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An explant technique for high-resolution imaging and manipulation of mycobacterial granulomas. Nat Methods 2018; 15:1098-1107. [PMID: 30504889 PMCID: PMC6312189 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A central and critical structure in tuberculosis, the mycobacterial granuloma consists of highly organized immune cells, including macrophages that drive granuloma formation through a characteristic epithelioid transformation. Difficulties in imaging within intact animals as well as the inherent caveats of in vitro assembly models have severely limited the study and experimental manipulation of mature granulomas. Here we describe a new ex vivo granuloma culture technique, wherein mature, fully organized granulomas are microdissected and maintained in three-dimensional culture. This approach, in which granulomas retain key bacterial and host characteristics, enables high-resolution microscopy of granuloma macrophage dynamics, including epithelioid macrophage motility and granuloma consolidation. Through mass spectrometry, we find active production of key phosphotidylinositol species identified previously in human granulomas. We describe a method to transfect isolated granulomas, enabling genetic manipulation. In addition, we provide proof-of-concept for host-directed small molecule screens, identifying PKC signaling as an important regulator of granuloma macrophage organization.
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52
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Ghosh C, Sarkar A, Anuja K, Das MC, Chakraborty A, Jawed JJ, Gupta P, Majumdar S, Banerjee B, Bhattacharjee S. Free radical stress induces DNA damage response in RAW264.7 macrophages during Mycobacterium smegmatis infection. Arch Microbiol 2018; 201:487-498. [PMID: 30386884 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability resulting from oxidative stress responses may be traced to chromosomal aberration. Oxidative stress suggests an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive free radicals and biological system's ability to repair resulting DNA damage and chromosomal aberration. Bacterial infection associated insult is considered as one of the major factors leading to such stress conditions. To study free radical responses by host cells, RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with non-pathogenic M. smegmatis mc2155 at different time points. The infection process was followed up with an assessment of free radical stress, cytokine, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the resulting DNA damage profiles. Results of CFU count showed that maximum infection in macrophages was achieved after 9 h of infection. Host responses to the infection across different time periods were validated from nitric oxide quantification and expression of iNOS and were plotted at regular intervals. IL-10 and TNF-α expression profile at protein and mRNA level showed a heightened pro-inflammatory response by host macrophages to combat M. smegmatis infection. The expression of TLR4, a receptor for recognition of mycobacteria, in infected macrophages reached the highest level at 9 h of infection. Furthermore, comet tail length, micronuclei and γ-H2AX foci recorded the highest level at 9 h of infection, pointing to the fact that breakage in DNA double strands in macrophage reaches its peak at 9 h of infection. In contrast, treatment with ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) prevented host cell death through reduction in oxidative stress and DNA damage response during M. smegmatis infection. Therefore, it can be concluded that enhanced oxidative stress response in M. smegmatis infected macrophages might be correlated with DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Molecular stress and Stem Cell Biology Lab, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.,Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Avik Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Kumari Anuja
- Molecular stress and Stem Cell Biology Lab, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Manash C Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Abhik Chakraborty
- Molecular stress and Stem Cell Biology Lab, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Junaid Jibran Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, CIT Road, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, CIT Road, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular stress and Stem Cell Biology Lab, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
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53
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Delcroix M, Heydari K, Dodge R, Riley LW. Flow-cytometric analysis of human monocyte subsets targeted by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5185113. [PMID: 30445573 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is characterized by an inflammatory response resulting in the formation of granulomas. These tight aggregates of immune cells play an important role in bacterial containment and in the eventual outcome of infection. Monocytes are a major component of the early immune response to Mtb and contribute to the cellular matrix of the newly forming granuloma. Therefore, defining which monocyte subset is the target of mycobacterial infection is critical. Here, we describe a flow-cytometry-based assay to analyze infectivity in vitro of monocyte subsets by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. We identified CD14+CD16- monocytes as the main target of infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six healthy donors. CD14+CD16+ monocytes displayed the lowest infection rates and remained uninfected in some donors. We found that a longer infection time resulted in an increase of the percentage of monocytes infected and of the number of granulomas produced. We did not observe changes in monocyte cell death or subset expansion upon infection. Future experiments with our in vitro method could help define Mtb infectivity of monocyte subsets. Our study provides a platform to investigate how early infection of different monocyte subsets may alter granuloma formation and outcomes of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaine Delcroix
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ren Dodge
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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Characterizing the Effects of Glutathione as an Immunoadjuvant in the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01132-18. [PMID: 30126957 PMCID: PMC6201097 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01132-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent that is responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB), which continues to affect millions of people worldwide, and the rate of resistance of M. tuberculosis to antibiotics is ever increasing. We tested the synergistic effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; the precursor molecule for the synthesis of glutathione [GSH]) and individual first-line antibiotics typically given for the treatment of TB, such as isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA), to improve the ability of macrophages to control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent that is responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB), which continues to affect millions of people worldwide, and the rate of resistance of M. tuberculosis to antibiotics is ever increasing. We tested the synergistic effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; the precursor molecule for the synthesis of glutathione [GSH]) and individual first-line antibiotics typically given for the treatment of TB, such as isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA), to improve the ability of macrophages to control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection. GSH, a pleiotropic antioxidant molecule, has previously been shown to display both antimycobacterial and immune-enhancing effects. Our results indicate that there was not only an increase in beneficial immunomodulatory effects but also a greater reduction in the intracellular viability of M. tuberculosis when macrophages were treated with the combination of antibiotics (INH, RIF, EMB, or PZA) and NAC.
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Agrawal N, Streata I, Pei G, Weiner J, Kotze L, Bandermann S, Lozza L, Walzl G, du Plessis N, Ioana M, Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A. Human Monocytic Suppressive Cells Promote Replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Alter Stability of in vitro Generated Granulomas. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2417. [PMID: 30405617 PMCID: PMC6205994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has tremendous public health relevance. It most frequently affects the lung and is characterized by the development of unique tissue lesions, termed granulomas. These lesions encompass various immune populations, with macrophages being most extensively investigated. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been recently identified in TB patients, both in the circulation and at the site of infection, however their interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and their impact on granulomas remain undefined. We generated human monocytic MDSCs and observed that their suppressive capacities are retained upon Mtb infection. We employed an in vitro granuloma model, which mimics human TB lesions to some extent, with the aim of analyzing the roles of MDSCs within granulomas. MDSCs altered the structure of and affected bacterial containment within granuloma-like structures. These effects were partly controlled through highly abundant secreted IL-10. Compared to macrophages, MDSCs activated primarily the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and the latter largely contributed to the release of IL-10 and replication of bacteria within in vitro generated granulomas. Moreover, MDSCs upregulated PD-L1 and suppressed proliferation of lymphocytes, albeit with negligible effects on Mtb replication. Further comprehensive characterization of MDSCs in TB will contribute to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the design of novel immune-based interventions for this deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Streata
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova, Romania
| | - Gang Pei
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leigh Kotze
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Silke Bandermann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Mihai Ioana
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova, Romania
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Al-Mutairi NM. Prevalence of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in the Middle East Region. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:709-721. [PMID: 30173588 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1519393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevalence of TB and MDR-TB varies considerably among various regions of World Health Organization (WHO) and also among individual countries within each region. Many Middle Eastern countries have war/civil war-like situations, refugees from war-torn countries or dynamic expatriate population from TB endemic countries which will likely affect the END-TB strategy launched by the WHO in 2015. Areas covered: The data for each of 17 countries comprising the Middle East were analyzed for estimated incidence of TB, number of notified TB cases, mortality rate, and rate of MDR-TB in new and previously treated TB cases as reported by WHO. Data from national surveys or surveillance studies from individual countries were also analyzed for incidence of MDR-TB in new and previously treated TB patients and compared with the estimated data by WHO. Expert commentary: Several Middle Eastern countries have low/intermediate incidence rate and are striving for TB elimination. Reaching pre-elimination (< 1 TB case per 100 000 population) stage will require testing and treatment of latent TB infection in groups at high risk of reactivation and effective treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB cases. Large numbers of refugees, expatriate workers, or confounding noncommunicable diseases in some countries pose major challenges in achieving progress toward TB elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Ahmad
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Kuwait University , Jabriya , Kuwait
| | - Eiman Mokaddas
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Kuwait University , Jabriya , Kuwait
| | - Noura M Al-Mutairi
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Kuwait University , Jabriya , Kuwait
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57
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Bielecka MK, Elkington P. Advanced cellular systems to study tuberculosis treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:16-21. [PMID: 29990957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills more humans than any other infection and drug resistant strains are progressively emerging. Whilst the successful development of new agents for multi-drug resistant Mtb represents a major step forward, this progress must be balanced against recent disappointments in treatment-shortening trials. Consequently, there is a pressing need to strengthen the pipeline of drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) and develop innovative therapeutic regimes. Approaches that bridge diverse disciplines are likely to be required to provide systems that address the limitations of current experimental models. Mtb is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone extensive co-evolution, resulting in a complex interplay between the host and pathogen. This chronic interaction involves multiple micro-environments, which may underlie some of the challenges in developing new drugs. The authors propose that advanced cell culture models of TB are likely to be an important addition to the experimental armamentarium in developing new approaches to TB, and here we review recent progress in this area and discuss the principal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Bielecka
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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58
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Guirado E, Rajaram MV, Chawla A, Daigle J, La Perle KM, Arnett E, Turner J, Schlesinger LS. Deletion of PPARγ in lung macrophages provides an immunoprotective response against M. tuberculosis infection in mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:170-177. [PMID: 30029904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear transcription factor belonging to the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptors. It is activated by diverse endogenous lipid metabolites as well as by exogenous ligands such as the thiazolidinediones. It regulates cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation, the latter in part through trans-repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PPARγ is highly expressed in alternatively activated alveolar macrophages (AMs), a primary host cell for airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Our previous in vitro study identified the importance of PPARγ activation through the mannose receptor (CD206) on human macrophages in enabling M. tb growth. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of PPARγ in vivo during M. tb infection using a macrophage-specific PPARγ knock out mouse model with special emphasis on the lung environment. Our data show that the absence of PPARγ in lung macrophages reduces the growth of virulent M. tb, enhances pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces granulomatous infiltration. These findings demonstrate that PPARγ activation, which down-regulates macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, impacts the lung's response to M. tb infection, thereby supporting PPARγ's role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Guirado
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Murugesan Vs Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna Daigle
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Krista Md La Perle
- Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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59
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Arnett E, Weaver AM, Woodyard KC, Montoya MJ, Li M, Hoang KV, Hayhurst A, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. PPARγ is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis induction of Mcl-1 and limitation of human macrophage apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007100. [PMID: 29928066 PMCID: PMC6013021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ is a global transcriptional regulator associated with anti-inflammatory actions. It is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages (AMs), which are unable to clear the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Although M.tb infection induces PPARγ in human macrophages, which contributes to M.tb growth, the mechanisms underlying this are largely unknown. We undertook NanoString gene expression analysis to identify novel PPARγ effectors that condition macrophages to be more susceptible to M.tb infection. This revealed several genes that are differentially regulated in response to PPARγ silencing during M.tb infection, including the Bcl-2 family members Bax (pro-apoptotic) and Mcl-1 (pro-survival). Apoptosis is an important defense mechanism that prevents the growth of intracellular microbes, including M.tb, but is limited by virulent M.tb. This suggested that M.tb differentially regulates Mcl-1 and Bax expression through PPARγ to limit apoptosis. In support of this, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that Mcl-1 expression is driven by PPARγ during M.tb infection in human macrophages. Further, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) is critical for PPARγ activity and Mcl-1 expression. We also determined that PPARγ and 15-LOX regulate macrophage apoptosis during M.tb infection, and that pre-clinical therapeutics that inhibit Mcl-1 activity significantly limit M.tb intracellular growth in both human macrophages and an in vitro TB granuloma model. In conclusion, identification of the novel PPARγ effector Mcl-1 has determined PPARγ and 15-LOX are critical regulators of apoptosis during M.tb infection and new potential targets for host-directed therapy for M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashlee M. Weaver
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kiersten C. Woodyard
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Montoya
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Li
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Ky V. Hoang
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Rajaram MVS, Arnett E, Azad AK, Guirado E, Ni B, Gerberick AD, He LZ, Keler T, Thomas LJ, Lafuse WP, Schlesinger LS. M. tuberculosis-Initiated Human Mannose Receptor Signaling Regulates Macrophage Recognition and Vesicle Trafficking by FcRγ-Chain, Grb2, and SHP-1. Cell Rep 2018; 21:126-140. [PMID: 28978467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its prominent role as a C-type lectin (CTL) pattern recognition receptor, mannose receptor (MR, CD206)-specific signaling molecules and pathways are unknown. The MR is highly expressed on human macrophages, regulating endocytosis, phagocytosis, and immune responses and mediating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) phagocytosis by human macrophages, thereby limiting phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion. We identified human MR-associated proteins using phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated MR cytoplasmic tail peptides. We found that MR binds FcRγ-chain, which is required for MR plasma membrane localization and M.tb cell association. Additionally, we discovered that MR-mediated M.tb association triggers immediate MR tyrosine residue phosphorylation and Grb2 recruitment, activating the Rac/Pak/Cdc-42 signaling cascade important for M.tb uptake. MR activation subsequently recruits SHP-1 to the M.tb-containing phagosome, where its activity limits PI(3)P generation at the phagosome and M.tb P-L fusion and promotes M.tb growth. In sum, we identify human MR signaling pathways that temporally regulate phagocytosis and P-L fusion during M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Evelyn Guirado
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abigail D Gerberick
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA 02723, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA 02723, USA
| | | | - William P Lafuse
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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61
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Pienaar E, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. Emergence and selection of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in tuberculosis granulomas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196322. [PMID: 29746491 PMCID: PMC5944939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistant tuberculosis is increasing world-wide. Resistance against isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), or both (multi-drug resistant TB, MDR-TB) is of particular concern, since INH and RIF form part of the standard regimen for TB disease. While it is known that suboptimal treatment can lead to resistance, it remains unclear how host immune responses and antibiotic dynamics within granulomas (sites of infection) affect emergence and selection of drug-resistant bacteria. We take a systems pharmacology approach to explore resistance dynamics within granulomas. We integrate spatio-temporal host immunity, INH and RIF dynamics, and bacterial dynamics (including fitness costs and compensatory mutations) in a computational framework. We simulate resistance emergence in the absence of treatment, as well as resistance selection during INH and/or RIF treatment. There are four main findings. First, in the absence of treatment, the percentage of granulomas containing resistant bacteria mirrors the non-monotonic bacterial dynamics within granulomas. Second, drug-resistant bacteria are less frequently found in non-replicating states in caseum, compared to drug-sensitive bacteria. Third, due to a steeper dose response curve and faster plasma clearance of INH compared to RIF, INH-resistant bacteria have a stronger influence on treatment outcomes than RIF-resistant bacteria. Finally, under combination therapy with INH and RIF, few MDR bacteria are able to significantly affect treatment outcomes. Overall, our approach allows drug-specific prediction of drug resistance emergence and selection in the complex granuloma context. Since our predictions are based on pre-clinical data, our approach can be implemented relatively early in the treatment development process, thereby enabling pro-active rather than reactive responses to emerging drug resistance for new drugs. Furthermore, this quantitative and drug-specific approach can help identify drug-specific properties that influence resistance and use this information to design treatment regimens that minimize resistance selection and expand the useful life-span of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knight M, Braverman J, Asfaha K, Gronert K, Stanley S. Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006874. [PMID: 29370315 PMCID: PMC5800697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) formation occurs during infection of macrophages with numerous intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is believed that M. tuberculosis and other bacteria specifically provoke LD formation as a pathogenic strategy in order to create a depot of host lipids for use as a carbon source to fuel intracellular growth. Here we show that LD formation is not a bacterially driven process during M. tuberculosis infection, but rather occurs as a result of immune activation of macrophages as part of a host defense mechanism. We show that an IFN-γ driven, HIF-1α dependent signaling pathway, previously implicated in host defense, redistributes macrophage lipids into LDs. Furthermore, we show that M. tuberculosis is able to acquire host lipids in the absence of LDs, but not in the presence of IFN-γ induced LDs. This result uncouples macrophage LD formation from bacterial acquisition of host lipids. In addition, we show that IFN-γ driven LD formation supports the production of host protective eicosanoids including PGE2 and LXB4. Finally, we demonstrate that HIF-1α and its target gene Hig2 are required for the majority of LD formation in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis, thus demonstrating that immune activation provides the primary stimulus for LD formation in vivo. Taken together our data demonstrate that macrophage LD formation is a host-driven component of the adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis, and suggest that macrophage LDs are not an important source of nutrients for M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knight
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Braverman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Locke LW, Kothandaraman S, Tweedle M, Chaney S, Wozniak DJ, Schlesinger LS. Use of a leukocyte-targeted peptide probe as a potential tracer for imaging the tuberculosis granuloma. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 108:201-210. [PMID: 29623875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are the histopathologic hallmark of tuberculosis (TB), both in latency and active disease. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that specifically target granulomas have not been developed. Our objective is to develop a probe for imaging relevant immune cell populations infiltrating the granuloma. We report the binding specificity of Cyanine 3 (Cy3)-labeled cFLFLFK-PEG12 to human leukocytes and cellular constituents within a human in vitro granuloma model. We also report use of the probe in in vivo studies using a mouse model of lung granulomatous inflammation. We found that the probe preferentially binds human neutrophils and macrophages in human granuloma structures. Inhibition studies showed that peptide binding to human neutrophils is mediated by the receptor formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1). Imaging the distribution of intravenously administered cFLFLFK-PEG12-Cy3 in the mouse model revealed probe accumulation within granulomatous inflammatory responses in the lung. Further characterization revealed that the probe preferentially associated with neutrophils and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. As there is no current clinical diagnostic imaging tool that specifically targets granulomas, the use of this probe in the context of latent and active TB may provide a unique advantage over current clinical imaging probes. We anticipate that utilizing a FPR1-targeted radiopharmaceutical analog of cFLFLFK in preclinical imaging studies may greatly contribute to our understanding of granuloma influx patterns and the biological roles and consequences of FPR1-expressing cells in contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon W Locke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, 793 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Shankaran Kothandaraman
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Martha Morehouse Medical Plaza, 2050 Kenny Road, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - Michael Tweedle
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Martha Morehouse Medical Plaza, 2050 Kenny Road, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - Sarah Chaney
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, 793 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, 793 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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64
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, is a prominent global health threat because of the enormous reservoir of subclinical latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Current diagnostic approaches are limited in their ability to predict reactivation risk and LTBI is recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment. The present review summarizes recent advances in our ability to detect, treat and model LTBI as well as our understanding of bacterial physiology during latency. RECENT FINDINGS T-cell subsets and circulating proteins have been identified which could serve as biomarkers for LTBI or indicators of reactivation risk. In addition, experimental and in-silico models have enabled discoveries regarding bacterial physiology during latency and the host immune response following infection with latent M.tb. SUMMARY Despite recent advances, much more research is needed to bolster our ability to detect, implement treatment and model LTBI. The present work is crucial for the eradication of this global problem.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most successful human diseases in our history due in large part to the multitude of virulence factors exhibited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the pathogenic nuances of this organism in the context of its human host is an ongoing topic of study facilitated by isolating cells from model organisms such as mice and non-human primates. However, M. tuberculosis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, and disease progression and outcome in these model systems can differ from that of human disease. Current in vitro models of infection include primary macrophages and macrophage-like immortalized cell lines as well as the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types. This article will discuss these in vitro model systems in general, what we have learned so far about utilizing them to answer questions about pathogenesis, the potential role of other cell types in innate control of M. tuberculosis infection, and the development of new coculture systems with multiple cell types. As we continue to expand current in vitro systems and institute new ones, the knowledge gained will improve our understanding of not only tuberculosis but all infectious diseases.
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66
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Sun J, Schaaf K, Duverger A, Wolschendorf F, Speer A, Wagner F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O. Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A controls the innate antiviral and antibacterial response of macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15394-409. [PMID: 27004401 PMCID: PMC4941249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major public health issue. While some research has described how each pathogen accelerates the course of infection of the other pathogen by compromising the immune system, very little is known about the molecular biology of HIV-1/Mtb co-infection at the host cell level. This is somewhat surprising, as both pathogens are known to replicate and persist in macrophages. We here identify Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) as a molecular link between Mtb infection and increased HIV-1 susceptibility of macrophages. We demonstrate that both Mtb and HIV-1 infection induce the expression of PPM1A in primary human monocyte/macrophages and THP-1 cells. Genetic manipulation studies revealed that increased PPMA1 expression rendered THP-1 cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while depletion of PPM1A rendered them relatively resistant to HIV-1 infection. At the same time, increased PPM1A expression abrogated the ability of THP-1 cells to respond to relevant bacterial stimuli with a proper cytokine/chemokine secretion response, blocked their chemotactic response and impaired their ability to phagocytose bacteria. These data suggest that PPM1A, which had previously been shown to play a role in the antiviral response to Herpes Simplex virus infection, also governs the antibacterial response of macrophages to bacteria, or at least to Mtb infection. PPM1A thus seems to play a central role in the innate immune response of macrophages, implying that host directed therapies targeting PPM1A could be highly beneficial, in particular for HIV/Mtb co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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67
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López-Agudelo VA, Baena A, Ramirez-Malule H, Ochoa S, Barrera LF, Ríos-Estepa R. Metabolic adaptation of two in silico mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:107. [PMID: 29157227 PMCID: PMC5697012 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to date, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as the worst intracellular killer pathogen. To establish infection, inside the granuloma, Mtb reprograms its metabolism to support both growth and survival, keeping a balance between catabolism, anabolism and energy supply. Mtb knockouts with the faculty of being essential on a wide range of nutritional conditions are deemed as target candidates for tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Constraint-based genome-scale modeling is considered as a promising tool for evaluating genetic and nutritional perturbations on Mtb metabolic reprogramming. Nonetheless, few in silico assessments of the effect of nutritional conditions on Mtb's vulnerability and metabolic adaptation have been carried out. RESULTS A genome-scale model (GEM) of Mtb, modified from the H37Rv iOSDD890, was used to explore the metabolic reprogramming of two Mtb knockout mutants (pfkA- and icl-mutants), lacking key enzymes of central carbon metabolism, while exposed to changing nutritional conditions (oxygen, and carbon and nitrogen sources). A combination of shadow pricing, sensitivity analysis, and flux distributions patterns allowed us to identify metabolic behaviors that are in agreement with phenotypes reported in the literature. During hypoxia, at high glucose consumption, the Mtb pfkA-mutant showed a detrimental growth effect derived from the accumulation of toxic sugar phosphate intermediates (glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate) along with an increment of carbon fluxes towards the reductive direction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Furthermore, metabolic reprogramming of the icl-mutant (icl1&icl2) showed the importance of the methylmalonyl pathway for the detoxification of propionyl-CoA, during growth at high fatty acid consumption rates and aerobic conditions. At elevated levels of fatty acid uptake and hypoxia, we found a drop in TCA cycle intermediate accumulation that might create redox imbalance. Finally, findings regarding Mtb-mutant metabolic adaptation associated with asparagine consumption and acetate, succinate and alanine production, were in agreement with literature reports. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential application of genome-scale modeling, flux balance analysis (FBA), phenotypic phase plane (PhPP) analysis and shadow pricing to generate valuable insights about Mtb metabolic reprogramming in the context of human granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. López-Agudelo
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Silvia Ochoa
- Grupo de investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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68
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Crouser ED, White P, Caceres EG, Julian MW, Papp AC, Locke LW, Sadee W, Schlesinger LS. A Novel In Vitro Human Granuloma Model of Sarcoidosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:487-498. [PMID: 28598206 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of pathogenic granuloma formation are poorly understood, requiring new relevant laboratory models that represent the complexity (genetics and diversity) of human disease. To address this need, we developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with active sarcoidosis, latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), or normal healthy control subjects. PBMCs were incubated for 7 days with uncoated polystyrene beads or beads coated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or human serum albumin. In response to PPD-coated beads, PBMCs from donors with sarcoidosis and LTBI formed robust multicellular aggregates resembling granulomas, displaying a typical T-helper cell type 1 immune response, as assessed by cytokine analyses. In contrast, minimal PBMC aggregation occurred when control PBMCs were incubated with PPD-coated beads, whereas the response to uncoated beads was negligible in all groups. Sarcoidosis PBMCs responded to human serum albumin-coated beads with modest cellular aggregation and inflammatory cytokine release. Whereas the granuloma-like aggregates formed in response to PPD-coated beads were similar for sarcoidosis and LTBI, molecular profiles differed significantly. mRNA expression patterns revealed distinct pathways engaged in early granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and LTBI, and they resemble molecular patterns reported in diseased human tissues. This novel in vitro human granuloma model is proposed as a tool to investigate mechanisms of early granuloma formation and for preclinical drug discovery research of human granulomatous disorders. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01857401).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D Crouser
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter White
- 2 Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Evelyn Guirado Caceres
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Mark W Julian
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Audrey C Papp
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Landon W Locke
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
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69
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Phillips BL, Gautam US, Bucsan AN, Foreman TW, Golden NA, Niu T, Kaushal D, Mehra S. LAG-3 potentiates the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in host phagocytes by modulating mitochondrial signaling in an in-vitro granuloma model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180413. [PMID: 28880895 PMCID: PMC5589099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell mediated Th1 immune responses are critical for immunity to TB. The immunomodulatory protein, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) decreases Th1-type immune responses in T-cells. LAG-3 expression is significantly induced in the lungs of macaques with active TB and correlates with increased bacterial burden. Overproduction of LAG-3 can greatly diminish responses and could lead to uncontrolled Mtb replication. To assess the effect of LAG-3 on the progression of Mtb infection, we developed a co-culture system wherein blood-derived macrophages are infected with Mtb and supplemented with macaque blood or lung derived CD4+ T-cells. Silencing LAG-3 signaling in macaque lung CD4+ T-cells enhanced killing of Mtb in co-cultures, accompanied by reduced mitochondrial electron transport and increased IFN-γ expression. Thus, LAG-3 may modulate adaptive immunity to Mtb infection by interfering with the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Better understanding this pathway could allow us to circumvent immune features that promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Phillips
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Uma S Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia A Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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70
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Kammüller M, Tsai TF, Griffiths CE, Kapoor N, Kolattukudy PE, Brees D, Chibout SD, Safi J, Fox T. Inhibition of IL-17A by secukinumab shows no evidence of increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e152. [PMID: 28868144 PMCID: PMC5579471 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes interleukin-17A (IL-17A), has been shown to have significant efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Blocking critical mediators of immunity may carry a risk of increased opportunistic infections. Here we present clinical and in vitro findings examining the effect of secukinumab on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We re-assessed the effect of secukinumab on the incidence of acute tuberculosis (TB) and reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) in pooled safety data from five randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials in subjects with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. No cases of TB were observed after 1 year. Importantly, in subjects with a history of pulmonary TB (but negative for interferon-γ release and receiving no anti-TB medication) or positive for latent TB (screened by interferon-γ release assay and receiving anti-TB medication), no cases of active TB were reported. Moreover, an in vitro study examined the effect of the anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) antibody adalimumab and secukinumab on dormant M. tuberculosis H37Rv in a novel human three-dimensional microgranuloma model. Auramine-O, Nile red staining and rifampicin resistance of M. tuberculosis were measured. In vitro, anti-TNFα treatment showed increased staining for Auramine-O, decreased Nile red staining and decreased rifampicin resistance, indicative of mycobacterial reactivation. In contrast, secukinumab treatment was comparable to control indicating a lack of effect on M. tuberculosis dormancy. To date, clinical and preclinical investigations with secukinumab found no evidence of increased M. tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kammüller
- Translational Medicine-Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Em Griffiths
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Pappachan E Kolattukudy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dominique Brees
- Translational Medicine-Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah-Dine Chibout
- Translational Medicine-Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Safi
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Todd Fox
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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71
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Fonseca KL, Rodrigues PNS, Olsson IAS, Saraiva M. Experimental study of tuberculosis: From animal models to complex cell systems and organoids. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006421. [PMID: 28817682 PMCID: PMC5560521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease to mankind that has killed more people than any other infectious disease. Despite many efforts and successes from the scientific and health communities, the prospect of TB elimination remains distant. On the one hand, sustainable public health programs with affordable and broad implementation of anti-TB measures are needed. On the other hand, achieving TB elimination requires critical advances in three areas: vaccination, diagnosis, and treatment. It is also well accepted that succeeding in advancing these areas requires a deeper knowledge of host—pathogen interactions during infection, and for that, better experimental models are needed. Here, we review the potential and limitations of different experimental approaches used in TB research, focusing on animal and human-based cell culture models. We highlight the most recent advances in developing in vitro 3D models and introduce the potential of lung organoids as a new tool to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (TB) is the number 1 killer in the world due to a bacterial infection. The study of this disease through clinical and epidemiological data and through the use of different experimental models has provided important knowledge on the role of the immune response generated during infection. This is critical for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutic strategies. However, in spite of the advances made, it is well accepted that better models are needed to study TB. This review discusses the different models used to study TB, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the available animal and cellular models and introducing recently developed state-of-the-art approaches based on human-based cell culture systems. These new advances are integrated in a road map for future study of TB, converging for the potential of lung organoids in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori L. Fonseca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro N. S. Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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72
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Torrelles JB, Schlesinger LS. Integrating Lung Physiology, Immunology, and Tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:688-697. [PMID: 28366292 PMCID: PMC5522344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lungs are directly exposed to the air, have enormous surface area, and enable gas exchange in air-breathing animals. They are constantly 'attacked' by microbes from both outside and inside and thus possess a unique, highly regulated local immune defense system which efficiently allows for microbial clearance while minimizing damaging inflammatory responses. As a prototypic host-adapted airborne pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis traverses the lung and has several 'interaction points' (IPs) which it must overcome to cause infection. These interactions are critical, not only from a pathogenesis perspective but also in considering the effectiveness of therapies and vaccines in the lungs. Here we discuss emerging views on immunologic interactions occurring in the lungs for M. tuberculosis and their impact on infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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73
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Wright CC, Hsu FF, Arnett E, Dunaj JL, Davidson PM, Pacheco SA, Harriff MJ, Lewinsohn DM, Schlesinger LS, Purdy GE. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL11 Cell Wall Lipid Transporter Is Important for Biofilm Formation, Intracellular Growth, and Nonreplicating Persistence. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00131-17. [PMID: 28507063 PMCID: PMC5520431 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00131-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is crucial to the host-pathogen interface, because it provides a barrier against antibiotics and the host immune response. In addition, cell wall lipids are mycobacterial virulence factors. The mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins are cell wall lipid transporters that are important for basic mycobacterial physiology and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. MmpL3 and MmpL11 are conserved across pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria, a feature consistent with an important role in the basic physiology of the bacterium. MmpL3 is essential and transports trehalose monomycolate to the mycobacterial surface. In this report, we characterize the role of MmpL11 in M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosismmpL11 mutants have altered biofilms associated with lower levels of mycolic acid wax ester and long-chain triacylglycerols than those for wild-type bacteria. While the growth rate of the mmpL11 mutant is similar to that of wild-type M. tuberculosis in macrophages, the mutant exhibits impaired survival in an in vitro granuloma model. Finally, we show that the survival or recovery of the mmpL11 mutant is impaired when it is incubated under conditions of nutrient and oxygen starvation. Our results suggest that MmpL11 and its cell wall lipid substrates are important for survival in the context of adaptive immune pressure and for nonreplicating persistence, both of which are critically important aspects of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Wright
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fong Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dunaj
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrick M Davidson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sophia A Pacheco
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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74
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. However, M. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primary infection, most commonly a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response within the confines of tissue granuloma, the host histopathologic hallmark. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the early host immune response fails to control bacterial growth, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-host innate immune system interaction continue to be elucidated, particularly those occurring within the lung. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. In this article, we describe a contemporary view of the molecular events underlying the interaction between M. tuberculosis and a variety of cellular and soluble components and processes of the innate immune system.
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75
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Kumar G, Shankar H, Sharma D, Sharma P, Bisht D, Katoch VM, Joshi B. Proteomics of Culture Filtrate of Prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains: 2D-PAGE Map and MALDI-TOF/MS Analysis. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:1142-1149. [PMID: 28683213 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217717639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although diverse efforts have been done to identify biomarkers for control of tuberculosis using laboratory strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, the disease still poses a threat to mankind. There are many emerging M. tuberculosis strains, and proteomic profiling of these strains might be important to find out potential targets for diagnosis and/or prevention of tuberculosis. We evaluated the comparative proteomic profiling of culture filtrate (CF) proteins from prevalent M. tuberculosis strains (Central Asian or Delhi type; CAS1_Del, East African-Indian; EAI-3 and Beijing family) by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As a result, we could identify 12 CF proteins (Rv0066c, Rv1310, Rv3375, Rv1415, Rv0567, Rv1886c, Rv3803c, Rv3804c, Rv2031c, Rv1038c, Rv2809, and Rv1911c), which were consistently increased in all prevalent M. tuberculosis strains, and interestingly, two CF proteins (Rv2809, Rv1911c) were identified with unknown functions. Consistent increased intensity of these proteins suggests their critical role for survival of prevalent M. tuberculosis isolates, and some of these proteins may also have potential as diagnostic and vaccine candidates for tuberculosis, which needs to be further explored by immunological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavish Kumar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishwa M Katoch
- Department of Health Research (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Beenu Joshi
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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76
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Glass LN, Swapna G, Chavadi SS, Tufariello JM, Mi K, Drumm JE, Lam TT, Zhu G, Zhan C, Vilchéze C, Arcos J, Chen Y, Bi L, Mehta S, Porcelli SA, Almo SC, Yeh SR, Jacobs WR, Torrelles JB, Chan J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein Rv2623 interacts with the putative ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter Rv1747 to regulate mycobacterial growth. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006515. [PMID: 28753640 PMCID: PMC5549992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein Rv2623 regulates mycobacterial growth and may be required for the establishment of tuberculous persistence. Here, yeast two-hybrid and affinity chromatography experiments have demonstrated that Rv2623 interacts with one of the two forkhead-associated domains (FHA I) of Rv1747, a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter annotated to export lipooligosaccharides. FHA domains are signaling protein modules that mediate protein-protein interactions to modulate a wide variety of biological processes via binding to conserved phosphorylated threonine (pT)-containing oligopeptides of the interactors. Biochemical, immunochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown that Rv2623 harbors pT and specifically identified threonine 237 as a phosphorylated residue. Relative to wild-type Rv2623 (Rv2623WT), a mutant protein in which T237 has been replaced with a non-phosphorylatable alanine (Rv2623T237A) exhibits decreased interaction with the Rv1747 FHA I domain and diminished growth-regulatory capacity. Interestingly, compared to WT bacilli, an M. tuberculosis Rv2623 null mutant (ΔRv2623) displays enhanced expression of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), while the ΔRv1747 mutant expresses decreased levels of PIMs. Animal studies have previously shown that ΔRv2623 is hypervirulent, while ΔRv1747 is growth-attenuated. Collectively, these data have provided evidence that Rv2623 interacts with Rv1747 to regulate mycobacterial growth; and this interaction is mediated via the recognition of the conserved Rv2623 pT237-containing FHA-binding motif by the Rv1747 FHA I domain. The divergent aberrant PIM profiles and the opposing in vivo growth phenotypes of ΔRv2623 and ΔRv1747, together with the annotated lipooligosaccharide exporter function of Rv1747, suggest that Rv2623 interacts with Rv1747 to modulate mycobacterial growth by negatively regulating the activity of Rv1747; and that Rv1747 might function as a transporter of PIMs. Because these glycolipids are major mycobacterial cell envelope components that can impact on the immune response, our findings raise the possibility that Rv2623 may regulate bacterial growth, virulence, and entry into persistence, at least in part, by modulating the levels of bacillary PIM expression, perhaps through negatively regulating the Rv1747-dependent export of the immunomodulatory PIMs to alter host-pathogen interaction, thereby influencing the fate of M. tuberculosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N. Glass
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ganduri Swapna
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sivagami Sundaram Chavadi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - JoAnn M. Tufariello
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kaixia Mi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Drumm
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- MS & Proteomics Resource of the W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Chenyang Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Catherine Vilchéze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Lijun Bi
- Department of Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Simren Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Doddam SN, Peddireddy V, Ahmed N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR Regulon Gene Rv2004c Encodes a Novel Antigen with Pro-inflammatory Functions and Potential Diagnostic Application for Detection of Latent Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:712. [PMID: 28694808 PMCID: PMC5483032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1.7 billion people in the world harbor latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a substantial risk of progression to clinical outcome. Containment of these seed beds of Mtb is essential to eliminate tuberculosis completely in high burden settings such as India. Hence, there is an urgent need for the identification of new serological markers for detection or vaccine candidates to prevent latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). DosR regulon antigens of Mtb might serve as attractive targets for LTBI diagnosis or vaccine development as they are specifically expressed and are upregulated during latent phase. In this study, we investigated the role of Rv2004c, a member of DosR regulon (exclusive to Mtb complex), in host–pathogen interaction and its immunogenic potential in LTBI, active TB, and healthy control cohorts. Rv2004c elicited strong antibody response in individuals with LTBI compared to active TB patients and healthy cohorts. Recombinant Rv2004c induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and THP-1 cells via NF-κB phosphorylation. Interaction of Rv2004c with toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 was confirmed using HEK-Blue hTLR-2 and pull-down assays. Rv2004c enhanced the surface expression of TLR-2 at mRNA and protein levels in THP-1 cells. Our findings revealed that Rv2004c induces strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Given these observations, we propose Rv2004c to be a potential diagnostic marker or an attractive vaccine candidate that can be useful against LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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78
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Seu L, Mobley JA, Goepfert PA. CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 patients with impaired Th1 effector responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit diminished histone and nucleoprotein signatures. Clin Immunol 2017; 181:16-23. [PMID: 28552470 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV+ patients have an increased risk for tuberculosis disease despite clinical management with ARTs. We established a culture model of Mtb-infection in PBMCs from HIV+ PPD+ donors on suppressive ART (median 6.4years) with negligible viral loads (median<50copies/mL) and stable CD4+ T cell counts (517cells/mm^3). We observed that HIV+ patient lymphocytes harbored a recruitment defect to Mtb-infected monocytes. To investigate these immune defects on a per cell basis, purified CD4+ T cells from HIV patients were assessed by label-free quantification protein mass spectrometry. CD4+ T cells from HIV patients displayed diminished nucleoprotein levels - notably of histone variant H2a.Z and ribonucleoprotein A1. Only within healthy donors, transcriptional regulatory histone variant H2a.Z expression was correlated to the extent of IFN-γ induction upon Mtb-infection. Our findings may explain why HIV patients exhibit prolonged immune cell dysfunction despite suppressive ART, and implicate a per cell defect of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Seu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - James A Mobley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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79
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Matteelli A, Sulis G, Capone S, D'Ambrosio L, Migliori GB, Getahun H. Tuberculosis elimination and the challenge of latent tuberculosis. Presse Med 2017; 46:e13-e21. [PMID: 28279508 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) affects one third to one fourth of the human population and is the reservoir for a significant proportion of emerging active tuberculosis (TB) cases, especially in low incidence countries. The World Health Organization launched in 2015 the END-TB strategy that aims at TB elimination and promotes, for the first time ever, the management of LTBI. The preventive package, basically consisting of testing and treatment for LTBI in groups at high risk of reactivation, is a mainstay of the first pillar of the strategy, alongside prompt diagnosis and early treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB disease. Testing and treatment for LTBI should be pursued with a programmatic perspective. This implies strong political commitment, adequate funding and an effective monitoring and evaluation system. People living with HIV and children under five years of age who are household contact of a contagious TB cases are primarily targeted in all epidemiological setting. In high resource and low incidence setting, additional at risk populations should also be the target for systematic LTBI testing and treatment. Research is urgently needed to develop diagnostic tests with higher predictive value to identify individuals that progress from infection to disease. Similarly, shorter and safer treatment regimens are needed to make the trade-off between potential benefits and harms more favourable for an increasing proportion of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Matteelli
- University of Brescia, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV co-infection and TB Elimination, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Sulis
- University of Brescia, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV co-infection and TB Elimination, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Susanna Capone
- University of Brescia, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV co-infection and TB Elimination, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lia D'Ambrosio
- Maugeri Care and Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tradate, Italy; Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Maugeri Care and Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tradate, Italy
| | - Haileyesus Getahun
- World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
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80
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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81
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A Bioengineered Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform Integrated with Microfluidics To Address Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02073-16. [PMID: 28174307 PMCID: PMC5296599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents one of the most significant threats to human health, with the emergence of totally drug-resistant organisms. We have combined bioengineering, genetically modified bacteria, longitudinal readouts, and fluidics to develop a transformative platform to address the drug development bottleneck, utilizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the model organism. We generated microspheres incorporating virulent reporter bacilli, primary human cells, and an extracellular matrix by using bioelectrospray methodology. Granulomas form within the three-dimensional matrix, and mycobacterial stress genes are upregulated. Pyrazinamide, a vital first-line antibiotic for treating human tuberculosis, kills M. tuberculosis in a three-dimensional culture but not in a standard two-dimensional culture or Middlebrook 7H9 broth, demonstrating that antibiotic sensitivity within microspheres reflects conditions in patients. We then performed pharmacokinetic modeling by combining the microsphere system with a microfluidic plate and demonstrated that we can model the effect of dynamic antibiotic concentrations on mycobacterial killing. The microsphere system is highly tractable, permitting variation of cell content, the extracellular matrix, sphere size, the infectious dose, and the surrounding medium with the potential to address a wide array of human infections and the threat of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat, and an emerging concept is that infection should be studied in the context of host immune cells. Tuberculosis is a chronic infection that kills over a million people every year and is becoming progressively more resistant to antibiotics. Recent major studies of shorter treatment or new vaccination approaches have not been successful, demonstrating that transformative technologies are required to control tuberculosis. We have developed an entirely new system to study the infection of host cells in a three-dimensional matrix by using bioengineering. We showed that antibiotics that work in patients are effective in this microsphere system but not in standard infection systems. We then combined microspheres with microfluidics to model drug concentration changes in patients and demonstrate the effect of increasing antibiotic concentrations on bacterial survival. This system can be widely applied to address the threat of antimicrobial resistance and develop new treatments.
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82
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Specific Human and Candida Cellular Interactions Lead to Controlled or Persistent Infection Outcomes during Granuloma-Like Formation. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00807-16. [PMID: 27799331 PMCID: PMC5203659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00807-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A delayed type of multicellular process could be crucial during chronic candidiasis in determining the course of infection. This reaction, consisting of organized immune cells surrounding the pathogen, initiates an inflammatory response to avoid fungal dissemination. The goal of the present study was to examine, at an in vitro cellular scale, Candida and human immune cell interaction dynamics during a long-term period. By challenging human peripheral blood immune cells from 10 healthy donors with 32 Candida albicans and non-albicans (C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, and C. kefyr) clinical isolates, we showed that Candida spp. induced the formation of granuloma-like structures within 6 days after challenge, but their sizes and the respective fungal burdens differed according to the Candida species. These two parameters are positively correlated. Phenotypic characteristics, such as hypha formation and higher axenic growth rate, seem to contribute to yeast persistence within granuloma-like structures. We showed an interindividual variability of the human response against Candida spp. Higher proportions of neutrophils and elevated CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios during the first days after challenge were correlated with early production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and associated with controlled infection. In contrast, the persistence of Candida could result from upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and a poor anti-inflammatory negative feedback (IL-10). Importantly, regulatory subsets of NK cells and CD4lo CD8hi doubly positive (DP) lymphocytes at late stage infiltrate granuloma-like structures and could correlate with the IL-10 and TNF-α production. These data offer a base frame to explain cellular events that guide infection control or fungal persistence.
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83
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Dodd CE, Pyle CJ, Glowinski R, Rajaram MVS, Schlesinger LS. CD36-Mediated Uptake of Surfactant Lipids by Human Macrophages Promotes Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4727-4735. [PMID: 27913648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis imposes a large global health burden as the airborne agent of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been flourishing in human populations for millennia and is therefore highly adapted to the lung environment. Alveolar macrophages, a major host cell niche for M. tuberculosis, are not only phagocytose inhaled microbes and particulate matter but are also crucial in catabolizing lung surfactant, a lipid-protein complex that lines the alveolar spaces. Because macrophage host defense properties can be regulated by surfactant and M. tuberculosis can use host lipids as a carbon source during infection, we sought to determine the receptor(s) involved in surfactant lipid uptake by human macrophages and whether the presence of those lipids within macrophages prior to infection with M. tuberculosis enhances bacterial growth. We show that preformed scavenger receptor CD36 is redistributed to the cell membrane following exposure to surfactant lipids and surfactant protein A. Subsequently, surfactant lipids and/or surfactant protein A enhance CD36 transcript and protein levels. We show that CD36 participates in surfactant lipid uptake by human macrophages, as CD36 knockdown reduces uptake of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the most prevalent surfactant lipid species. Finally, exposing human macrophages to surfactant lipids prior to infection augments M. tuberculosis growth in a CD36-dependent manner. Thus, we provide evidence that CD36 mediates surfactant lipid uptake by human macrophages and that M. tuberculosis exploits this function for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Dodd
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rebecca Glowinski
- The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and .,The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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84
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Santucci P, Bouzid F, Smichi N, Poncin I, Kremer L, De Chastellier C, Drancourt M, Canaan S. Experimental Models of Foamy Macrophages and Approaches for Dissecting the Mechanisms of Lipid Accumulation and Consumption during Dormancy and Reactivation of Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:122. [PMID: 27774438 PMCID: PMC5054039 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a slight decline since 2014, tuberculosis (TB) remains the major deadly infectious disease worldwide with about 1.5 million deaths each year and with about one-third of the population being latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of TB. During primo-infection, the recruitment of immune cells leads to the formation of highly organized granulomas. Among the different cells, one outstanding subpopulation is the foamy macrophage (FM), characterized by the abundance of triacylglycerol-rich lipid bodies (LB). M. tuberculosis can reside in FM, where it acquires, from host LB, the neutral lipids which are subsequently processed and stored by the bacilli in the form of intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). Although host LB can be viewed as a reservoir of nutrients for the pathogen during latency, the molecular mechanisms whereby intraphagosomal mycobacteria interact with LB and assimilate the LB-derived lipids are only beginning to be understood. Past studies have emphasized that these physiological processes are critical to the M. tuberculosis infectious-life cycle, for propagation of the infection, establishment of the dormancy state and reactivation of the disease. In recent years, several animal and cellular models have been developed with the aim of dissecting these complex processes and of determining the nature and contribution of their key players. Herein, we review some of the in vitro and in vivo models which allowed to gain significant insight into lipid accumulation and consumption in M. tuberculosis, two important events that are directly linked to pathogenicity, granuloma formation/maintenance and survival of the tubercle bacillus under non-replicative conditions. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each model, hoping that this will serve as a guide for future investigations dedicated to persistence and innovative therapeutic approaches against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Feriel Bouzid
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPLMarseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, URMITEMarseille, France
| | - Nabil Smichi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPLMarseille, France; Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleMontpellier, France
| | - Chantal De Chastellier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, URMITE Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
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85
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Reshma RS, Saxena S, Bobesh KA, Jeankumar VU, Gunda S, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Design and development of new class of Mycobacterium tuberculosis l-alanine dehydrogenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4499-4508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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86
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Bhavanam S, Rayat GR, Keelan M, Kunimoto D, Drews SJ. Understanding the pathophysiology of the human TB lung granuloma using in vitro granuloma models. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1073-89. [PMID: 27501829 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major human health threat that infects one in three individuals worldwide. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a standoff between host and bacteria in the formation of a granuloma. This review will introduce a variety of bacterial and host factors that impact individual granuloma fates. The authors describe advances in the development of in vitro granuloma models, current evidence surrounding infection and granuloma development, and the applicability of existing in vitro models in the study of human disease. In vitro models of infection help improve our understanding of pathophysiology and allow for the discovery of other potential models of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Bhavanam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gina R Rayat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monika Keelan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Kunimoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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87
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Chingwaru W, Glashoff RH, Vidmar J, Kapewangolo P, Sampson SL. Mammalian cell cultures as models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interaction studies: A review. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:832-838. [PMID: 27633294 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections have remained a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in Southern Africa. Yet our understanding of the molecular interactions between the pathogens has remained poor due to lack of suitable preclinical models for such studies. We reviewed the use, this far, of mammalian cell culture models in HIV-MTB interaction studies. Studies have described the use of primary human cell cultures, including (1) monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), alveolar macrophages (AM), (2) cell lines such as the monocyte-derived macrophage cell line (U937), T lymphocyte cell lines (CEMx174, ESAT-6-specific CD4(+) T-cells) and an alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) and (3) special models such as stem cells, three dimensional (3D) or organoid cell models (including a blood-brain barrier cell model) in HIV-MTB interaction studies. The use of cell cultures from other mammals, including: mouse cell lines [macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 and J774.2, fibroblast cell lines (NIH 3T3, C3H clones), embryonic fibroblast cell lines and T-lymphoma cell lines (S1A.TB, TIMI.4 and R1.1)]; rat (T cells: Rat2, RGE, XC and HH16, and alveolar cells: NR8383) and primary guinea pigs derived AMs, in HIV-MTB studies is also described. Given the spectrum of the models available, cell cultures offer great potential for host-HIV-MTB interactions studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Chingwaru
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute Ceres/Zavod Ceres, Lahovna 16, 3000 Celje, Slovenia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
| | - Richard H Glashoff
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerneja Vidmar
- Institute Ceres/Zavod Ceres, Lahovna 16, 3000 Celje, Slovenia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Petrina Kapewangolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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88
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O'Connor G, Gleeson LE, Fagan-Murphy A, Cryan SA, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:33-54. [PMID: 27151307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Centuries since it was first described, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue. Despite ongoing holistic measures implemented by health authorities and a number of new oral treatments reaching the market, there is still a need for an advanced, efficient TB treatment. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy designed to enhance endogenous pathways and hence compliment current regimens could be the answer. The integration of drug repurposing, including synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, with a targeted drug delivery platform is an attractive development option. In order for a new anti-tubercular treatment to be produced in a timely manner, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken from the outset including stakeholders from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies keeping the patient as the key focus. Pre-clinical considerations for the development of a targeted host-directed therapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
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89
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Gopalakrishnan A, Salgame P. Toll-like receptor 2 in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: to be or not to be-that is the question. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:76-82. [PMID: 27326654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is expressed on immune cells and respiratory epithelial cells lining the lung. TLR2 is not critical for protection during acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but it has a significant multi-faceted role in containing chronic infection. This review highlights the contribution of TLR2 to host protection, immune evasion by Mtb and immune regulation during chronic Mtb infection. The TLR2-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate protective mechanisms and limit Mtb replication while the immune evasion pathways counterattack anti-bacterial effector mechanisms. The immune regulation pathways that are activated dampen TLR2 signaling. The combinatorial effect of these functional responses is persistence of Mtb with minimal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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90
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Qureshi IA, Yerra P, Ahmed N. A putative nitroreductase from the DosR regulon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via TLR2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24535. [PMID: 27094446 PMCID: PMC4837367 DOI: 10.1038/srep24535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global encumbrance and it is estimated that nearly one third population of the world acts as a reservoir for this pathogen without any symptoms. In this study, we attempted to characterise one of the genes of DosR regulon, Rv3131, a FMN binding nitroreductase domain containing protein, for its ability to alter cytokine profile, an essential feature of M. tuberculosis latency. Recombinant Rv3131 stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a time and dose dependent manner. In silico analyses using docking and simulations indicated that Rv3131 could strongly interact with TLR2 via a non-covalent bonding which was further confirmed using cell based colorimetric assay. In THP-1 cells treated with Rv3131 protein, a significant upsurge in the surface expression, overall induction and expression of mRNA of TLR2 was observed when analysed by flow cytometry, western blotting and real time PCR, respectively. Activation of TLR2 by Rv3131 resulted in the phosphorylation of NF- κβ. Results of this study indicate a strong immunogenic capability of Rv3131 elicited via the activation of TLR2 signalling pathway. Therefore, it can be surmised that cytokine secretion induced by Rv3131 might contribute to establishment of M. tuberculosis in the granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Insaf A. Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad India
| | - Priyadarshini Yerra
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
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91
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 PMCID: PMC4642849 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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92
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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