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Pacurari M, Mitra A, Turner T. Idiopathic Pulmonary Comorbidities and Mechanisms. Int J Inflam 2021; 2021:3963659. [PMID: 34691383 PMCID: PMC8528608 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3963659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with an unknown etiology mainly characterized by a progressive decline of lung function due to the scarring of the tissue deep in the lungs. The overall survival after diagnosis remains low between 3 and 5 years. IPF is a heterogeneous disease and much progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the disease mechanisms that contributed to the development of two new drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, which improved the therapeutic management of the disease. The understanding of the cofactors and comorbidities of IPF also contributed to improved management of the disease outcome. In the present review, we evaluate scientific evidence which indicates IPF as a risk factor for other diseases based on the complexity of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the disease development and of comorbidities. We conclude from the existing literature that while much progress has been made in understating the mechanisms involved in IPF development, further studies are still necessary to fully understand IPF pathogenesis which will contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for IPF management as well as other diseases for which IPF is a major risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricica Pacurari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Amal Mitra
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Timothy Turner
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Sari N, Katanasaka Y, Sugiyama Y, Miyazaki Y, Sunagawa Y, Funamoto M, Shimizu K, Shimizu S, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Alpha Mangostin Derived from Garcinia magostana Linn Ameliorates Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Fibroblast Phenotypes in Vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1465-1472. [PMID: 34602555 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are significant risk factors for chronic heart failure (HF). Since pharmacotherapy agents targeting these processes have not been established, we investigated the effect of alpha-magostin (α-man) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis in vitro. Primary cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts were prepared from neonatal rats. After α-man treatment, phenylephrine (PE) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were added to the cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts to induce hypertrophic and fibrotic responses, respectively. Hypertrophic responses were assessed by measuring the cardiomyocyte surface area and hypertrophic gene expression levels. PE-induced phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and p38 was examined by Western blotting. Fibrotic responses were assessed by measuring collagen synthesis, fibrotic gene expression levels, and myofibroblast differentiation. In addition, TGF-β-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was investigated. In cultured cardiomyocytes, α-man significantly suppressed PE-induced increases in the cardiomyocyte surface area, and the mRNA levels (atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)). Treatment with α-man significantly suppressed PE-induced Akt phosphorylation, but not ERK and p38 phosphorylation. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, α-man significantly suppressed TGF-β-induced increases in L-proline incorporation, mRNA levels (POSTN and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)), and myofibroblast differentiation. Additionally, it significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase4 (NOX4) expression and ROS production in cardiac fibroblasts. Treatment with α-man significantly ameliorates hypertrophy by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes and fibrosis by inhibiting NOX4-generating ROS in fibroblasts. These findings suggest that α-man is a possible natural product for the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmila Sari
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center.,Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Yuga Sugiyama
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center.,Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center.,Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
| | - Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
| | - Satoshi Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Clinical Research Institute, Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center.,Shizuoka General Hospital
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Fang L, Wang W, Chen J, Zuo A, Gao H, Yan T, Wang P, Lu Y, Lv R, Xu F, Chen Y, Lyu L. Osthole Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating NADPH Oxidase 4-Derived Oxidative Stress in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3309944. [PMID: 34527170 PMCID: PMC8437590 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3309944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease characterized by the extensive accumulation of myofibroblasts and collagens. However, the exact mechanism that underlies this condition is unclear. Growing evidence suggests that NADPH oxidases (NOXs), especially NOX4-derived oxidative stress, play an important role in the development of lung fibrosis. Bleomycin (BLM) is a tumor chemotherapeutic agent, which has been widely employed to establish IPF animal models. Osthole (OST) is an active constituent of the fruit of Cnidium ninidium. Here, we used an in vivo mouse model and found that OST suppressed BLM-induced body weight loss, lung injury, pulmonary index increase, fibroblast differentiation, and pulmonary fibrosis. OST also significantly downregulated BLM-induced NOX4 expression and oxidative stress in the lungs. In vitro, OST could inhibit TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, differentiation, proliferation, collagen synthesis, NOX4 expression, and ROS generation in human lung fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, NOX4 overexpression could prevent the above effects of OST. We came to the conclusion that OST could significantly attenuate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, via the mechanism that involved downregulating TGF-β1/NOX4-mediated oxidative stress in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiazheng Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anju Zuo
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengqi Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujia Lu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruijuan Lv
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linmao Lyu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Selvarajah B, Azuelos I, Anastasiou D, Chambers RC. Fibrometabolism-An emerging therapeutic frontier in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/697/eaay1027. [PMID: 34429381 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the final pathological outcome and major cause of morbidity and mortality in many common and chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated, and metabolic diseases. Despite the growing incidence of fibrotic diseases and extensive research efforts, there remains a lack of effective therapies that improve survival. The application of omics technologies has revolutionized our approach to identifying previously unknown therapeutic targets and potential disease biomarkers. The application of metabolomics, in particular, has improved our understanding of disease pathomechanisms and garnered a wave of scientific interest in the role of metabolism in the biology of myofibroblasts, the key effector cells of the fibrogenic response. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in metabolism not only are a feature of but also may play an influential role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, most notably in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most rapidly progressive and fatal of all fibrotic conditions. This review will detail the role of key metabolic pathways, their alterations in myofibroblasts, and the potential this new knowledge offers for the development of antifibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brintha Selvarajah
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ilan Azuelos
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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Evangelista-Leite D, Carreira ACO, Gilpin SE, Miglino MA. Protective Effects of Extracellular Matrix-Derived Hydrogels in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:517-530. [PMID: 33899554 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease with significant gas exchange impairment owing to exaggerated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and myofibroblast activation. IPF has no cure, and although nintedanib and pirfenidone are two approved medications for symptom management, the total treatment cost is exuberant and prohibitive to a global uninsured patient population. New therapeutic alternatives with moderate costs are needed to treat IPF. ECM hydrogels derived from decellularized lungs are cost-effective therapeutic candidates to treat pulmonary fibrosis because of their reported antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress contributes to IPF pathophysiology by damaging macromolecules, interfering with tissue remodeling, and contributing to myofibroblast activation. Thus, preventing oxidative stress has beneficial outcomes in IPF. For this purpose, this review describes ECM hydrogel's properties to regulate oxidative stress and tissue remodeling in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Evangelista-Leite
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia O Carreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,NUCEL (Cell and Molecular Therapy Center), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah E Gilpin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Parimon T, Hohmann MS, Yao C. Cellular Senescence: Pathogenic Mechanisms in Lung Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6214. [PMID: 34207528 PMCID: PMC8227105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and fatal lung disease that significantly impacts the aging population globally. To date, anti-fibrotic, immunosuppressive, and other adjunct therapy demonstrate limited efficacies. Advancing our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of lung fibrosis will provide a future path for the cure. Cellular senescence has gained substantial interest in recent decades due to the increased incidence of fibroproliferative lung diseases in the older age group. Furthermore, the pathologic state of cellular senescence that includes maladaptive tissue repair, decreased regeneration, and chronic inflammation resembles key features of progressive lung fibrosis. This review describes regulatory pathways of cellular senescence and discusses the current knowledge on the senescence of critical cellular players of lung fibrosis, including epithelial cells (alveolar type 2 cells, basal cells, etc.), fibroblasts, and immune cells, their phenotypic changes, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these cells contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. A few challenges in the field include establishing appropriate in vivo experimental models and identifying senescence-targeted signaling molecules and specific therapies to target senescent cells, known collectively as "senolytic" or "senotherapeutic" agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Miriam S. Hohmann
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Mechanism of Yifei Decoction Combined with MitoQ on Inhibition of TGF β1/NOX4 and PDGF/ROCK Signal Pathway in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6615615. [PMID: 34135982 PMCID: PMC8177988 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6615615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Rho-related coiled helix forming protein kinase (Rho-ROCK) and another important fibrogenic factor-PDGF play a critical role in collagen deposition in rat lung tissue. Yifei decoction (YFT), a Chinese herbal decoction, has been used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in clinical practice and has produced positive outcomes; however, convincing evidence is currently lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of YFT combined with MitoQ in rats with IPF and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods Rat IPF model was established by endotracheal injection of 5 mg/kg BleomycinA5 into the specific pathogen-free SD rats. MitoQ (6.5 μmol/kg once daily), YFT (10 ml/kg once daily), and MitoQ + YFT (6.5 μmol/kg + 10 ml/kg once daily) were used to treat the rat model for 4 weeks, respectively. The normal rats without IPF were used as the controls. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, lung histopathology was assessed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of fibronectin and collagen IV in lung tissue. The expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, GSH-Px, SOD, MDA, and hydroxyproline was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of TGFβ1, NOX4, PDGFR-β, and ROCK1 were determined using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Results After 4 weeks of drug treatment, comparison of the MitoQ + YFT group with the IPF group showed that lung injury scores, W/D, lung tissue hydroxyproline, fibronectin, collagen IV content, and IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05), as well as the expression of TGFβ1, NOX4, PDGFR-β, and ROCK1, but the activity of GSH-Px and SOD was higher (P < 0.05). Conclusion MitoQ combined with YFT can improve lung injury in rats with pulmonary fibrosis by reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting TGFβ1/NOX4 and PDGF/ROCK signaling pathways. It may provide a new method for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Virk HS, Biddle MS, Smallwood DT, Weston CA, Castells E, Bowman VW, McCarthy J, Amrani Y, Duffy SM, Bradding P, Roach KM. TGFβ1 induces resistance of human lung myofibroblasts to cell death via down-regulation of TRPA1 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2948-2962. [PMID: 33786825 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE TGFβ1-mediated myofibroblast activation contributes to pathological fibrosis in many diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where myofibroblast resistance to oxidant-mediated apoptosis is also evident. We therefore investigated the involvement of redox-sensitive TRPA1 ion channels on human lung myofibroblasts (HLMFs) cell death and TGFβ1-mediated pro-fibrotic responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of TGFβ1 stimulation on TRPA1 expression and cell viability was studied in HLMFs derived from IPF patients and non-fibrotic patients. We also examined a model of TGFβ1-dependent fibrogenesis in human lung. We used qRT-PCR, immunofluorescent assays, overexpression with lentiviral vectors and electrophysiological methods. KEY RESULTS TRPA1 mRNA, protein and ion currents were expressed in HLMFs derived from both non-fibrotic patient controls and IPF patients, and expression was reduced by TGFβ1. TRPA1 mRNA was also down-regulated by TGFβ1 in a model of lung fibrogenesis in human lung. TRPA1 over-expression or activation induced HLMF apoptosis, and activation of TRPA1 channel activation by H2 O2 induced necrosis. TRPA1 inhibition following TGFβ1 down-regulation or pharmacological inhibition, protected HLMFs from both apoptosis and necrosis. Lentiviral vector mediated TRPA1 expression was also found to induce sensitivity to H2 O2 induced cell death in a TRPA1-negative HEK293T cell line. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS TGFβ1 induces resistance of HLMFs to TRPA1 agonist- and H2 O2 -mediated cell death via down-regulation of TRPA1 channels. Our data suggest that therapeutic strategies which prevent TGFβ1-dependent down-regulation of TRPA1 may reduce myofibroblast survival in IPF and therefore improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder S Virk
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael S Biddle
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dawn T Smallwood
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Cathryn A Weston
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Emily Castells
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Viona W Bowman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Jamie McCarthy
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yassine Amrani
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Mark Duffy
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter Bradding
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Katy M Roach
- NIHR Respiratory BRC, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Hakami NY, Dusting GJ, Chan EC, Shah MH, Peshavariya HM. Wound Healing After Alkali Burn Injury of the Cornea Involves Nox4-Type NADPH Oxidase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:20. [PMID: 33079994 PMCID: PMC7585390 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal injury that occurs after burning with alkali initiates wound-healing processes, including inflammation, neovascularization, and fibrosis. Excessive reactions to injury can reduce corneal transparency and thereby compromise vision. The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme complex is known to be involved in cell signaling for wound-healing angiogenesis, but its role in corneal neovascularization has been little studied. Methods The center corneas of wild-type and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice were injured with 3 µL 1 M NaOH, while the contralateral corneas remained untouched. On day 7, mRNA expression levels of NADPH oxidase isoforms, the proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and TGFβ1, and proinflammatory genes ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were determined. Corneal neovascularization and fibrosis were visualized using PECAM-1 antibody and picrosirius red staining, respectively, on the same day. Results Expressions of both Nox2 and Nox4 gene isoforms as well as the above genes were markedly increased in the injured corneas at 7 days. Injured corneas showed neovascularization and fibrosis as well as an increase in clinical opacity score. All responses stimulated by alkali burn were abrogated in Nox4 KO mice. Conclusions Nox4 could be a new target to treat pathologic corneal wound-healing responses and such targeting might prevent blindness caused by burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Y Hakami
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsa C Chan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manisha H Shah
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hitesh M Peshavariya
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tuberculous Fibrosis Enhances Tumorigenic Potential via the NOX4-Autophagy Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040687. [PMID: 33567693 PMCID: PMC7916030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although previous studies have reported coexistence of pulmonary TB and carcinoma, the underlying mechanism of tuberculous fibrosis-induced tumorigenicity remains to be investigated. We previously reported that NOX4 signaling mediates tuberculous pleural fibrosis by activating ERK–ROS–EMT pathways. We were interested in the role of NOX4 in the tumor microenvironment changed by tuberculosis fibrosis. Our results showed that lung cancer cells enhanced the NOX4 expression and invasive potential after exposure to the conditioned medium of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated mesothelial cells or tuberculous pleural effusion. NOX4–autophagy signaling axis contributes to the interaction between tuberculosis fibrosis and lung cancer. Silencing of NOX4 signaling in tuberculous fibrosis reduced the metastatic potential by enhancing autophagy in both in vivoand in vitro studies. This result suggests that NOX4-P62 might serve as a therapeutic target for tuberculous fibrosis-associated lung cancer. Abstract While a higher incidence of lung cancer in subjects with previous tuberculous infection has been reported in epidemiologic data, the mechanism by which previous tuberculosis affects lung cancer remains unclear. We investigated the role of NOX4 in tuberculous pleurisy-assisted tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo.Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated mesothelial cells augmented the migrationand invasive potential of lung cancer cells in a NOX4-dependent manner. Mice with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) pleural infection exhibited increased expression of NOX4 and enhanced malignant potential of lung cancer compared to mice with intrathoracic injection of phosphate-buffered saline. The BCG+ KLN205 (KLN205 cancer cell injection after BCG treatment) NOX4 KO mice group showed reduced tuberculous fibrosis-promoted metastatic potential of lung cancer, increased autophagy, and decreased expression of TGF-β, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to the BCG+KLN205 WT mice group. Finally, NOX4 silencing mitigated the malignant potential of A549 cells that was enhanced by tuberculous pleural effusion and restored autophagy signaling. Our results suggest that the NOX4–autophagy axis regulated by tuberculous fibrosis could result in enhanced tumorigenic potential and that NOX4-P62 might serve as a target for tuberculous fibrosis-induced lung cancer.
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Liu B, Yang J, Hao J, Xie H, Shimizu K, Li R, Zhang C. Natural product mogrol attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis development through promoting AMPK activation. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Li L, Yang DC, Chen CH. Metabolic reprogramming: A driver of cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory lung diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:392-401. [PMID: 33387604 PMCID: PMC7870291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Despite major progress in dissecting the mechanisms associated with disease development and progression, findings only represent one aspect of multifaceted disease. A crucial consequence of this approach is that many therapeutic treatments often fail to improve or reverse the disease state as other conditions and variables are insufficiently considered. To expand our understanding of pulmonary diseases, omics approaches, particularly metabolomics, has been emerging in the field. This strategy has been applied to identify putative biomarkers and novel mechanistic insights. In this review, we discuss metabolic profiles of patients with COPD, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with a focus on the direct effects of cigarette smoking in altering metabolic regulation. We next present cell- and animal-based experiments and point out the therapeutic potential of targeting metabolic reprogramming in inflammatory lung diseases. In addition, the obstacles in translating these findings into clinical practice, including potential adverse effects and limited pharmacological efficacy, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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63
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Role of various imbalances centered on alveolar epithelial cell/fibroblast apoptosis imbalance in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:261-274. [PMID: 33522725 PMCID: PMC7846426 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been recent extensive studies and rapid advancement on the pathogenesis underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and intricate pathogenesis of IPF has been suggested. The purpose of this study was to clarify the logical relationship between these mechanisms. An extensive search was undertaken of the PubMed using the following keywords: “etiology,” “pathogenesis,” “alveolar epithelial cell (AEC),” “fibroblast,” “lymphocyte,” “macrophage,” “epigenomics,” “histone,” acetylation,” “methylation,” “endoplasmic reticulum stress,” “mitochondrial dysfunction,” “telomerase,” “proteases,” “plasminogen,” “epithelial-mesenchymal transition,” “oxidative stress,” “inflammation,” “apoptosis,” and “idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.” This search covered relevant research articles published up to April 30, 2020. Original articles, reviews, and other articles were searched and reviewed for content; 240 highly relevant studies were obtained after screening. IPF is likely the result of complex interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors: environmental exposures affect epigenetic marks; epigenetic processes translate environmental exposures into the regulation of chromatin; epigenetic processes shape gene expression profiles; in turn, an individual's genetic background determines epigenetic marks; finally, these genetic and epigenetic factors act in concert to dysregulate gene expression in IPF lung tissue. The pathogenesis of IPF involves various imbalances including endoplasmic reticulum, telomere length homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, Th1/Th2 imbalance, M1–M2 polarization of macrophages, protease/antiprotease imbalance, and plasminogen activation/inhibition imbalance. These affect each other, promote each other, and ultimately promote AEC/fibroblast apoptosis imbalance directly or indirectly. Excessive AEC apoptosis and impaired apoptosis of fibroblasts contribute to fibrosis. IPF is likely the result of complex interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. The pathogenesis of IPF involves various imbalances centered on AEC/fibroblast apoptosis imbalance.
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64
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Hou J, Ji Q, Ji J, Ju S, Xu C, Yong X, Xu X, Muddassir M, Chen X, Xie J, Han X. Co-delivery of siPTPN13 and siNOX4 via (myo)fibroblast-targeting polymeric micelles for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3244-3261. [PMID: 33537085 PMCID: PMC7847691 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: (Myo)fibroblasts are the ultimate effector cells responsible for the production of collagen within alveolar structures, a core phenomenon in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although (myo)fibroblast-targeted therapy holds great promise for suppressing the progression of IPF, its development is hindered by the limited drug delivery efficacy to (myo)fibroblasts and the vicious circle of (myo)fibroblast activation and evasion of apoptosis. Methods: Here, a dual small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded delivery system of polymeric micelles is developed to suppress the development of pulmonary fibrosis via a two-arm mechanism. The micelles are endowed with (myo)fibroblast-targeting ability by modifying the Fab' fragment of the anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) antibody onto their surface. Two different sequences of siRNA targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase-N13 (PTPN13, a promoter of the resistance of (myo)fibroblasts to Fas-induced apoptosis) and NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4, a key regulator for (myo)fibroblast differentiation and activation) are loaded into micelles to inhibit the formation of fibroblastic foci. Results: We demonstrate that Fab'-conjugated dual siRNA-micelles exhibit higher affinity to (myo)fibroblasts in fibrotic lung tissue. This Fab'-conjugated dual siRNA-micelle can achieve remarkable antifibrotic effects on the formation of fibroblastic foci by, on the one hand, suppressing (myo)fibroblast activation via siRNA-induced knockdown of NOX4 and, on the other hand, sensitizing (myo)fibroblasts to Fas-induced apoptosis by siRNA-mediated PTPN13 silencing. In addition, this (myo)fibroblast-targeting siRNA-loaded micelle did not induce significant damage to major organs, and no histopathological abnormities were observed in murine models. Conclusion: The (myo)fibroblast-targeting dual siRNA-loaded micelles offer a potential strategy with promising prospects in molecular-targeted fibrosis therapy.
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65
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Wang J, Zhao X, Feng W, Li Y, Peng C. Inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text] 1-Mediated Cellular Processes as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1965-1999. [PMID: 34961416 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible interstitial lung disease that even threatens the lives of some patients infected with COVID-19. PF is a multicellular pathological process, including the initial injuries of epithelial cells, recruitment of inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, etc. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 acts as a key effect factor that participates in these cellular processes of PF. Recently, much attention was paid to inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text]1 mediated cell processes in the treatment of PF with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Here, this review first summarized the effects of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in different cellular processes of PF. Then, this review summarized the recent research on CHM (compounds, multi-components, single medicines and prescriptions) to directly and/or indirectly inhibit TGF-[Formula: see text]1 signaling (TLRs, PPARs, micrRNA, etc.) in PF. Most of the research focused on CHM natural compounds, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenes. After review, the research perspectives of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1 inhibition in PF were further discussed. This review hopes that revealing the inhibiting effects of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1-mediated cellular processes of PF can promote CHM to be better understood and utilized, thus transforming the therapeutic activities of CHM into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
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66
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Veith C, Hristova M, Danyal K, Habibovic A, Dustin CM, McDonough JE, Vanaudenaerde BM, Kreuter M, Schneider MA, Kahn N, van Schooten FJ, Boots AW, van der Vliet A. Profibrotic epithelial TGF-β1 signaling involves NOX4-mitochondria cross talk and redox-mediated activation of the tyrosine kinase FYN. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L356-L367. [PMID: 33325804 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00444.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by a disturbed redox balance and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is believed to contribute to epithelial injury and fibrotic lung scarring. The main pulmonary sources of ROS include mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (NOXs), of which the NOX4 isoform has been implicated in IPF. Non-receptor SRC tyrosine kinases (SFK) are important for cellular homeostasis and are often dysregulated in lung diseases. SFK activation by the profibrotic transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is thought to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis, but the relevant SFK isoform and its relationship to NOX4 and/or mitochondrial ROS in the context of profibrotic TGF-β signaling is not known. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β1 can rapidly activate the SRC kinase FYN in human bronchial epithelial cells, which subsequently induces mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, genetic damage shown by the DNA damage marker γH2AX, and increased expression of profibrotic genes. Moreover, TGF-β1-induced activation of FYN involves initial activation of NOX4 and direct cysteine oxidation of FYN, and both FYN and mtROS contribute to TGF-β-induced induction of NOX4. NOX4 expression in lung tissues of IPF patients is positively correlated with disease severity, although FYN expression is down-regulated in IPF and does not correlate with disease severity. Collectively, our findings highlight a critical role for FYN in TGF-β1-induced mtROS production, DNA damage response, and induction of profibrotic genes in bronchial epithelial cells, and suggest that altered expression and activation of NOX4 and FYN may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Veith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Karamatullah Danyal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Christopher M Dustin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - John E McDonough
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Vanaudenaerde
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc A Schneider
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kahn
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik J van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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67
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Pulmonary toxicants and fibrosis: innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115272. [PMID: 33031836 PMCID: PMC9960630 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by destruction and remodeling of the lung due to an accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in the tissue. This results in progressive irreversible decreases in lung capacity, impaired gas exchange and eventually, hypoxemia. A number of inhaled and systemic toxicants including bleomycin, silica, asbestos, nanoparticles, mustard vesicants, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, and ionizing radiation have been identified. In this article, we review the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and mediators they release in the pathogenesis of fibrotic pathologies induced by pulmonary toxicants. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for patients with these debilitating and largely irreversible chronic diseases.
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68
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El Tabaa MM, El Tabaa MM. New putative insights into neprilysin (NEP)-dependent pharmacotherapeutic role of roflumilast in treating COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173615. [PMID: 33011243 PMCID: PMC7527794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents the most serious inflammatory respiratory disease worldwide. Despite many proposed therapies, no effective medication has yet been approved. Neutrophils appear to be the key mediator for COVID-19-associated inflammatory immunopathologic, thromboembolic and fibrotic complications. Thus, for any therapeutic agent to be effective, it should greatly block the neutrophilic component of COVID-19. One of the effective therapeutic approaches investigated to reduce neutrophil-associated inflammatory lung diseases with few adverse effects was roflumilast. Being a highly selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE4i), roflumilast acts by enhancing the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), that probably potentiates its anti-inflammatory action via increasing neprilysin (NEP) activity. Because activating NEP was previously reported to mitigate several airway inflammatory ailments; this review thoroughly discusses the proposed NEP-based therapeutic properties of roflumilast, which may be of great importance in curing COVID-19. However, further clinical studies are required to confirm this strategy and to evaluate its in vivo preventive and therapeutic efficacy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Egypt.
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69
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A Positive Feed Forward Loop between Wnt/ β-Catenin and NOX4 Promotes Silicon Dioxide-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Lung Epithelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3404168. [PMID: 33376577 PMCID: PMC7744200 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3404168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is a chronic fibrotic lung disease caused by the accumulation of silica dust in the distal lung. Canonical Wnt signaling and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis including silicosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of crosstalk between these two signalings are not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to explore the interaction of Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 of human epithelial cells in response to an exposure of silica dust. Results demonstrated an elevated expression of key components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and NOX4 in the lungs of silicon dioxide- (SiO2-) induced silicosis mice. Furthermore, the activated Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 signaling are accompanied by an inhibition of cell proliferation, an increase of ROS production and cell apoptosis, and an upregulation of profibrogenic factors in BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells exposed to SiO2. A mechanistic study further demonstrated that the Wnt3a-mediated activation of canonical Wnt signaling could augment the SiO2-induced NOX4 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but reduced glutathione (GSH), while Wnt inhibitor DKK1 exhibited an opposite effect to Wnt3a. Vice versa, an overexpression of NOX4 further activated SiO2-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response along with a reduction of GSH, whereas the shRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX4 showed an opposite effect to NOX4 overexpression. These results imply a positive feed forward loop between Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 signaling that may promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung epithelial cells in response to an exposure of silica dust, which may thus provide an insight into the profibrogenic role of Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 crosstalk in lung epithelial cell injury and pathogenesis of silicosis.
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70
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Checa J, Aran JM. Airway Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Gone Awry: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9317. [PMID: 33297418 PMCID: PMC7731288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions. Thus, any major or chronic dysregulation of the redox balance, the air-liquid interface, or defects in epithelial proteins impairing mucociliary clearance or other defense systems may lead to airway damage. Here, we review our understanding of the key role of oxidative stress and inflammation in respiratory pathology, and extensively report current and future trends in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments focusing on the following major acute and chronic lung diseases: acute lung injury/respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep M. Aran
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
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71
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Taguchi K. Pharmaceutical Technology Innovation Strategy Based on the Function of Blood Transport Proteins as DDS Carriers for the Treatment of Intractable Disorders and Cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1815-1822. [PMID: 33268699 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Blood transport proteins are biogenic molecules with unique and interesting inherent characteristics that make up living organisms. As the utilization of their inherent characteristics can be a groundbreaking strategy to resolve and improve several clinical problems, attempts have been made to develop pharmaceutical and biomedical preparations based on blood transport proteins for the treatment and diagnosis of disorders. Among various blood transport proteins, we focus on the immense potential of hemoglobin and albumin to serve as carriers of biomedical gases (oxygen and carbon monoxide) and anticancer agents (low-molecular compounds and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides), respectively, for the development of innovative drug delivery systems (DDS) to treat intractable disorders and solid cancers. In this review, I introduce the pharmaceutical technology, strategies, and application of DDS carriers that have been designed on the basis of the structure and function of hemoglobin and albumin. In addition, the prospect of using hemoglobin and albumin as materials for DDS carriers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy
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72
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Rackow AR, Nagel DJ, McCarthy C, Judge J, Lacy S, Freeberg MAT, Thatcher TH, Kottmann RM, Sime PJ. The self-fulfilling prophecy of pulmonary fibrosis: a selective inspection of pathological signalling loops. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.00075-2020. [PMID: 32943406 PMCID: PMC7931159 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00075-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating, progressive disease and carries a prognosis worse than most cancers. Despite ongoing research, the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis remain only partially understood. However, the self-perpetuating nature of pulmonary fibrosis has led several researchers to propose the existence of pathological signalling loops. According to this hypothesis, the normal wound-healing process becomes corrupted and results in the progressive accumulation of scar tissue in the lung. In addition, several negative regulators of pulmonary fibrosis are downregulated and, therefore, are no longer capable of inhibiting these feed-forward loops. The combination of pathological signalling loops and loss of a checks and balances system ultimately culminates in a process of unregulated scar formation. This review details specific signalling pathways demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The evidence of detrimental signalling loops is elucidated with regard to epithelial cell injury, cellular senescence and the activation of developmental and ageing pathways. We demonstrate where these loops intersect each other, as well as common mediators that may drive these responses and how the loss of pro-resolving mediators may contribute to the propagation of disease. By focusing on the overlapping signalling mediators among the many pro-fibrotic pathways, it is our hope that the pulmonary fibrosis community will be better equipped to design future trials that incorporate the redundant nature of these pathways as we move towards finding a cure for this unrelenting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Rackow
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - David J Nagel
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Shannon Lacy
- US Army of Veterinary Corps, Fort Campbell, KY, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R Matthew Kottmann
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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73
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Lin Y, Xu Z. Fibroblast Senescence in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593283. [PMID: 33324646 PMCID: PMC7723977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable and complex natural phenomenon due to the increase in age. Cellular senescence means a non-proliferative but viable cellular physiological state. It is the basis of aging, and it exists in the body at any time point. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial fibrous lung disease with unknown etiology, characterized by irreversible destruction of lung structure and function. Aging is one of the most critical risk factors for IPF, and extensive epidemiological data confirms IPF as an aging-related disease. Senescent fibroblasts in IPF show abnormal activation, telomere shortening, metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis resistance, autophagy deficiency, and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP). These characteristics of senescent fibroblasts establish a close link between cellular senescence and IPF. The treatment of senescence-related molecules and pathways is continually emerging, and using senolytics eliminating senescent fibroblasts is also actively tried as a new therapy for IPF. In this review, we discuss the roles of aging and cellular senescence in IPF. In particular, we summarize the signaling pathways through which senescent fibroblasts influence the occurrence and development of IPF. On this basis, we further talk about the current treatment ideas, hoping this paper can be used as a helpful reference for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
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74
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Nox4 Facilitates TGFβ1-Induced Fibrotic Response in Human Tenon's Fibroblasts and Promotes Wound Collagen Accumulation in Murine Model of Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111126. [PMID: 33202904 PMCID: PMC7696451 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen accumulation in sub-conjunctival tissue at the surgical wound is one of the major complications associated with glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). This process often leads to unwanted fibrotic scar formation at the lesion site and dysfunction of tissues. Previously, we demonstrated that NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is implicated in transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)-induced collagen production in ocular fibroblasts and scarring responses in a mouse model of corneal injury. Here, we propose that Nox4 is an important facilitator of TGFβ-induced responses. We tested this hypothesis in human Tenon’s fibroblasts (HTF) and also assessed a role of Nox4 in an experimental mouse model of GFS. TGFβ1 induced Nox4 mRNA expression but downregulated Nox5 in HTF. Targeting Nox4 gene expression with an adenovirus carrying a Nox4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Ad-Nox4i) or removal of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with EUK-134 (25 μM) in HTFs significantly reduced TGFβ1-induced Nox4 expression, H2O2 production, and collagen synthesis (p < 0.05, n = 3–6). SIS3 (5 μM) that prevents Smad3 phosphorylation is found to suppress TGFβ1-induced collagen production in HTFs. Furthermore, Ad-Nox4i and EUK-134 both abolished TGFβ1-stimulated proliferation of HTFs. We also compared collagen deposition at the wound arising from GFS between wildtype (WT) and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice. Both collagen deposition and fibrovascularization at the wound were significantly decreased in Nox4 KO mice at 14 days after GFS. Our results provide comprehensive evidence that Nox4 is an important mediator for TGFβ1-induced responses in HTFs and collagen deposition in surgical wound following GFS in mice. As such, pharmacological inhibition of Nox4 would be a viable therapeutic strategy for the control of scarring after glaucoma surgery.
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Hong Y, Woo S, Kim Y, Lee JJ, Hong JY. Plasma concentrations of NOX4 are predictive of successful liberation from mechanical ventilation and 28-day mortality in intubated patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1376. [PMID: 33313121 PMCID: PMC7723573 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) enzymes play important roles in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS); in particular, NOX4 plays a distinct role in regulating lung inflammation and apoptosis. Methods We determined whether plasma NOX4 level can be used as a prognostic biomarker to guide weaning from mechanical ventilation and to predict mortality in intubated patients. Plasma levels of NOX4 were measured at days 1 (NOX4 D1) and 7 (NOX4 D7) after initiation of mechanical ventilation in 184 patients. Results With increase in day 7 NOX4 quartile, the success of weaning tended to decrease and 28-day mortality tended to increase. On multivariate logistic regression, Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) [odds ratio (OR): 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02–1.18], duration of mechanical ventilation (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.06–1.18), and NOX4 D7 levels >18.2 ng/mL (OR: 4.40; 95% CI: 1.91–10.06) were independently associated with weaning failure. Also, Cox-hazard proportional model showed that NOX4 D7 level >18.2 ng/mL (hazard ratio [HR], 2.29; 95% CI, 1.26–4.16), APACHE II (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02–1.14), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20) and coexisting cancer (HR: 1.99; 95% CI, 1.01–3.94), were independently associated with 28-day mortality. The longitudinal trend of NOX4 level varied according to the clinical outcomes. Conclusions An increased plasma NOX4 D7 level was associated with weaning failure and 28-day mortality in patients with mechanical ventilation. Our results suggest that NOX4-directed management may lead to improved outcomes in patients with mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongji Woo
- Institute of New frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Institute of New frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hong
- Institute of New frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute of Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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76
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Oosterheert W, Reis J, Gros P, Mattevi A. An Elegant Four-Helical Fold in NOX and STEAP Enzymes Facilitates Electron Transport across Biomembranes-Similar Vehicle, Different Destination. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1969-1980. [PMID: 32815713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ferric reductase superfamily comprises several oxidoreductases that use an intracellular electron source to reduce an extracellular acceptor substrate. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate enzymes (STEAPs) are iconic members of the superfamily. NOXs produce extracellular reactive oxygen species that exert potent bactericidal activities and trigger redox-signaling cascades that regulate cell division and differentiation. STEAPs catalyze the reduction of extracellular iron and copper which is necessary for the bioavailability of these essential elements. Both NOXs and STEAPs are present as multiple isozymes with distinct regulatory properties and physiological roles. Despite the important roles of NOXs and STEAPs in human physiology and despite their wide involvement in diseases like cancer, their mode of action at the molecular level remained incompletely understood for a long time, in part due to the absence of high-resolution models of the complete enzymes. Our two laboratories have elucidated the three-dimensional structures of NOXs and STEAPs, providing key insight into their mechanisms and evolution. The enzymes share a conserved transmembrane helical domain with an eye-catching hourglass shape. On the extracellular side, a heme prosthetic group is at the bottom of a pocket where the substrate (O2 in NOX, chelated iron or copper in STEAP) is reduced. On the intracellular side, the inner heme of NOX and the FAD of STEAP are bound to topological equivalent sites. This is a rare case where critical amino acid substitutions and local conformational changes enable a cofactor (heme vs FAD) swap between two structurally and functionally conserved scaffolds. The catalytic core of these enzymes is completed by distinct cytosolic NADPH-binding domains that are topologically unrelated (a ferredoxin reductase-like flavoprotein domain in NOX and a F420H2:NADP+-like domain in STEAP), feature different quaternary structures, and underlie specific regulatory mechanisms. Despite their differences, these domains all establish electron-transfer chains that direct the electrons from NADPH to the transmembrane domain. The multistep nature of the process and the chemical nature of the products pose considerable problems in the enzymatic assays. We learned that great care must be exerted in the validation of a candidate inhibitor. Multiple orthogonal assays are required to rule out off-target effects such as ROS-scavenging activities or nonspecific interference with the enzyme redox chain. The structural analysis of STEAP/NOX enzymes led us to further notice that their transmembrane heme-binding topology is shared by other enzymes. We found that the core domain of the cytochrome b subunits of the mitochondrial complex III and photosynthetic cytochrome b6f are closely related to NOXs and STEAPs and likely arose from the same ancestor protein. This observation expands the substrate portfolio of the superfamily since cytochromes b act on ubiquinone. The rigidly packed helices of the NOX/STEAP/cytochrome b domain contrast with the more malleable membrane proteins like ion channels or amino-acid transporters, which undergo large conformational changes to allow passage of relatively large metabolites. This notion of a rigid hourglass scaffold found an unexpected confirmation in the observation, revealed by structural comparisons, that an helical bundle identical to the NOX/STEAP/cytochrome b enzymes is featured by a de novo designed heme-binding protein, PS1. Apparently, nature and protein designers have independently converged to this fold as a versatile scaffold for heme-mediated reactions. The challenge is now to uncover the molecular mechanisms that implement the isozyme-specific regulation of the enzyme functions and develop much needed inhibitors and modulators for chemical biology and drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Oosterheert
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Li ZM, Xu SY, Feng YZ, Cheng YR, Xiong JB, Zhou Y, Guan CX. The role of NOX4 in pulmonary diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1628-1637. [PMID: 32780450 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a subtype of the NOX family, which is mainly expressed in the pulmonary vasculature and pulmonary endothelial cells in the respiratory system. NOX4 has unique characteristics, and is a constitutively active enzyme that primarily produces hydrogen peroxide. The signaling pathways associated with NOX4 are complicated. Negative and positive feedback play significant roles in regulating NOX4 expression. The role of NOX4 is controversial because NOX4 plays a protective or damaging role in different respiratory diseases. This review summarizes the structure, enzymatic properties, regulation, and signaling pathways of NOX4. This review then introduces the roles of NOX4 in different diseases in the respiratory system, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng-Ya Xu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Zhuo Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Bing Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cha-Xiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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78
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Louzada RA, Corre R, Ameziane El Hassani R, Meziani L, Jaillet M, Cazes A, Crestani B, Deutsch E, Dupuy C. NADPH oxidase DUOX1 sustains TGF-β1 signalling and promotes lung fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.01949-2019. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01949-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung fibroblast activation coupled with extracellular matrix production is a pathological signature of pulmonary fibrosis, and is governed by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signalling. TGF-β1 and oxidative stress cooperate to drive fibrosis. Cells can produce reactive oxygen species through activation and/or induction of NADPH oxidases, such as dual oxidase (DUOX1/2). Since DUOX enzymes, as extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-generating systems, are involved in extracellular matrix formation and in wound healing in different experimental models, we hypothesised that DUOX-based NADPH oxidase plays a role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis.Our in vivo data (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and mouse models of lung fibrosis) showed that the NADPH oxidase DUOX1 is induced in response to lung injury. DUOX1-deficient mice (DUOX1+/− and DUOX1−/−) had an attenuated fibrotic phenotype. In addition to being highly expressed at the epithelial surface of airways, DUOX1 appears to be well expressed in the fibroblastic foci of remodelled lungs. By using primary human and mouse lung fibroblasts, we showed that TGF-β1 upregulates DUOX1 and its maturation factor DUOXA1 and that DUOX1-derived H2O2 promoted the duration of TGF-β1-activated Smad3 phosphorylation by preventing phospho-Smad3 degradation. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that DUOX1 inhibited the interaction between phospho-Smad3 and the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L, preventing NEDD4L-mediated ubiquitination of phospho-Smad3 and its targeting for degradation.These findings highlight a role for DUOX1-derived H2O2 in a positive feedback that amplifies the signalling output of the TGF-β1 pathway and identify DUOX1 as a new therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis.
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79
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Taguchi K, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Use of Hemoglobin for Delivering Exogenous Carbon Monoxide in Medicinal Applications. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2949-2963. [PMID: 30421669 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181113122340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Monoxide (CO), at low concentrations, can have a variety of positive effects on the body including anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative effects. Although CO has great potential for use as a potent medical bioactive gas, for it to exist in the body in stable form, it must be associated with a carrier. Hemoglobin (Hb) represents a promising material for use as a CO carrier because most of the total CO in the body is stored associated with Hb in red blood cells (RBC). Attempts have been made to develop an Hb-based CO carrying system using RBC and Hb-based artificial oxygen carriers. Some of these have been reported to be safe and to have therapeutic value as a CO donor in preclinical and clinical studies. In the present review, we overview the potential of RBC and Hb-based artificial oxygen carriers as CO carriers based on the currently available literature evidence for their use in pharmaceutical therapy against intractable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.,DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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80
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Korfei M, MacKenzie B, Meiners S. The ageing lung under stress. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/200126. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (e.g.cellular senescence), as a “first hit” that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as “second hits” which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, “lung ageing”.
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81
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Redox Regulation of NOX Isoforms on FAK (Y397)/SRC (Y416) Phosphorylation Driven Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Malignant Cervical Epithelial Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061555. [PMID: 32604782 PMCID: PMC7349918 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promulgates epithelial cell associated disease-defining characteristics in tumorigenesis and organ fibrosis. Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in addition to cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is said to play a prominent role in remodeling related pathological events of cancer progression such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, EMT, etc. through redox related cellular secondary messengers, in particular the reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the signaling cascade underlying the redox mechanism and thereby the progression of EMT remains largely unknown. In this study, upon TGF-β1 treatment, we observed an induction in NOX isoforms-NOX2 and NOX4-that have time (early and late) and cellular localization (nucleus and autophagosome co-localized) dependent effects in mediating EMT associated cell proliferation and migration through activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/SRC pathway in HeLa, human cervical cancer cells. Upon silencing NOX2/4 gene expression and using the SRC inhibitor (AZD0530), progression of TGF-β1 induced EMT related cellular remodeling, extra cellular matrix (ECM) production, cell migration and invasion, got significantly reverted. Together, these results indicate that NOX2 and NOX4 play important, albeit distinct, roles in the activation of cytokine mediated EMT and its associated processes via tyrosine phosphorylation of the FAK/SRC pathway.
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82
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Climent M, Viggiani G, Chen YW, Coulis G, Castaldi A. MicroRNA and ROS Crosstalk in Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124370. [PMID: 32575472 PMCID: PMC7352701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect many cellular functions and the proper redox balance between ROS and antioxidants contributes substantially to the physiological welfare of the cell. During pathological conditions, an altered redox equilibrium leads to increased production of ROS that in turn may cause oxidative damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level contributing to all major cellular processes, including oxidative stress and cell death. Several miRNAs are expressed in response to ROS to mediate oxidative stress. Conversely, oxidative stress may lead to the upregulation of miRNAs that control mechanisms to buffer the damage induced by ROS. This review focuses on the complex crosstalk between miRNAs and ROS in diseases of the cardiac (i.e., cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy) and pulmonary (i.e., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer) compartments. Of note, miR-34a, miR-144, miR-421, miR-129, miR-181c, miR-16, miR-31, miR-155, miR-21, and miR-1/206 were found to play a role during oxidative stress in both heart and lung pathologies. This review comprehensively summarizes current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Climent
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Viggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy;
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gerald Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Alessandra Castaldi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Correspondence:
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83
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Al-Azzam N, Teegala LR, Pokhrel S, Ghebreigziabher S, Chachkovskyy T, Thodeti S, Gavilanes I, Covington K, Thodeti CK, Paruchuri S. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid channel regulates fibroblast differentiation and airway remodeling by modulating redox signals through NADPH Oxidase 4. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9827. [PMID: 32555397 PMCID: PMC7299963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by pathological airway remodeling resulting from persistent myofibroblast activation. Although transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), mechanical signals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in fibroblast differentiation, their integration is still elusive. We identified that Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a mechanosensitive ion channel mediates lung fibroblast (LF) differentiation and D. farinae-induced airway remodeling via a novel TRPV4-NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) interaction. NOX4-mediated ROS production is essential for TGFβ1-induced LF differentiation via myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Importantly, TRPV4 inhibition prevented TGFβ1-induced NOX4 expression and ROS production. Both TRPV4 and NOX4 are activated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) downstream of TGFβ1, and signals from both TRPV4 and Rac are necessary for NOX4 upregulation. Notably, NOX4 expression is higher in fibroblasts derived from asthmatic patients (disease human LF; DHLF) in comparison to non-asthmatics (normal human LF; NHLF). Further, NOX4 expression is up-regulated in the lungs of D.farinae-treated wild type mice (WT) relative to saline-treated WT, which was attenuated in TRPV4 knockout (KO) mice. Our findings suggest that TRPV4 integrates TGFβ1 and ROS signaling through NOX4 and, TRPV4-NOX4 interaction is amenable to target lung remodeling during asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosayba Al-Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, US.,Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Sabita Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, US
| | | | | | - Sathwika Thodeti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, US.,Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, US
| | | | | | - Charles K Thodeti
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, US
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Pirfenidone Inhibits Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension through the NADPH/ROS/p38 Pathway in Adventitial Fibroblasts in the Pulmonary Artery. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2604967. [PMID: 32587469 PMCID: PMC7305537 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2604967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a devastating disease characterized by progressive vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Pirfenidone (PFD) inhibits the progression of HPH, though the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. This study is aimed at determining the role and mechanism of PFD in HPH in human pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts (HPAAFs), which were cultured under normal or hypoxic conditions. NOX4 and Rac1 were inhibited or overexpressed by shRNA or pcDNA3.1, respectively. Proliferation of HPAAFs was quantified by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays to assess cellular metabolic activity, cell counts, and ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) assays to detect DNA synthesis. Migration of HPAAFs was assessed by a wound healing assay. The expression levels of smooth muscle alpha-actin (a-SMA) and procollagen I (COL1A1) were assessed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. PFD suppressed hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of HPAAFs. Compared with the hypoxic control group, PFD reduced the expression of a-SMA and procollagen I (COL1A1). PFD reduced hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of p38 through the NOX4/reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway. Moreover, Rac1 also decreased hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of p38, without any cross-interaction with NOX4. These findings demonstrate that PFD is a novel therapeutic agent to prevent cell proliferation, migration, and fibrosis, which might be useful in inhibiting vascular remodeling in patients with HPH.
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85
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Li X, Leng Y, Li X, Wang Y, Luo P, Zhang C, Wang Z, Yue X, Shen C, Chen L, Liu Z, Shi C, Xie L. The TβR II-targeted aptamer S58 prevents fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8837-8857. [PMID: 32452828 PMCID: PMC7288943 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) is an effective clinical treatment for glaucoma when intraocular pressure (IOP) control is poor. However, the occurrence of conjunctival scarring at the surgical site is the main reason for failure of the surgery. In a previous study, we isolated and developed S58, a novel nucleic acid aptamer targeting TβR II, by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Here, we show how S58 sterically inhibits the TβR II interaction with TGF-β. The effects of topical S58 treatment were studied in a rabbit model of GFS. At 6 postoperative weeks, S58 reduced fibrosis and prolonged bleb survival in rabbits after GFS. Further in vitro tests showed that the levels of fibrosis in S58 treated-Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts (HConFs) were decreased and that antioxidant defense was increased. In addition, the loss of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) or the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) reversed the anti-fibrotic effects of S58. The present work suggests that S58 could effectively improve GFS surgical outcomes by activating the intracellular antioxidant defense PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yu Leng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiangji Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Chongxing Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Long Chen
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zujuan Liu
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
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Boots AW, Veith C, Albrecht C, Bartholome R, Drittij MJ, Claessen SMH, Bast A, Rosenbruch M, Jonkers L, van Schooten FJ, Schins RPF. The dietary antioxidant quercetin reduces hallmarks of bleomycin-induced lung fibrogenesis in mice. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:112. [PMID: 32349726 PMCID: PMC7191795 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, lethal disease of which the etiology is still not fully understood. Current treatment comprises two FDA-approved drugs that can slow down yet not stop or reverse the disease. As IPF pathology is associated with an altered redox balance, adding a redox modulating component to current therapy might exert beneficial effects. Quercetin is a dietary antioxidant with strong redox modulating capacities that is suggested to exert part of its antioxidative effects via activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 that regulates endogenous antioxidant levels. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate if the dietary antioxidant quercetin can exert anti-fibrotic effects in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrogenesis through Nrf2-dependent restoration of redox imbalance. METHODS Homozygous Nrf2 deficient mice and their wildtype littermates were fed a control diet without or with 800 mg quercetin per kg diet from 7 days prior to a single 1 μg/2 μl per g BW bleomycin challenge until they were sacrificed 14 days afterwards. Lung tissue and plasma were collected to determine markers of fibrosis (expression of extracellular matrix genes and histopathology), inflammation (pulmonary gene expression and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and keratinocyte chemoattrachtant (KC)), and redox balance (pulmonary gene expression of antioxidants and malondialdehyde-dG (MDA)- DNA adducts). RESULTS Mice fed the enriched diet for 7 days prior to the bleomycin challenge had significantly enhanced plasma and pulmonary quercetin levels (11.08 ± 0.73 μM versus 7.05 ± 0.2 μM) combined with increased expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2-responsive genes compared to mice fed the control diet in lung tissue. Upon bleomycin treatment, quercetin-fed mice displayed reduced expression of collagen (COL1A2) and fibronectin (FN1) and a tendency of reduced inflammatory lesions (2.8 ± 0.7 versus 1.9 ± 0.8). These beneficial effects were accompanied by reduced pulmonary gene expression of TNFα and KC, but not their plasma levels, and enhanced Nrf2-induced pulmonary antioxidant defences. In Nrf2 deficient mice, no effect of the dietary antioxidant on either histology or inflammatory lesions was observed. CONCLUSION Quercetin exerts anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage in mice possibly through modulation of the redox balance by inducing Nrf2. However, quercetin could not rescue the bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage indicating that quercetin alone cannot ameliorate the progression of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, DE, Germany.
| | - Carmen Veith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, DE, Germany
| | - Roger Bartholome
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Drittij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M H Claessen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leonie Jonkers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, DE, Germany
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87
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NADPH oxidases: Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential in age-associated pulmonary fibrosis. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101541. [PMID: 32360174 PMCID: PMC7251244 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of human fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although oxidative stress is associated with both fibrosis and aging, the precise cellular sources(s) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to the disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are an evolutionarily conserved family, where their only known function is the production of ROS. A growing body of evidence supports a link between excessive Nox-derived ROS and numerous chronic diseases (including fibrotic disease), which is most prevalent among the elderly population. In this review, we examine the evidence for Nox isoforms in the pathogenesis of IPF, and the potential to target this enzyme family for the treatment of IPF and related fibrotic disorders. A better understanding of the Nox-mediated redox imbalance in aging may be critical to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for age-associated fibrotic disorders. Strategies aimed at specifically blocking the source(s) of ROS through Nox inhibition may prove to be more effective as anti-fibrotic therapies, as compared to antioxidant approaches. This review also discusses the potential of Nox-targeting therapeutics currently in development.
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88
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Wang D, Hao C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu S, Li Y, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Huang R, Wei J, Yao W. Exosomal miR-125a-5p derived from silica-exposed macrophages induces fibroblast transdifferentiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110253. [PMID: 32059163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica particles can cause a systemic disease in workers termed lung silicosis, characterized by diffuse fibrosis. The development of lung silicosis involves various signaling pathway networks comprising numerous cell types and cytokines. As an important medium for communication between cells, exosomes have emerged as a hot research topic; however, the role of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in silicosis remains unclear. In this study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing to generate exosomal miRNAs profiles from macrophages that were either exposed to silica or not. A total of 298 miRNAs were differentially expressed, with 155 up-regulated and 143 down-regulated. Highly conserved differentially expressed miRNAs were functionally annotated and analyzed to predict target genes. Among target interactions associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway, miR-125a-5p and its putative target gene, Smurf1, were subjected to further research. As expected, levels of miR-125a-5p were upregulated in human serous exosomes and vitro, and inhibit the exosomal miR-125a-5p suppressed the expression of the fibrosis hallmarks. Besides, high levels of the miRNA led to upregulation of smooth muscle actin alpha and repression of Smurf1 in NIH-3T3 and MRC-5 cells. ID1 and SMAD1, downstream of TGF-β signaling, were upregulated, indicating potential activation of this signaling pathway. These results contribute to understanding of the intercellular communication mediated by exosomal miRNAs and its critical role in fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Hospital of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suna Liu
- Department of Henan Newborn Screening Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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89
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Sphingosine Kinase 1/S1P Signaling Contributes to Pulmonary Fibrosis by Activating Hippo/YAP Pathway and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Lung Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062064. [PMID: 32192225 PMCID: PMC7139883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1)/sphingosine–1–phosphate (S1P) signaling axis is emerging as a key player in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Recent evidence implicates the involvement of the Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) 1 pathway in lung diseases, including IPF, but its plausible link to the SPHK1/S1P signaling pathway is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate the increased co-localization of YAP1 with the fibroblast marker FSP1 in the lung fibroblasts of BLM-challenged mice, and the genetic deletion of Sphk1 in mouse lung fibroblasts (MLFs) reduced YAP1 localization in fibrotic foci. The PF543 inhibition of SPHK1 activity in mice attenuated YAP1 co-localization with FSP1 in lung fibroblasts. In vitro, TGF-β stimulated YAP1 translocation to the nucleus in primary MLFs, and the deletion of Sphk1 or inhibition with PF543 attenuated TGF-β-mediated YAP1 nuclear localization. Moreover, the PF543 inhibition of SPHK1, or the verteporfin inhibition of YAP1, decreased the TGF-β- or BLM-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and the expression of fibronectin (FN) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, scavenging mtROS with MitoTEMPO attenuated the TGF-β-induced expression of FN and α-SMA. The addition of the S1P antibody to HLFs reduced TGF-β- or S1P-mediated YAP1 activation, mtROS, and the expression of FN and α-SMA. These results suggest a role for SPHK1/S1P signaling in TGF-β-induced YAP1 activation and mtROS generation, resulting in fibroblast activation, a critical driver of pulmonary fibrosis.
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90
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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91
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Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. [Strategy of Drug Development Based on the Bioactive Gas-carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:141-146. [PMID: 32009035 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive gas molecules, including oxygen, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (CO), exhibit a variety of physiological activities, and are associated with the onset and progress of some disorders. These facts have led researchers to the development of bioactive gas donors for the treatment of intractable disorders. Hemoglobin is likely an ideal carrier of bioactive gases, since hemoglobin in red blood cells innately carries oxygen in the form of oxyhemoglobin, nitric oxide in the form of S-nitrosohemoglobin, and CO in the form of carbonylhemoglobin. In this study, we attempted to develop a biomimetic CO delivery system using a preparation of hemoglobin. Our strategy for the preparation of this hemoglobin-based CO carrier involves CO being exogenously bound to red blood cells or hemoglobin-encapsulated liposomes, called hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV), which mimic the structure and function of red blood cells. We accumulated evidence that the CO donors-CO-bound red blood cells and CO-bound HbV-showed therapeutic efficacy against intractable disorders in animal models. Here, we describe the potential of hemoglobin-based CO donors, especially CO-bound red blood cells and CO-bound HbV, for the treatment of certain disorders. Hemoglobin-based strategies for the delivery of other bioactive gases for novel drug development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | | | - Toru Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University.,DDS Research Institute, Sojo University
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92
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Krempaska K, Barnowski S, Gavini J, Hobi N, Ebener S, Simillion C, Stokes A, Schliep R, Knudsen L, Geiser TK, Funke-Chambour M. Azithromycin has enhanced effects on lung fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients compared to controls [corrected]. Respir Res 2020; 21:25. [PMID: 31941499 PMCID: PMC6964061 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fatal lung disease without a cure and new drug strategies are urgently needed. Differences in behavior between diseased and healthy cells are well known and drug response can be different between cells isolated from IPF patients and controls. The macrolide Azithromycin (AZT) has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recently anti-fibrotic effects have been described. However, the anti-fibrotic effects on primary IPF-fibroblasts (FB) directly compared to control-FB are unknown. We hypothesized that IPF-FB react differently to AZT in terms of anti-fibrotic effects. METHODS Primary normal human lung and IPF-FB were exposed to TGF-β (5 ng/ml), Azithromycin (50 μM) alone or in combination prior to gene expression analysis. Pro-collagen Iα1 secretion was assessed by ELISA and protein expression by western blot (αSMA, Fibronectin, ATP6V1B2, LC3 AB (II/I), p62, Bcl-xL). Microarray analysis was performed to screen involved genes and pathways after Azithromycin treatment in control-FB. Apoptosis and intraluminal lysosomal pH were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AZT significantly reduced collagen secretion in TGF-β treated IPF-FB compared to TGF-β treatment alone, but not in control-FB. Pro-fibrotic gene expression was similarly reduced after AZT treatment in IPF and control-FB. P62 and LC3II/I western blot revealed impaired autophagic flux after AZT in both control and IPF-FB with significant increase of LC3II/I after AZT in control and IPF-FB, indicating enhanced autophagy inhibition. Early apoptosis was significantly higher in TGF-β treated IPF-FB compared to controls after AZT. Microarray analysis of control-FB treated with AZT revealed impaired lysosomal pathways. The ATPase and lysosomal pH regulator ATP6V0D2 was significantly less increased after additional AZT in IPF-FB compared to controls. Lysosomal function was impaired in both IPF and control FB, but pH was significantly more increased in TGF-β treated IPF-FB. CONCLUSION We report different treatment responses after AZT with enhanced anti-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic effects in IPF compared to control-FB. Possibly impaired lysosomal function contributes towards these effects. In summary, different baseline cell phenotype and behavior of IPF and control cells contribute to enhanced anti-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic effects in IPF-FB after AZT treatment and strengthen its role as a new potential anti-fibrotic compound, that should further be evaluated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Krempaska
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Barnowski
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Gavini
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- AlveoliX AG, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Organs-on-Chip Technologies, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ebener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Stokes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronja Schliep
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas K Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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93
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Anderson A, Campo A, Fulton E, Corwin A, Jerome WG, O'Connor MS. 7-Ketocholesterol in disease and aging. Redox Biol 2020; 29:101380. [PMID: 31926618 PMCID: PMC6926354 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7KC) is a toxic oxysterol that is associated with many diseases and disabilities of aging, as well as several orphan diseases. 7KC is the most common product of a reaction between cholesterol and oxygen radicals and is the most concentrated oxysterol found in the blood and arterial plaques of coronary artery disease patients as well as various other disease tissues and cell types. Unlike cholesterol, 7KC consistently shows cytotoxicity to cells and its physiological function in humans or other complex organisms is unknown. Oxysterols, particularly 7KC, have also been shown to diffuse through membranes where they affect receptor and enzymatic function. Here, we will explore the known and proposed mechanisms of pathologies that are associated with 7KC, as well speculate about the future of 7KC as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in medicine.
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94
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Li C, Sun X, Li A, Mo M, Zhao Z. S-Allylmercaptocysteine attenuates Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad and oxidative stress pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106110. [PMID: 31874367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease characterized by diffusing alveolar inflammation and alveolar structural disorders that ultimately lead to pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) as a water-soluble organosulfur garlic derivative exhibits efficient anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In this study, we attempted to explore the function of SAMC in inhibiting bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. 0.035 U/g of BLM was intraperitoneally injected into mice twice per week for 4 weeks to induce fibrosis. SAMC (25 and 50 mg/kg) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 600 mg/kg) were given to mice for 28 days. The results indicate that SAMC could significantly ameliorate the pathological structure, and decrease inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. SAMC showed an anti-fibrosis effect by increasing anti-oxidants like HO-1, GSH and SOD as well as decreasing hydroxyproline (HYP) in BLM-induced mice. Mechanistic studies suggested that SAMC alleviated oxidative stress probably by impacting the Nox4/Nrf2 pathways, and played an anti-fibrosis role with decreasing the expression of α-SMA, collagen III, collagen I by suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. These findings indicate that SAMC may be partially responsible for the therapeutic effect on PF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Min Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Li RS, Xu GH, Cao J, Liu B, Xie HF, Ishii Y, Zhang CF. Alpha-Mangostin Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice Partly Through Activating Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1305. [PMID: 31798444 PMCID: PMC6863977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease and characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Nintedanib (NDN) and pirfenidone are two approved therapies for PF, but their potential side-effects have been reported. Recently, the use of natural supplements for PF is attracting attention. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) is an active xanthone-type compound isolated from the nutritious fruit mangosteen. Purpose: In the present study, the potential effect and underlying mechanism of α-MG were evaluated in bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF and activated primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs). Methods: Histopathological changes and collagen deposition were analyzed via hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 (NOX4) involved in oxidative stress in lung tissues was analyzed by immunochemistry staining. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I (Col I), p-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK, and NOX4 were detected by Western blot, immunofluorescence or RT-PCR, and effects of α-MG on cell viability were detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Results:In vivo results demonstrated that α-MG treatment (10 mg/kg/day) significantly ameliorated BLM-induced deposition of ECM in lung tissues. Moreover, α-MG could inhibit protein expressions of α-SMA and Col I as well as its mRNA levels. In addition, α-MG also significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/3 pathway and regulated the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in lung tissues. In vitro results demonstrated that α-MG significantly increased p-AMPK/AMPK but reduced the protein expression level of α-SMA and Col I as well as NOX4 in activated PLFs. Further study demonstrated that these improvement effects were significantly blocked by compound C. Conclusion: α-MG treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress in lungs partly by activating AMPK mediated signaling pathway in BLM-induced PF and activated PLFs and decreased the deposition of ECM. The present study provides pharmacological evidence to support therapeutic application of α-MG in the treatment of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gong-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Feng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Veith C, Boots AW, Idris M, van Schooten FJ, van der Vliet A. Redox Imbalance in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Role for Oxidant Cross-Talk Between NADPH Oxidase Enzymes and Mitochondria. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1092-1115. [PMID: 30793932 PMCID: PMC6767863 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related lung disease with a median survival of only 3 years after diagnosis. The pathogenic mechanisms behind IPF are not clearly understood, and current therapeutic approaches have not been successful in improving disease outcomes. Recent Advances: IPF is characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily by NADPH oxidases (NOXes) and mitochondria, as well as altered antioxidant defenses. Recent studies have identified the NOX isoform NOX4 as a key player in various important aspects of IPF pathology. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to enhance pathological features of IPF, in part by increasing mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and altering cellular metabolism. Recent findings indicate reciprocal interactions between NOX enzymes and mitochondria, which affect regulation of NOX activity as well as mitochondrial function and mtROS production, and collectively promote epithelial injury and profibrotic signaling. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The precise molecular mechanisms by which ROS from NOX or mitochondria contribute to IPF pathology are not known. This review summarizes the current knowledge with respect to the various aspects of ROS imbalance in the context of IPF and its proposed roles in disease development, with specific emphasis on the importance of inappropriate NOX activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the emerging evidence of NOX-mitochondria cross-talk as important drivers in IPF pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Veith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Musa Idris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Albert van der Vliet, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, HSRF 216, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405
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Wegner AM, Campos NR, Robbins MA, Haddad AF, Cunningham HC, Yik JH, Christiansen BA, Haudenschild DR. Acute Changes in NADPH Oxidase 4 in Early Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2429-2436. [PMID: 31304988 PMCID: PMC6822680 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Knee injuries cause structural damage and acute inflammation that initiates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a member of a family of enzymes that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a pivotal role in normal development of the musculoskeletal system, but may increase ROS production to harmful levels after joint injury. The role of ROS in both normal joint homeostasis and injury is poorly understood, but inhibition of excessive ROS production by Nox4 after joint injury could be protective to the joint, decreasing oxidative stress, and initiation of PTOA. Knee injuries were simulated using inflammatory cytokines in cultured primary human chondrocytes and a non-invasive mouse model of PTOA in C57BL/6N and Nox4 knockout mice. There is an acute decrease in Nox4 activity within 24 h after injury in both systems, followed by a subsequent sustained low-level increase, a novel finding not seen in any other system. Inhibition of Nox4 activity by GKT137831 was protective against early structural changes after non-invasive knee injury in a mouse model. Nox4 knockout mice had significant differences in structural and mechanical properties of bone, providing further evidence for the role of Nox4 in development of joint tissues and biochemical response after joint injury. Nox4 plays a significant role in the acute phase after joint injury, and targeted inhibition of inflammation caused by Nox4 may be protective against early joint changes in the pathogenesis of PTOA. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2429-2436, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Wegner
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Nestor R. Campos
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Michael A. Robbins
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Mail Code MP240, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrew F. Haddad
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | | | - Jasper H.N. Yik
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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98
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Dominiak A, Nowicki T, Łacheta D, Nowicka G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts as a potential target in oncology therapy. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors make up a complex environment that consists of intensive proliferating cancer cells surrounded by normal cells. Fibroblasts recruited by cancer termed CAFs, are one of the major cell groups within the reactive stroma of the most common tumors. Because of the crosstalk between quiescent fibroblasts and cancer cells, fibroblasts undergo phenotypic transition and acquire new functions that have been “forced by a tumor”. CAFs affect the development of the drug resistance and cancer progression as they are involved in the growth of cancers, neoangiogenesis, immune evasion and metastatic colonisation in distant organs. Fibroblast-directed therapy offers the opportunity to prevent initiation, progression and metastasis of many invasive tumors. The current studies on CAF-based therapy focus on two strategies. The first strategy leads to the elimination of CAFs and the neutralization of their released factors and the second aims at reverting the CAF-phenotype to a “normal” fibroblast-phenotype. Although the results of preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures and animal models indicate that therapy aimed at reversion or inhibition CAFs function seem to be a promising therapeutic target, available clinical studies have not yet confirmed this. Nevertheless, it is necessary to underline that until now CAF-based therapy has been used in patients with advanced cancer and there is no clinical study using such therapy in the early stage of cancer. The available data also indicates that CAF-based therapy could be used in combination with common anticancer drugs to increase their effectiveness. Therefore, further studies on the usefulness of the proposed CAF-based therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dominiak
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Tomasz Nowicki
- Student II Wydziału Lekarskiego oraz członek SKN FARMAKON, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Dominika Łacheta
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Grażyna Nowicka
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
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99
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Current advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies and candidate molecules. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2595-2620. [PMID: 31633402 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of chronic, progressive lung disease with unknown cause, which is characterized by increasing dyspnea and destruction of lung function with a high mortality rate. Evolving evidence demonstrated that the pathogenesis of IPF involved multiple signaling pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. However, drug discovery to prevent or revert IPF has been insufficient to cope with the development. Drug discovery targeting multiple links should be considered. In this review, we will brief the pathogenesis of IPF and discuss several small chemical entities toward the pathogenesis for IPF studied in animal models and clinical trials. The field of novel anti-IPF agents and the future directions for the prevention and treatment of IPF are detailed thoroughly discussed.
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100
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Chen YY, Yu XY, Chen L, Vaziri ND, Ma SC, Zhao YY. Redox signaling in aging kidney and opportunity for therapeutic intervention through natural products. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:141-149. [PMID: 31199964 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases are serious public problems with high morbidity and mortality in the general population and heavily retard renal function with aging regardless of the cause. Although myriad strategies have been assigned to prevent or harness disease progression, unfortunately, thus far, there is a paucity of effective therapies partly due to an insufficient knowledge of underlying pathological mechanisms, indicating deeper studies are urgently needed. Additionally, natural products are increasingly recognized as an alternative source for disease intervention owing to the potent safety and efficacy, which might be exploited for novel drug discovery. In this review, we primarily expatiate the new advances on mediators that might be amenable to targeting aging kidney and kidney diseases, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated γ receptor (PPARγ), advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as well as microRNAs and vitagenes. Of note, we conclude by highlighting some natural products which have the potential to facilitate the development of novel treatment for patients with myriad renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 2 Xihuamen, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92897, USA
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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