51
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Chi TF, Horbach T, Götz C, Kietzmann T, Dimova EY. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5)-Mediated Phosphorylation of Upstream Stimulatory Factor 2 (USF2) Contributes to Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040523. [PMID: 31013770 PMCID: PMC6521020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor USF2 is supposed to have an important role in tumor development. However, the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the function of USF2 are largely unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) seems to be of importance since high levels of CDK5 were found in different cancers associated with high USF2 expression. Here, we identified USF2 as a phosphorylation target of CDK5. USF2 is phosphorylated by CDK5 at two serine residues, serine 155 and serine 222. Further, phosphorylation of USF2 at these residues was shown to stabilize the protein and to regulate cellular growth and migration. Altogether, these results delineate the importance of the CDK5-USF2 interplay in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabughang Franklin Chi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Tina Horbach
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Elitsa Y. Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (T.F.C.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-0-294-485-785; Fax: +358-8-553-114
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52
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An In Vitro Kinase Assay to Assess Rac1 Phosphorylation by ERK. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1821:131-140. [PMID: 30062409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that phosphorylation might further contribute to the tight regulation of Rho GTPases. Interestingly, sequence analysis of Rac1 shows that T108 within the 106PNTP109 motif of Rac1 is likely an ERK phosphorylation site and Rac1 also has an ERK docking site 183KKRKRKCLLL192 (D-site) at the C-terminus. Protein phosphorylation could be assayed by many different methods. Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay we used to assess Rac1 phosphorylation by ERK. Rac1 phosphorylation is detected based on the transfer of a radiolabeled phosphate from ATP to Rac1 by the phosphotransferase activity of the kinase EKR. This in vitro kinase assay uses commercially available purified active ERK. Substrate Rac1 was generated and purified as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. [γ-32P]ATP is used to radiolabel Rac1. Phosphorylation of Rac1 is viewed by autoradiography.
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53
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Hoque A, Williamson NA, Ameen SS, Ciccotosto GD, Hossain MI, Oakhill JS, Ng DCH, Ang CS, Cheng HC. Quantitative proteomic analyses of dynamic signalling events in cortical neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:213. [PMID: 30824683 PMCID: PMC6397184 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, caused by overstimulation or dysregulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), is a pathological process directing neuronal death in many neurological disorders. The aberrantly stimulated iGluRs direct massive influx of calcium ions into the affected neurons, leading to changes in expression and phosphorylation of specific proteins to modulate their functions and direct their participation in the signalling pathways that induce excitotoxic neuronal death. To define these pathways, we used quantitative proteomic approaches to identify these neuronal proteins (referred to as the changed proteins) and determine how their expression and/or phosphorylation dynamically changed in association with excitotoxic cell death. Our data, available in ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008353, identified over 100 changed proteins exhibiting significant alterations in abundance and/or phosphorylation levels at different time points (5–240 min) in neurons after glutamate overstimulation. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that many of them are components of signalling networks directing defective neuronal morphology and functions. Among them, the well-known neuronal survival regulators including mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1/2, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and microtubule-associated protein (Tau), were selected for validation by biochemical approaches, which confirmed the findings of the proteomic analysis. Bioinformatic analysis predicted Protein Kinase B (Akt), c-Jun kinase (JNK), cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5), MAP kinase kinase (MEK), Casein kinase 2 (CK2), Rho-activated protein kinase (Rock) and Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as the potential upstream kinases phosphorylating some of the changed proteins. Further biochemical investigation confirmed the predictions of sustained changes of the activation states of neuronal Akt and CK2 in excitotoxicity. Thus, future investigation to define the signalling pathways directing the dynamic alterations in abundance and phosphorylation of the identified changed neuronal proteins will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of neuronal death in excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaqul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - S Sadia Ameen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Dominic C H Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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54
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Phosphorylation Changes in Response to Kinase Inhibitor H89 in PKA-Null Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2814. [PMID: 30808967 PMCID: PMC6391403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation, mediated by protein kinases, plays a crucial role in cellular regulation. One of the most important protein kinases is protein kinase A (PKA). N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide (H89) is often used as a “PKA specific inhibitor” to study the involvement of PKA in signaling pathways. However, evidence from cell-free experiments has suggested that H89 can also inhibit other protein kinases. In this study, previously generated PKA-null and PKA-intact mouse cell lines derived from mpkCCD cells were treated with H89 over a range of concentrations commonly used in the literature, followed by mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to globally assess changes in phosphorylation. From a total of 14,139 phosphorylation sites quantified, we found that 571 and 263 phosphorylation sites with significant changes in abundance in PKA-intact and PKA-null cells, respectively. Analyses of sequence logos generated from significantly decreased phosphorylation sites in PKA-intact and PKA-null cells both revealed a preference for basic amino acids at position −3 and −2. Thus, H89 appears to inhibit basophilic kinases even in the absence of PKA. Likely H89 targets include basophilic protein kinases such as AKT, RSK, AMPK and ROCK. We conclude that, in intact cells, H89 can affect activities of protein kinases other than PKA, and therefore responses to H89 should not be regarded as sufficient evidence for PKA involvement in a signaling process.
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55
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Ghose R. Nature of the Pre-Chemistry Ensemble in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:145-157. [PMID: 30562484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the availability of a significant amount of structural detail on docking interactions involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their substrates, the mechanism by which the disordered phospho-acceptor on the substrate transiently interacts with the kinase catalytic elements and is phosphorylated, often with high efficiency, remains poorly understood. Here, this dynamic interaction is analyzed in the context of available biophysical and biochemical data for ERK2, an archetypal MAPK. A hypothesis about the nature of the ternary complex involving a MAPK, its substrate, and ATP immediately prior to the chemical step (the pre-chemistry complex) is proposed. It is postulated that the solution ensemble (the pre-chemistry ensemble) representing the pre-chemistry complex comprises several conformations that are linked by dynamics on multiple timescales. These individual conformations possess different intrinsic abilities to proceed through the chemical step. The overall rate of chemistry is therefore related to the microscopic nature of the pre-chemistry ensemble, its constituent conformational microstates, and their intrinsic abilities to yield a phosphorylated product. While characterizing these microstates within the pre-chemistry ensemble in atomic or near-atomic detail is an extremely challenging proposition, recent developments in hybrid methodologies that employ computational approaches driven by experimental data appear to provide the most promising path forward toward achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajeet Ghose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; Graduate Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA; Graduate Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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56
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Jin DZ, Mao LM, Wang JQ. The Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK) in the Regulation of mGlu5 Receptors in Neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:629-638. [PMID: 30430306 PMCID: PMC6312115 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 5 is a G protein-coupled receptor and is densely expressed in the mammalian brain. Like other glutamate receptors, mGlu5 receptors are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, although underlying mechanisms are incompletely investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of a prime kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), in the phosphorylation and regulation of mGlu5 receptors in vitro and in striatal neurons. We found that recombinant ERK1 proteins directly bound to the C-terminal tail (CT) of mGlu5 receptors in vitro. Endogenous ERK1 also interacted with mGlu5 receptor proteins in adult rat striatal neurons in vivo. The kinase showed the ability to phosphorylate mGlu5 receptors. A serine residue in the distal region of mGlu5 CT was found to be a primary phosphorylation site sensitive to ERK1. In functional studies, we found that pharmacological inhibition of ERK with an inhibitor U0126 reduced the efficacy of mGlu5 receptors in stimulating production of cytoplasmic inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate, a major downstream conventional signaling event, in striatal neurons under normal conditions. These results identify mGlu5 as a new biochemical substrate of ERK1. The kinase can interact with and phosphorylate an intracellular domain of mGlu5 receptors in striatal neurons and thereby control its signaling efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Zhong Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - John Q Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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57
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Qiu Y, Poppleton E, Mekkat A, Yu H, Banerjee S, Wiley SE, Dixon JE, Kaplan DL, Lin YS, Brodsky B. Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Ser in a Type I Collagen Peptide. Biophys J 2018; 115:2327-2335. [PMID: 30527445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics studies have reported phosphorylation at multiple sites within collagen, raising the possibility that these post-translational modifications regulate the physical or biological properties of collagen. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies were carried out on model peptides to establish foundational principles of phosphorylation of Ser residues in collagen. A (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)11 peptide was designed to include a Ser-containing sequence from type I collagen that was reported to be phosphorylated. The physiological kinase involved in collagen phosphorylation is not known. In vitro studies showed that a model kinase ERK1 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1) would phosphorylate Ser within the consensus sequence if the collagen-like peptide is in the denatured state but not in the triple-helical state. The peptide was not a substrate for FAM20C, a kinase present in the secretory pathway, which has been shown to phosphorylate many extracellular matrix proteins. The unfolded single chain (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)11 peptide containing phosphoSer was able to refold to form a stable triple helix but at a reduced folding rate and with a small decrease in thermal stability relative to the nonphosphorylated peptide at neutral pH. These biophysical studies on model peptides provide a basis for investigations into the physiological consequences of collagen phosphorylation and the application of phosphorylation to regulate the properties of collagen biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Erik Poppleton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Arya Mekkat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Brodsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
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58
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The Interaction between the Drosophila EAG Potassium Channel and the Protein Kinase CaMKII Involves an Extensive Interface at the Active Site of the Kinase. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5029-5049. [PMID: 30381148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila EAG (dEAG) potassium channel is the founding member of the superfamily of KNCH channels, which are involved in cardiac repolarization, neuronal excitability and cellular proliferation. In flies, dEAG is involved in regulation of neuron firing and assembles with CaMKII to form a complex implicated in memory formation. We have characterized the interaction between the kinase domain of CaMKII and a 53-residue fragment of the dEAG channel that includes a canonical CaMKII recognition sequence. Crystal structures together with biochemical/biophysical analysis show a substrate-kinase complex with an unusually tight and extensive interface that appears to be strengthened by phosphorylation of the channel fragment. Electrophysiological recordings show that catalytically active CaMKII is required to observe active dEAG channels. A previously identified phosphorylation site in the recognition sequence is not the substrate for this crucial kinase activity, but rather contributes importantly to the tight interaction of the kinase with the channel. The available data suggest that the dEAG channel is a docking platform for the kinase and that phosphorylation of the channel's kinase recognition sequence modulates the strength of the interaction between the channel and the kinase.
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59
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Jiang CH, Huang CX, Chen YJ, Chuang YC, Huang BY, Yang CN. Molecular Modeling for Structural Insights Concerning the Activation Mechanisms of F1174L and R1275Q Mutations on Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071610. [PMID: 30004444 PMCID: PMC6100628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various cancers. In its basal state, the structure of ALK is in an autoinhibitory form stabilized by its A-loop, which runs from the N-lobe to the C-lobe of the kinase. Specifically, the A-loop adopts an inhibitory pose with its proximal A-loop helix (αAL-helix) to anchor the αC-helix orientation in an inactive form in the N-lobe; the distal portion of the A-loop is packed against the C-lobe to block the peptide substrate from binding. Upon phosphorylation of the first A-loop tyrosine (Y1278), the αAL-helix unfolds; the distal A-loop detaches from the C-lobe and reveals the P+1 pocket that accommodates the residues immediately after their phosphorylation, and ALK is activated accordingly. Recently, two neuroblastoma mutants, F1174L and R1275Q, have been determined to cause ALK activation without phosphorylation on Y1278. Notably, F1174 is located on the C-terminus of the αC-helix and away from the A-loop, whereas R1275 sits on the αAL-helix. In this molecular modeling study, we investigated the structural impacts of F1174L and R1275Q that lead to the gain-of-function event. Wild-type ALK and ALK with phosphorylated Y1278 were also modeled for comparison. Our modeling suggests that the replacement of F1174 with a smaller residue, namely leucine, moves the αC-helix and αAL-helix into closer contact and further distorts the distal portion of the A-loop. In wild-type ALK, R1275 assumes the dual role of maintaining the αAL-helix–αC-helix interaction in an inactive form and securing αAL-helix conformation through the D1276–R1275 interaction. Accordingly, mutating R1275 to a glutamine reorients the αC-helix to an active form and deforms the entire A-loop. In both F1174L and R1275Q mutants, the A-loop rearranges itself to expose the P+1 pocket, and kinase activity resumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Jiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Chong-Xian Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Jyun Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chung Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Yen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ning Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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60
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Fukumoto Y, Takahashi K, Suzuki N, Ogra Y, Nakayama Y, Yamaguchi N. Casein kinase 2 promotes interaction between Rad17 and the 9-1-1 complex through constitutive phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of human Rad17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:380-386. [PMID: 29902452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An interaction between the Rad17-RFC2-5 and 9-1-1 complexes is essential for ATR-Chk1 signaling, which is one of the major DNA damage checkpoints. Recently, we showed that the polyanionic C-terminal tail of human Rad17 and the embedded conserved sequence iVERGE are important for the interaction with 9-1-1 complex. Here, we show that Rad17-S667 in the C-terminal tail is constitutively phosphorylated in vivo in a casein kinase 2-dependent manner, and the phosphorylation is important for 9-1-1 interaction. The serine phosphorylation of Rad17 could be seen in the absence of exogenous genotoxic stress, and was mostly abolished by S667A substitution. Rad17-S667 was also phosphorylated when the C-terminal tail was fused with EGFP, but the phosphorylation was inhibited by two casein kinase 2 inhibitors. Furthermore, interaction between Rad17 and the 9-1-1 complex was inhibited by the casein kinase 2 inhibitor CX-4945/Silmitasertib, and the effect was dependent on the Rad17-S667 residue, indicating that S667 phosphorylation is the only role of casein kinase 2 in the 9-1-1 interaction. Our data raise the possibility that the C-terminal tail of vertebrate Rad17 regulates ATR-Chk1 signaling through multi-site phosphorylation in the iVERGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Fukumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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61
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Kádková A, Synytsya V, Krusek J, Zímová L, Vlachová V. Molecular basis of TRPA1 regulation in nociceptive neurons. A review. Physiol Res 2018; 66:425-439. [PMID: 28730837 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) is an excitatory ion channel that functions as a cellular sensor, detecting a wide range of proalgesic agents such as environmental irritants and endogenous products of inflammation and oxidative stress. Topical application of TRPA1 agonists produces an acute nociceptive response through peripheral release of neuropeptides, purines and other transmitters from activated sensory nerve endings. This, in turn, further regulates TRPA1 activity downstream of G-protein and phospholipase C-coupled signaling cascades. Despite the important physiological relevance of such regulation leading to nociceptor sensitization and consequent pain hypersensitivity, the specific domains through which TRPA1 undergoes post-translational modifications that affect its activation properties are yet to be determined at a molecular level. This review aims at providing an account of our current knowledge on molecular basis of regulation by neuronal inflammatory signaling pathways that converge on the TRPA1 channel protein and through modification of its specific residues influence the extent to which this channel may contribute to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kádková
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague, Czech Republic. or
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62
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Bencze J, Mórotz GM, Seo W, Bencs V, Kálmán J, Miller CCJ, Hortobágyi T. Biological function of Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2): implications in neurodegeneration. Mol Brain 2018; 11:20. [PMID: 29631601 PMCID: PMC5891947 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are frequent, incurable diseases characterised by abnormal protein accumulation and progressive neuronal loss. Despite their growing prevalence, the underlying pathomechanism remains unclear. Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) is a member of a transmembrane serine/threonine-protein kinase family. Although it was described more than a decade ago, our knowledge on LMTK2’s biological functions is still insufficient. Recent evidence has suggested that LMTK2 is implicated in neurodegeneration. After reviewing the literature, we identified three LMTK2-mediated mechanisms which may contribute to neurodegenerative processes: disrupted axonal transport, tau hyperphosphorylation and enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, LMTK2 gene expression is decreased in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. According to these features, LMTK2 might be a promising therapeutic target in near future. However, further investigations are required to clarify the exact biological functions of this unique protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Bencze
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gábor Miklós Mórotz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Woosung Seo
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Viktor Bencs
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - János Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Christopher Charles John Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary. .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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63
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Ivry SL, Meyer NO, Winter MB, Bohn MF, Knudsen GM, O'Donoghue AJ, Craik CS. Global substrate specificity profiling of post-translational modifying enzymes. Protein Sci 2018; 27:584-594. [PMID: 29168252 PMCID: PMC5818756 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that modify the proteome, referred to as post-translational modifying (PTM) enzymes, are central regulators of cellular signaling. Determining the substrate specificity of PTM enzymes is a critical step in unraveling their biological functions both in normal physiological processes and in disease states. Advances in peptide chemistry over the last century have enabled the rapid generation of peptide libraries for querying substrate recognition by PTM enzymes. In this article, we highlight various peptide-based approaches for analysis of PTM enzyme substrate specificity. We focus on the application of these technologies to proteases and also discuss specific examples in which they have been used to uncover the substrate specificity of other types of PTM enzymes, such as kinases. In particular, we highlight our multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS) assay, which uses a rationally designed, physicochemically diverse library of tetradecapeptides. We show how this method has been applied to PTM enzymes to uncover biological function, and guide substrate and inhibitor design. We also briefly discuss how this technique can be combined with other methods to gain a systems-level understanding of PTM enzyme regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L. Ivry
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Nicole O. Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Michael B. Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Markus F. Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Giselle M. Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
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64
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Xie W, Liu C, Wu D, Li Z, Li C, Zhang Y. Phosphorylation of kinase insert domain receptor by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at serine 229 is associated with invasive behavior and poor prognosis in prolactin pituitary adenomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50883-50894. [PMID: 27438154 PMCID: PMC5239444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas constitute 15-20% of intracranial neoplasms. Previously we reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is upregulated in pituitary tumors associated with activating protein p35, and plays an essential role in pituitary adenomas progression. Here we explored the mechanisms of CDK5 signaling in prolactin pituitary adenomas. Our data indicate that p35 expression and CDK5 activity are both significantly increased in human invasive prolactin pituitary adenomas as compared to noninvasive forms of pituitary adenomas. Inhibition of CDK5 activity suppressed cell migration and invasive ability in GH3 rat pituitary cells. We identified that CDK5 phosphorylates serine 229 residue (Ser-229) of kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), also known as VEGFR-2, in prolactin pituitary adenomas. Phosphorylation of Ser-229 is required for proper KDR surface localization. Phosphorylated Ser-229 in KDR (pSer-229) levels are significantly higher in noninvasive and invasive prolactin pituitary adenomas compared to normal pituitary tissues. In addition, our data indicated that higher KDR pSer-229 correlates with worse prognosis in patients with prolactin pituitary adenomas. In summary, our results illustrated that CDK5-mediated KDR phosphorylation controls prolactin pituitary adenoma progression and KDR pSer-229 serves as a potential prognostic biomarker for both noninvasive and invasive pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Neurological Department, Beijing Renhe Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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65
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Eisenhardt AE, Sprenger A, Röring M, Herr R, Weinberg F, Köhler M, Braun S, Orth J, Diedrich B, Lanner U, Tscherwinski N, Schuster S, Dumaz N, Schmidt E, Baumeister R, Schlosser A, Dengjel J, Brummer T. Phospho-proteomic analyses of B-Raf protein complexes reveal new regulatory principles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26628-52. [PMID: 27034005 PMCID: PMC5042004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Raf represents a critical physiological regulator of the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK-pathway and a pharmacological target of growing clinical relevance, in particular in oncology. To understand how B-Raf itself is regulated, we combined mass spectrometry with genetic approaches to map its interactome in MCF-10A cells as well as in B-Raf deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B-Raf/Raf-1 double deficient DT40 lymphoma cells complemented with wildtype or mutant B-Raf expression vectors. Using a multi-protease digestion approach, we identified a novel ubiquitination site and provide a detailed B-Raf phospho-map. Importantly, we identify two evolutionary conserved phosphorylation clusters around T401 and S419 in the B-Raf hinge region. SILAC labelling and genetic/biochemical follow-up revealed that these clusters are phosphorylated in the contexts of oncogenic Ras, sorafenib induced Raf dimerization and in the background of the V600E mutation. We further show that the vemurafenib sensitive phosphorylation of the T401 cluster occurs in trans within a Raf dimer. Substitution of the Ser/Thr-residues of this cluster by alanine residues enhances the transforming potential of B-Raf, indicating that these phosphorylation sites suppress its signaling output. Moreover, several B-Raf phosphorylation sites, including T401 and S419, are somatically mutated in tumors, further illustrating the importance of phosphorylation for the regulation of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja E Eisenhardt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Sprenger
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Herr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Orth
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Diedrich
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lanner
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalja Tscherwinski
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schuster
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Schmidt
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
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66
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Kugeratski FG, Batista M, Lima CVDP, Neilson LJ, da Cunha ES, de Godoy LM, Zanivan S, Krieger MA, Marchini FK. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 5 Regulates Proliferation and Biosynthetic Processes in Procyclic Forms of Trypanosoma brucei. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:108-118. [PMID: 29043805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic protozoan T. brucei alternates into distinct developmental stages in the mammalian and insect hosts. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways transduce extracellular stimuli into a range of cellular responses, which ultimately lead to the adaptation to the external environment. Here, we combined a loss of function approach with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based mass spectrometry (MS) to investigate the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5) in T. brucei. The silencing of MKK5 significantly decreased the proliferation of procyclic forms of T. brucei. To shed light on the molecular alterations associated with this phenotype, we measured the total proteome and phosphoproteome of cells silenced for MKK5. In the total proteome, we observed a general decrease in proteins related to ribosome and translation as well as down-regulation of several components of the fatty acids biosynthesis pathway. In addition, we observed alterations in the protein levels and phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes, which point toward a suppression of the oxidative metabolism. Taken together, our findings show that the silencing of MKK5 alters cell growth, energy metabolism, protein and fatty acids biosynthesis in procyclic T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Kugeratski
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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67
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Krysan PJ, Colcombet J. Cellular Complexity in MAPK Signaling in Plants: Questions and Emerging Tools to Answer Them. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30538711 PMCID: PMC6277691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in many aspects of plant growth, development, and environmental response. Because of their central role in many important processes, MAPKs have been extensively studied using biochemical and genetic approaches. This work has allowed for the identification of the MAPK genes and proteins involved in a number of different signaling pathways. Less well developed, however, is our understanding of how MAPK cascades and their corresponding signaling pathways are organized at subcellular levels. In this review, we will provide an overview of plant MAPK signaling, including a discussion of what is known about cellular mechanisms for achieving signaling specificity. Then we will explore what is currently known about the subcellular localization of MAPK proteins in resting conditions and after pathway activation. Finally, we will discuss a number of new experimental methods that have not been widely deployed in plants that have the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Jean Colcombet,
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68
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Liu Y, Qu K, Hai Y, Li X, Zhao L, Zhao C. SNP mutations occurring in thyroid hormone receptor influenced individual susceptibility to triiodothyronine: Molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis approaches. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2604-2616. [PMID: 29024007 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing evidences have suggested that expression of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) coded thyroid hormone receptors (THR) generally are associated with individual susceptibility to chemicals. In the present research, multiple molecular dynamics simulations on four SNP mutants (G332R, T337Δ, G345R, and G347E) were performed to investigate the structural and dynamical altering, which could lead to a binding capability variation to triiodothyronine (T3). It proved the structures of two SNP mutants (G345R and T337Δ) occurring in the THR proteins had experienced conformational change to a great extend, which also led to a significant decreasing in binding ability with T3. In addition, two mutates (G345R and G347E) and wild type THR proteins were expressed and purified based on site-directed mutagenesis technology to test their binding abilities with T3 by fluorescence experiments. The fluorescence quenching efficiencies of two mutates displayed that the conjugation with T3 decreased with a significant rate in G345R system and a little rate in G347E system compared with its wild type. It was consistent with the molecular dynamic research that the SNP mutations did change structures of THR protein, and thereby decreased the binding behavior of T3 at different extent. The overall molecular-level look at the protein structure may provide the structural basis to explain how one amino acid change can create a ripple effect on the protein structures and eventually affect the binding affinity of the ligands, which maybe the first stage to understand how SNP mutation results in individual difference in susceptibility to variant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaili Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Quality for Traditional Chinese Medicines of the University of Gansu Province, Gansu University of Chinese Medicines, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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69
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Singh PK, Patel A, Ganguli S, Pal A. Molecular modeling and simulation of three important components of Plant Pathogen Interaction cascade in Vigna mungo. Bioinformation 2017; 13:323-326. [PMID: 29162963 PMCID: PMC5680712 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen interaction plays a great role in plant immunity. The regulation of various components of plant pathogen interactions is quite complicated and is very important in establishing relationship among components of this system. Yellow Mosaic Disease is common among legumes such as Vigna mungo. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a vector causing the disease. Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecule models of three different components of Plant Pathogen interaction cascade- MAP kinase1, MAP kinase 2 and WRKY33 from V. mungo resistant to MYMIV. Both the MAP kinases were sequenced for this study while WRKY 33 was extracted and modeled from transcripts generated from two different transcriptome libraries, one set MYMIV- challenged, the other fed with aviruliferous whitefly. Post simulation studies revealed that MAPKs contained less percentage of disordered residues and were structurally more stable and than WRKY33.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Patel
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700054
| | | | - Amita Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata-700054
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70
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Burel S, Coyan FC, Lorenzini M, Meyer MR, Lichti CF, Brown JH, Loussouarn G, Charpentier F, Nerbonne JM, Townsend RR, Maier LS, Marionneau C. C-terminal phosphorylation of Na V1.5 impairs FGF13-dependent regulation of channel inactivation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17431-17448. [PMID: 28882890 PMCID: PMC5655519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels are key regulators of myocardial excitability, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent alterations in NaV1.5 channel inactivation are emerging as a critical determinant of arrhythmias in heart failure. However, the global native phosphorylation pattern of NaV1.5 subunits associated with these arrhythmogenic disorders and the associated channel regulatory defects remain unknown. Here, we undertook phosphoproteomic analyses to identify and quantify in situ the phosphorylation sites in the NaV1.5 proteins purified from adult WT and failing CaMKIIδc-overexpressing (CaMKIIδc-Tg) mouse ventricles. Of 19 native NaV1.5 phosphorylation sites identified, two C-terminal phosphoserines at positions 1938 and 1989 showed increased phosphorylation in the CaMKIIδc-Tg compared with the WT ventricles. We then tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation at these two sites impairs fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13)-dependent regulation of NaV1.5 channel inactivation. Whole-cell voltage-clamp analyses in HEK293 cells demonstrated that FGF13 increases NaV1.5 channel availability and decreases late Na+ current, two effects that were abrogated with NaV1.5 mutants mimicking phosphorylation at both sites. Additional co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that FGF13 potentiates the binding of calmodulin to NaV1.5 and that phosphomimetic mutations at both sites decrease the interaction of FGF13 and, consequently, of calmodulin with NaV1.5. Together, we have identified two novel native phosphorylation sites in the C terminus of NaV1.5 that impair FGF13-dependent regulation of channel inactivation and may contribute to CaMKIIδc-dependent arrhythmogenic disorders in failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Burel
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Fabien C Coyan
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Maxime Lorenzini
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | | | - Cheryl F Lichti
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Joan H Brown
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, and
| | - Gildas Loussouarn
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Flavien Charpentier
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | | | - R Reid Townsend
- Internal Medicine, and
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Lars S Maier
- the Department of Internal Medicine II, University Heart Center, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Céline Marionneau
- From the l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes 44007, France,
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71
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Local destabilization, rigid body, and fuzzy docking facilitate the phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ets-1 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6287-E6296. [PMID: 28716922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702973114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase substrates are believed to require consensus docking motifs (D-site, F-site) to engage and facilitate efficient site-specific phosphorylation at specific serine/threonine-proline sequences by their cognate kinases. In contrast to other MAP kinase substrates, the transcription factor Ets-1 has no canonical docking motifs, yet it is efficiently phosphorylated by the MAP kinase ERK2 at a consensus threonine site (T38). Using NMR methodology, we demonstrate that this phosphorylation is enabled by a unique bipartite mode of ERK2 engagement by Ets-1 and involves two suboptimal noncanonical docking interactions instead of a single canonical docking motif. The N terminus of Ets-1 interacts with a part of the ERK2 D-recruitment site that normally accommodates the hydrophobic sidechains of a canonical D-site, retaining a significant degree of disorder in its ERK2-bound state. In contrast, the C-terminal region of Ets-1, including its Pointed (PNT) domain, engages in a largely rigid body interaction with a section of the ERK2 F-recruitment site through a binding mode that deviates significantly from that of a canonical F-site. This latter interaction is notable for the destabilization of a flexible helix that bridges the phospho-acceptor site to the rigid PNT domain. These two spatially distinct, individually weak docking interactions facilitate the highly specific recognition of ERK2 by Ets-1, and enable the optimal localization of its dynamic phospho-acceptor T38 at the kinase active site to enable efficient phosphorylation.
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72
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Melatonin synthesis in the human ciliary body triggered by TRPV4 activation: Involvement of AANAT phosphorylation. Exp Eye Res 2017; 162:1-8. [PMID: 28655604 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a substance synthesized in the pineal gland as well as in other organs. This substance is involved in many ocular functions, giving its synthesis in numerous eye structures. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin through two enzymes, the first limiting step into the synthesis of melatonin being aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). In this current study, AANAT phosphorylation after the activation of TRPV4 was studied using human non-pigmented epithelial ciliary body cells. Firstly, it was necessary to determine the adequate time and dose of the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A to reach the maximal phosphorylation of AANAT. An increase of 72% was observed after 5 min incubation with 10 nM GSK (**p < 0.05, n = 6) with a concomitant rise in N-acetyl serotonin and melatonin synthesis. The involvement of a TRPV4 channel in melatonin synthesis was verified by antagonist and siRNA studies as a previous step to studying intracellular signalling. Studies performed on the second messengers involved in GSK induced AANAT phosphorylation were carried out by inhibiting several pathways. In conclusion, the activation of calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II was confirmed, as shown by the cascade seen in AANAT phosphorylation (***p < 0.001, n = 4). This mechanism was also established by measuring N-acetyl serotonin and melatonin levels. In conclusion, the activation of a TRPV4 present in human ciliary body epithelial cells produced an increase in AANAT phosphorylation and a further melatonin increase by a mechanism in which Ca-calmodulin and the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II are involved.
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73
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Chen C, Nimlamool W, Miller CJ, Lou HJ, Turk BE. Rational Redesign of a Functional Protein Kinase-Substrate Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1194-1198. [PMID: 28314095 PMCID: PMC5442603 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Eukaryotic
protein kinases typically phosphorylate substrates in
the context of specific sequence motifs, contributing to specificity
essential for accurate signal transmission. Protein kinases recognize
their target sequences through complementary interactions within the
active site cleft. As a step toward the construction of orthogonal
kinase signaling systems, we have re-engineered the protein kinase
Pim1 to alter its phosphorylation consensus sequence. Residues in
the Pim1 catalytic domain interacting directly with a critical arginine
residue in the substrate were substituted to produce a kinase mutant
that instead accommodates a hydrophobic residue. We then introduced
a compensating mutation into a Pim1 substrate, the pro-apoptotic protein
BAD, to reconstitute phosphorylation both in vitro and in living cells. Coexpression of the redesigned kinase with
its substrate in cells protected them from apoptosis. Such orthogonal
kinase–substrate pairs provide tools to probe the functional
consequences of specific phosphorylation events in living cells and
to design synthetic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chad J. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Gendron L, Cahill CM, von Zastrow M, Schiller PW, Pineyro G. Molecular Pharmacology of δ-Opioid Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:631-700. [PMID: 27343248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance, and a host of ill-tolerated side effects make clinically available opioids less effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes. Given that most therapeutic opioids produce their actions via µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs), other targets are constantly being explored, among which δ-opioid receptors (DOPrs) are being increasingly considered as promising alternatives. This review addresses DOPrs from the perspective of cellular and molecular determinants of their pharmacological diversity. Thus, DOPr ligands are examined in terms of structural and functional variety, DOPrs' capacity to engage a multiplicity of canonical and noncanonical G protein-dependent responses is surveyed, and evidence supporting ligand-specific signaling and regulation is analyzed. Pharmacological DOPr subtypes are examined in light of the ability of DOPr to organize into multimeric arrays and to adopt multiple active conformations as well as differences in ligand kinetics. Current knowledge on DOPr targeting to the membrane is examined as a means of understanding how these receptors are especially active in chronic pain management. Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological diversity should guide the rational design of more effective, longer-lasting, and better-tolerated opioid analgesics for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
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75
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Meyer NO, O'Donoghue AJ, Schulze-Gahmen U, Ravalin M, Moss SM, Winter MB, Knudsen GM, Craik CS. Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry for Kinases as a Method for Revealing Quantitative Substrate Motifs. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4550-4558. [PMID: 28322550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The more than 500 protein kinases comprising the human kinome catalyze hundreds of thousands of phosphorylation events to regulate a diversity of cellular functions; however, the extended substrate specificity is still unknown for many of these kinases. We report here a method for quantitatively describing kinase substrate specificity using an unbiased peptide library-based approach with direct measurement of phosphorylation by tandem liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) peptide sequencing (multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry, MSP-MS). This method can be deployed with as low as 10 nM enzyme to determine activity against S/T/Y-containing peptides; additionally, label-free quantitation is used to ascertain catalytic efficiency values for individual peptide substrates in the multiplex assay. Using this approach we developed quantitative motifs for a selection of kinases from each branch of the kinome, with and without known substrates, highlighting the applicability of the method. The sensitivity of this approach is evidenced by its ability to detect phosphorylation events from nanogram quantities of immunoprecipitated material, which allows for wider applicability of this method. To increase the information content of the quantitative kinase motifs, a sublibrary approach was used to expand the testable sequence space within a peptide library of approximately 100 members for CDK1, CDK7, and CDK9. Kinetic analysis of the HIV-1 Tat (transactivator of transcription)-positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) interaction allowed for localization of the P-TEFb phosphorylation site as well as characterization of the stimulatory effect of Tat on P-TEFb catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew Ravalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Steven M Moss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael B Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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76
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Chiang CK, Xu B, Mehta N, Mayne J, Sun WYL, Cheng K, Ning Z, Dong J, Zou H, Cheng HYM, Figeys D. Phosphoproteome Profiling Reveals Circadian Clock Regulation of Posttranslational Modifications in the Murine Hippocampus. Front Neurol 2017; 8:110. [PMID: 28382018 PMCID: PMC5360755 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous oscillator that drives daily rhythms in physiology, behavior, and gene expression. The underlying mechanisms of circadian timekeeping are cell-autonomous and involve oscillatory expression of core clock genes that is driven by interconnecting transcription–translation feedback loops (TTFLs). Circadian clock TTFLs are further regulated by posttranslational modifications, in particular, phosphorylation. The hippocampus plays an important role in spatial memory and the conversion of short- to long-term memory. Several studies have reported the presence of a peripheral oscillator in the hippocampus and have highlighted the importance of circadian regulation in memory formation. Given the general importance of phosphorylation in circadian clock regulation, we performed global quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome analyses of the murine hippocampus across the circadian cycle, applying spiked-in labeled reference and high accuracy mass spectrometry (MS). Of the 3,052 proteins and 2,868 phosphosites on 1,368 proteins that were accurately quantified, 1.7% of proteins and 5.2% of phosphorylation events exhibited time-of-day-dependent expression profiles. The majority of circadian phosphopeptides displayed abrupt fluctuations at mid-to-late day without underlying rhythms of protein abundance. Bioinformatic analysis of cyclic phosphorylation events revealed their diverse distribution in different biological pathways, most notably, cytoskeletal organization and neuronal morphogenesis. This study provides the first large-scale, quantitative MS analysis of the circadian phosphoproteome and proteome of the murine hippocampus and highlights the significance of rhythmic regulation at the posttranslational level in this peripheral oscillator. In addition to providing molecular insights into the hippocampal circadian clock, our results will assist in the understanding of genetic factors that underlie rhythms-associated pathological states of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kang Chiang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bo Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Neel Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, ON , Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Warren Y L Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Kai Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , China
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, ON , Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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77
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In Search of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Flexible CK2 Subunit Interface. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010016. [PMID: 28165359 PMCID: PMC5374420 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a tetrameric holoenzyme composed of two catalytic (α and/or α’) subunits and two regulatory (β) subunits. Crystallographic data paired with fluorescence imaging techniques have suggested that the formation of the CK2 holoenzyme complex within cells is a dynamic process. Although the monomeric CK2α subunit is endowed with a constitutive catalytic activity, many of the plethora of CK2 substrates are exclusively phosphorylated by the CK2 holoenzyme. This means that the spatial and high affinity interaction between CK2α and CK2β subunits is critically important and that its disruption may provide a powerful and selective way to block the phosphorylation of substrates requiring the presence of CK2β. In search of compounds inhibiting this critical protein–protein interaction, we previously designed an active cyclic peptide (Pc) derived from the CK2β carboxy-terminal domain that can efficiently antagonize the CK2 subunit interaction. To understand the functional significance of this interaction, we generated cell-permeable versions of Pc, exploring its molecular mechanisms of action and the perturbations of the signaling pathways that it induces in intact cells. The identification of small molecules inhibitors of this critical interaction may represent the first-choice approach to manipulate CK2 in an unconventional way.
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78
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Methionine residues around phosphorylation sites are preferentially oxidized in vivo under stress conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40403. [PMID: 28079140 PMCID: PMC5227694 DOI: 10.1038/srep40403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most prevalent and well-understood protein modifications. Oxidation of protein-bound methionine, which has been traditionally perceived as an inevitable damage derived from oxidative stress, is now emerging as another modification capable of regulating protein activity during stress conditions. However, the mechanism coupling oxidative signals to changes in protein function remains unknown. An appealing hypothesis is that methionine oxidation might serve as a rheostat to control phosphorylation. To investigate this potential crosstalk between phosphorylation and methionine oxidation, we have addressed the co-occurrence of these two types of modifications within the human proteome. Here, we show that nearly all (98%) proteins containing oxidized methionine were also phosphoproteins. Furthermore, phosphorylation sites were much closer to oxidized methionines when compared to non-oxidized methionines. This proximity between modification sites cannot be accounted for by their co-localization within unstructured clusters because it was faithfully reproduced in a smaller sample of structured proteins. We also provide evidence that the oxidation of methionine located within phosphorylation motifs is a highly selective process among stress-related proteins, which supports the hypothesis of crosstalk between methionine oxidation and phosphorylation as part of the cellular defence against oxidative stress.
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79
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CK2-An Emerging Target for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010007. [PMID: 28067771 PMCID: PMC5374411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has received a surge of attention in recent years due to the evidence of its overexpression in a variety of solid tumors and multiple myelomas as well as its participation in cell survival pathways. CK2 is also upregulated in the most prevalent and aggressive cancer of brain tissue, glioblastoma multiforme, and in preclinical models, pharmacological inhibition of the kinase has proven successful in reducing tumor size and animal mortality. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and has many bona fide substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and signaling processes across synapses. Full and conditional CK2 knockout mice have further elucidated the importance of CK2 in brain development, neuronal activity, and behavior. This review will discuss recent advances in the field that point to CK2 as a regulator of neuronal functions and as a potential novel target to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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80
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Chen JJ, Arur S. Discovering Functional ERK Substrates Regulating Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Development. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1487:317-335. [PMID: 27924578 PMCID: PMC5429971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The Rat Sarcoma (RAS) GTPAse-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway regulates multiple biological processes across metazoans. In particular during Caenorhabditis elegans oogenesis, ERK signaling has been shown to regulate over seven distinct biological processes in a temporal and sequential manner. To fully elucidate how ERK signaling cascade orchestrates these different biological processes in vivo, identification of the direct functional substrates of the pathway is critical. This chapter describes the methods that were used to identify ERK substrates in a global manner and study their functions in the germline. These approaches can also be generally applied to study ERK-dependent biological processes in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jie Chen
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Swathi Arur
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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81
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Synaptic ERK2 Phosphorylates and Regulates Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 In Vitro and in Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7156-7170. [PMID: 27796752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A synaptic pool of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) controls synaptic transmission, although little is known about its underlying signaling mechanisms. Here, we found that synaptic ERK2 directly binds to postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a (mGluR1a). This binding is direct and the ERK-binding site is located in the intracellular C-terminus (CT) of mGluR1a. Parallel with this binding, ERK2 phosphorylates mGluR1a at a cluster of serine residues in the distal part of mGluR1a-CT. In rat cerebellar neurons, ERK2 interacts with mGluR1a at synaptic sites, and active ERK constitutively phosphorylates mGluR1a under normal conditions. This basal phosphorylation is critical for maintaining adequate surface expression of mGluR1a. ERK is also essential for controlling mGluR1a signaling in triggering distinct postreceptor signaling transduction pathways. In summary, we have demonstrated that mGluR1a is a sufficient substrate of ERK2. ERK that interacts with and phosphorylates mGluR1a is involved in the regulation of the trafficking and signaling of mGluR1.
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82
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Valenciano AL, Knudsen GM, Mackey ZB. Extracellular-signal regulated kinase 8 of Trypanosoma brucei uniquely phosphorylates its proliferating cell nuclear antigen homolog and reveals exploitable properties. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2827-41. [PMID: 27589575 PMCID: PMC5053586 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1222340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma brucei subspecies T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense are vector-borne pathogens that cause sleeping sickness also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is fatal if left untreated. The drugs that treat HAT are ineffective and cause toxic side effects. One strategy for identifying safer and more effective HAT drugs is to therapeutically exploit essential gene targets in T. brucei. Genes that make up a basic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) network are present in T. brucei. Tb927.10.5140 encodes an essential MAPK that is homologous to the human extracellular-signal regulated kinase 8 (HsERK8) which forms a tight complex with the replication factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to stabilize intracellular PCNA levels. Here we demonstrate that (TbPCNA) is uniquely phos-phorylated on serine (S) and threonine (T) residues in T. brucei and that TbERK8 phosphorylates TbPCNA at each of these residues. The ability of an ERK8 homolog to phosphorylate a PCNA homolog is a novel biochemical property that is first demonstrated here in T. brucei and may be unique to this pathogen. We demonstrate that the potent HsERK8 inhibitor Ro318220, has an IC50 for TbERK8 that is several hundred times higher than its reported IC50 for HsERK8. This indicated that the active sites of TbERK8 and HsERK8 can be selectively inhibited, which provides a rational basis for discovering inhibitors that specifically target this essential parasite MAPK to kill the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Valenciano
- a Department of Biochemistry and Fralin Life Science Institute , Vector-Borne Disease Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Zachary B Mackey
- a Department of Biochemistry and Fralin Life Science Institute , Vector-Borne Disease Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , VA , USA
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83
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Zhuang K, Zhang J, Xiong M, Wang X, Luo X, Han L, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Liao W, Liu S. CDK5 functions as a tumor promoter in human colorectal cancer via modulating the ERK5-AP-1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2415. [PMID: 27735944 PMCID: PMC5133995 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) has been found in several human cancers, whereas the role of CDK5 in the malignant development of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been well characterized. Here we investigated the role of CDK5 in CRC and found that its expression was much higher in CRC tissues than that in normal tissues with a higher expression level of CDK5 closely correlating to advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, poor differentiation, increased tumor size and poor prognosis of CRC. Biological function experiments showed that CDK5 regulated CRC cell proliferation and metastasis ability. Whole-genome microarray analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, western blotting, luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that CDK5 could directly phosphorylate ERK5 at threonine (Thr) 732 and finally modulate the oncogenic ERK5–AP-1 axis. Further researches showed that CDK5–ERK5–AP-1 axis could promote progression of CRC carcinogenesis and had a significant correlation in human CRC samples. In summary, this study revealed the functional and mechanistic links between CDK5 and the oncogenic ERK5–AP-1 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of CRC. These findings suggest that CDK5 has an important role in CRC development and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juchang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Man Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianfei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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84
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Roesley SNA, Suryadinata R, Morrish E, Tan AR, Issa SMA, Oakhill JS, Bernard O, Welch DR, Šarčević B. Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) affects cell migration. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:137-51. [PMID: 26771717 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 (BRMS1) reduces the incidence of metastasis in many human cancers, without affecting tumorigenesis. BRMS1 carries out this function through several mechanisms, including regulation of gene expression by binding to the mSin3/histone deacetylase (HDAC) transcriptional repressor complex. In the present study, we show that BRMS1 is a novel substrate of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) that is phosphorylated on serine 237 (S237). Although CDKs are known to regulate cell cycle progression, the mutation of BRMS1 on serine 237 did not affect cell cycle progression and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; however, their migration was affected. Phosphorylation of BRMS1 does not affect its association with the mSin3/HDAC transcriptional repressor complex or its transcriptional repressor activity. The serine 237 phosphorylation site is immediately proximal to a C-terminal nuclear localization sequence that plays an important role in BRMS1-mediated metastasis suppression but phosphorylation does not control BRMS1 subcellular localization. Our studies demonstrate that CDK-mediated phosphorylation of BRMS1 regulates the migration of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ain Roesley
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Emma Morrish
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Samah M A Issa
- e Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- e Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ora Bernard
- b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Danny R Welch
- f Department of Cancer Biology and The University of Kansas Cancer Center , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Boris Šarčević
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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85
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Arif A, Jia J, Halawani D, Fox PL. Experimental approaches for investigation of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase phosphorylation. Methods 2016; 113:72-82. [PMID: 27729295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of many aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARSs) has been recognized for decades, but the contribution of post-translational modification to their primary role in tRNA charging and decryption of genetic code remains unclear. In contrast, phosphorylation is essential for performance of diverse noncanonical functions of AARSs unrelated to protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS) has been investigated extensively in our laboratory for more than a decade, and has served as an archetype for studies of other AARSs. EPRS is a constituent of the IFN-γ-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) complex that directs transcript-selective translational control in myeloid cells. Stimulus-dependent phosphorylation of EPRS is essential for its release from the parental multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), for binding to other GAIT complex proteins, and for regulating the binding to target mRNAs. Importantly, phosphorylation is the common driving force for the context- and stimulus-dependent release, and non-canonical activity, of other AARSs residing in the MSC, for example, lysyl tRNA synthetase (KARS). Here, we describe the concepts and experimental methodologies we have used to investigate the influence of phosphorylation on the structure and function of EPRS. We suggest that application of these approaches will help to identify new functional phosphorylation event(s) in other AARSs and elucidate their possible roles in noncanonical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Arif
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dalia Halawani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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86
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Mao LM, Wang Q. Phosphorylation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in drug addiction and translational research. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 1:17-23. [PMID: 28553558 PMCID: PMC5444875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important posttranslational modification of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes) which are widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain. Several common protein kinases are involved in this type of modification, including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Through constitutive and activity-dependent phosphorylation of mGluR1/5 at specific residues, protein kinases regulate trafficking, subcellular/subsynaptic distribution, and function of modified receptors. Increasing evidence demonstrates that mGluR1/5 phosphorylation in the mesolimbic reward circuitry is sensitive to chronic psychostimulant exposure and undergoes adaptive changes in its abundance and activity. These changes contribute to long-term excitatory synaptic plasticity related to the addictive property of drugs of abuse. The rapid progress in uncovering the neurochemical basis of addiction has fostered bench-to-bed translational research by targeting mGluR1/5 for developing effective pharmacotherapies for treating addiction in humans. This review summarizes recent data from the studies analyzing mGluR1/5 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms in stimulant-induced mGluR1/5 and behavioral plasticity are also discussed in association with increasing interest in mGluR1/5 in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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87
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Cesaro L, Pinna LA. The generation of phosphoserine stretches in phosphoproteins: mechanism and significance. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016. [PMID: 26211804 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the infancy of studies on protein phosphorylation the occurrence of clusters of three or more consecutive phosphoseryl residues in secreted and in cellular phosphoproteins was reported. Later however, while the reversible phosphorylation of Ser, Thr and Tyr residues was recognized to be the most frequent and general mechanism of cell regulation and signal transduction, the phenomenon of multi-phosphorylation of adjacent residues was entirely neglected. Nowadays, in the post-genomic era, the availability of large phosphoproteomics database makes possible a comprehensive re-visitation of this intriguing aspect of protein phosphorylation, aimed at shedding light on both its mechanistic occurrence and its functional meaning. Here we describe an analysis of the human phosphoproteome disclosing the existence of more than 800 rows of 3 to >10 consecutive phosphoamino acids, composed almost exclusively of phosphoserine, while clustered phosphothreonines and phosphotyrosines are almost absent. A scrutiny of these phosphorylated rows supports the conclusion that they are generated through the major contribution of a few hierarchical protein kinases, with special reference to CK2. Also well documented is the combined intervention of CK1 and GSK3, the former acting as priming and primed, the latter as primed kinase. The by far largest proportion of proteins containing (pS)n clusters display a nuclear localization where they play a prominent role in the regulation of transcription. Consistently the molecular function of the by far largest majority of these proteins is the ability to bind other macromolecules and/or nucleotides and metal ions. A "String" analysis performed under stringent conditions reveals that >80% of them are connected to each other by physical and/or functional links, and that this network of interactions mostly take place at the nuclear level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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88
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Song H, Kim W, Choi JH, Kim SH, Lee D, Park CH, Kim S, Kim DY, Kim KT. Stress-induced nuclear translocation of CDK5 suppresses neuronal death by downregulating ERK activation via VRK3 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28634. [PMID: 27346674 PMCID: PMC4922050 DOI: 10.1038/srep28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activity is generally associated with cell survival, prolonged ERK activation induced by oxidative stress also mediates neuronal cell death. Here we report that oxidative stress-induced cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activation stimulates neuroprotective signaling via phosphorylation of vaccinia-related kinase 3 (VRK3) at Ser 108. The binding of vaccinia H1-related (VHR) phosphatase to phosphorylated VRK3 increased its affinity for phospho-ERK and subsequently downregulated ERK activation. Overexpression of VRK3 protected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis. However the CDK5 was unable to phosphorylate mutant VRK3, and thus the mutant forms of VRK3 could not attenuate apoptotic process. Suppression of CDK5 activity results in increase of ERK activation and elevation of proapoptotic protein Bak expression in mouse cortical neurons. Results from VRK3-deficient neurons were further confirmed the role of VRK3 phosphorylation in H2O2-evoked ERK regulation. Importantly, we showed an association between phospho-VRK3 levels and the progression of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Together our work reveals endogenous protective mechanism against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death and suggest VRK3 as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengjin Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Ho Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Gyeongbuk, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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89
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Dernayka L, Rauch N, Jarboui MA, Zebisch A, Texier Y, Horn N, Romano D, Gloeckner CJ, Kriegsheim AV, Ueffing M, Kolch W, Boldt K. Autophosphorylation on S614 inhibits the activity and the transforming potential of BRAF. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1432-1439. [PMID: 27345148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The BRAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, known as BRAF, belongs to the RAF kinase family. It regulates the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway affecting several cellular processes such as growth, survival, differentiation, and cellular transformation. BRAF is mutated in ~8% of all human cancers with the V600E mutation constituting ~90% of mutations. Here, we have used quantitative mass spectrometry to map and compare phosphorylation site patterns between BRAF and BRAF V600E. We identified sites that are shared as well as several quantitative differences in phosphorylation abundance. The highest difference is phosphorylation of S614 in the activation loop which is ~5fold enhanced in BRAF V600E. Mutation of S614 increases the kinase activity of both BRAF and BRAF V600E and the transforming ability of BRAF V600E. The phosphorylation of S614 is mitogen inducible and the result of autophosphorylation. These data suggest that phosphorylation at this site is inhibitory, and part of the physiological shut-down mechanism of BRAF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal Dernayka
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mohamed-Ali Jarboui
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yves Texier
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Horn
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David Romano
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V., Otfried-Müller Strasse 23, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Medical Proteome Center, Division for Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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90
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Egbert JR, Uliasz TF, Shuhaibar LC, Geerts A, Wunder F, Kleiman RJ, Humphrey JM, Lampe PD, Artemyev NO, Rybalkin SD, Beavo JA, Movsesian MA, Jaffe LA. Luteinizing Hormone Causes Phosphorylation and Activation of the cGMP Phosphodiesterase PDE5 in Rat Ovarian Follicles, Contributing, Together with PDE1 Activity, to the Resumption of Meiosis. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:110. [PMID: 27009040 PMCID: PMC4939740 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The meiotic cell cycle of mammalian oocytes in preovulatory follicles is held in prophase arrest by diffusion of cGMP from the surrounding granulosa cells into the oocyte. Luteinizing hormone (LH) then releases meiotic arrest by lowering cGMP in the granulosa cells. The LH-induced reduction of cGMP is caused in part by a decrease in guanylyl cyclase activity, but the observation that the cGMP phosphodiesterase PDE5 is phosphorylated during LH signaling suggests that an increase in PDE5 activity could also contribute. To investigate this idea, we measured cGMP-hydrolytic activity in rat ovarian follicles. Basal activity was due primarily to PDE1A and PDE5, and LH increased PDE5 activity. The increase in PDE5 activity was accompanied by phosphorylation of PDE5 at serine 92, a protein kinase A/G consensus site. Both the phosphorylation and the increase in activity were promoted by elevating cAMP and opposed by inhibiting protein kinase A, supporting the hypothesis that LH activates PDE5 by stimulating its phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Inhibition of PDE5 activity partially suppressed LH-induced meiotic resumption as indicated by nuclear envelope breakdown, but inhibition of both PDE5 and PDE1 activities was needed to completely inhibit this response. These results show that activities of both PDE5 and PDE1 contribute to the LH-induced resumption of meiosis in rat oocytes, and that phosphorylation and activation of PDE5 is a regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Tracy F Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Leia C Shuhaibar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Andreas Geerts
- Bayer Pharma AG, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank Wunder
- Bayer Pharma AG, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Robin J Kleiman
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Humphrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nikolai O Artemyev
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sergei D Rybalkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph A Beavo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew A Movsesian
- Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Laurinda A Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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91
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Tong J, Li L, Ballermann B, Wang Z. Phosphorylation and Activation of RhoA by ERK in Response to Epidermal Growth Factor Stimulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147103. [PMID: 26816343 PMCID: PMC4729484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA has been implicated in various cellular activities, including the formation of stress fibers, cell motility, and cytokinesis. In addition to the canonical GTPase cycle, recent findings have suggested that phosphorylation further contributes to the tight regulation of Rho GTPases. Indeed, RhoA is phosphorylated on serine 188 (188S) by a number of protein kinases. We have recently reported that Rac1 is phosphorylated on threonine 108 (108T) by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Here, we provide evidence that RhoA is phosphorylated by ERK on 88S and 100T in response to EGF stimulation. We show that ERK interacts with RhoA and that this interaction is dependent on the ERK docking site (D-site) at the C-terminus of RhoA. EGF stimulation enhanced the activation of the endogenous RhoA. The phosphomimetic mutant, GFP-RhoA S88E/T100E, when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, displayed higher GTP-binding than wild type RhoA. Moreover, the expression of GFP-RhoA S88E/T100E increased actin stress fiber formation in COS-7 cells, which is consistent with its higher activity. In contrast to Rac1, phosphorylation of RhoA by ERK does not target RhoA to the nucleus. Finally, we show that regardless of the phosphorylation status of RhoA and Rac1, substitution of the RhoA PBR with the Rac1 PBR targets RhoA to the nucleus and substitution of Rac1 PBR with RhoA PBR significantly reduces the nuclear localization of Rac1. In conclusion, ERK phosphorylates RhoA on 88S and 100T in response to EGF, which upregulates RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Tong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Laiji Li
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Barbara Ballermann
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
- * E-mail:
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92
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Lai S, Winkler DFH, Zhang H, Pelech S. Determination of the Substrate Specificity of Protein Kinases with Peptide Micro- and Macroarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1360:183-202. [PMID: 26501911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3073-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the key determinants for the phosphorylation site specificities of protein kinases facilitates identification of their physiological substrates, and serves to better define their critical roles in the signaling networks that underlie a multitude of cellular activities. Albeit with some apparent limitations, such as the lack of contextual information for secondary substrate-binding sites, the synthetic peptide-based approach has been adopted widely for the kinase specificity profiling studies, especially when they are used in an array format, which permits the screening of large numbers of potential peptide substrates in parallel. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols for determining protein kinase substrate specificity using an approach that involves both peptide microarrays and macroarrays. In particular, SPOT synthesis on macroarrays can be used to follow up on in silico predictions of protein kinase substrate specificity with predictive algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Lai
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1, 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6P 6T3
| | - Dirk F H Winkler
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1, 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6P 6T3
| | - Hong Zhang
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1, 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6P 6T3
| | - Steven Pelech
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1, 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6P 6T3.
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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93
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Miller CJ, Turk BE. Rapid Identification of Protein Kinase Phosphorylation Site Motifs Using Combinatorial Peptide Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1360:203-16. [PMID: 26501912 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3073-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic protein kinases phosphorylate substrates at serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues that fall within the context of short sequence motifs. Knowing the phosphorylation site motif for a protein kinase facilitates designing substrates for kinase assays and mapping phosphorylation sites in protein substrates. Here, we describe an arrayed peptide library protocol for rapidly determining kinase phosphorylation consensus sequences. This method uses a set of peptide mixtures in which each of the 20 amino acid residues is systematically substituted at nine positions surrounding a central site of phosphorylation. Peptide mixtures are arrayed in multiwell plates and analyzed by radiolabel assay with the kinase of interest. The preferred sequence is determined from the relative rate of phosphorylation of each peptide in the array. Consensus peptides based on these sequences typically serve as efficient and specific kinase substrates for high-throughput screening or incorporation into biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 208066, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 208066, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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94
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Campe R, Langenbach C, Leissing F, Popescu GV, Popescu SC, Goellner K, Beckers GJM, Conrath U. ABC transporter PEN3/PDR8/ABCG36 interacts with calmodulin that, like PEN3, is required for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:294-306. [PMID: 26315018 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) is the most prevalent form of plant immunity. In Arabidopsis, NHR requires membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter PENETRATION (PEN) 3. Upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PEN3 becomes phosphorylated, suggestive of PEN3 regulation by post-translational modification. Here, we investigated the PEN3 protein interaction network. We probed the Arabidopsis protein microarray AtPMA-5000 with the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of PEN3. Several of the proteins identified to interact with PEN3 in vitro represent cellular Ca(2+) sensors, including calmodulin (CaM) 3, CaM7 and several CaM-like proteins, pointing to the importance of Ca(2+) sensing to PEN3-mediated NHR. We demonstrated co-localization of PEN3 and CaM7, and we confirmed PEN3-CaM interaction in vitro and in vivo by PEN3 pull-down with CaM Sepharose, CaM overlay assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We also show that just like in pen3, NHR to the nonadapted fungal pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei is compromised in the Arabidopsis cam7 and pen3 cam7 mutants. Our study discloses CaM7 as a PEN3-interacting protein crucial to Arabidopsis NHR and emphasizes the importance of Ca(2+) sensing to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Campe
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Caspar Langenbach
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - George V Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1801, USA
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Str. Atomistilor, Nr. 409, Magurele, 077125, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina C Popescu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Katharina Goellner
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Gerold J M Beckers
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
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95
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Mao LM, Wang JQ. Regulation of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors by MAPK/ERK in Neurons. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2016; 2:e268. [PMID: 28008418 PMCID: PMC5170871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes) are regulated by protein kinases. A recent focus is mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). A prototypic subclass of MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), is densely expressed in adult brain postmitotic neurons. This kinase resides in not only the cytoplasm around the nucleus, also the neuronal peripheral structures such as synapses. Recombinant ERK2 binds to C terminal tails of mGluR1a in vitro and native ERK1/2 forms complexes with mGluR1/5 in neurons in vivo. Association of ERK with mGluR1/5 enables the kinase to phosphorylate mGluR1/5 at a cluster of serine sites in the distal C terminus, including a serine residue within the Homer binding site. The ERK-mediated phosphorylation of mGluR1/5 promotes surface expression of mGluR1a in cerebellar neurons. ERK also regulates mGluR1/5 signaling and functions. Among different functional outputs surveyed, ERK exerts an output-specific role in either potentiating or inhibiting their activities. In sum, synaptic group I mGluRs are sufficient substrates of MAPK/ERK. Phosphorylation of mGluR1/5 by ERK has a significant impact on subcellular expression and function of phospho-modified receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Q. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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96
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Hu ZB, Liao XH, Xu ZY, Yang X, Dong C, Jin AM, Lu H. PLK2 phosphorylates and inhibits enriched TAp73 in human osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Med 2015; 5:74-87. [PMID: 26625870 PMCID: PMC4708894 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TAp73, a member of the p53 tumor suppressor family, can substitute for p53 function, especially in p53‐null and p53‐mutant cells. However, TAp73 enrichment and phosphorylation change its transcriptional activity. Previously, we found that the antitumor function of TAp73 was reactivated by dephosphorylation. Polo‐like kinase 2 (PLK2) plays an important role in bone development. Using a biological information database and phosphorylation prediction software, we hypothesized that PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 and inhibits TAp73 function in osteosarcomas. Actually,we determined that PLK2 physically binds to and phosphorylates TAp73 when TAp73 protein abundance is up‐regulated by cisplatin. PLK2‐phosphorylated TAp73 at residue Ser48 within the TA domain; phosphorylation of TAp73 was abolished by mutating this residue. Moreover, PLK2 inhibition combined with cisplatin treatment in osteosarcoma Saos2 cells up‐regulated p21 and puma mRNA expression to a greater extent than cisplatin treatment alone. Inhibiting PLK2 in TAp73‐enriched Saos2 cells resulted in inhibited cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, G1 phase arrest, and decreased cell invasion. However, these changes did not occur in TAp73 knockdown Saos2 cells. In conclusion, these findings reveal a novel PLK2 function in the phosphorylation of TAp73, which prevents TAp73 activity in osteosarcoma cells. Thereby, this research provides an insight into the clinical treatment of malignant tumors overexpressing TAp73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Xiao Hong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Zun Ying Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - An Min Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510665, China
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Hu Z, Xu Z, Liao X, Yang X, Dong C, Luk K, Jin A, Lu H. Polo-like kinase 2 acting as a promoter in human tumor cells with an abundance of TAp73. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3475-88. [PMID: 26640387 PMCID: PMC4662374 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s90302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TAp73, a member of the p53 tumor suppressor family, is frequently overexpressed in malignant tumors in humans. TAp73 abundance and phosphorylation modification result in variations in transcriptional activity. In a previous study, we found that the antitumor function of TAp73 was reactivated by dephosphorylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) displayed a close relationship with the p53 family in affecting the fate of cells. Herein, we investigate the hypothesis that PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 and inhibits TAp73 function. Materials and methods Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and osteosarcoma cell lines were used as natural models of the different expression levels of TAp73. Phosphorylation predictor software Scansite 3.0 and the predictor GPS-polo 1.0 were used to analyze the phosphorylation sites. Coimmunoprecipitation, phosphor-tag Western blot, metabolic labeling, and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to determine the interactions between PLK2 and TAp73. TAp73 activity was assessed by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, which we used to detect P21 and PUMA, both downstream genes of TAp73. The physiological effects of PLK2 cross talk with TAp73 on cell cycle progress and apoptosis were observed by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. Results PLK2 binds to and phosphorylates TAp73. PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 at residue Ser48 and prohibits TAp73 translocation to the nucleus. Additionally, PLK2 inhibition combined with a DNA-damaging drug upregulated p21 and PUMA mRNA expression to a greater extent than DNA-damaging drug treatment alone. Inhibiting PLK2 in TAp73-enriched cells strengthened the effects of the DNA-damaging drug on both G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Pretreatment with TAp73-siRNA weakened these effects. Conclusion These findings reveal a novel PLK2 function (catalyzed phosphorylation of TAp73) which suppresses TAp73 functions. PLK2 promotes the survival of human tumor cells, a novel insight into the workings of malignant tumors characterized by TAp73 overexpression, and one that could speed the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengBo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - ZunYing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoHong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - KuaDi Luk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - AnMin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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98
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Synaptically Localized Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: Local Substrates and Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6309-6315. [PMID: 26567109 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are expressed in postmitotic neurons and act as important regulators in intracellular signaling. In addition to their nuclear distribution and roles in regulating gene expression, MAPKs, especially the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subclass, reside in peripheral dendritic spines and synapses, including the postsynaptic density (PSD) microdomain. This peripheral pool of MAPKs/ERKs is either constitutively active or sensitive to changing synaptic input. Active MAPKs directly interact with and phosphorylate local substrates to alter their trafficking and subcellular/subsynaptic distributions, through which MAPKs regulate function of substrates and contribute to long-lasting synaptic plasticity. A number of physiologically relevant substrates of MAPKs have been identified at synaptic sites. Central among them are key synaptic scaffold proteins (PSD-95 and PSD-93), cadherin-associated proteins (δ-catenin), Kv4.2 K+ channels, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Through a reversible phosphorylation event, MAPKs rapidly and efficiently modulate the function of these substrates and thus determine the strength of synaptic transmission. This review summarizes the recent progress in cell biology of synaptic MAPKs and analyzes roles of this specific pool of MAPKs in regulating local substrates and synaptic plasticity.
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99
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Grant NJ, Coates PJ, Woods YL, Bray SE, Morrice NA, Hastie CJ, Lamont DJ, Carey FA, Sutherland C. Phosphorylation of a splice variant of collapsin response mediator protein 2 in the nucleus of tumour cells links cyclin dependent kinase-5 to oncogenesis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:885. [PMID: 26555036 PMCID: PMC4640224 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent protein kinase-5 (CDK5) is an unusual member of the CDK family as it is not cell cycle regulated. However many of its substrates have roles in cell growth and oncogenesis, raising the possibility that CDK5 modulation could have therapeutic benefit. In order to establish whether changes in CDK5 activity are associated with oncogenesis one could quantify phosphorylation of CDK5 targets in disease tissue in comparison to appropriate controls. However the identity of physiological and pathophysiological CDK5 substrates remains the subject of debate, making the choice of CDK5 activity biomarkers difficult. Methods Here we use in vitro and in cell phosphorylation assays to identify novel features of CDK5 target sequence determinants that confer enhanced CDK5 selectivity, providing means to select substrate biomarkers of CDK5 activity with more confidence. We then characterize tools for the best CDK5 substrate we identified to monitor its phosphorylation in human tissue and use these to interrogate human tumour arrays. Results The close proximity of Arg/Lys amino acids and a proline two residues N-terminal to the phosphorylated residue both improve recognition of the substrate by CDK5. In contrast the presence of a proline two residues C-terminal to the target residue dramatically reduces phosphorylation rate. Serine-522 of Collapsin Response Mediator-2 (CRMP2) is a validated CDK5 substrate with many of these structural criteria. We generate and characterise phosphospecific antibodies to Ser522 and show that phosphorylation appears in human tumours (lung, breast, and lymphoma) in stark contrast to surrounding non-neoplastic tissue. In lung cancer the anti-phospho-Ser522 signal is positive in squamous cell carcinoma more frequently than adenocarcinoma. Finally we demonstrate that it is a specific and unusual splice variant of CRMP2 (CRMP2A) that is phosphorylated in tumour cells. Conclusions For the first time this data associates altered CDK5 substrate phosphorylation with oncogenesis in some but not all tumour types, implicating altered CDK5 activity in aspects of pathogenesis. These data identify a novel oncogenic mechanism where CDK5 activation induces CRMP2A phosphorylation in the nuclei of tumour cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1691-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Grant
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Medical School, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK.
| | | | - Yvonne L Woods
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK.
| | - Susan E Bray
- Division of Cancer, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | | | - C James Hastie
- Division of Signal Transduction and Therapy, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Francis A Carey
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK.
| | - Calum Sutherland
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Medical School, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK.
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100
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Mandal R, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Stamping out RAF and MEK1/2 to inhibit the ERK1/2 pathway: an emerging threat to anticancer therapy. Oncogene 2015; 35:2547-61. [PMID: 26364606 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway is a key signal transduction pathway in the cells. Critically, it remains constitutively active in approximately 30% of human cancers, having key roles in cancer development, maintenance and progression, while being responsible for poorer prognosis and drug resistance. Consequently, the inhibition of this pathway has been the subject of intense research for >25 years. The advent of better patient screening techniques has increasingly shown that upstream regulators like RAS and RAF remain persistently mutated in many cancer types. These gain-of-function mutations, such as KRAS-4B(G12V/G13D/Q61K), NRAS(Q61L/Q61R) or BRAF(V600E), lead to tremendous increase in their activities, resulting in constitutively active extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). They were not efficiently targeted by the first-generation inhibitors such as Lonafarnib or Sorafenib, which were essentially broad spectrum inhibitors targeting pan-RAS and pan-RAF, respectively. This triggered the development of the second-generation inhibitors selective against the mutated proteins. Second generation inhibitors such as Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) and Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) targeting BRAF(V600E), Trametinib (Mekinist) targeting MEK1/2 and the first generation pan-RAF inhibitor Sorafenib (Nexavar) have already been approved for treating renal, hepatocellular, thyroid cancers and BRAF(V600E/K) harboring metastatic melanoma. Others against RAF and MEK1/2 are presently undergoing clinical trials. Their success would depend on the better understanding of the acquired resistance mechanisms to these drugs in the cancer cells and the identification of predictive biomarkers for the proper administration of suitable inhibitor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mandal
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Becker
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Strebhardt
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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