS research. The in vivo analysis of HIV/AIDS has benefited extensively from novel chimeric animal models that accurately recapitulate key aspects of the human condition. Specifically, immunodeficient mice that are systemically repopulated with human hematolymphoid cells offer a viable alternative for the study of a multitude of highly relevant aspects of HIV replication, pathogenesis, therapy, transmission, prevention, and eradication. This article summarizes some of the multiple contributions that humanized mouse models of HIV infection have made to the field of AIDS research. These models have proven to be highly informative and hold great potential for accelerating multiple aspects of HIV research in the future.
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85
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Zhen A, Rezek V, Youn C, Rick J, Lam B, Chang N, Zack J, Kamata M, Kitchen S. Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404517 DOI: 10.3791/54048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic differentiation and immune function of the genetically modified cells. The humanized Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mouse model allows for full reconstitution of a human immune system in the periphery, which includes T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes. The human thymic implant also allows for thymic selection of T cells in autologous thymic tissue. In addition to the study of HIV infection, the model stands as a powerful tool to study differentiation, development and functionality of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we outline the construction of humanized non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-common gamma chain knockout (cγ(-/-))-Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (NSG-BLT) mice with HSCs transduced with CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (CD4CAR) lentivirus vector. We show that the CD4CAR HSCs can successfully differentiate into multiple lineages and have anti-HIV activity. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the use of NSG-BLT mouse model as an in vivo model for engineered immunity against HIV. It is worth noting that, because lentivirus and human tissue is used, experiments and surgeries should be performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+) facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
| | - Valerie Rezek
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Cindy Youn
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jonathan Rick
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Brianna Lam
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nelson Chang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jerome Zack
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Kitchen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
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86
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection from a deadly to a chronic infection. Despite its successes in reducing mortality, ART fails to cure HIV allowing HIV to persist in vivo. HIV persistence under ART is thought to be mediated by a combination of latent infection of long-lived cells, homeostatic proliferation of latently infected cells, anatomic sanctuaries, and low-level virus replication. To understand the contribution of specific cell types and anatomic sites to virus persistence in vivo animal models are necessary. RECENT FINDINGS The advancements in ART and our understanding of animal models have facilitated the development of models of HIV persistence in nonhuman primates and mice. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian/HIV infection (SHIV) of rhesus and pigtail macaques followed by effective ART represents the most faithful animal model of HIV persistence. HIV infection of humanized mice also provides a useful model for answering specific questions regarding virus persistence in a uniquely mutable system. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the most recent findings using animal models of HIV persistence. We will first describe the important aspects of HIV infection that SIV/SHIV infection of nonhuman primates are able to recapitulate, then we will discuss some recent studies that have used these models to understand viral persistence.
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87
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Kovarova M, Swanson MD, Sanchez RI, Baker CE, Steve J, Spagnuolo RA, Howell BJ, Hazuda DJ, Garcia JV. A long-acting formulation of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir protects humanized BLT mice from repeated high-dose vaginal HIV challenges. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1586-96. [PMID: 27002074 PMCID: PMC4867102 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has been shown to reduce HIV transmission in people at high risk of HIV infection. Adherence to PrEP strongly correlates with the level of HIV protection. Long-acting injectable ARVs provide sustained systemic drug exposures over many weeks and can improve adherence due to infrequent parenteral administration. Here, we evaluated a new long-acting formulation of raltegravir for prevention of vaginal HIV transmission. METHODS Long-acting raltegravir was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c, NSG (NOD-scid-gamma) and humanized BLT (bone marrow-liver-thymus) mice and rhesus macaques. Raltegravir concentration in peripheral blood and tissue was analysed. Suppression of HIV replication was assessed in infected BLT mice. Two high-dose HIV vaginal challenges were used to evaluate protection from HIV transmission in BLT mice. RESULTS Two weeks after a single subcutaneous injection of long-acting raltegravir in BLT mice (7.5 mg) and rhesus macaques (160 mg), the plasma concentration of raltegravir was comparable to 400 mg orally, twice daily in humans. Serum collected from mice 3 weeks post-administration of long-acting raltegravir efficiently blocked HIV infection of TZM-bl indicator cells in vitro. Administration of long-acting raltegravir suppressed viral RNA in plasma and cervico-vaginal fluids of infected BLT mice, demonstrating penetration of active raltegravir into the female reproductive tract. Using transmitted/founder HIV we observed that BLT mice administered a single subcutaneous dose of long-acting raltegravir were protected from two high-dose HIV vaginal challenges 1 week and 4 weeks after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical results demonstrated the efficacy of long-acting raltegravir in preventing vaginal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovarova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa I Sanchez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Caroline E Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin Steve
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Tsai P, Wu G, Baker CE, Thayer WO, Spagnuolo RA, Sanchez R, Barrett S, Howell B, Margolis D, Hazuda DJ, Archin NM, Garcia JV. In vivo analysis of the effect of panobinostat on cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels and latent HIV infection. Retrovirology 2016; 13:36. [PMID: 27206407 PMCID: PMC4875645 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) T cells presents a major barrier to HIV cure. Latency-reversing agents are therefore being developed with the ultimate goal of disrupting the latent state, resulting in induction of HIV expression and clearance of infected cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have received a significant amount of attention for their potential as latency-reversing agents. RESULTS Here, we have investigated the in vitro and systemic in vivo effect of panobinostat, a clinically relevant HDACi, on HIV latency. We showed that panobinostat induces histone acetylation in human PBMCs. Further, we showed that panobinostat induced HIV RNA expression and allowed the outgrowth of replication-competent virus ex vivo from resting CD4(+) T cells of HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Next, we demonstrated that panobinostat induced systemic histone acetylation in vivo in the tissues of BLT humanized mice. Finally, in HIV-infected, ART-suppressed BLT mice, we evaluated the effect of panobinostat on systemic cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels and the total frequency of latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells. Our data indicate that panobinostat treatment resulted in systemic increases in cellular levels of histone acetylation, a key biomarker for in vivo activity. However, panobinostat did not affect the levels of cell-associated HIV RNA, HIV DNA, or latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated robust levels of systemic histone acetylation after panobinostat treatment of BLT humanized mice; and we did not observe a detectable change in the levels of cell-associated HIV RNA, HIV DNA, or latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells in HIV-infected, ART-suppressed BLT mice. These results are consistent with the modest effects noted in vitro and suggest that combination therapies may be necessary to reverse latency and enable clearance. Animal models will contribute to the progress towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Caroline E Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William O Thayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rosa Sanchez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Stephanie Barrett
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Rd., CB 7042, Genetic Medicine Building 2043, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F Act in Concert To Extinguish HIV-1 Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:4681-4695. [PMID: 26912618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03275-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The multifunctional HIV-1 accessory protein Vif counters the antiviral activities of APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F), and some Vifs counter stable alleles of APOBEC3H (A3H). Studies in humanized mice have shown that HIV-1 lacking Vif expression is not viable. Here, we look at the relative contributions of the three APOBEC3s to viral extinction. Inoculation of bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice with CCR5-tropic HIV-1JRCSF(JRCSF) expressing a vif gene inactive for A3G but not A3F degradation activity (JRCSFvifH42/43D) displayed either no or delayed replication. JRCSF expressing a vif gene mutated to inactivate A3F degradation but not A3G degradation (JRCSFvifW79S) always replicated to high viral loads with variable delays. JRCSF with vif mutated to lack both A3G and A3F degradation activities (JRCSFvifH42/43DW79S) failed to replicate, mimicking JRCSF without Vif expression (JRCSFΔvif). JRCSF and JRCSFvifH42/43D, but not JRCSFvifW79S or JRCSFvifH42/43DW79S, degraded APOBEC3D. With one exception, JRCSFs expressing mutant Vifs that replicated acquired enforced vif mutations. These mutations partially restored A3G or A3F degradation activity and fully replaced JRCSFvifH42/43D or JRCSFvifW79S by 10 weeks. Surprisingly, induced mutations temporally lagged behind high levels of virus in blood. In the exceptional case, JRCSFvifH42/43D replicated after a prolonged delay with no mutations in vif but instead a V27I mutation in the RNase H coding sequence. JRCSFvifH42/43D infections exhibited massive GG/AG mutations in pol viral DNA, but in viral RNA, there were no fixed mutations in the Gag or reverse transcriptase coding sequence. A3H did not contribute to viral extinction but, in combination with A3F, could delay JRCSF replication. A3H was also found to hypermutate viral DNA. IMPORTANCE Vif degradation of A3G and A3F enhances viral fitness, as virus with even a partially restored capacity for degradation outgrows JRCSFvifH42/43D and JRCSFvifW79S. Unexpectedly, fixation of mutations that replaced H42/43D or W79S in viral RNA lagged behind the appearance of high viral loads. In one exceptional JRCSFvifH42/43D infection, vif was unchanged but replication proceeded after a long delay. These results suggest that Vif binds and inhibits the non-cytosine deaminase activities of intact A3G and intact A3F, allowing JRCSFvifH42/43D and JRCSFvifW79S to replicate with reduced fitness. Subsequently, enhanced Vif function is acquired by enforced mutations. In infected cells, JRCSFΔvif and JRCSFvifH42/43DW79S are exposed to active A3F and A3G and fail to replicate. JRCSFvifH42/43D Vif degrades A3F and, in some cases, overcomes A3G mutagenic activity to replicate. Vif may have evolved to inhibit A3F and A3G by stoichiometric binding and subsequently acquired the ability to target these proteins to proteasomes.
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90
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Kozlowska AK, Kaur K, Topchyan P, Jewett A. Adoptive transfer of osteoclast-expanded natural killer cells for immunotherapy targeting cancer stem-like cells in humanized mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:835-45. [PMID: 27034236 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on data obtained from oral, pancreatic and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma, we have established that natural killer (NK) cells target cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs displaying low MHC class I, CD54, and PD-L1 are killed by cytotoxic NK cells and are differentiated by split anergized NK cells through both membrane bound and secreted forms of TNF-α and IFN-γ. NK cells select and differentiate both healthy and transformed stem-like cells, resulting in target cell maturation and shaping of their microenvironment. In our recent studies, we have observed that oral, pancreatic, and melanoma CSCs were capable of forming large tumors in humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (hu-BLT) mice with fully reconstituted human immune system. In addition, major human immune subsets including NK cells, T cells, B cells, and monocytes were present in the spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tumor microenvironment. Similar to our previously published in vitro data, CSCs differentiated with split anergized NK cells prior to implantation in mice formed smaller tumors. Intravenous injection of functionally potent osteoclast-expanded NK cells inhibited tumor growth through differentiation of CSCs in humanized mice. In this review, we present current approaches, advances, and existing limitations in studying interactions of the immune system with the tumor, in particular NK cells with CSCs, using in vivo preclinical hu-BLT mouse model. In addition, we discuss the use of osteoclast-expanded NK cells in targeting cancer stem-like tumors in humanized mice-a strategy that provides a much-needed platform to develop effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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91
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HIV-1 cellular and tissue replication patterns in infected humanized mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23513. [PMID: 26996968 PMCID: PMC4800734 DOI: 10.1038/srep23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice have emerged as a testing platform for HIV-1 pathobiology by reflecting natural human disease processes. Their use to study HIV-1 biology, virology, immunology, pathogenesis and therapeutic development has served as a robust alternative to more-well developed animal models for HIV/AIDS. A critical component in reflecting such human pathobiology rests in defining the tissue and cellular sites for HIV-1 infection. To this end, we examined the tissue sites for viral infection in bone marrow, blood, spleens, liver, gut, brain, kidney and lungs of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell engrafted virus-infected NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and sorted from species mixtures defined as CD34+ lineage negative progenitor cells, CD14+CD16+ monocyte-macrophages and central, stem cell and effector memory T cells. The cell distribution and viral life cycle were found dependent on the tissue compartment and time of infection. Cell subsets contained HIV-1 total and integrated DNA as well as multi-spliced and unspliced RNA in divergent proportions. The data support the idea that humanized mice can provide a means to examine the multifaceted sites of HIV-1 replication including, but not limited to progenitor cells and monocyte-macrophages previously possible only in macaques and human.
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92
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Honeycutt JB, Wahl A, Baker C, Spagnuolo RA, Foster J, Zakharova O, Wietgrefe S, Caro-Vegas C, Madden V, Sharpe G, Haase AT, Eron JJ, Garcia JV. Macrophages sustain HIV replication in vivo independently of T cells. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1353-66. [PMID: 26950420 DOI: 10.1172/jci84456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have long been considered to contribute to HIV infection of the CNS; however, a recent study has contradicted this early work and suggests that myeloid cells are not an in vivo source of virus production. Here, we addressed the role of macrophages in HIV infection by first analyzing monocytes isolated from viremic patients and patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment. We were unable to find viral DNA or viral outgrowth in monocytes isolated from peripheral blood. To determine whether tissue macrophages are productively infected, we used 3 different but complementary humanized mouse models. Two of these models (bone marrow/liver/thymus [BLT] mice and T cell-only mice [ToM]) have been previously described, and the third model was generated by reconstituting immunodeficient mice with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells that were devoid of human T cells (myeloid-only mice [MoM]) to specifically evaluate HIV replication in this population. Using MoM, we demonstrated that macrophages can sustain HIV replication in the absence of T cells; HIV-infected macrophages are distributed in various tissues including the brain; replication-competent virus can be rescued ex vivo from infected macrophages; and infected macrophages can establish de novo infection. Together, these results demonstrate that macrophages represent a genuine target for HIV infection in vivo that can sustain and transmit infection.
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93
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Tsai P, Thayer WO, Liu L, Silvestri G, Nordstrom JL, Garcia JV. CD19xCD3 DART protein mediates human B-cell depletion in vivo in humanized BLT mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:15024. [PMID: 27119115 PMCID: PMC4824566 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies are needed for the treatment of hematologic malignancies; and bispecific antibody-derived molecules, such as dual-affinity re-targeting (DART) proteins, are being developed to redirect T cells to kill target cells expressing tumor or viral antigens. Here we present our findings of specific and systemic human B-cell depletion by a CD19xCD3 DART protein in humanized BLT mice. Administration of the CD19xCD3 DART protein resulted in a dramatic sustained depletion of human CD19+ B cells from the peripheral blood, as well as a dramatic systemic reduction of human CD19+ B-cell levels in all tissues (bone marrow, spleen, liver, lung) analyzed. When human CD8+ T cells were depleted from the mice, no significant B-cell depletion was observed in response to CD19xCD3 DART protein treatment, confirming that human CD8+ T cells are the primary effector cells in this in vivo model. These studies validate the use of BLT humanized mice for the in vivo evaluation and preclinical development of bispecific molecules that redirect human T cells to selectively deplete target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William O Thayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liqin Liu
- MacroGenics, Inc. , Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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94
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Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. Using animal models to overcome temporal, spatial and combinatorial challenges in HIV persistence research. J Transl Med 2016; 14:44. [PMID: 26861779 PMCID: PMC4746773 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Research challenges associated with understanding HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy can be categorized as temporal, spatial and combinatorial. Temporal research challenges relate to the timing of events during establishment and maintenance of HIV persistence. Spatial research challenges regard the anatomical locations and cell subsets that harbor persistent HIV. Combinatorial research challenges pertain to the order of administration, timing of administration and specific combinations of compounds to be administered during HIV eradication therapy. Overcoming these challenges will improve our understanding of HIV persistence and move the field closer to achieving eradication of persistent HIV. Given that humanized mice and non-human primate HIV models permit rigorous control of experimental conditions, these models have been used extensively as in vivo research platforms for directly addressing these research challenges. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of these recent translational advances made in animal models of HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
The new-generation humanized (Hu) mouse models permit multilineage human hematopoiesis and generate T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells required for a coordinated human immune response. Therefore, any desired antigen or human-specific pathogens that can infect humanized mice can be used to generate human antibody responses. Two leading humanized mouse models are currently being used. The Hu-HSC model uses the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), whereas the BLT mouse model is created by transplantation of human fetal liver, thymus, and HSC. A number of human pathogens such as HIV-1, dengue, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus have been studied in these systems. Responder antigen-specific B cells from these animals can be collected and used to generate human monoclonals by B-cell immortalization or by single-cell PCR methods to "rescue" antibody-producing genes for ectopic expression. Both models generate cellular and humoral immune responses. However, the antibodies generated are primarily of the IgM type because of the inefficient immunoglobulin class switch resulting in the suboptimal production of antigen-specific affinity-matured IgG. The current Hu mouse models thus far have permitted the analysis of human "antibodyome," and recent reports demonstrated their utility in generating human monoclonal antibodies. Ongoing efforts at further refinements are expected to make these systems more efficient in the near future.
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Olesen R, Swanson MD, Kovarova M, Nochi T, Chateau M, Honeycutt JB, Long JM, Denton PW, Hudgens MG, Richardson A, Tolstrup M, Østergaard L, Wahl A, Garcia JV. ART influences HIV persistence in the female reproductive tract and cervicovaginal secretions. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:892-904. [PMID: 26854925 DOI: 10.1172/jci64212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently completed HIV prevention trials network study 052 is a landmark collaboration demonstrating that HIV transmission in discordant couples can be dramatically reduced by treating the infected individual with antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the cellular and virological events that occur in the female reproductive tract (FRT) during ART that result in such a drastic decrease in transmission were not studied and remain unknown. Here, we implemented an in vivo model of ART in BM/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice in order to better understand the ability of ART to prevent secondary HIV transmission. We demonstrated that the entire FRT of BLT mice is reconstituted with human CD4+ cells that are shed into cervicovaginal secretions (CVS). A high percentage of the CD4+ T cells in the FRT and CVS expressed CCR5 and therefore are potential HIV target cells. Infection with HIV increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in CVS of BLT mice. Furthermore, HIV was present in CVS during infection. Finally, we evaluated the effect of ART on HIV levels in the FRT and CVS and demonstrated that ART can efficiently suppress cell-free HIV-RNA in CVS, despite residual levels of HIV-RNA+ cells in both the FRT and CVS.
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97
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Akkina R, Allam A, Balazs AB, Blankson JN, Burnett JC, Casares S, Garcia JV, Hasenkrug KJ, Kashanchi F, Kitchen SG, Klein F, Kumar P, Luster AD, Poluektova LY, Rao M, Sanders-Beer BE, Shultz LD, Zack JA. Improvements and Limitations of Humanized Mouse Models for HIV Research: NIH/NIAID "Meet the Experts" 2015 Workshop Summary. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:109-19. [PMID: 26670361 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of humanized mouse models for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other infectious diseases has expanded rapidly over the past 8 years. Highly immunodeficient mouse strains, such as NOD/SCID/gamma chain(null) (NSG, NOG), support better human hematopoietic cell engraftment. Another improvement is the derivation of highly immunodeficient mice, transgenic with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and cytokines that supported development of HLA-restricted human T cells and heightened human myeloid cell engraftment. Humanized mice are also used to study the HIV reservoir using new imaging techniques. Despite these advances, there are still limitations in HIV immune responses and deficits in lymphoid structures in these models in addition to xenogeneic graft-versus-host responses. To understand and disseminate the improvements and limitations of humanized mouse models to the scientific community, the NIH sponsored and convened a meeting on April 15, 2015 to discuss the state of knowledge concerning these questions and best practices for selecting a humanized mouse model for a particular scientific investigation. This report summarizes the findings of the NIH meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Atef Allam
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John C. Burnett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Sofia Casares
- U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Florian Klein
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Priti Kumar
- School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Brigitte E. Sanders-Beer
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jerome A. Zack
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
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Kim KC, Choi BS, Kim KC, Park KH, Lee HJ, Cho YK, Kim SI, Kim SS, Oh YK, Kim YB. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:194-202. [PMID: 26564392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models derived from immune-deficient mice have been the primary tool for studies of human infectious viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current protocol for constructing humanized mice requires elaborate procedures and complicated techniques, limiting the supply of such mice for viral studies. Here, we report a convenient method for constructing a simple HIV-1 mouse model. Without prior irradiation, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10(7) adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMCs). Four weeks after PBMC inoculation, human CD45(+) cells, and CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were detected in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, whereas human CD19(+) cells were observed in lymph nodes and spleen. To examine the usefulness of hu-PBMC-inoculated NSG (hu-PBMC-NSG) mice as an HIV-1 infection model, we intravenously injected these mice with dual-tropic HIV-1DH12 and X4-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 strains. HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice showed significantly lower human CD4(+) T cell counts and high HIV viral loads in the peripheral blood compared with noninfected hu-PBMC-NSG mice. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and neutralizing antibody treatment, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed in HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice without detectable viremia or CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, the numbers of human T cells were maintained in hu-PBMC-NSG mice for at least 10 weeks. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-PBMC-NSG mice may serve as a relevant HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis model that could facilitate in vivo studies of HIV-1 infection and candidate HIV-1 protective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chang Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
HIV persistence in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy is a major impediment to the cure of HIV/AIDS. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HIV persistence in vivo have not been fully elucidated. This lack of basic knowledge has hindered progress in this area. The in vivo analysis of HIV persistence and the implementation of curative strategies would benefit from animal models that accurately recapitulate key aspects of the human condition. This Review summarizes the contribution that humanized mouse models of HIV infection have made to the field of HIV cure research. Even though these models have been shown to be highly informative in many specific areas, their great potential to serve as excellent platforms for discovery in HIV pathogenesis and treatment has yet to be fully developed.
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Policicchio BB, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Animal Models for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2016; 7:12. [PMID: 26858716 PMCID: PMC4729870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and no vaccine exists within our grasp. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been developed, but ART cannot clear the virus from the infected patient. A cure for HIV-1 is badly needed to stop both the spread of the virus in human populations and disease progression in infected individuals. A safe and effective cure strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will require multiple tools, and appropriate animal models are tools that are central to cure research. An ideal animal model should recapitulate the essential aspects of HIV pathogenesis and associated immune responses, while permitting invasive studies, thus allowing a thorough evaluation of strategies aimed at reducing the size of the reservoir (functional cure) or eliminating the reservoir altogether (sterilizing cure). Since there is no perfect animal model for cure research, multiple models have been tailored and tested to address specific quintessential questions of virus persistence and eradication. The development of new non-human primate and mouse models, along with a certain interest in the feline model, has the potential to fuel cure research. In this review, we highlight the major animal models currently utilized for cure research and the contributions of each model to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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